[MAY 19, 1838. the warrants. Sometimes the carts went to the | pounds,—and to be imprisoned during the king's places appointed but found no coals to carry; in pleasure. general, however, it was well understood that the principal object was the preliminary meeting, at which the Purveyor would assign the parties over to a person whom he took with him, to compound for their carriages. This man would take twelve shillings for every load; and he at last raised the sum to fourteen shillings. The justices of Sussex complained of this to the Board of Green Cloth in 1598. In 1604, soon after the accession of James the First, the Commons determined on a representation to the king of the grievances occasioned by the Purveyors; and Sir Francis Bacon made a long speech on the subject to the king, in the withdrawing chamber at Whitehall. There was no grievance, (he told the king,) in his kingdom so general, so continual, so sensible, and so bitter to the common subject as that which he was then speaking of. They did not pretend to derogate from his prerogative nor to question any of his regalities or rights; they only sought a reformation of abuses, and a restoration of the laws to which they were born. He complains that the Purveyors take in kind what they ought not to take; they take in quantity a far greater portion than cometh to the king's use, and they take in an unlawful manner. They extort money in gross or in annual stipends, to be freed from their oppression. They take trees, which by the law they cannot do; timber trees which are the beauty, countenance, and shelter of men's houses; that are a loss which men cannot repair or recover. If a gentleman is too hard for them whilst at home, they will watch him out and cut the tree before he can stop it. When a poor man hath his goods taken from him at an under value, and cometh to receive his money, he shall have twelvepence in the pound deducted; nay, they take double poundage, once when the debenture is made, and again when the money is paid. He tells the king also, that "there is no pound of profit to him, but begetteth three pound damages on the subject, besides the discontent." By law, the Purveyors ought to take as they could agree with the subject; by abuse they took at an enforced price. By law they ought to make but one apprisement by neighbours in the country; by use they make a second apprizement at the court-gate; and when the subjects' cattle come up many miles, lean and out of plight by reason of great travel, they prize them anew at an abated price. By law they ought to take between sun and sun; by abuse they take by twilight and in the night. By law they ought not to take in the highway, by abuse they take in the ways. This abuse of purveyance, if it be not the most heinous abuse, yet it is the most common and general abuse of all others in the kingdom. We have other testimony to the abuses arising from purveyance at this period, in the curious confession made by one Richards, when he was examined before the Star-chamber, of the rogueries practised by him and his brethren. He said that they charged ten times the quantity wanted, sold the surplus, and shared the money. They went to the most remote places to make their purveyance, in order to induce the people to come to a composition. They conspired with the high-constables to charge more than enough, and took half the money of them, but gave receipts for the whole, the constables taking the rest. The clerk of the market set the prices below the value and shared the gain. This confession did not, however, save the culprit, who had likewise extorted money under pretence of having a grant for compounding fines on penal statutes, and he was sentenced to stand in the pillory in Westminster, in Cheapside, in three market towns of Dorsetshire, and in three of Somersetshire,-to lose one ear at Dorchester, the other at Wells,-to ride on a horse with his face to the tail, and papers pinned on him, expressing his crime,-to pay a fine of one hundred In the reign of Charles the First, a' dispute arose concerning the right which that monarch claimed of digging anywhere for saltpetre, in order to provide gunpowder for his troops. The judges allowed the claim; they held that the king could not "prescribe" for the right, because the art of making gunpowder was brought into England within memory, viz. in the time of Richard the Second, yet, as the same concerned the defence of the realm, the king might take sufficient for that purpose in the nature of purveyance. During the Commonwealth the powers of purveyance fell into disuse; and, in 1661, after the Restoration, the grievance was wholly abolished by the 12th of Charles II., the Parliament at the same time granting to the king, in satisfaction of the interest which he conceded, a certain tax upon beer. In the following year, however, the statute was temporarily relaxed in favour of the king's royal progresses, by an act empowering the clerk, or chief officer of His Majesty's carriages, by warrant from the Green Cloth, to provide carts, &c. for His Majesty's use, and persons refusing to serve were made liable to a penalty. Philips says that it was the want of the ancient purveyance which prevented Charles the Second from making a progress which he had designed into the country in