fact, that the coast of Africa, where the orchilla abounds, was formerly called Gertulia. That the vivid dye which resides in this weed was known to the ancients, does not admit of any doubt. The plant belongs to the class Cryptogamia, and order Algae of the Linnæan system, and to the class Algæ, and order Lichenes, of the natural system. Professor Burnett, in his Outline of Botany, informs us, that "Roccella, a corruption of the Portuguese Rocha, is a name given to several species of lichen, in allusion to the situation in which they are found; delighting to grow on otherwise barren seaward rocks, that thus produce a profitable harvest. Tournefort considers that one species at least (R. tinctoria) was known to the ancients, and that it was the especial lichen (λexny) of Dioscorides, which was collected on the rocky islands of the Archipelago, from one of which it received the name of the 'purple of Amorgus.' Of all the known varieties of orchilla, that which is grown in the Canary Islands stands the highest in estimation, and brings the greatest price. In the collection of the weed, which is always performed by the natives, the risk is imminent: they are obliged to be suspended by ropes over the cliffs, many of which are of stupendous height, and loss of life frequently occurs in these perilous efforts to contribute to the luxury of man. Such is the esteem in which the orchilla of the Canaries held, that it has recently reached the enormous value of 4007. per ton. That from the Cape de Verds is next in quality, but of much greater importance, in reference to the quantity produced. Madeira and the Azores produce the next qualities. The same plant, though of a very inferior character, is found in great abundance in Sardinia, in some parts of Italy, and also on the south coast of England, Portland Island, Guernsey, &c. but of so poor a kind that it would not reward the expense of collection. known, and simply consists of cleaning, drying, and powdering the plant, which, when mixed with half its weight of pearlash, is moistened with human urine, and then allowed to ferment: the fermentation, we are informed by Professor Burnett, "is kept up for some time by successive additions of urine, until the colour of the materials changes to a purplish red, and subsequently to a violet or blue. The colour is extremely fugitive, and affords a very delicate chemical test for the presence of an acid. The vapour of sulphuric acid has been thus detected as pervading to some extent the atmosphere of London.' I understand and for some valuable particulars I here beg to tender my acknowledgements to Mr. John Aylwin, merchant of London-that the great object obtained from this vegetable dye, is the production of a red colour, without the aid of a mineral acid. But the utility of the orchilla is not confined to the purposes of manufacture. It has been successfully employed as a medicine in allaying the cough attendant on phthisis, and in hysterical coughs. It is also variously used in many productions, where its splendid hue can be rendered available, and imparts a beautiful bloom to cloths and silks. The introduction of the weed into England came originally through the Portuguese. The Cape de Verd Islands having long been a possession of the crown of Portugal, orchilla became a royal monopoly, and was transmitted in considerable quantities to Lisbon, where it was sold by public auction; from Lisbon it gradually found its way to England, France, Germany, &c. The recent political contest in Portugal, caused a total suspension of the shipment of orchilla at the islands. About six months ago, there were two cargoes at Bona Vista waiting for orders, one of them (a vessel of about 66 tons) put to sea, and arrived safe at Lisbon only a few weeks before Admiral Napier's naval victory. When the news of the result of that battle reached the island, the holders of the remaining cargo proposed to hand it over for a consideration to certain parties in the interest of Donna Maria, and it was accordingly consigned to a Portuguese house in London. The