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leather on his legs, and a shepherd's crook in his hand; but though thus plainly dressed, he was attended by his senators and nobles in their richest robes. When the procession approached, the peasant called out, "Who is this that cometh hither with so much parade and magnificence?" The attendants replied, "This is the prince who claims, as rightful heir, the inheritance of the sovereignty over our good land, the province of Carinthia." The peasant then inquired, "Is he just? Doth he seek the welfare of the Carinthian peasants? Is he of free condition and noble birth? Is he worthy of honour for his past conduct, and doth he desire to win honour by future exploits? Is he obedient to the laws, and attached to the ancient usages of Carinthia? Will he be a defender of the pure and holy Catholic faith?" To this the duke's attendants replied, "Such is he, and such he will be." After a long pause, the peasant renewed the conversation by asking, "Has the lord any right to remove me from this my place?" To which question the attendants replied, "Our lord hath purchased this ground for sixty deniers, and he granteth to thee the animals thou hast with thee, the robes which he wears, and immunity of taxes for thyself and thine house." The peasant then descended from the rock, and gave the duke a slight slap in the face. The duke then mounted the rock, and brandished a sword in the form of a cross over the multitude; water was then brought to him in the crown of a peasant's cap, which he drank as a symbol both of his moderation and humility. The duke then laid aside his peasant's dress, and having received his ducal robes, went and received the sacrament in the church of St. Veit.

The stone on which the ancient monarchs of Ireland were inaugurated, was at a very early period removed to Scotland, whence it was brought to England by Edward I.: it is now fixed in the seat of the coronation-chair, and we shall describe it more particularly in a future chapter.

It only now remains to mention, that the recognition, in the German forms of coronation, was always connected with the semblance of an election, as we find from the speech made by the archbishop of Cologne, when he presented Otho, who was designated emperor during the life-time of his father, to the general assembly of the German princes: "Behold, I bring you here Otho, chosen by God, and appointed by his father, Henry our lord, and now made king by all the princes of the empire. If this election please you, do you signify the same by holding up your hands to heaven." The people consenting, he was then anointed, and invested with the imperial ensigns.

ON EMPLOYMENTS WHICH INJURE THE EYE-SIGHT

HABITUAL

No. IV.

or

USE OF GLASSES -ADJUSTMENT GLASSES TO VARIOUS QUALITIES OF SIGHTNEAR-SIGHTEDNESS-LONG-SIGHTEDNESS.

THE class of persons whose sight is affected by the habitual use of glasses, comprehends a very large number of professions, and presents to the scientific mind points of high interest, while to the general reader the subject is one of paramount importance, as it determines how far the eye is affected beneficially or otherwise by the employment of optical glasses of every description, whether it be the quizzing-glass which the tyrant Fashion imposes on her votary, the sextant of the skilful navigator, or the reflecting

The convex

telescope of the profound astronomer. spectacle-glasses of the flattened eye of age, and the concave lens of the too convex eye of youth, are alike subjects of import which we propose briefly to consider. But first it is necessary to remind the reader of the problems connected with vision by which the eye takes cognizance of very distant objects, and has also a distinct appreciation of those within a few inches. It is known that a telescope, microscope, camera obscura, &c., all require to be adjusted before they can be employed, and that this adjustment must vary according as they assist the eye to view near or remote objects: hence the question how is the eye adjusted, or does it require adjustment at all? This question we will answer as fully as the present state of our knowledge of the subject extends.

In the usual state of the eye it is so adjusted, by means of a power of which we are ignorant, as to perceive clearly objects at a very great distance; that is, the crystalline lens is placed as far back as the ciliary process will allow it to go, and in that position, parallel or nearly parallel rays meet in at focus on the retina. If from the distant object we look at something less remote, say a tower a quarter of a mile distant, the crystalline lens is brought slightly forward, in order that the increased path between it and the retina may correspond with the increased divergency of the rays proceeding from the latter object.