the Summer of 1661. We shall conclude in the words of Mr. Bray, from whose paper on this subject, in the Archæologia, we have derived most of our information. Thus have we taken some view of the rise, progress, and extinction of an office which subsisted for ages, without producing to the crown a return at all adequate to the burdens it imposed on the subject. We see Archbishop Islip's words fulfilled; the abolition of purveyance has not occasioned any want of provisions in the king's house, and instead of his people flying from his approach, they fly to meet and welcome him whenever he visits the country. A WARNING VOICE IN LONDON. IN London town wags many a tongue, And nonsense much is spoken; In London many a lie is told, And many a promise broken. But there's a tongue in London town Whose voice is grave and true; Ancient as Time the tale it tells, And yet 'tis always new. Solemn and loud above the crowd It booms both night and day; You hear it when you're close at hand; You hear it, miles away. Measured and grave the note it sounds O'er Middlesex and Surry; It lingers not for lagging souls, Nor hastes for those who hurry. By night while wearied folks repose, The night's dread stillness breaking. Ev'n when thou toll'st my dying hour LONDON: JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTE, COME with me, your faithful friend, On the wings of thought along, And his woodlands wide outspread. IN former papers, we have taken occasion, in describing portions of the scenery of the Rhine, to speak of the vines which are so largely cultivated upon its banks, and to which the fancy of those who have never seen them assigns a larger share in the formation of its picturesque attractions than they are entitled to. In the minds of most persons the Rhine and the vine are inseparably associated; indeed, the appellation of "Father of Wine," which the Germans have fondly bestowed upon this magnificent river, bespeaks as close a connexion between the two things, as the rhymes of poets have established between the two names. The wines of the Rhine are chiefly produced along that part of its course which lies between Mentz and Coblentz, and throughout which the river is for the most part confined on both sides by lofty banks, whose light porous soil and rocky substrata furnish the most favourable sites for the cultivation of the grape. The choicest produce is, however, limited, not only to a particular part of this course, but also to one side of it; namely, that fertile and beautiful district of Nassau, which stretches from the Taunus VOL. XII hills to the northern or right bank of the river, and is known by the name of the Rheingau *. Among the wines of the Rheingau, the first place is, by common consent, yielded to those which are produced on the far-famed domain of Johannesberg. This golden hill, (says the Baron von Gerning,) is the crown of the Rheingau, in the midst of which it is most picturesquely enthroned. In its vicinity, we feel ourselves in the very heart of the far-famed Rhine-land. We ascend towards the north-east by the wood-covered Rabenkopf, and towards the north by the Taunus mountains. Behind the priory on the same hill, lies the town or village of Johannesberg, formerly a colony of servants belonging to the establishment; and at the foot of the hill facing the river, lies the little village of Johannesgrund, and also a nunnery called the Klause, connected with the abbey by a Richolf, the last Rhinegrave, in honour of St. George, the subterraneous passage, which was founded in 1109 by then patron of the crusaders. The top of the castle commands a most beautiful view of the Rhine, from Biebrich to Bingen, over the nine islands and the twenty intervening cantons. Slender elms adorn the foot of the golden hill, bishopric of Mentz, before the Rheingau came into that which was an allodial possession belonging to the archsee, and before it received the name of Bischoffsberg. imperceptibly this detached vine-hill, which is protected According to the general account, Rhabanus Maurus, previously Abbot of Fulda, first planted this vine-hill, and built a chapel here, dedicated to St. Nicholas; it is also said that he was here elected Archbishop of Mentz in 847. This account, however, rests upon scarcely sufficient authority; it is a fact See Saturday Magazine, Vol. XII., p. 105. 378 better established, that, in the year 1106, Ruthard, | Archbishop of Mentz, founded a Benedictine convent upon this hill, and dedicated it to St. John; the convent became enriched with additional endowments until about 1130, under the archbishop Adelbert, it was transformed into a Benedictine abbey. sovereignty of which belongs to Nassau. The vines consist mostly of riesslinge, which impart the particular flavour that characterizes this "German Tokay;" they are small round grapes, sweet and savoury, and of a whitish-yellow colour. The wine itself is described as being of a gentle heat, mild and strong at the same time, and uniting all the good qualities of the juice of the grape, which are heightened by a late vintage, that generally takes place in the beginning of November, after the grapes have been completely ripened by the frost." The riesslinge is the plant generally cultivated in the Rhinegau; it requires a warm exposure. In some places an