vessel in which it was sent was called the Saint Anne, of 60 tons, and sailed under British colours: the cargo consisted of 564 bags,* each containing 2 cwt., and the whole sold for 15,000l. I mention this circumstance as an occurrence worth being recorded; the arrival of a vessel to England direct from the islands being a great novelty, accounted for, in this instance, by the political events which threw the trade out of its regular channels. The original mode of preparing orchilla, that which was practised by the ancients, is said to have been lost, and many chemical experiments exhausted in vain for its recovery. In 1300, however, it was rediscovered by a Florentine merchant, and from that period preserved as a profound secret, by the Florentines and the Dutch. It appears that the Florentines were not satisfied with keeping the preparation of orchilla a mystery from the rest of the world, but that they endeavoured to lead all inquiry into a false channel, by calling it tincture of turnsole, desiring it to be believed, that it was an extract from the heliotropium or turnsole: the Dutch also disguised it in the form of a paste, which they called lacmus or litmus. The process is now, however, generally its quality which is at all times uniform. The bags in which the weed of the Cape de Verds is packed, are marked with the initials of the island of which it is the produce, and indicative of The principal manufactories of orchilla in England are London and Liverpool, but there are many others in different parts of the country. The chief manufacturers are Messrs. Henry Holmes and Sons of Liver pool, and Mr. Samuel Preston Child of London. The manufactured orchilla is frequently shipped to Germany, Holland, &c., in its fluid state, with a small proportion of weed in each cask for the satisfaction of the purchasers. The inferior qualities of the weed, and also a variety of mosses that have the same properties as the orchilla, only in a minor degree, are dried and ground to a fine powder, which is denominated cudbear, and is applicable to the same purposes as the weed itself.* It is a curious illustration of the import ance that is attached to the weed generally, and to the weed of the Canaries in particular, that, within the last twenty years, the latter production was considered in London as a remittance equivalent to specie, and was invariably quoted in the usual channels of commercial intelligence with the price of gold and silver, thus: End of Cromwell. However successful Cromwell was in his foreign expeditions, he ultimately became extremely unhappy in his domestic administration. His person, he knew, was hated, and his government detested by almost every party in the kingdom. The royalists, the republicans, and the presbyterians, all concurred in wishing the downfall of his power. A sense of this dangerous and disagreeable situation, joined to the pressure of some more private calamities, at last produced such an effect upon his spirits, that he was seized with a fever, which notwithstanding the enthusiastic predictions of himself and his chaplains, who foretold his recovery, put a period to his life on the 3rd of September, 1658, the day which he had long considered as the most auspicious of his life, it being that on which he had gained his two famous victories of Dunbar and Worcester.-He was buried in Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey, and his funeral afterwards celebrated with more than regal pomp, and at a vast expense. His mouldering corse was, however, afterwards taken up and inhumanly dragged to Tyburn, where it was exposed upon the gallows, toge ther with the bodies of Ireton and Bradshaw, whose graves had also been sacrilegiously violated. This barbarous act was coloured by a vote of both Houses of Parliament, passed on the 8th of December, 1660, and which ordered the bodies to be taken up and exposed. After they had hung one entire day, they were taken down, and the heads being cut off were set upon poles on the top of Westminster Hall, where that of Cromwell remained full