Suppose the eye be directed successively to several objects placed at various distances, such as a hill, a tower, a house, a tree, and a man, at the respective distances of ten, five, two, one, and one-half miles. Now it is supposed by some that the healthy eye is adjusted once for all to very remote objects when it is in a state of perfect repose, and consequently that it has a clear view of these objects at different distances without a new adjustment for each. Others, again suppose that the distance between the crystalline lens and the retina is precisely proportioned to each of these distances. Suppose then that such is the case, and that we are ignorant of what these distances really are, we must be altogether unable by any act of the will to adjust the lens. It must, therefore, according to this hypothesis, be adjusted, and that with mathematical precision, by involuntary action, since, in order to get a clear view of those five objects, the lens must be at five different distances from the retina. This we think impossible.

Now the motive power of the lens, the adjusting screw in short, by which it is advanced or sent back, is thought to be the iris, which by its self-acting adjustment to light, influences the motions of the lens, with which it is connected through the medium of the ciliary apparatus, so that when the eye is transferred from the view of a near to a distant object, and vice versa, the pupil undergoes a change, which in its turn effects a change in the position of the crystalline lens, as a necessary consequence. The iris is connected to nerves possessing a high degree of irritability, and it is possible that the stimulant property of light is sufficient, independently of the will, to produce the variations in its diameter, according as the light is abundant or not; but it appears that for short distances the iris has the power of voluntary adjustment, that is, when near objects are to be seen, the crystalline lens is drawn forward by a voluntary action, but we are ignorant of the extent of this voluntary power; and it remains to be shown whether the iris undergoes a change, and consequently the crystalline lens, by the stimulus of light or otherwise, when the eye is transferred from one distant object to another distant object, whose dis

tance however from the eye is less than that of the first it seems most likely, that by a combination of voluntary and involuntary actions, the eye is accommodated to varying distances, and that the stimulus of light falling on the iris, or retina, or both, is the main cause of the adjustment of the eye.

Let us now consider a near-sighted eye, or one in which the crystalline lens is too spherical, by which the rays are converged too soon, and cross each other before they reach the retina. Now suppose such an cye is regarding a very distant object, and that the lens is then as far back as it can go, but not far enough back, in order that the focus may attain the retina, the remedy then is, supposing the eye to be otherwise healthy, a concave lens, by means of which the convergency of the rays is delayed, and by a nice adaptation the concavity of the artificial lens may so correct the too great convexity of the crystalline lens, that the foci fall exactly on the retina. Much injury, however, is done to the eye by employing bad glasses, or such as are too concave; the rule is, select such glasses as do not diminish objects seen through them; if they do so they are too concave, and the crystalline lens is brought too near to the pupil, by which means the ciliary muscles are fatigued by too rigid contractions. Between the age of thirty and fifty, the eyes of most persons begin to experience a remarkable change, which generally shows itself in a difficulty of reading small type or ill-printed books, particularly with candlelight. This defect of sight, which is called long-sightedness, because objects are seen best at a distance, arises from a change in the state of the crystalline lens, by which its density and refractive power, as well as its form, are altered. It frequently begins at the margin of the lens, and takes several months to go round it, and it is often accompanied by a partial separation of the laminæ, and even of the fibres of the lens.

If the human eye (as Sir David Brewster remarks,) is not managed with peculiar care at this period, the change in the condition of the lens often runs into cataract, or terminates in a derangement of fibres, which, though not indicated by white opacity, occasions imperfections of vision that are often mistaken for amaurosis and other diseases. A skilful oculist, who thoroughly understands the structure of the eye, and all its optical functions, would have no difficulty, by means of nice experiments, in detecting the very portion of the lens where this change has taken place, in determining the nature and magnitude of the change which is going on, in applying the proper remedies for stopping its progress, and in ascertaining whether it has advanced to such a state, that aid can be obtained from convex or concave lenses. In such cases, lenses are often resorted to before the crystalline lens has suffered an uniform change of figure or of density, and the use of them cannot fail to aggravate the very evils which they are intended to remedy. In diseases of the lens, where the separation of fibres is confined to small spots, and is yet of such magnitude as to give separate coloured images of a luminous object, or irregular halos of light, it is often necessary to limit the aperture of the spectacles, so as to allow the vision to be performed by the good part of the crystalline lens. BREWSTER'S Optics,

