by her the father of one son, Acastus, and of four | Bichlistas, situated on a river of the same name.daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoë, and Alces- (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 76.) tis. (Apollod., 1, 9, 10.) These daughters were called Peliades, and became, unwittingly, through the arts of Medea, the slayers of their sire. (Vid. Jason.) PELIDES, a patronymic of Achilles, as the son of Peleus. (Vid. Peleus.) PELLA, a city of Macedonia, near the top of the Sinus Thermaïcus, on the confines of Emathia. It became the capital of the kingdom when Edessa was annihilated, according to Ptolemy, and owed its grandeur to Philip and to his son Alexander, who was born there, and who was hence styled Pellaus Juvenis by the PELIGNI, an Italian tribe, belonging to the Sabine Roman poets. According to Stephanus Byzantinus, its race, according to Ovid (Fast., 3, 95), but, according more ancient appellation was Bunomus and Bunomeia, to Festus, deriving their origin from Illyria. The which it exchanged for the name of its founder Pellas. statement of Ovid appears the more probable one, if Livy describes it as situate on a hill which faced the we consider the uniformity of language, customs, and southwest, and surrounded with morasses formed by character apparent in all the minor tribes of central stagnant waters from the adjacent lakes, so deep as to Italy, as well as in the Samnites, between whom and be impassable either in winter or in summer. In the the Sabines these tribes may be said to form an inter- morass nearest the city, the citadel rose up like an mediate link in the Oscan chain.-The Peligni were island, being built on a mound of earth formed with situate to the east and northeast of the Marsi, and immense labour, so as to be capable of supporting the had Corfinium for their chief town. They derive some wall, and secure against any injury from the surroundconsideration in history from the circumstance of their ing moisture. At a distance it seemed to join the chief city having been selected by the allies in the city rampart, but it was divided from it by a river Social war as the seat of the new empire. Had their which ran between, and over which was a bridge of plans succeeded, and had Rome fallen beneath the communication. This river was called Ludias, Loefforts of the coalition, Corfinium would have become dias, and Lydius. (Liv., 44, 46.) The baths of Pelthe capital of Italy, and perhaps of the world. (Strab., la were said to be injurious to health, producing bil241.) The country of the Peligni was small in ex-iary complaints, as we are informed by the comic poet tent, and mountainous, and noted for the coldness of Macho. (Athen., 8, 41.) Pella, under the Romans, its climate, as well as for the abundance of its springs was made the chief town of the third region of Maceand streams. (Horace, Od., 3, 19.—Ovid, Fast., 4, don. (Liv., 45, 29.) It was situated on the Via Eg685.) That some portion of it, however, was fertile, natia, according to Strabo (323) and the Itineraries. we learn also from the latter poet. (Am., 2, 16.- From the coins of this city we may infer that it was Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 332.) colonized by Julius Cæsar. Under the late emperors it PELION, I. a range of mountains in Thessaly, along assumed the title of Col. Jul. Pella; and it is proba portion of the eastern coast. Its principal summit able, as Mannert has observed, that in the reign of rises behind Iolcos and Ormenium. The chain ex- Dioclesian this name was exchanged for Dioclesianoptends from the southeastern extremity of the Lake olis, which we find in the Antonine Itinerary (p. 330. Bobeïs, where it unites with one of the ramifications-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 479). Its ancient apof Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia. pellation, however, still remained in use, as may be (Strabo, 443.- Herod., 7, 129. — Cramer's Ancient seen from Jornandes (R. G., 56) and Hierocles (SyGreece, vol. 1, p. 429.) In a fragment of Dicæar-necdem., p. 638). The ruins of Pella are yet visible on chus which has been preserved to us, we have a detailed description of Pelion and its botanical productions, which appear to have been very numerous, both as to forest-trees and plants of various kinds. (Cramer, 1. c.) On the most elevated part of the mountain was a temple dedicated to Jupiter Actæus, to which a troop of the noblest youths of the city of Demetrias ascended every year by appointment of the priest; and such was the cold experienced on the summit, that they wore the thickest woollen fleeces to protect PELLENE, a city of Achaia, southwest of Sicyon, themselves from the inclemency of the weather. (Di situate on a lofty and precipitous hill about sixty stadia cearch., p. 29.) It is with propriety, therefore, that from the sea. From the nature of its position, the town Pindar applies to Pelion the epithet of stormy. (Pyth., was divided into two distinct parts. (Pausan., 7, 26. 9, 6.)-Homer alludes to this mountain as the ancient-Strabo, 386.) Its name was derived either from the abode of the Centaurs, who were ejected by the Lapitha. (I, 2, 743.-Compare Pind., Pyth., 2, 83.) It was, however, more especially the haunt of Chiron, whose cave, as Dicæarchus relates, occupied the highest point of the mountain. (Cramer, l. c.) In their wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets fable, placed Ossa upon Pelion, and "rolled upon Ossa the leafy Olympus," in their daring attempt to scale the heavens. (Virg., Georg., 1, 281, seq.) The famous spear of Peleus, which descended to his son Achilles, and which none but the latter and his parent could wield, was cut from an ash-tree on this mountain, and thence received its name of Pelias. (Hom., Il., 16, 144.)