the Hebrides we find artificial caves constructed for the | purpose; and when nature had provided one so deep and roomy as this, the rude inhabitants of the times would as naturally graze their flocks and build their huts in its neighbourhood, as in latter days they raised their cottages under the shelter of a Norman castle. This idea will also receive confirmation from the name of the town Cluaine, signifying a cave in the Irish language. At Cloyne a branch of the Fitzgerald family, distinguished by the title of Seneschals of Imokilly, had formerly two or three castles; they are the chief proprietors of the adjacent district, from which indeed their title was derived. The title was first bestowed in 1420 by James Earl of Ormond, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, on Lord Desmond, after whose death it was assumed by the head of his descendants, resident in the district. There is an account related of a skirmish which took place at Cloyne, between the Seneschal of Imokilly and Sir Walter Raleigh, and in which the skill and intrepidity of Raleigh were remarkable. Raleigh afterwards accused the seneschal of cowardice on the occasion; and such were the manners of the times, that Lord Ormond and Sir Walter more than once publicly challenged Sir John of Desmond and the seneschal, both of whom were in open rebellion, to decide the matter by single combat. In the year 1601 the Lord Deputy Mountjoy, on his return from the siege of Kinsale to Dublin, by way of Waterford, went out of his road to pay a visit to Cloyne, where he slept on the 7th of March, and was received by Master John Fitz-Edmonds, who held the town and manor-house in fee-farm, and who gave cheereful and plentiful entertaynment to his lordship, and all such of the nobilitie, captaines, gentlemen, and others as attended upon him;" when the lord-deputy," as well to requite his perpetual loyaltie to the crown of England, as also to encourage others in the like, did honour him with the order of knighthood." The St. Colman, the founder of the Bisopric of Cloyne, was the son of Lenin, the chief bard of Acdh, King of Munster; he died in the year 604. There are few records of the see till after the arrival of the English. About the year 1327, it appears to have Decome so impoverished, that King Edward the Third wrote to Pope John the Twenty-second, with the view of effecting an union between it and the see of Cork, which was likewise at that time much reduced. attempt was at the time unsuccessful; but a century afterwards, the two sees, happening to be simultaneously vacant, were consolidated and granted to Bishop Jordan. This union continued until 1638, when a separate Bishop of Cloyne was consecrated by Archbishop Usher. During the civil wars the see was for some time vacant; but in 1660 it was again united to Cork and Ross, and this second union lasted till 1678, since which period Cloyne has been a separate bishopric. By the Act of 1833, however, relative to the temporalities of the Church in Ireland, Cloyne is to be reunited to Cork and Ross, as soon as the latter sees become void. Kilfenora, &c., never recovered from this devastation. The bishopric of Ferns was left not worth one shiling; Killala, the best in Ireland, was left worth only 3007.; Clonfert, 2007.; the archbishopric of Cashel, 1001.; Waterford, 1001.; Cork, only 701.; Ardagh, 17. 13. 8d. Cloyne, situated at a distance from the capital, an appendage to the neighbouring see of Cork, and without head or guardian, had very little chance of escaping in the general plunder. The outlying estates were seized by the nobility near them; and the demesne of Cloyne itself passed, by a fraudulent process, into the hands of the powerful family of the Fitzgeralds. In the reign of Charles the First, some steps werc taken to put a stop to the plunder of the Irish Church by laymen, and even, to a certain extent, to compel When Strafford went over as lordrestitution. deputy in 1631, he found the church in "a state of ruin;" many of the bishoprics, as Ferns, Lismore, and Cloyne were entirely destroyed, and the revenues of the others reduced to a trifle, the churches pulled down, or in a state of desolation, and the glebes and tithes in the hands of laymen; so that one nobleman in the western part of the kingdom, (the Earl of Clanricarde,) had no less than one hundred livings in his own possession; and the Earl of Cork, in the south, besides all the landed estates of Lismore and the college of Youghall, had impropriated all the livings belonging to both of them. The cathedral of Cloyne is described as a "small heavy building, without any pretensions to ornament." Bishop Bennett, who was an eminent antiquary, supposes it to have been built between the middle and the close of the thirteenth century; it has no mouldings of the zigzag, nail-headed, or billetted kind, nor round-arched windows, which distinguish what is called the Saxon, or rather Norman architecture, before the introduction of the Gothic in the time of Henry the Third. It is not evidently (says the learned prelate,) so late as that time, nor, on the other hand, has it the splendid arch or oak-leaved ornaments, so common in the middle of Edward the First's reign, therefore it is not so late as that period. I should be inclined to fix the era of its building to the latter years of the first of these princes, or the beginning of the reign of the last. The windows, though since altered, were evidently of that sort called