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was not destroyed with the rest of the Regalia in the time of the Commonwealth; but it was renovated for the coronation of Charles the Second, and at the same time a new spoon was prepared into which the oil is poured by the consecrating prelate. The spoon, like the eagle, is of chased gold, and is adorned with four large pearls in the broadest part of the handle.

Kings were anciently anointed on the head, the bowings of the arms, on both shoulders, between the shoulders, on the breast, and on the hands. There are only three distinct anointings in modern coronations, on the head, breast, and hands, which were said by Becket to indicate glory, holiness, and fortitude. Great importance was attached to this unction, for Shakspeare represents Richard the Second declaring on the invasion of Bolingbroke :

Not all the water in the rough rude sea,

Can wash the balm from an anointed king.

The rich IMPERIAL CROWN of gold with which the monarchs of England are crowned, is still called St. Edward's crown, though it was actually made for the coronation of Charles the Second, the more ancient crown having been stolen and sold in 1642. It is embellished with pearls and precious stones, as diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, and has a mound of gold on the top, enriched with a fillet of gold embellished also with precious stones. Upon the mound is a cross of gold garnished with jewels, and three very large oval pearls, one fixed on the top, and two others pendent on the ends of the cross. It is composed of four crosses pattée, and as many

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The queen's circlet of gold is richly adorned with large diamonds, and has a string of pearls round its upper edge. The cap is purple velvet, lined with white taffeta, and turned up with ermine richly powdered.

The queen's crown, or the crown of St. Edgitha, was originally manufactured for Catherine, the consort of Charles the Second. It is a rich imperial crown of gold, set with very valuable diamonds, intermixed with other precious stones and pearls. It is composed of crosses and fleurs de lis, with bars and arches, and a mound and cross on the top, like the crown of St. Edward, only smaller and lighter. The cap is of purple velvet, and turned up with

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fleurs de lis of gold, all embellished with precious stones. From these crosses arise four circular bars or arches, which meet at the top in form of a cross; having at their intersection a pedestal, on which is fixed the mound already mentioned. The cap within this crown is of purple velvet, lined with white taffeta, and turned up with ermine. On the day of coronation the jewels and precious stones belonging to the Crown of State, so called because it is worn by every sovereign coming in state to parliament, are taken out, fixed in collets, and pinned into the imperial crown: their places are supplied by mock stones, when the ceremony of the coronation is concluded.

Since the time of Charles the Second a very rich crown of state, to be worn by the sovereign only at the coronation dinner in Westminster Hall, is prepared for every succeeding king or sovereign queen. This is very rich, being embellished with several large diamonds, and a great number of pearls; but it is most distinguished by a very large ruby, set in the middle of one of the four crosses, and estimated at the value of ten thousand pounds, and also by the mound's being one entire stone of a sea-green colour, known by the name of an aquamarine. The cap is

QUEEN EDGITHA'S CROWN.

ermine, or minever pure, richly powdered. The crown of St. Edward is used solely for the coronation of a sovereign queen, and cannot be worn by a queen consort.

The Saxon kings of England wore crowns like those of other nations, which were at first only simple circlets of gold. King Egbert first adorned the fillet, or circle, with radiant points, similar to the crowns worn by the emperors of the East; and King Edmund, surnamed Ironside, tipped the points with pearl. William the Conqueror surmounted the circle with points and leaves, the points being much higher than the leaves, and each of them was tipped with three pearls; on the top of the cap, or tiara, was a cross pattée. William Rufus adorned his crown with points only, which were all tipped with pearls. The crown of Henry the First was adorned with fleurs de lis only; these fleurs de lis appear to have been originally designed to represent the heads

of lances, and to have been borrowed from some military decorations of the ancient Germans. Maud, Queen of England, enriched her crown with leaves and points alternately, the leaves being higher than the points; and this custom remained unvaried until the accession of Edward the Third. He enriched his crown with fleurs de lis and crosses pattée. Edward the Fourth was the first English monarch who wore a close or arched crown; it was decorated with fleurs de lis and crosses pattée, and arched with four bars. Henry the Seventh and Henry the Eighth had their crowns composed of fleurs de lis and crosses pattée, with two arches, embellished with pearls and precious stones; and this form has been since continued.

The ancient French crown was a circle of gold enamelled, of eight fleurs de lis, encompassed with eight arched diadems, bearing at the top a double fleur de lis, which is the crest of cognizance of France.