Orleans grape is grown, and produces a wine which is much esteemed for its peculiar flavour and aroma. The vintage is performed in the most careful manner, and at as late a period as the climate and season will permit. For the white wines, which constitute by far the greatest proportion of those made in Germany, the grapes are separated from the stalks and fermented in casks, by which means the aroma is fully preserved. The wine is freed from the lees by successive rackings, and when sufficiently clarified, is introduced into tuns where it is allowed to mellow, and continues to improve during a long term of years. Those used in the Rhinegau commonly hold eight ohms, or three hundred and twentyeight gallons; but in other parts of Germany they are of larger capacity. Formerly the great pro During the turbulent times of the middle ages, this abbey suffered severely from the calamitous wars to which the country around was constantly exposed; and even in the page of modern history its misfortunes have been recorded. In 1525, during the war of the Boors, it was greatly injured; and seven-and-twenty years afterwards, it was plundered and burnt down by the markgrave, Albert of Brandenburg. It was afterwards restored, but again in 1631 was destroyed by the Swedes, whose dreadful ravages in Germany are still to be traced at the present day. In consequence of these various misfortunes, the establishment became involved in debt, and was abandoned after having been mortgaged for twenty thousand rix-dollars by the archbishop, Elector of Mentz, Anselm Casimir, to Hubert von Bleymaun, treasurer of the empire. The Benedictines soon became very anxious to regain their old possession; but in the mean while the mortgage had risen to thirty thousand rix-dollars, which it surpassed their ability to produce. Fortunately, however, they found a powerful supporter in the Prince Bishop and Abbot of Fulda, who was of the same spiritual fraternity with the monks of Johannesberg; that dignitary, after a dex-prietors vied with each other in the magnitude of the terous negotiation at Mentz, succeeded, in 1616, in recovering their abbey on payment of the mortgage and an additional sum. Instead, however, of being restored to its conventual state, it was converted into a priory. About the same time, the modern castle or palace was built by the prince bishop; and two of the ecclesiastics belonging to Fulda constantly resided here. Portraits of five bishops are to be seen in one of the apartments; from which also a view is obtained of the mountains of Fulda. Underneath is a cellar, which is said still to exhibit the traces of an attempt made by the French to blow up the edifice in 1796, on account of arrears of contribution,"An attempt" says Von Gerning," which would have been realized but for the vigorous interference of the honest bailiff of Rüdesheim, who, on this occasion, spoke his mind in bold German to the plundering general of the hostile forces." Among other things the bailiff said, "On beholding these ruins the passing traveller will exclaim with execration, This was done by that general.'" The French had emptied the cellars of their wine in the year 1792, when they crossed the Rhine as the bestowers of freedom. Johannesberg remained in the hands of Fulda until 1802; for three years longer it was possessed by Orange Fulda; and then, in 1805, it passed into the possession of the French, who kept it till the end of the war which liberated Western Germany in 1813. vessels in which they collected and preserved the produce of their vines: and as the better growths are valued in proportion to their age, the stock of wines in the cellars belonging to the princes, magistrates, and richer order of monks, was often enormous. Most persons have heard of the Heidelberg tun*, and other immense casks in which they have been kept for whole centuries. At the beginning of this century, (says a native writer,) Germany saw three empty wine casks, from the construction of which no great honour could redound to our country among foreigners. The first is that of Tübingen, the second that of Heidelberg, and the third at Grüningen, near Halberstadt; and their dimensions are not greatly different: the Tübingen cask is in length twenty-four, in depth sixteen feet; that of Heidelberg thirty-one feet in length and twenty-one deep; and that of Grüningen thirty feet long and eighteen deep. These enormous vessels degeneracy; but to complete the disgrace of Germany, in were sufficient to create in foreigners a suspicion of our the year 1725 a fourth was made at Königstein larger than any of the former. Dr. Henderson remarks, however, that such a mode of preserving certain vintages is not so absurd as some writers have imagined; for the stronger degree, than they could have been by an opposite wines are undoubtedly improved by it to a greater system of management. But in practising this method, it is essential in the first place to keep the vessel always full; and secondly, when any portion of the contents is drawn off, to replace it with wine of the same growth, or as nearly resembling it as possible. When such cannot be had, the vacant space may be filled up by introducing washed pebbles into the cask. The wine which Keysler drank, from a tun which bore the date of 1472, had become