lancet-windows, which were so common in the time of Henry the Third: see the great west window and that of the south transept; the latter on the outside, are additional arguments for the date I have chosen; as is also the circumstance that, about this time, three prelates out of four were Englishmen, in whose country monastic and cathedral architecture was in high estimation. In the cemetery of this cathedral the tombstones are very numerous, owing, as Sir Richard Colt Hoare says, to the attachment which the Catholics still bear throughout Ireland to the ancient churches. Bishops Johnson and Woodward are buried there. "May the heavens be his bed," exclaimed the poor woman who showed Mr. Crofton Croker the interior of the church, on pointing out Bishop Woodward's monument; "when he died, the poor lost a good friend." Near it is a large and rather injured tomb of black marble, which originally belonged to the Fitzgeralds, and has been converted by the Earls of Thoniond to their own use since the decline of the Fitzgerald family. About the time of the Reformation the see of Cloyne suffered severely in its temporalities; in this respect it was not singular, every bishopric in Ireland being then exposed to similar injury. Ecclesiastical property in that kingdom was, to use the expression of Mr. Crofton Croker, "in a manner annihilated." Bishoprics, colleges, and tithes were divided without mercy amongst the great men of the time, or leased out on small rents for ever to the friends and rela-workmen digging deep in the nave to lay the foundations of the incumbents, insomuch that "there was not," says Harris, "one bishopric in the province of Cashel that had not the print of the sacrilegious paw, upon it." Many Irish bishoprics, such as Aghadoe, In the year 1776, when the cross-wall at the entrance of the choir was erected by Bishop Agar, the tion, they discovered a row of graves of rather singular construction, consisting of brick cells, each of which was exactly suited to the size and shape of the body contained in it. Curiously enough one of these bodies was found to end at the shoulders, and to be unaccompanied by any of the skull bones. "It is, therefore, not improbable," as Bishop Bennett suggests, "that the head of the owner may have been fixed on Cork gates in the times of turbulence, as they appear in the print given us in the Pacata Hibernia, to be full of such kind of trophies." The chief object of interest, however, at Cloyne is its Round Tower,-one of those singular monuments of antiquity, concerning the origin and use of which there has been so much controversy among antiquaries. It is not our intention, upon the present occasion, to give a general account of these remarkable structures, which are the only edifices of unknown date in Ireland deserving of notice as works of art, and, therefore, the only evidence of the skill and knowledge of the early inhabitants of that country. We shall content ourselves here with observing that, as to the period of their erection, they are as ould as the hills" in the belief of the peasantry; and as to their use, they are variously supposed by different classes of antiquaries to have been, the abodes of solitary anchorites, the receptacles of a "sacred fire," worshipped by the primitive inhabitants of Ireland, after the fashion of the east, places of temporary penance,-watch-towers erected by the Danes,-steeple-houses, and belfries. The Round-Tower at Cloyne stands in the street, on the side opposite to the church, and, as usual, near its western front. This singular structure sustained considerable damage from lightning in the middle of the last century; its height is stated to be 92 feet, and the thickness of its wall 43 inches. house. This remain of paganism consists of a rough and massive stone, twelve feet in length; one end elevated about six feet from the ground by two smaller stones, from which its name of Cromlech, signifying a bending or inclined stone, is derived. Close by it is a smaller stone or altar, supported in a similar diagonal position by a single stone. There is a tradition, that nothing will grow under either of these altars, an opinion that originates from the total absence of verdure, incident to a want of sufficient light and air. The top of the larger altar was richly covered with the plant familiarly called the Wood Geranium, (Geranium Robertianum, or Robert's Crane's Bill,) the light feathery leaves and delicate pink blossoms of which formed a pleasing contrast to the solemnity and breadth of the altar. The plantations of Castle Mary (says Mr. Croker,) are venerable and extensive, arranged in the taste of the last century. Few situations can be more imposing or romantic than that of the Druid's Altar, the descent to which is overtiful form and growth; the gigantic size attained by some shadowed by some luxuriant ash-trees, of singularly beausurprises the English traveller, and their long, graceful branches, reaching to the ground, produce an effect not unlike the famed banyan groves of the east. Whilst Miss Nicholson was sketching the altar, a figure emerged from this depth of foliage, in costume which, had it been a tint whiter, might well have passed for that of a Hindoo; but the innocent deception was soon destroyed by the irresistible accent in which the following exclamation was uttered, after coolly surveying that lady's work, and the subject of it. Och! fait and sure the darlint lady isn't pulling down the ould