The Spanish crown was a circle of gold, richly decorated with jewels and precious stones, and adorned with eight leaves. It was not closed with arches until the marriage of Philip the Second with Queen Mary of England, when four arches were added, being double the number of those in the English crown. Those of Bohemia, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden, are similar to the Spanish; but no foreign crown has the velvet tiara or the ermine of the English crown.

The crown of Hungary, worn by the emperors of Austria, is double: the lower crown is similar to the Spanish; the upper is composed of sixteen plates of gold, from which two arches arise, having in the centre a cross, richly decorated at the extremities with pearls. The sixteen plates are enamelled with busts of Jesus Christ, the evangelists, and the apostles; so also is the flat part of the arches, the whole being enriched with pearls, diamonds and precious

stones.

placed on the circle itself all round. The cap and tassel are the same as before. Coronets were first assigned to viscounts in the reign of James the First. The coronet of a Baron has only six pearls set round the circle, at equal distances; before the reign of Charles the Second barons wore simply a crimson cap, turned up with white fur, but that monarch assigned them coronets, and at the same time issued warrants permitting the peers of Scotland and Ireland to use coronets similar to those worn by noblemen of the same rank in England.

MATERIALISM.

THE doctrine of the materialists was always, even in my youth, a cold, heavy, dull, and insupportable doctrine to me, and necessarily tending to atheism. When I heard with disgust, in the dissecting rooms, the plan of the physiologist, of the gradual secretion of matter, and its becoming endued with irritability, ripening into sensibility, and acquiring such organs as were necessary, by its own inherent forces, and at last rising into intellectual existence, a walk into the green fields, or woods, by the banks of rivers, brought back my feelings from nature to God. I saw in all the powers of matter, the instruments of the Deity: the sunbeams, the breath of the zephyr, awakened animation in forms prepared by Divine Intelligence to receive it; the insensate seed, the slumbering egg, which were to be vivified, appeared like the new-born animal, works of a divine mind; I saw love as the creative principle in the material world, and this love only as a divine attribute. Then, in my own mind, I felt connected with new sensations and indefinite hopes, a thirst for immortality; the great names of other ages, and of distant nations, appeared to me to be still living around me; and even in the funeral monuments of the heroic and the great, I saw, as it were, the indestructibility of mind.

These feelings, though generally considered as poeti. cal, offer a sound philosophical argument in favour of the immortality of the soul. In all the habits and instincts of young animals, their feelings or movements may be traced in intimate relation to their improved Before concluding this part of the subject, it may be as well to describe the crowns or coronets worn by the princes perfect state; their sports have always affinities to of the blood and the English nobility. The crown of the their modes of hunting or catching their food, and Prince of Wales, when there is an heir apparent to the young birds even in the nest show marks of fondthrone of Britain, is a circle of gold, surrounded with fourness, which, when their frames are developed, become crosses pattée and as many fleurs de lis, set alternately From the two centre crosses an arch arises, adorned with pearls, and surmounted by a ball and cross: within the coronet is a cap of crimson velvet, lined with white sarcenet, and turned up with ermine. The Prince of Wales has also another distinguishing ornament, viz., a simple coronet, surmounted with a plume of three ostrich feathers, and having the motto, "Ich Dien," that is, 'I serve. This cognizance was first assumed by Edward, Prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince, after the battle of Crecy, A.D. 1346, where, having killed John, king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume, and put it upon his own.

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The CORONET of the Princes of the Blood-royal is composed of a circle of gold, richly chased, having on the edge two crosses pattée, two strawberry-leaves, and four fleurs de lis. Within the coronet is a crimson velvet cap, lined with sarcenet, and turned up with ermine. On the top of the cap there is a rich tassel of gold and spangles.

The coronet of a Duke is a circle of gold, richly chased, having on the edge eight strawberry-leaves, which most probably were originally lance-heads, all of equal height; within is a crimson velvet cap, topped by a gold tassel, and turned up with ermine of one row. The coronet of a Marquis is a circle of gold, set round with four strawberryleaves, and as many pearls, on pyramidal points of equal height, alternately. The cap is the same as that of the duke. An Earl's coronet has eight pyramidal points, with as many large pearls on the tops of them, placed alternately with as many strawberry-leaves, lower than the pearls. The cap and tassel are the same as before. Coronets were first assigned to earls in the reign of Henry the Third. The Viscount has only pearls, without any limited number,

signs of actions necessary to the re-production and preservation of the species. The desire of glory, of honour, of immortal fame, and of constant knowledge, so usual in young persons of well-constituted minds, cannot, I think, be other than symptoms of the infinite and progressive nature of intellecthopes, which, as they cannot be gratified here, belong

to a frame of mind suited to a nobler state of existence.-SIR HUMPHRY Davy.