This I hold

A secret worth its weight in gold
To those who write as I write now,
Not to mind where they go, or how,

Through ditch, through bog, o'er hedge, and stile,
Make it but worth the reader's while ;
And keep a passage fair and plain

Always to bring him back again.—CHURCH'LL.
"You may run from major to minor," says Mrs. Bray in
one of her letters to Dr. Southey, "and through a thousand
changes, so long as you fall into the subject at last, and
bring back the ear to the right key at the close."

THE USEFUL ARTS. No. XXXVII. THE CARPENTER AND THE JOINER, concluded. THE first and principal tools used by both carpenter and joiner, are saws, of different sizes, for reducing the rough wood to the size adapted for the purpose to which it is to be applied. Small, fine-toothed saws, both long and thin blades, termed spring-saws, are used for cutting out small holes in wood, and for analogous purposes, when precision mounted in a frame on the same principle as that of the and nicety are required; these spring-saws are sometimes stone-mason's saw, formerly described but commonly, the blade of the saw, of whatever size it may be, is only fixed on a convenient handle, so that the whole blade of the saw may pass through the fissure it makes in the material. All saws are made of the best steel, highly tempered, so as to recover their form if bent by the resistance of the wood. pensable tool to the carpenter. These chisels are of different Next to the saws and planes, chisels are the most indiswidths, adapted to different uses, and are not only used with a hammer or mallet, as the mason employs them, but simply as cutting-tools, used by hand for finishing the reentering angles of mortise-holes, or for finishing the ends of pieces of wood too small to be planed. screws and nails. The carpenter employs gimlets for making holes for The gimlet is a short rod of steel, finished at one end into a sharp-pointed screw of one or two turns only, which, acting on the principle of that mechanical power, compels the tool to sink deeper and deeper into the wood, as the tool is turned round; and to enable the workman to turn the gimlet, it is fixed into a cross tool being overcome. handle, which, acting as a lever, allows of the friction of the Just above the screw point, the rod or shaft of the gimlet is fluted or hollowed out; the sharp edges of this fluted part cut the hole made by the screwend larger and smoother, and the hollow receives the chips or shavings cut off, and prevents them from clogging the hole and stopping the progress of the tool.

in the same manner, are employed for making large holes Augers are large tools shaped like a gimlet, and, acting for bolts, spikes, &c. Centre-bits are steel tools of different shapes, made to fit into a bent handle something like the letter G, which, acting as a lever, allows of the tool being turned round and round by one hand, while by the other the workman holds the top of the handle steady and vertically over the point of the tool. Some of the bits or tools are for cutting out cylindrical holes, and are shaped at the cuttingedge like a chisel, with a small point projecting from the centre of the edge, on which the instrument turns in the wood and acts on the principle of a lathe. On each side directions, to allow of its ploughing up the wood before this point, the chisel-edge is bent sideways in opposite it with greater efficacy than it would do if it were not so

formed.

The brad-awl, or nail-piercer, is a short steel wire, sharpened at the point into a flat chisel-edge, and put into a plain turned handle. This edge being pushed into the wood, and the handle turned round, the tool divides the fibre, and makes its way on the simple principle of a wedge, and does not cut away or remove any portion of the material as the above-described tools do.

parts of his work together, and it is necessary to make a The carpenter uses nails and screws to fasten the different hole to receive them before they are driven in, or else the wood would split by the action of forcing the nail or screw into the solid material, and, indeed, it would be impossible to force a screw into the solid wood at all.

and round by means of a blunt chisel called a screw-driver, The screw is forced into the wood by being turned round the edge of which is inserted into a notch cut in the head of the screw to receive it.