stones may be! and as like as themselves it is, long life to her! well to be sure, and a power of trouble to be taking a wisha God help us!' Another remarkable seat in the neighbourhood of Cloyne is that of Rostellan, belonging to the O'Briens; it is situated on the eastern shore of Cork harbour, of which it commands a noble view. The present house is built on the site of a castle of the Fitzgeralds, and contains a small armoury. "The sword of the Adjoining the town is the Bishop's Palace, a plain edifice, which was built in the early part of the last century by Bishop Crowe. It stands in a picturesque demesne, in which are the entrances to some of the natural limestone caverns abounding in this district. The ancient name of this spot was Monelusky, or "Field of Caverns;" and the names of the neigh-great Brian Boru, my lord's ancestor, King of Munbouring fields and grounds, says Sir R. C. Hoare, "speak the savageness of this place in former times." Thus Knocknamodree is the "Hill of the Gray Dog, or Wolf;" Park na Drislig, the "Field of Briars;' Monecranisky, the Meadow of the Wild Boars," &c. On the north of the town is a hill called Bohermore, or the "Great Highway," from a tradition that a road passed over it from the sea in the south to the sea on the north of the kingdom. In 1805 a curious discovery was made in one of the caverns in the neighbourhood of Cloyne. A quarryman accidentally let his crow-bar fall through a fissure in the limestone-rock; he widened the aperture and descended in search of the instrument into a cavern, in which he was surprised to behold a human skeleton, partly covered with exceedingly thin plates of stamped or embossed gold, connected by bits of wire, and likewise several amber beads. One of these plates was preserved, the rest of the gold was sold and melted in Cork and Youghall. The bones of the skeleton were eagerly sought after by the superstitious peasantry, who pronounced them to be those of St. Colman, and accordingly carried them away for charms. There is said to be a tradition in the country, of a battle having been fought near the spot in a very remote period, and of four kings having fallen in the conflict. In the neighbourhood of Cloyne are two seats deserving of notice; one of them is Castle Mary, formerly called Carrig Cotta, which is supposed to be a corruption of Carrig Croith, or the Rock of the Sun,-a name derived from a cromlech, or Druidical altar, still to be seen not far from the ster, your honour, and his fowling-piece! are there to be seen," said one of the gate-keepers who accompanied Mr. Croker through the grounds, and seemed anxious to display the wonders of the place to strangers. It is hardly necessary to remind the reader, that fire-arms were not introduced into Ireland till some centuries after Brian Boru was in his grave. But similar anachronisms are very common in Ireland, where anything ancient, wonderful, or curious, is without hesitation referred to Fion Mac Cuil, (the Fingal of Ossian,) St. Patrick, or Brian Boru. On an elevated terrace, near the water, is a statue of Admiral Hawke, "the position of which," says Sir R. C. Hoare, "rather surprised me, as the back of this celebrated warrior was turned upon the very element on which he had acquired such immortal honour. I was told (he adds) that the following circumstance gave rise to placing the figure in this position. Upon the defeat of the French fleet, commanded by Conflans, in the year 1759, the city of Cork ordered a statue to be cast of the English admiral, Hawke; but on its completion, some objections were made to the expense by the citizens; upon which the noble Inchiquin said, that he would pay for it, which he did, and, as a rebuke, placed the admiral's figure on a pedestal, with his back turned towards the ungrateful city. Mr. O'Brien, the present inhabitant of the place, and who, on the death of the Marquis of Thomond, succeeds to the Earldom of Inchiquin, told me a most singular anecdote relating to this same statue, and which, in a less enlightened age than the present, might have been considered as ominous:- That the admiral's right arm, which grasped a sword, fell off on the very day that the French landed on the coast of Ireland at Bantry Bay.' CORONATION ANECDOTES. No. II. RICHARD I. In a moneth mirie, Septembre the gynnyng preceded by the tapers, cross, and swords, to le These festivities were sullied by a sanguinary and disgraceful riot. Numbers of Jews had flocked to England in the reign of Henry II., where they were honourably protected by that liberal and enlightened sovereign. Grateful for such unusual favours, they SUCH is Langtoft's brief memorial of a coronation, the first of which we have anything like a full account in the ancient chronicles. It will be seen, from the description, which we have compiled principally from Hoveden and Matthew Paris, that the forms and observances were nearly the same as those of more modern times. Duke Richard having made all necessary preparations for his coronation, came to London, where he assembled the archbishops of Canterbury, Rouen, and Tours, who had given him absolution in Normandy for waging war against his father after he had taken the cross as a crusader. The archbishop was also present, with all the bishops, earls, barons, and nobles of the kingdom. When all were assembled in the pre-assembled at London to subscribe among themselves, scribed order, the ceremony commenced. First, the archbishops, bishops, abbots