The proper study of mankind is man.-POPE.

Ir the proper study of mankind is man, it is proper only so far as it may conduce to our own advancement in righte ousness, by making us acquainted with that weakness and corruption of our nature, which self-love is for ever labouring to conceal. Should we forget to apply to our own individual cases, the observations which we make in the case of others, our knowledge will not only be barren of improvement, but may even serve to engender a censorious spirit; and increase that pride and presumption which we know too frequently attends the mere possession of speculative knowledge. Our own personal improvement is the centre towards which all reflections upon the nature and actions of man should converge; and whatsoever tends to unfold and bring to light any weakness lurking in the heart, should be received on our parts with all the readiness and impartiality which becomes creatures who are conscious of their responsible condition, and of that higher and eternal destiny which is to succeed this probationary life'.---.

-J. S. M. ANDERSON.

RUNJEET SINGH,

CHIEF OF LAHORE.

IF the revolutions of barbarians have neither the importance nor the historical relations of civilized countries, they are at least more frequent, and their perpetrators as blood-thirsty. When man has thrown aside the ties of religion and morality which bind him to society, he exhibits, in an awful manner, the horrors of unrestrained passion; and, whether he be savage or civilized, his motives for action are the same, as well as their consequences.

Ambition and the lust of power prompt men to rebel they unite under the guidance of some one powerful mind, the possessor of which sways the rebels to his own will, and by them serves his own purposes. Such a man is Runjeet Singh, the present Chief of Lahore, whose history is altogether extraordinary, as well as that of the individual who mainly contributed to place that Indian chief in his present powerful position. The facts which we are about to detail are we believe quite new to English readers they are obtained from the French newspapers of a few years back, and their authenticity is probably unquestionable.

In the extensive continent of Asia, towards the thirtieth degree of North latitude, and between British India and Persia, there is a country, concerning which little is known, although it is extensive, rich, and has a large and industrious population. The form of this country is that of a delta, by the junction of the rivers Indus and Sutledge: the north of this country is bounded by part of the Himalayah mountains; the population is warlike and enterprising, and the country is called the kingdom of

Lahore.

About forty years ago Lahore had no existence as a kingdom. A number of petty princes, who lived by pillage and rapine, but independent of each other, divided among themselves the provinces of this beautiful country. They were constantly engaged in mutual war, and conquering and being conquered in quick succession, the peaceful arts could find neither introduction nor encouragement amid the horrors of this rude warfare. This rich country, therefore, situated so admirably between two great empires, in the centre of a vast continent, with numerous navigable streams, and natural frontiers, was torn with internal dissensions, and incapable of assuming any political importance, for want of some tie which would unite its discordant elements; for want, in fact, of a chief, or even of a usurper, who could conquer the whole of the country, and govern it when conquered.

At the present time this country has a chief, who has blended into one kingdom all the dissentient states which formerly composed it. This country is now a kingdom with about twenty millions of inhabitants it has a considerable and well-disciplined army, numerous founderies and arsenals, a regular government, finances in a flourishing state, and its importance is such that it is the friend and ally of the British government in India.*

This kingdom owes its origin and its present state of wealth and power chiefly to two of those extraordinary men who from time to time appear among the scenes of human affairs, and so materially influence the condition of mankind. One of these men is Runjeet Singh, King of Lahore and Cachmire, the conqueror of all the petty sovereign princes who formerly harassed the whole country between the Indus and the Sutledge; the other is a Frenchman, See Malte-Brun's Universal Geography, vol. iii., p. 52.

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About two years ago General Allard visited his native country, bringing with him his wife, a native of Lahore, and his children, for the purpose of placing the latter under proper tutors, so as to be educated in the religion of their fathers, and according to the customs of civilized Europe. While at Paris the general had an interview with the editor of the Journal des Débats, and communicated to him the following particulars :

General Allard is about fifty years old, of the middle size, of a handsome figure: the expression of his face is mild but dignified; his language is short and precise, his voice agreeably modulated, his discourse modest. He wears a long white beard and mustachios. His hair is gray, but his whole external appearance indicates the vigour of a mature age: his eyes are bright and piercing: he is devoted to the military profession, and seems formed for command.