Joiners fasten one piece of their work to another by glue made by boiling down refuse animal matter containing the animal principle called gelatine in abundance, such as hoofs, horns, tendons, skin, gristle, &c.: it is a property of gelatine to dissolve in hot water, and to harden again when cold, and the water evaporates. Accordingly the glue, which is only concentrated impure gelatine, is dissolved by heat in a small quantity of water, and being applied to the clean faces of the wood to be united, by a coarse brush: these faces are closely pressed and retained together till the water evaporates, when such is the tenacity of the glue, that the wood may be broken in another place as easily as at the glued joint. To enable, glue, howeyer, to act in this manner well, the wood should be clean, the parts to be glued

well warmed before the glue is applied, and the joint should be close, or the parts accurately brought together.

of this notch is the fine mortise-hole intended to receive the tenon.

Besides the before-mentioned tools and materials, and some others, such as hammers, axes, &c., which need not be described, carpenters and joiners use instruments for measuring and setting out their work, and for drawing on the surface of the material the forms into which it is to be reduced, or the shape and situations of portions of the material to be removed for the purposes of framing. The instruments are compasses, squares, rules, levels, plumb-site each other, on the two sides of the upright bars. lines, and so on, common to all trades which form materials into artificial geometrical shapes: and, like the mason, the carpenter and joiner must be conversant with the more elementary problems of practical geometry.

The bars of the sash can, of course, only be made in one length in one direction, and the cross-bars whic divide the long panels, formed by these continuous bars, int the sizes of the glass, are made of similar short pieces with mitred ends; but these ends, where they frame into the long bars, have no tenon, the thinness of the stuff not ad mitting of one, since the cross-bars come, end for end, oppo

Having described the principal tools used by this workman, we will return to the work performed by him, and in illustration of the subject, point out the mode of proceeding in making a window-sash, which is one of the most delicate operations in common joiner's-work. The outer part of the sash is made broader and stronger than the intermediate cross-bars which receive the panes of glass, in order to give strength and rigidity to the sash. This outer part is framed together at the four angles by mortises and tenons, the latter coming quite through the stuff, and having a small sharp wedge driven into the middle of the tenon when inserted into the mortise: by means of this wedge, the tenon is expanded at its end into a wedge-shaped form, by which it fits more tightly into the mortise and is retained in its place, the wedge-shape not allowing the tenon to be withdrawn again. But it may be here remarked that, besides this precaution, all small mortises and tenons are put together with glue to ensure the stability of the joint.

The inner edge of this frame is formed by a plane into the half moulding, of which the cross-bars present the entire section, so that when the sash is completed, each panel, as it were, which is filled in with the glass, is surrounded on its sides by a continuous moulding, and on the other side of the frame each panel presents a rebate in which the glass lies. The annexed figure of the section of part of the outer frame and one cross-bar, will make this clear.

It is evident that the long bars must be put together with the outside frame, or else the tenons could not be inserted into the mortises made in this last.

In further explanation of joiners'-work, we will briefly describe the mode of making a drawing-board, requiring to be true, plane, and square. Suppose the board is intended to be so wide as to require three boards side by side to make it: these three boards being sawn out of the right length, their edges are first planed perfectly straight and smooth, so that when any two are placed side by side, the edges touching, those edges may touch or fit together accu rately for their whole length; this accuracy of joint is obtained by testing the edge after each time the plane is applied, by a straight-edge, or rule, known to be true. There are two modes of proceeding to make these joints firm, one by dowelling, that is, by inserting short pieces of hard wood, as oak or wainscot, let for half their length into a mortise cut in the edges of the boards that are to fit together; these mortises being, of course, made opposite each other, these dowels prevent the boards from rising up o starting from their places when the work is finished. Instead of short dowels a strip, the whole length of the boards, is let into each joint, half the strip lying in a ploughed groove, made in the middle of the corresponding edges of the two boards. But, besides these precautions, the joints are well glued up.