thick and acid, because these precautions were neglected. Had it been kept in bottle, this degeneration probably would not have taken place. For the more delicate growths, however, it is said that small vessels are certainly preferable. The wines of the Rhine, (says Dr. Henderson,) may be regarded as constituting a distinct order by themselves. Some of the lighter sorts, indeed, resemble very much the * See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 140. vins de graves; but in general they are drier than the French white wines, and are characterized by a delicate flavour and aroma, called in the country gäre, which is quite peculiar to them, and of which it would, therefore, be in vain to attempt the description. A notion prevails that they are naturally acid; and the inferior kinds no doubt are so: but this is not the constant character of the Rhine wines, which in good years have not any perceptible acidity to the taste, at least not more than is common to them with the growths of warmer regions. But their chief distinction is their extreme durability, in which they are not surpassed by any species of wine. The Rhine wines often possess the valuable quality of durability when they have little else to recommend them. As they are capable of almost indefinite duration, and as their flavour and aroma are always improved by long keeping, it becomes of essential importance to determine the respective characters of the different vintages for a more extended period than is necessary in the case of most other wines. In favourable seasons the growths of the Rhine are free from acidity, but in bad seasons they contain an excess of what is called malic acid, and are, consequently, liable to the imperfections attendant upon the presence of that ingredient; and as the moisture of a northern Autumn often obliges the grower to gather his grapes before they have attained their full maturity, it is evident that a large proportion of the vintages must be of this description. Hence the wines which have been made in warm and dry years, such as that of 1811, or the year of the comet as it is sometimes called, are always in great demand, and fetch exorbitant prices. Of preceding vintages, those of 1802, 1800, 1783, 1779, 1766, 1748, and 1726, are reckoned among the best, and among them that of 1783 is the most highly esteemed, Of the Johannesberg wine, the choicest produce is that called Schoss-Johannesberger, which is indebted for its celebrity to its high flavour, and the almost total absence of acidity from it. In former days, when the domain was the property of the Bishop of Fulda, this precious wine was very rare, and it was only by favour that a few bottles of the prime vintages could be obtained from his lordship's cellars. During the changes which occurred in the early part of the present century, a considerable quantity of the wine found its way into the market. A portion of that which grows at the foot of the hill is always to be had; even this is said to be preferable in point of flavour to most of the other Rhine wines, and bears a high price. Next to the Johannesberger may be ranked the produce of the Steinberg vineyard, which belonged to the suppressed monastery of Eberbach, and is now the property of the Duke of Nassau. It is the strongest of all the Rhine wines, and in favourable years has much sweetness and delicacy of flavour; the vintage of 1811 has been sold on the spot at as high a price as five florins and a half, or half-a-guinea the bottle. The whole quantity made is about 300 hogsheads, of which 60 are of first-rate quality. Some persons, however, dispute the claim of the Steinberg to rank second among the wines of the Rheingau, placing before it the Rüdesheimer wine, which grows on a hill opposite to Bingen, whose acclivity is so steep, that its face has been, to a great extent, formed into terraces, to which the requisite quantity of vegetable mould and manure is carried up in baskets. The Orleans grape is that chiefly cultivated, yielding a wine which combines a high flavour with much body, and is freer from acidity than most of the other growths of the Rhine. This is partly attributed The graves are wines grown upon the gravelly lands to the south-east and south-west of Bordeaux; they are so called from the nature of the soil. to the favourable exposure, which allows the grapes to ripen fully, and also to the lateness of the vintage, which seldom commences till the end of October or the beginning of November. The vineyard of Grafenberg, which formerly belonged, as well as the Steinberg, to the wealthy convent of Eberbach, but is of much less extent than that, is still distinguished for the choiceness of its growths. The produce of Markebrunne, in the same neighbourhood, and that of Rothenberg, near Geisenheim, are highly prized for softness and delicacy of flavour. of notice among the wines of the Rhinegau is grown All these wines are white. The only red wine worthy at Asmanshausen, a little below Rüdesheim; in good years it is scarcely inferior to some of the better sorts of Burgundy; but the quantity produced is small, and inferior wines are often substituted under its name. small, and of a blue colour; Charlemagne is said to The grapes from which it is made are have brought the first vines bearing it