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General Allard was formerly attached to the staff of Marshal Brune. He quitted France at the downfall of Napoleon, with the intention of going to the United States of America, and had already paid for his passage on board one of the frigates of the Union, when he met with an Italian officer, who, like himself, was about to seek his fortune in a foreign clime, and was induced by the Italian to give up his American trip, and go into Egypt. He did and met with but a cold reception from the Pacha, and no employment. He then went into Persia, and at Ispahan he was heartily welcomed by the Abbas-Mirza, who conferred upon him the title of colonel, and treated him as such he promised him the command of a regiment, but failed in his promise. Fortunately for Allard there was at the court of Ispahan an old king of Cabul, whose brother had usurped his throne and deprived him of his sight: this king, an experienced old man, told Allard that in Cabul he would be sure of welcome and employment. Cabul is situated between Persia and the principality of Cachmire. Allard went there, and found in fact that there was a king who could well appreciate the services of an European officer. But scarcely was Allard established in Cabul, when he learnt that there dwelt, two hundred leagues further on, a skilful and bold chief, who was employing all his energies and resources in founding a kingdom. This was the kind of chief that Allard desired to serve he went therefore to Lahore, and found Runjeet Singh, who was then a rajah. Allard met with welcome and employment from the rajah, whose confidence he soon obtained: he placed under Allard a few men, who, being disciplined according to the military system of France, became the nucleus of the rajah's future army. Next, Allard disciplined a hundred men, who were thus instructed in the duties of military officers. Then he organized a regiment; then a brigade; then a division; his reputation increasing with the number of his soldiers, and the confidence of the rajah keeping pace with the growth of his army. This army soon became the terror of the neighbouring princes, who disputed with Runjeet Singh the sovereignty of the kingdom of Lahore: they were all in succession beseiged in their fortresses, attacked in their retreats, beaten in open field, or vanquished in the defiles and fastnesses of their mountains. At length none resisted; and at the end of a few years Runjeet Singh was the only king of this country. It was the triumph of discipline over the rude warfare of the barbarian, and

Allard was loaded with honours and with wealth: he had a palace at Lahore, a crowd of servants and slaves, and a regiment for his escort. He married a princess, a relation of the king, and was finally named commander-in-chief of the armies of the kingdom he became, next to Runjeet Singh, the most important, powerful, and absolute personage in this extensive country. Such is the fortune of General Allard.

After an absence of sixteen years, Allard wished to revisit his country. His wife did not accompany him to Paris: she remained at Saint Tropez, a sea-port of the Mediterranean, on the coast of France. This lady was shocked at French customs and manners: she thought it highly indelicate that French women should allow their faces to remain uncovered, and constantly expressed a strong desire to return to her native country.

The condition of the women in Lahore is nearly the same as in Mohammedan countries generally. They are brought up in an entire ignorance of all kinds of useful knowledge: most of them do not even know the use of the needle. They live in an absolute seclusion, and never see the sky, but from the flat roofs of their houses; or, when they ride out, through the open tops of their palanquins, which are enclosed on all sides; so that, as General Allard says, they never see the horizon. They pass their time at the toilette, arranging their black hair, and adorning their persons: they tinge their hands and feet with a red dye. Within doors they wear no covering for the feet their slippers are made of silk, embroidered with gold; these they leave at the door of the apartment, which is covered with the richest carpets in the world.

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The children receive no mental instruction: they learn neither reading nor writing. Their knowledge of good and evil is left to natural instinct. This tem probably explains why it is that Lahore is overrun with robbers and bandits. At eight years of age the boys are taught to ride on horseback, to guide an elephant, and to fire the musket; and in a few more years they are excellent recruits for General Allard.

Runjeet Singh is not more learned than his subjects; he does not value knowledge for its own sake; but he has the sense and discretion to appreciate and apply for his own advantage that of others. He is a man about fifty-six years of age; very ugly, blind with one eye, robust, active, dissipated, warlike, of tried courage, and of wonderful endurance. When General Allard wished to quit Lahore, in order to visit France, the king was altogether dissatisfied: he long resisted the wishes of his favourite.

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"Let me

at least detain thy children," said he at length to the general, " and then I shall be sure of thy return." "My children! exclaimed Allard: "it is on their account that I wish to visit France; for there only can they be educated in the knowledge and practice of my own religion." At these words the king no longer resisted. "Since thou speakest to me of thy religion," said he, I can no longer oppose thy will this belongs only to thy conscience, and every one ought to follow the faith which he approves, and he is bound to obey its commandments. Thou mayest depart." Whilst he pronounced these words, he became greatly moved. He remained in deep thought for some time, as if he hesitated to give the general the farewell embrace: then casting himself into his arms and weeping violently, he dismissed him, saying, "Farewell, go in peace!