twenty years afterwards. The character of Cromwell is thus concisely given by the following persons: Cardinal Mazarine calls him a fortunate madman; Father Orleans styles him a judicious villain; Lord Clarendon, a brave, wicked man; and Gregorio Leli says he was a tyrant without vices, and a prince without virtues. Bishop Burnet observes, that his life and his arts were exhausted together; and that if he had lived longer, he would scarce have been able to have preserved his power. It was said that Cardinal Mazarine would change countenance whenever he heard him named, so that it passed into a proverb in France, "that he was not so much afraid of the devil as of Oliver Cromwell." American Vauxhall.-In the midst was a long room for balls; under a shed, some people played at ninepins, who addressed one another as colonel, major, and squire; whilst a few young men passed round a circular railroad, on self-moving carriages of a novel build.-Alexander. American Whip.-"You were capsized the other day, Mr. Driver," said a passenger. "Yes, Jackson, I was; but nobody was hurt. The tongue of the pole broke in going down a hill, and I was afraid of running down to the bottom of it; so I told the passengers to sit still, for I was only going to upset them! They sat quiet, and I turned them over a bank, and stopped the horses, I'm hanged if I didn't." Now Publishing, Price 2d. A SUPPLEMENT, Royal Musical Festival IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, 1834: the Abbey: an Outline of each Day's Performance ; Including Details of the Fittings of the Interior of and a large Engraving of the Royal Box. COMPLETION OF VOL. XXIII. THE SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER to complete VOL. XXIII., with a fine Steel-plate Portrait and Memoir of His Royal Highness the DUKE of SUSSEX, and Title-page, Preface, aud Indexes. Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House, London; sold by G. G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve St. Augustin, Paris; men and Booksellers. CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all News THE ROYAL MUSICAL FESTIVAL, ances; and the Princesses Sophia and Sophia IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. (Continued from page 4.) On We shall be expected to say something of the royal occupants of the pavilion-like Box, figured on the subjoined page. "The King and Queen occupied the central recess. the right of his Majesty sat the Princess Augusta, and the Prince Duke of Saxe Meiningen on the left of the Queen. Behind were the lords and officers in waiting. The guests and train of both their Majesties filled the stalls at each side, and on the platform beneath stood bishops and councillors, ambassadors and distinguished foreigners, officers and dignitaries. The King wore an admiral's uniform; the Queen a morning dress, the plainest of the assembly; the Duke of Saxe Meiningen an Austrian uniform. The uniforms of Russia, Prussia, France, and England were mingled on the platform with the gowns and robes of the prelates; and then, as far as the eye could sweep, as much variety of colour as female taste and fancy could be divided into, and as much of female beauty as was ever gathered under one roof; the ladies being throughout as nine to one in proportion to the gentlemen.' ""* "It was on all sides exceedingly fine. In the galleries you beheld beneath each arch, which sprang from pillar to pillar and back up to the corresponding antique window, seemingly separate coteries of the fair and the young in all the gayest colours of fashionable dress the area was equally attractive beneath the eye. Towards one end, the orchestra ranged up tier upon tier, as we have mentioned, coming to its climax in the lofty organ, was yet crowned, as it were, with that fine pictured window, which in sympathy with the harmony of sweet sound, shed down a mild, full flood of the harmony of sweetest colours-and finally, the other end rose above the golden tracery and pinnacles of the royal oratory, the still finer coronal of the abbey organ, through which the prismatic tints of the great eastern window broke delicately and beautifully, and in fine contrast with the sombre Gothic roof which hung over all."