There are two modes by which this board may be strengthened, to prevent its warping or casting by the drying or shrinking of the wood. A cross-piece of deal, or better still of wainscot, is fixed across the ends of the boards, these ends being double rebated or tongued, to fit into a groove made in the cross-piece to receive the tongue; these cross-pieces prevent the long boards from warping, since the cross-pieces would have no tendency to alter their figure in the direction of their grain.

If, however, the board be larger, keying is better than this clamping. Clamping consists in attaching two stout cross-pieces at the back of the boards, the faces of which pieces are worked so as to fit, and are glued into a dovetailshaped groove cut across the direction of the boards at their back to receive the keys, as will be understood from the annexed sketch.

The cross-bars are made in lengths out of slips of wood, by a plane, which first forms the mouldings and rebate on one side, and then by turning the slip over the same plane, finishes the other with an exact counterpart of the first. These bars are framed into the outer part of the sash by delicate mortises and tenons put together in the manner before described; but it will be seen by reference to the figure, that the moulded part of the bar must unite to that of the outer frame, or of another bar, by a mitre joint, that is, by one which allows of the lines of mouldings returning on the second piece, at right angles to their direction on the first, without any interruption to the continuity of the surface.

This and all analogous mitre-joints are formed by planing the ends of the wood to form a face, making an angle of 45° with the axis or length of the stuff, and the joiner is provided with a tool called a mitre-box, consisting of a stock or frame, in which the stuff being put, resting against one another's surface, guides the plane so as to cut off the end obliquely at the requisite angle. It is clear that this mitre must be made on both faces of the bar, and therefore the two mitre faces form a wedge-shaped termination by meeting at a right angle, as shown in the last figure. Now as besides the mitre end a tenon is to be left to fit into a mortise in the outer frame, it is clear that the whole must be a very nice piece of workmanship to be executed on so small a material as the thin bar of a modern sash.

The bevelled mitred end of the bar is received into a corresponding shaped notch cut the depth of the half moulding in the outer frame to receive it, and at the bottom

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THE seven days is by far the most permanent division of time, and the most ancient monument of astronomical knowledge; ft was used by the Brahmins in India, with the same denomination used by us; and was alike found in the calendars of the Jews, Egyptians, Arabs, and Assyrians. It has survived the fall of empires, and has existed among all successive generations; a proof of the common origin of mankind. The division of the year into months, &c., is very old, and almost universal, but not so ancient or uniform as the seven days, or week.-MRS. SOMERVILLE.

LONDON:

JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, FRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY Parts, PRICE SIXPENCE.

Sold by all Booksellers and Newsvenders in the Kingdom.

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QUEEN ELIZABETH; HER PROGRESSES AND PUBLIC PROCESSIONS. No. VI.

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THE RESIDENCE OF THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH AT HATFIELD-HER AMUSEMENTS WHILE THERE -HER ACCESSION TO THE THRONE AND JOURNEY TO LONDON.

In our last paper on this subject we related the circumstances under which, in the year 1554, the Princess Elizabeth was imprisoned at the royal palace of Woodstock, under the charge of Sir Henry Bedingfield. After a confinement of many months she procured permission to write to the queen, but her importunate keeper intruded and overlooked what she wrote. At length, by the interposition of Mary's husband, King Philip, she was removed to court.

This sudden kindness of Philip, (says Warton,) who thought Elizabeth a much less obnoxious character than his father, Charles the fifth, had conceived her to have been, did not arise from any regular principle of real generosity, but partly from an affectation of popularity; and partly from a refined sentiment of policy, which made him foresee that if Elizabeth was put to death, the next lawful heir would be Mary, Queen of Scots, already betrothed to the dauphin of France, whose succession would for ever join the sceptres of England and France, and consequently crush the growing interests of Spain.