and clergy, wearing their square caps, and preceded by the cross and holy-water bearers and deacons burning incense, went to the door of the royal bed-chamber, and led the duke in solemn procession to the great altar in the church of Westminster. Four barons marched in the midst of the prelates and clergy bearing four large wax tapers lighted; after them came two earls, one bearing the sceptre and cross, the other the rod and dove. Then came three earls bearing swords in golden scabbards taken out of the royal treasury. They were followed by six earls and barons, bearing a coffer (probably of relics) over which, the royal mantle and vestments were spread. Next followed the earl of Chester, bearing on high a golden crown, beautifully studded with gems. Next came Duke Richard between two bishops, over whose head four barons carried a silk canopy supported by gilt-headed spears. When they reached the altar, Richard swore in the presence of the clergy and people on the holy Gospel and the sacred relics, that he would observe peace, honour, and respect, all the days of his life, to God, holy church, and its ordinances. He likewise swore that he would administer justice in rectitude to his people, that he would abolish all evil statutes and customs, and that he would enact good laws. His attendants then stripped him to his trowsers and shirt, the latter of which was left open between the shoulders on account of the anointing. Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, who wore rich buskins of cloth of gold, then anointed the king in three places on the head, between the shoulders, and on the right arm. A consecrated linen coif and a cap of estate were then placed upon his head, and he was vested with the royal robes, the dalmatic and the tunic; the archbishop then delivered him a sword, to restrain the enemies of the church. Two earls then buckled on his spurs, and invested him with the pall of state. After which Baldwin conjured him in the name of God, and forbade him to take the crown, unless he were firmly resolved in his heart and soul to observe all the promises to which he had sworn. Richard replied that, relying upon the Divine assistance, he would perform all that he had sworn; after which, taking the crown from the altar, he delivered it to the archbishop, who placed it upon the king's head, and also put the sceptre in his right hand, and the rod in his left. Thus crowned, he was led by the bishops and barons, in order to make Richard a splendid present on the secure "And King Henry fell sick, and died of grief; for the Lord raised up evil from his own house, when he was by the Castle Chinon. "And he died, and his son Richard reigned in his stead, in the year four thousand nine hundred and fifty, which is the year one thousand one hundred and ninety; THE HOUSE I LIVE IN. No. VI. and they put the royal crown upon his head in the city of London, in the royal palace, which was without the city. And there gathered themselves together in that place, much people from Yzarphat and from the isles of the sea. And also the Jews, the heads of the people, were among those who came to bring gifts unto the king. And the people murmured against them, saying, 'The thing is not right, that the Jews should look at the crown wherewith the priests crowned him;' and they pursued them and reviled them. But the king knew nothing of it. And a report was heard in the city, saying, "The word came forth from the mouth of the king to destroy the Jews.' And they arose suddenly against them, and pulled down their houses and their towers, and killed of them about thirty men. And some of them slaughtered their children and themselves, that they might not abide that bitter day: there fell slain, Rabbi Jacob from Orleans, for the sake of the holiness of his Creator, on that fearful day. But of all this King Richard knew nothing, till he heard the voice of the multitude; and he said, "What is this today?' and the doorkeeper said, 'Nothing; only that the boys rejoice, and are merry in heart.' And it came to pass, when he heard this great evil, his anger was much kindled, and his wrath burned within him. And he commanded, and they tied the doorkeeper to the tails of the horses, and dragged him, and cast him about in the markets, and in the streets, until his spirit departed, and he died. Blessed be He who giveth vengeance! Amen." After his return from captivity, Richard had the ceremony of his coronation repeated, at the request of his nobles, who thought such a form necessary to remove the disgrace of imprisonment. JOHN. John ascended the throne, to the prejudice of the hereditary rights of his nephew Arthur, by virtue of a form of election. The archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, and other the estates of the realm, being assembled in the church of Westminster, May 27th, 1199, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, addressed them in these memorable words: “Hear all men! It is well known to your wisdom, that no man hath any right of succession to this crown, unless he be elected for his own merits by the unanimous consent of the kingdom, with invocation of the Holy Ghost; after the manner and similitude of Saul, whom God set over his chosen people, though he was neither the son of a king, nor sprung of a royal line; and in like manner after him, David, the son of Jesse, the former because he was brave, and suited to the royal dignity, the latter because he was humble