† "Seldom, if ever, has the reverend face of that tall pile' beheld under 'its arched and ponderous roof' a more beautiful and noble spectacle. The eye was dazzled, and the ear delighted: For all that pleasing is to living ear, Their Majesties and suite were present at each of the four performances. The Duchess of Kent and the Princess Victoria were present at the first, third, and fourth perform * Atlas. These particulars relate to the appearance of the Abbey on the first day. † Morning Herald. Times. of Gloucester were present at the first performance only. with a suite of ten or eleven carriages, and Their Majesties went in state each day, military escort, from St. James's palace, through the Park, by the Horse Guards. The royal party alighted at the Poets' Corner entrance to the Abbey, at a few minutes before or after twelve o'clock each day; and they left the Abbey each day at four o'clock. THE ORCHESTRA. The name of every performer engaged póssesses an interest on this, which would not enable the public also to form a better idea belong to any other occasion; and it will orchestra. It is as follows:of its magnitude if we present a list of the Conductor.-Sir George Smart. Caradori Allan, Madame Stockhausen, Miss Principal Vocal Performers.- Madame Stephens, Mrs. W. Knyvett, Mrs. H. R. Bishop, Mrs. E. Seguin, Mrs. Seymour, Miss Betts, Miss Bruce, Miss H. Cawse, Miss Clara Novello, Miss Romer, Miss Shirreff, Chambers, Miss Lloyd, Miss Masson, Miss Miss Turner, Miss Wagstaff, Miss Woodyatt, Master Howe, Master Smith. Mr. Braham, Mr. Bennett, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Goulden, Mr. Vaughan, Mr. Bellamy, Mr. H. Phillips, Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Hobbs, Mr. Horncastle, Mr. Machin, Mr. F. Robinson, Mr. W. Robinson, Mr. J. B. Sale, Mr. Sapio, Mr. E. Seguin, Mr. Stretton, Mr. E. Taylor, and Mr. Terrail. And Mademoiselle Giulietta Grisi, for the second and third performances; Signor Rubini and Signor Zuchelli, for the second performance; Signor Ivanhoff and Signor Tamburini, for the third performance. Organists. First Performance -Mr. V. Novello, 1st and 2nd parts; and Mr. Attwood, 3rd part. Second Performance-Mr. H. R. Bishop, 1st part; and Mr. Turle, 2nd and 3rd parts. Third Performance-Dr. Crotch, 1st and 2nd parts; and Mr. Adams, 3rd part. Fourth Performance-Mr. W. Knyvett. Cooke, Weichsel, Mori, F. Cramer, I. Loder Violins.Signor Spagnoletti, Messrs. T. (Bath), Watts, C. Reeve, Wagstaff, Anderson, R. H. Baker (Aberdeen), Betts, jun., N. Camidge (York), Messrs. James Calkin, jun., Binfield (Newbury), W. R. Blagrove, Dr. W. Cramer, Cummins (Leeds), Dando, Day, Dewar (Edinburgh), Eliason, Ella, Fleischer, Gattie, Gledhill, Goodall (Shrewsbury), A. Griesbach, H. Griesbach, Gutteridge (Brighton), Guynemer, Holland, Hughes, Ireland, Jackson, J. M. Jolly, Kearns, Kemp, Long (Hull), J. Loder, jun. (Bath), Litolff, A. Mackintosh, Marshall (Oxford), Marshall (Cambridge), N. Mori, jun., Müeller (Norwich), Murray (Edinburgh), W. Musgrave, Nadaud, Newson, Nickel, Paine, Patey, Paton, Perry, Phillips, W. Phipps, G. Pigott, Platt, Quaterman, Rawlins, Richards, Rooke, Seymour, Sibley, jun. (Portsmouth), J. Smith, F. Smith, C. Smith, Thirwall (Hull), W. Thomas, E. W. Thomas, Tolbeque, Tripp, Walker, Watkins, Westrop, P. White (Wakefield), Wilkins, Wood, and Zink. Tenors.--Messrs. Mountain, Sherrington, Lyon, Moralt, Abbott, Alsept, F. Bates, W. S. Bennett, Bowden, Joseph Calkin, S. Calkin, Challoner, Chubb, Dance, Daniels, Davis, W. Dewar (Carlisle), Dorrell, Forster, Glanville, T. Goodban, jun. (Canterbury), Hardman (York), Hime (Liverpool), H. Hill, Hunter, W. Jones, Mangold (Darmstadt), Nicks, Nunn (Bury), B. Sharp (Oxford), F. Venua (Maidenhead), and Ware. Violoncellos. - Messrs. Lindley, Crouch, Bannister, Binfield, Bonner, James Brooks, James Calkin, Gifford (Cambridge), J. H. Griesbach, Hatton, L. H. Lavenu, C. Lindley, W. Loder (Bath), Lucas, W. Phillips, Pigott, S. Piggott (Dublin), and Rousselot. Double Basses.