In the course of the first day's journey, which extended from Woodstock to the house of Lord Williams at Ricot, there came on a very violent storm of wind, which two or three times blew off the princess's hood, and the attire of her head. Upon this VOL. XII.

she begged to retire to a gentleman's house then at hand; but the extreme circumspection of Bedingfield led him to refuse this request, so that the princess was obliged to replace her head-dress under a hedge near the road.

On reaching Hampton Court, where the king and queen were then residing, Elizabeth found that she was still a prisoner. She was visited by Bishop Gardiner and others of the council, who endeavoured to persuade her to make a confesssion of guilt, and submit to the queen's mercy.

One night, when it was late, the princess was unexpectedly summoned and conducted by torch-light to the queen's bed-chamber, where she kneeled down before the queen, declaring herself to be the most faithful and true subject. She even went so far as to request the queen to send her some Catholic treatises which might confirm her faith, and inculcate doctrines different from those which she had been taught in the writings of the reformers. The queen seemed still to suspect her sincerity; but they parted on good terms. During this critical interview Philip had concealed himself behind the tapestry that he might have seasonably interposed to prevent the violence of the queen's passionate temper from proceeding to any extremities.

A week afterwards a change took place in the condition of Elizabeth. She was permitted to retire to Hatfield House, in Hertfordshire, then a royal palace, being placed under the care of Sir Thomas Pope. At parting, the queen presented her with a ring worth

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seven hundred crowns; and at the same time recommended to her Sir Thomas Pope as a person whose humanity, prudence, and other qualifications, were calculated to render her new situation perfectly agreeable. Elizabeth experienced great benefit from this change of keepers; Sir Thomas Pope behaved towards her with kindness and respect, "residing with her at Hatfield rather as an indulgent and affectionate guardian, than as an officious or rigorous governor." That he was also not wanting on proper occasions in showing her such marks of regard and deference as her station and quality demanded, appears from the following anecdote. Two of the fellows of Trinity College, in Oxford, just founded by him, had violated one of its strictest statutes, and were accordingly expelled by the president and society. Upon this they repaired to their founder then at Hatfield with the princess, humbly petitioning to be re-admitted into his college. Sir Thomas was somewhat perplexed; for although disposed to forgiveness, yet he was unwilling to be the first who should openly countenance or pardon an infringement of laws which he himself had made; but perceiving a happy opportunity of adjusting the difficulty, by at the same time paying a compliment to the princess, he with much address referred the matter to her gracious consideration; and she was pleased to order that the offending parties should be restored to their fellowships. Sir Thomas, in his letter to the president of the college, communicating this determination, states, that it was "at the desier or rather commandement of my ladie Elizabeth her grace," that he was content to "remytt this fault, and to dispence with thyem towching the same."

It appears also, that Sir Thomas Pope gratified the princess on some occasions with the characteristic amusements of the times, and that he did so both at his own expense and at the hazard of offending the queen,—as we learn from the following passage of an old chronicle:

In Shrovetide, 1556, Sir Thomas Pope made for the ladie Elizabeth, all at his oune costes, a greate and rich maskinge, in the greate halle at Hatfelde; wher the pageaunts were marvellously furnished. There were ther twelve minstrels antickly disguised; with forty-six or more gentlemen and ladies, many of them knights or nobles, and ladies, apparelled in crimsin sattin, embrothered uppon witth wrethes of golde, and garnished with bordures of hanging perle. And the devise of a castell of clothe of golde, sett with pomegranates about the battlements, with shields of knights hanging therefrom, and six knights in rich harneis turneyed. At night the cuppboard in the halle was of twelve stages, mainlie furnished with garnish of gold and silver vessul, and a baseket of seventie dishes, and after a voidee of spices and suttleties, with thirty spyse plates, all at the chardgis of Sir Thomas Pope. And the next day the play of Holophernes. But the queen percase mysliked these folliries, as by her letters to Sir Thomas Pope hit did appear, and so their disguisinges were ceased.