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Runjeet Singh is not therefore altogether a barbarian. General Allard states that he has often seen

his ministers, some of whom belong to the faith of Mohammed, rise up in the midst of the council, interrupt their master, and retire to the extremity of the hall, in order to perform some ceremony, due to a particular hour just arrived. The king never makes any remark, but wafts with admirable patience until such orisons are finished.

Runjeet Singh has many expensive tastes, one of which, if fully gratified, would ruin any other than an immensely rich man. He is attached to the chase, as conducted in the East. He has an ardent passion for precious stones and fine horses. He learnt one day that there was a very fine horse in one of the neighbouring provinces, in a part of the kingdom of Cabul not yet brought under his dominion. Spies were sent out in order to inform the rajah of the existence of the horse, and the exact spot where it was to be found. These two points being ascertained, a troop of ten thousand men were sent to seize the animal: they traversed many provinces, spent much money, fought their way to the stable of the horse, and did not rest until it was added to the stud of the rajah. He also obtained possession of probably the finest diamond in the world by similar means. A neighbouring petty king was said to be the possessor of a diamond, which had belonged to the Great Mogul, the largest and purest that was ever known. This of course was coveted by Runjeet Singh, and accordingly he invited the prince to his court, and being master of his person, he demanded his diamond. The king pretended to resist ; but after many manœuvres he yielded possession. The delight of Runjeet Singh was extreme; he gave it to a lapidary to mount it; but what was his surprise and fury when the man informed him that this pretended diamond was only a piece of crystal! Runjeet Singh caused the palace of this king to be invested his soldiers ransacked it from top to bottom. Their researches were all in vain for a long time at length a slave of the king having sold the secret of his master, the diamond was found among the ashes of a fire. Runjeet Singh has ever since worn it as a trophy of victory, set in a bracelet of gold. On state days he wears, in chaplets round his head, many other diamonds of extraordinary size and beauty. It is said that the jewels of Runjeet Singh are the richest and finest in the world; and the riches and magnificence of his court and palace, the splendour of his travelling equipage, and of all his equipments, exceed probably all that we hear of among oriental princes.

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We will devote a second paper to our account of this extraordinary person and his dominions.

THE GLOW-WORM.

WHEN on some balmy-breathing night of spring
The happy child to whom the world is new,
Pursues the evening moth of mealy wing,

Or from the heath-bell shakes the sparkling dew,
He sees before his inexperienced eye,

The brilliant glow-worm like a meteor shine On the turf-bank, surprised, and pleased, he cries "Star of the dewy grass! I make thee mine." Then, ere he sleeps, collects the moistened flower, And bids soft leaves his glittering prize unfold. And dreams that fairy lamps illume his bower; But in the morning, shudders to behold His shining treasure viewless as the dust; So fade the world's bright joys to cold and blank disgust. CHARLOTTE SMITH.

LONDON:

JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY Parti, PRICE SIXPENCE. Sold by all Booksellers and Newsvenders in the Kingdom.

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THE ROUND TOWER, AT CLOYNE. CLOYNE is the name of a small town in the south of Ireland, situated in the barony of Imokilly, and the county of Cork. It stands at a short distance from the eastern shores of Cork harbour, and is described as straggling and miserable; it consists principally of one street, the houses of which are of an inferior description. It is a place of considerable antiquity, as is likewise the bishopric of which it is the seat, its cathedral having been founded by St. Colman, in the sixth century. The old name of the town is Cluaine, which signifies in Irish "a cave," and it is supposed to have been thus called, in consequence of the number of natural caverns and subterranean passages existing in the limestone-rock, of which the district is composed.

The town of Cloyne is situated on a small limestone eminence, gently rising in the midst of the valley, through VOL. XII.

which there might once have been a communication from Cork harbour to the sea; and this eminence might have been an eminence surrounded by water, and afterwards, on the water partially drying up, by a deep bog, and at present by rich and, in general, well-improved meadows, to which the plantations about the church and see-house, with the round-tower, appearing everywhere above them, give a good effect. On this spot St. Colman, before the year 600, is supposed to have founded his church; and the security of it must have received no small addition from the circumstance of a cave, which is on the most elevated part of it, extending in various branches under ground to a great distance. In those unsettled and barbarous ages, caves of this sort were resorted to by the natives on the first appearance of an enemy, and the invaders seldom being able to make a long stay, the wives and children of the peasants, and perhaps even their cattle, would remain in tolerable safety, till the country could assemble in their defence. It is certain that places of refuge of this sort were looked upon as of so much necessity, that on some of 384

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