and pious. So that he who surpasses all within the realm in fitness for royalty, should preside over all in dignity and power. But if any one of the family of the deceased sovereign should excel others, his election should be the more readily and cheerfully conceded. Wherefore, as our late sovereign Richard died without issue of his body, and as his brother, Earl John, now present, is wise, brave, and manifestly noble, we, having respect both to his merits and his royal blood, unanimously and with one accord elect him to be our sovereign." This was the most decisive form of election since the Conquest, and it is so commemorated in Langtoft: The arsbishop Hubert of Canterbirie the se The people responded with shouts of "Long live the king!" To him I before mentioned. NUMBER OF BONES AND JOINTS IN THE HUMAN FRAME. THE cranium, or that part of the head which contains the brain, consists of eight different bones. There are fourteen bones of the face, besides thirty-two teeth. Then there are four very small bones in each ear, and one at the root of the tongue. Thus the whole head above the neck contains sixty-three. The neck has seven; but as these form the upper part of the spine, they are usually reckoned with those of the body. Here let us stop to comment on the simple, yet effectual, contrivance for increasing the security of the brain. Had the cranium, or brain-case, been composed of one entire bone, instead of several, fractures would have followed almost every injury on its surface, and such fractures as do occasionally take place, would probably be of greater extent and of corresponding danger. The spine, or back-bone, contains twenty-four pieces, called vertebra; and between these and the lower extremities are four bones more. There are twenty-four ribs; that is, twelve on each side, and a breast-bone, or sternum, down the middle of the front. body, contains fifty-three bones. Thus, that which is commonly called the The upper extremity, including the hand, arm, clavicle, or collar-bone, and scapula, or shoulder-blade, consists of thirty-two pieces, or sixty-four on both sides. Each lower extremity includes thirty bones; and thus both together make sixty, besides the small sesamoid* bones. At Now, if we add together these several numbers, we shall find that a complete human skeleton contains would suppose this, from a mere view of the human no less than two hundred and forty bones! Who figure, either while standing, or with the limbs in motion! We now see that it has a great many joints within it, and of course a great many bones. every part of the body where the bones meet, there is more or less of motion (excepting at the junction of the several portions forming the head, face, teeth, and hips), and these may all be moved, nearly at the same instant. Thus there are in the human frame about a hundred and eighty joints. We may, indeed, add to this number the small sesamoid bones, which are found in the thumbs and great toes of older persons, and somewhat resembling the knee-pan in shape, though very diminutive in size. Of these there are often two in each large joint of the great toe, and as many in the large joint of each thumb. Adding these, then, to the two hundred and forty, we shall have for the whole number of bones in the human frame, two hundred and forty eight. Some make the number about two hundred and sixty; but in this fourteen sesamoid bones are included. It should be remembered that the numindividuals, though nearly all adult persons hav ber of sesamoid bones greatly varies in differen some of them, and some individuals have them in other parts of the body besides those already mentioned. They are hardly ever larger than half a pea. In addition, it may be mentioned, that some individuals have two or more supplementary bones in the skull, called ossa wormiana; these, when they occur, are of an irregular shape, and seldom larger than small Windsor bean. Besides all these, the breast-bone, the ossa inno* See Saturday Magazine, Vol. XI., p. 115. minata, and many other bones of the body, are in young persons composed of several pieces, and some of them are often not very strongly united even when they become older. Some few individuals are occasionally met with, who have a still greater number of bones; but these may generally be considered as diseased persons. A bony or chalky substance is often formed in the flesh of those who have the gout, and some of the gristly parts of the body-I mean the cartilages and ligaments-occasionally become ossified, that is, converted into a substance resembling bone, as do also small portions of the great arteries, or tubes which convey the blood. In some diseases, also, the bones become soft, and readily bend, owing to a deficiency of the earthy matter of which they are composed. Occasionally persons are met with who have six fingers on each hand, or six toes on each foot, and sometimes both; but these supernumerary fingers and toes do not always have bones in them. SKELETONS. WHEN all the bones of a human being, or of any other animal, are put together, and fastened to each other by pieces of wire, the whole is called a skeleton. There is, too, another kind of skeleton, but it is not so commonly met with; nor is it so convenient for use. It is made by stripping off all the soft parts of the body, excepting the ligaments; these are suffered to remain, and the whole is thoroughly dried. This is called a natural skeleton, in contradistinction to