On some occasions, however, the princess was allowed to make excursions, either for pleasure or for the purpose of paying her compliments at court. It is related that on the 25th of February, 1557,The lady Elizabeth came riding from her house at Hatfield to London, attended with a great company of lords, and nobles, and gentlemen, unto her place called Somerset-place, beyond Strand-bridge, to do her duty to the queen. And on the twenty-eighth she repaired unto her grace at Whitehall, with many lords and ladies. (And again, one day in March, the same year,) aforenoon, the lady Elizabeth's grace took her horse and rode to her palace f Shene, with many lords, knights, ladies, and gentlemen, and a goodlie company of horse.

In April, the same year, she was escorted from Hatfield to Enfield-Chase, by a retinue of twelve ladies clothed in white satin, on ambling palfries," * Curious devices in cookery or confectionary.

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and twenty yeomen in green, "all on horseback, that her grace might hunt the hart." On entering the chase or forest she was met by fifty archers in scarlet boots and yellow caps, armed with gilded bows, one of whom presented her with a silver-headed arrow, winged with peacocks' feathers. Sir Thomas Pope had the devising of this show; at the conclusion of which, the princess was gratified with the privilege of "cutting the throat of a buck." In the same month, likewise, she was visited at Hatfield by the queen, when the great chamber was adorned with a sumptuous suit of tapestry, called the hangings of the siege of Antioch, and after supper a play was performed by the choir-boys of St. Paul's.

In the summer of this year, the princess paid a visit to the queen at Richmond. She went by water from Somerset-place, in the queen's barge, which was richly hung with garlands of artificial flowers, and covered with a canopy of green sarcenet, wrought with branches of eglantine on embroidery, and powdered with blossoms of gold. She was accompanied by Sir Thomas Pope and four ladies of her chamber. Six boats attended on this procession filled with her highness's retinue, habited in russet damask and blue embroidered satin, lapelled and spangled with silver, with bonnets of cloth of silver, plumed with green feathers. She was received by the queen in a sumptuous pavilion made in the form of a castle, with cloth of gold and purple velvet, in the labyrinth of the gardens. The walls or sides of the pavilion were chequered into compartments, in each of which was alternately, a lily in silver, and a pomegranate in gold. Here the party were entertained at a royal banquet, in which was introduced "a sottletie of a pomegranate tree," bearing the arms of Spain. There were many minstrels but there was no masking or dancing. In the evening the princess with all her suite returned as she had come, to Somerset-place; and the next day went back to Hatfield.

During the period of her residence at Hatfield, the Princess Elizabeth was also present at a royal Christmas, kept with great solemnity by Philip and Mary at Hampton Court. On Christmas eve the great hall of the palace was illuminated with a thousand lamps, curiously disposed. The princess supped at the same table in the hall with the king and queen, next the cloth of state; and after supper, was served with a perfumed napkin and plates of confects by the Lord Paget; but she retired to her ladies before the revels, maskings, and disguisings began. On St. Stephen's day she heard mattins in the queen's closet, adjoining to the chapel, where she was attired in a robe of white satin, strung all over with large pearls. On the 29th day of December she sate with their majesties and the nobility at a grand spectacle of jousting, when two hundred spears were broken, half of the combatants being accoutred in the "Almaine" and half in the Spanish fashion. All these particulars, which are minutely recorded by a chronicler of the day, are considered by Warton, the biographer of Sir Thomas Pope, as affording a vindication of Queen Mary's character in the treatment of her sister, and as proving that the princess, during her residence at Hatfield, lived in splendour and affluence, that she was often admitted to the diversions of the court, and that her situation was by no means a state of imprisonment and oppression, as it has been represented by most of our historians."

It has been mentioned above, that Sir Thomas Pope, during his attendance on the princess, was engaged in founding Trinity College, at Oxford. An undertaking of such a nature could not fail to attract the attention of Elizabeth, whose learned education

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