-Signors Dragonetti and Anfossi, Messrs. Castell, Cubitt, H. Elliston (Leamington), Flower, Griffiths, Hill, Howell, Humble, Kench, F. Packer, Severn, T. Skil lern, C. Smart, A. Smith, Taylor, and Wilson. Flutes.-Messrs. Nicholson, Card, Adams, F. Andre (Windsor), Dorus, 8ve flute, F. Hill, W. Latter, Mary (Windsor), Price, sen., Sve flute, and Ribas. Oboes.-Messrs. G. Cooke, Florke, Barrett, Best, Brewer, Coggins, G. Irwin, T. Ling, Malsh (Windsor), Pein, Waud, Witton. Clarinets.-Messrs. Wilman, Powell, Bowley, Egerton, Eisert (Windsor), Hopkins, Owen, Tuckwell. Bassoons. Messrs. Mackintosh. Tully, Baker, Bauman, Denman, Godfrey, Johnson, Krone (Windsor), Mancor, Palmer (Windsor), Snelling, Waitzig (Windsor). Horns.-Messrs. Platt, Rae, Arnull (Hull), G. Hardy, and H. Hardy (Windsor), Hopgood, Kielbach, Rae, Rousselot, C. Tully. Trumpets. Messrs. Harper, Irwin, Distin, E. Harper, J. Harper, jun., Haycraft, G. Macfarlane, and Wallis, jun. Trombones.-Messrs. Hardy, C. Schroeder Smithies, Smithies, jun., Bean, L. Schroeder (Windsor), Albrecht, and German (Windsor). Ophicleides.—Messrs. Hubbard and Pon der. Cantos. Misses Birch, Brown, Cooper, Dickens, Foster, M. B. Hawes; Master Howe (Westminster Abbey), Mrs. Hunt, Master Lewis, Mistresses E. Loder, Percy, G. Wood. Altos.-Messrs. Evans, W. Jarman (Windsor), J. King, Moxley, Paddon (Exeter), Robinson, Salmon (Windsor), Spencer. Tenors.-Messrs. Brownsmith, Duruset, J. Goss, J. Elliott, T. Harris (Windsor), Nield, Roberts, C. Taylor. Basses.-Messrs. Andrews (Manchester), Atkins, E. Bates, Bedford, Blackbourne, Bradbury, Clark, J. French (Windsor), H. Greatorex, Hawes, Leete, Walmisley. THE CHORUS. Superintendent, Mr. J. T. Harris. Cantos. Miss Addison, Mrs. Allcroft, Misses Allen, A. Barry (Liverpool), Mrs. Barton, Misses Beardmore, Bexfield (Norwich), E. Blackwell, Blake, Boden, R. Boden, Bourke, Brandon, L. Brandon, Mrs. Brown, Byers, Misses Byers, Childe, E. Childe, Connelly, Daekin, Dalton, Deither, Dickenson, Dorrell, Drane (Norwich), Duell, Dunn, M. Dunn, Mrs. Dutton (Liverpool), East, Misses Ella, E. Entwistle (Liverpool), Gooch, Mrs. Goodson, Misses G. Goodwin, Goward, Gray, Hallwood (Liverpool), Hardy, Mrs. Harris, Miss A. Harris, G. Hayward, Mrs. H. Hiles (Liverpool), Misses Hitchcock, Hopkins, L. Hopkins, Ireland, Jackson, Jackson (Liverpool), Jameson, Leach (Cheshunt), Leech and Mrs. A. Linacre (Liverpool), Misses Emma Lindley, E. Lindley, Macfarren, Mrs. Mapleson, Miss Minton, Mrs. Newcome, Miss North, Mrs. Pearce, Mrs. Penley, Miss Perry, Mrs. Pierotti, Misses Poole, Porter, and Proctor (Norwich), Mrs. Richardson (Liverpool), Miss Roberts, Miss Rogers, Mrs. Salabert, Misses Savage, H. Schofield (Rochdale), Seymour, Taylor, A. Taylor (Framlingham), Tinney, Mistresses Tydeman (Framlingham), Walker, J. Walker, Miss Wallace, Mrs. Willis, Miss Yates, Masters Boardman and Buckland (St. Paul's), Charlton, Chipp, and Cooke (Chapel Royal), Coward and Cunningham (Westminster Abbey), Durnsford (Royal Academy of Music), Genge (Chapel Royal), Griffiths (St. Paul's), Harris (Windsor), Hill (Westminster Abbey), Hopkins (St. Paul's), J. Hopkins and Howse (Westminster Abbey), King, Makepeace (St. Paul's), Pendegrass (Chapel Royal), Pullen (Windsor), Ransford (Chapel Royal), Sexton (Windsor), Smith (Chapel Royal), R. Smith, Squires (Chapel Royal), Taylor, Webber (Windsor), Wilson, Woodham (St. Paul's). Altos.-Messrs. Allardyce, W. Baker (Birmingham), H. Ball (Liverpool), Beale, Buttifant and Clare (Norwich), Coad, Corsbie (Norwich), W. Dutton (Liverpool), Eames, N. Edmondson (Armagh), J. Farmer (Nottingham), Fenn (Norwich), Fletcher (Chichester), T. Fouldes (Nottingham), J. Garbatt (Armagh), Giffin, C. Greene and W. Greene (Norwich), J. Hartley (Liverpool), H. Hayden (Coventry), Hobbs (Windsor), G. Holden (Liverpool), J. Hill (Norwich), W. Ingram (Windsor), Jenks, M. Jones, P. Kay (York), T. Knowles (Lincoln), J. Laidlaw (Liverpool), T. Lewis, J. R. Lewis. H. Ling (Cambridge), |