the former, which is called an artificial skeleton. ANATOMY. THE study of the nature and structure of the bones alone, is called osteology; that of the muscles, myology, &c. But as most people who study these, go farther, and learn also the shape and structure of the heart, the lungs, the brain, the blood-vessels, and, in fact, all parts of the body, some more general name seems necessary for what they do. Therefore we say of those who study all parts of the human body, just as it appears when the soul leaves it in death, the bones, muscles, tendons, brain, nerves, heart, bloodvessels, lungs, skin, &c., that they are studying ANATOMY. PHYSIOLOGY. PHYSIOLOGY is something more than all this. It is the study of the living animal;-how the heart, the brain, the eye, the ear, the muscles, the bones, and every other part, acts. David, the inspired psalmist, felt this, when, meditating on the curious structure of his own body, he exclaimed, "I am fearfully and wonderfully made." King David, however, had probably never seen a complete human skeleton, or even had much insight into the interior of the human frame; for in those days it was deemed improper to employ the bodies of men for the purposes of anatomical research, instead of which, the remains of the brute creation, particularly dogs, and other domesticated animals, were used. Hence many of the technical terms by which the various parts of our complicated structure are designated, though now appearing fanciful and erroneous, were at the time of their invention more correct, and the analogy much more obvious. For many years past, we have been accustomed to consider it not only as allowable, but highly proper, and even necessary, to examine and dissect the human body after death, as it is by such means alone that the true structure of the human machine can be understood and explained, and the knowledge of its various derangements acquired. That the most inti mate acquaintance with the different branches of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology, is highly requisite for those to possess who undertake to cure or to relieve the various "ills which flesh is heir to," is admitted by all who are competent to form an opinion on the subject. I will here take the opportunity of defining the three words above-mentioned. By the word Anatomy, is meant a knowledge of the structure and proportions of the human, or of any other animal body; by Physiology, is meant a knowledge of the functions which the various parts of the body perform during health; and by Pathology, is understood an acquaintance with all those changes and alterations in the structure or functions which are effected by disease. In these papers, it is my intention to describe a little both of anatomy and physiology, but into pathology I shall not enter, as that will be unnecessary for the general reader. Heretofore I have treated principally of anatomy; the remaining chapters will embrace a large proportion of physiology, combining, as we proceed, the two subjects together, showing the structure of a part, and at the same time pointing out its uses, by which method, after what has before been explained, a tolerably correct idea of the subject will be acquired. BONES AND SHELLS. BEFORE closing this chapter, I would observe that, although, except in very extraordinary cases indeed, the bones of deceased human beings are left to decay in the grave, the bony parts of the inferior animals are turned to great account in the domestic and useful arts. The handles of common knives, and innumerable little articles in every-day use, are made of bone; from which, also, some valuable products make excellent manure for certain descriptions of are obtained by the aid of chemistry. Ground bones land, and thus not only become valuable to the farmer, but furnish a beautiful illustration of the laws of nature, by which the constituent elements of the of vegetables, upon which human existence so greatly animal frame are made to contribute to the growth depends. of the elephant; as is also that useful substance, Ivory is another kind of bone, for it is the tooth whalebone, which is part of the structure of the enormous jaws of the whale. From the horns of animals, combs, lanterns, whip-handles, and many other articles, are made, while the covering of the tortoise, and the shell of a certain species of oyster, furnish us with those beautiful substances, tortoiseshell and mother-of-pearl. The shells and bones of animals not only serve as a support to the softer parts, but also as a firm defence. What would become of the tender frame of the poor tortoise, the lobster, the crab, the oyster, and many other living things, if they were not covered over, and protected, as with a shield, by a hard buckler of shell? The soft parts of the human body, which are most essential to life, are in many instances well defended in the same manner by the solid, unyielding materials which envelope them. As, for instance, the brain, the spinal marrow, the lungs, the heart, and the liver. Now a portion of the shell of every animal is formed of lime. There is not so much difference between the bones of man and the shell of the tortoise, or the lobster, as may be supposed, though the colour is very different. A very large proportion of the lobster-shell is lime; in the tortoise-shell the quantity is much less; and horn contains but very little. Bones, as I have before observed, contain a large proportion of this earth. |