from Burgundy. In speaking of the Rhine wines, it is necessary to mention those of Hochheim, which, though obtained from vineyards lying on the banks of the Maine, are usually classed with the Rhine wines, as being of like nature, and nearly of the same excellence. Indeed all the best sorts of the Rhine wines have long been confounded in our country under the general name of Hock, and Rhenish has become the distinguishing heimer," says Dr. Henderson," is, strictly speaking, term of disrepute for inferior growths. "The Hocha Maine wine; but a corruption of its name has long furnished the appellation by which the first growths of the Rhine are ususally designated in this country." Hock is a contraction of Hockamore, which again is evidently an English corruption of Hochheimer. The little town (says the Author of An Autumn near the Rhine), is surrounded by vineyards, with scarcely a tree to obstruct a single ray of sun; but the choice wine of the place, which every alderman flatters himself he drinks, is produced on a little hill of about eight acres, behind the ancient deanery, which seems formed to court the sun, and is protected by the town from the north winds. Each acre contains about 4000 vine-plants, valued at a ducat each; and the little hill produces, in a good year, about twelve large casks of wine, each of which sometimes sells for 1500 florins. (nearly 1507.) Hochheim was presented by Buonaparte to General Kellerman. According to Dr. Henderson there are two vineyards at Hochheim, which yield the first-rate wine; they were both in former times the property of the deans of Mentz. Their united extent does not exceed twenty-five or thirty acres; but the surrounding lands yield an abundant produce, which, as in the case of other wines, often passes for the first-rate. The soils are composed of a white or brown marle, mixed with fine gravel, and reposing in some places on strata of coal, which in hot and dry seasons is said to impart a particular flavour to the wine. Some of the Rhine wines fetch exorbitant prices, especially those of celebrated vintages. The Baron von Gerning says, that a cask of Johannesberg wine, containing eight ohms, or 328 gallons, particularly of the vintage of the "comet year," 1811, often sells for from 3000 to 4000 florins, or from 3331. to 4447. sterling, which is at the medium rate of nearly 24s. per gallon. Among the prices of some of the principal Rhine wines, quoted by Dr. Henderson, are some reaching the amount of 38s., and upwards of 21. per gallon; there are some even running as high as 18s. the bottle. Dr. Henderson observes, that the same causes which have led to the degeneracy of some of the most celebrated French wines, have operated equally. on those of the Rhine. The health of the vine, and the quality of its fruit, are liable to be affected by a variety of delicate circumstances; a single year of slovenly culture, an injudicious mode of pruning, or the substitution of new plants for old, may ruin the reputation of a vineyard for ever. THE WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. No. III. THE MANUFACTURE OF SHORT OR CLOTH WOOL. THE first operation to which the short wool is subFor a long time the choicest growths, not only in France jected when received by the manufacturer, is that of but in other countries, were raised on lands belonging to opening or disentangling its fibres; for this purpose the church; the vinum theologicum was justly held to be a machine called a wool-mill, willy, or willow, is emsuperior to all other wines. The rich chapters and monas-ployed. It may be described as a cylindrical or teries were always more studious of the quality than of the conical drum, about three feet long, and two and a quantity of their vintages; their grounds were tilled with half in diameter, thickly covered with sharp pointed the greatest care, and their vines were managed in the most judicious manner; nor did they reject a plant that teeth, or spikes. This cylinder works upon a strong bore but sparingly, provided there was no falling off in the axis, and is enclosed in a wooden frame or box, two goodness of the liquor which it supplied. Moreover, in the ends of which can be opened, being fixed on hinges middle ages, it is well known that the clergy were almost the bottom of the box is not solid, but formed of the sole depositaries of learning; and the continued oppor- slips of wood with intervals between them, to allow tunities of observation and study which their retired pur- any dust which may be disengaged in the process suits afforded them, had probably brought them acquainted, to fall through. at a very early period, with the best methods of directing horizontal, are five smaller rollers or cylinders, also Over the cylinder, its axis being the fermentation of the grape and meliorating the produce. When the domains passed into the hands of laymen, the furnished with teeth, and turning on their own axes. same assiduity and skill were seldom shown in the culture The teeth of the rollers and those of the drum, inof the vines, or treatment of the vintage; and, in many tersect each other during the rotation, as do also the instances, the old plants, which yielded the most valued teeth of the rollers themselves. The front door being wines, were rooted out to make room for others that gave turned down on its hinges, a quantity of raw wool is a more abundant supply, but of inferior character. laid on it; the door is then closed, and the wool by that means brought within reach of the teeth of the large drum, which carries it upwards so as to work it between its own teeth and those of the smaller cylinders; as the motion is very rapid, the fibres of wool are separated and pulled about in all directions, After being submitted for a certain time to these operations, the door on the other side of the case that encloses the drum is opened, and the wool thrown out by the centrifugal force of the cylinder. The front door is then opened, a fresh supply of wool is introduced and again thrown out, and so on. This process is repeated several times according to the nature of the wool, or the purpose for which it is designed; if the wool is dyed, it undergoes the same operation after the dying. There is, however, another circumstance to be urged in explanation of the fact, that the choicest wines, in the middle ages, were raised on lands belonging to the church. The monks (observes a writer in the Quarterly Review,) were not only, as depositaries of all the learning of the times, themselves most skilled in the culture of the vine, and the manufacture of its juice; but they were also, in every respect, the best landlords, and maintained the happiest dependants. Respect for the church generally saved their land from devastation in feudal broils; there was more security in their cultivation, and they would naturally communicate some of the results of study and experience in rural economy to their vassals. At no time, however, can the cultivation of the vine on the banks of the Rhine have been attended with much gain and happiness to the labourer. It is true that some countries support a numerous population, but the poverty and misery of the peasantry in them has been long proverbial. Nearly half a century ago, Dr. Cogan spoke of the axiom, "that poverty is most prevalent where the vine is most cultivated," as being well founded. He said that numerous vineyards, such as those on the banks of the Rhine, notwithstanding the picturesque scenes which they presented to the eye, or "the pleasant ideas of luxurious conviviality" which they excited, were, by no means the primary blessings of a country. Bacchus, whatever, joviality he may occasion, has not the benevolence of Ceres; although, by exhilarating the spirits, he may for a season conceal the distress he occasions. Wine is a luxury which cannot furnish either food or raiment to the peasant, and the real necessaries of life are always the dearest where this superfluity becomes the chief article of attention and of commerce; they are purchased as foreign commodities, and consequently at an advanced price. Ir is not the business of virtue to extirpate the affections of the mind, but to regulate them. It may moderate and restrain, but was not designed to banish gladness from the heart of man. Religion contracts the circle of our pleasures, but leaves it wide enough for her votaries to expatiate in. The contemplation of the Divine Being, and the exercise of virtue, are in their own nature so far from excluding all gladness of heart, that they are perpetual sources of it. In a word, the true spirit of religion cheers as well as composes the soul: it banishes indeed all levity of behaviour, all vicious and dissolute mirth, but in exchange, fills the mind with a perpetual serenity, uninterrupted cheerfulness, and an habitual inclination to please others, as well as to be pleased in itself.-ADDISON. The scribbling machine is next employed; this, in principle and construction resembles the last, but instead of the cylinders being covered with strong teeth like spikes, their surfaces are furnished with cards like those used in the manufacture of cotton *; by means of this machine the fibres of the wool are more equally distributed, and the wool passes through this machine three times. It now is removed to the carding-engine. The carding-engine consists of a number of smaller cylinders, A B C D E F G, covered with card-cloth, revolving round a larger cylinder H, covered in the same manner. The large cylinder is about thirtysix inches in diameter, and thirty-two inches in length. I is an endless apron on which the wool is spread equally by hand; this apron is carried slowly onwards towards the two feeding-rollers K, by which it is seized and conveyed to the small cylinder G ; from this it is transferred to the large cylinder н. The three largest of the first six small cylinders are called workers, and the three smaller, cleaners; the wool, in the first instance applied to the large cylinder or drum, is taken off by the first worker, which is in it to the drum; it is taken up again by the second its turn rubbed by the first cleaner, this last returns worker, and again removed by the second cleaner, and so on, until it reaches the cylinder A, called the stripping-cylinder or doffer, which is much larger and turns slowly. The cards on the doffer do not entirely cover its surface, but are placed on in stripes, fig. 2. The wool falls off the doffer in fleeces about four inches in breadth, and twenty-seven or twenty-eight in length, See Saturday Magazine, Vol. V., p. 100. |