-II. A city of Illyria, on the Macedonian border, and commanding a pass leading into that country. It was a place of considerable importance from its situation; and Arrian speaks of it at some length in his relation of an attack made upon it by Alexander. (Exp. Al., 1, 5, seqq.) We must look for it, most probably, in the mountains which separate the district of Castoria (the ancient Orestis) from that of Okrida. It cannot have been far from the modern town of the spot called Palatisa or Alaklisi by the Turks. "Il ne reste plus de Pella," says Beaujour, “que quelques ruines insignificantes; mais on voit encore le pourtour de son magnifique port, et les vestiges du canal qui joignoit ce port à la mer par le niveau le mieux entendu. Les mosquées de Jenidjé ont été bâties avec les débris des palais des rois Macédoniens." (Tableau du Commerce de la Grèce, vol. 1, p. 87.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 225.) Titan Pallas, or Pellen, an Argive, who was son of PELOPEA OF PELOPIA, a daughter of Thyestes, the brother of Atreus. She became, by her own parent, the mother of Ægisthus. (Vid. Atreus.) PELOPIDAS, Son of Hippoclus, belonged to one of the principal families of Thebes. He distinguished himself at the battle of Mantinea (B.C. 385), in which the (Plut., Vit. Pelop.-Xen., Hist. Gr-Pausan., 9, 13, &c.—Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 388, seq.) Thebans took part as allies of the Lacedæmonians, | of Persia, sent on their part Pelopidas to support their under the Spartan king Agesipolis. In this battle, own interest at the same court. His fame had prePelopidas being wounded and thrown down, was saved ceded him, and he was received by the Persians with from death by Epaminondas, who protected him with great honour, and Artaxerxes showed him peculiar fahis shield, maintaining his ground against the Arcadi- vour. Pelopidas obtained a treaty, in which the The ans until the Lacedæmonians came to their relief, and bans were styled the king's hereditary friends, and in saved both their lives. From that time a close friend- which the independence of each of the Greek states, ship was formed between Epaminondas and Pelopidas, including Messenia, was fully recognised. He thus which lasted till the death of the latter. When the disappointed the ambition of Sparta and of Athens, Lacedæmonians surprised the citadel of Thebes, and which aimed at the supremacy over the rest. The established the power of the aristocracy in that city, Athenians were so enraged at this, that they put their Pelopidas, who belonged to the popular party, retired ambassador Timagoras to death on his return to Athens. to Athens, together with a number of other citizens. Pelopidas, after his return, was appointed to march After a time, he and his brother exiles formed a plan, against Alexander of Phere, who had committed fresh with their friends in Thebes, for surprising and over-encroachments in Thessaly. But, when the army was throwing the oligarchy, and restoring the popular gov-on the point of marching, an eclipse of the sun took ernment. Pelopidas and some of his friends set off place, which so dismayed the Thebans that Pelopidas from Athens disguised as hunters, found means to en- was obliged to set off with only 300 volunteers, trustter Thebes unobserved, and concealed themselves in ing to the Thessalians, who joined him on the route. the house of a friend, whence they issued in the night, Alexander met him with a large army at a place called and, having surprised the leaders of the aristocratic Cynoscephala. Pelopidas, by great exertions, although party, put them to death. The people then rose in his army was much inferior in numbers, obtained an adarms, and, having proclaimed Pelopidas their com- vantage, and the troops of Alexander were retreating, mander, they obliged the Spartan garrison to surrender when Pelopidas, venturing too far amid the enemy, the citadel by capitulation (B.C. 379). Pelopidas was slain. The grief of both Thebans and Thessalians soon after contrived to excite a war between Sparta at his loss was unbounded: they paid splendid funeral and Athens, and thus divide the attention of the for- honours to his remains. The Thebans avenged his mer power. The war between the Thebans and the death by sending a fresh army against Alexander, who Lacedæmonians was carried on for some years in Boe- was defeated, and was soon after murdered by his own otia by straggling parties, and Pelopidas, having ob- wife.-Pelopidas was not only one of the most dis tained the advantage in several skirmishes, ventured tinguished and successful commanders of his age, but to encounter the enemy in the open field at Tegyræ, he and his friend Epaminondas rank among the most near Orchomenus. The Lacedæmonians were defeat-estimable public men of ancient Greece. ed, and thus Pelopidas demonstrated, for the first time, that the armies of Sparta were not invincible; a fact which was afterward confirmed by the battle of Leuc- PELOPONNESIACUM BELLUM is the name given to tra (B. C. 371), in which Pelopidas fought under the the great contest between Athens and her allies on the command of his friend Epaminondas. In the year one side, and the Peloponnesian confederacy, headed 369 B.C., the two friends, being appointed two of the by Sparta, on the other, which lasted from 431 to 404 Bootarchs (Plut., Vit. Pelop., c. 24), marched into B.C. The war was a consequence of the jealousy with the Peloponnesus, obliged Argos, and Arcadia, and which Sparta and Athens regarded each other, as states other states to renounce the alliance of Sparta, and each of which was aiming at supremacy in Greece, 15 carried their incursions into Laconia in the depth of the heads respectively of the Dorian and Ionian races, winter. Having conquered Messenia, they invited the and as patrons of the two opposite forms of civil gov descendants of its former inhabitants, who had gone ernment, oligarchy and democracy. The war was ea into exile about two centuries before, to come and re- gerly desired by a strong party in each of those states; people their country. They thus confined the power but it was necessary to find an occasion for commen of Sparta to the limits of Laconia. Pelopidas and cing hostilities, especially as a truce for thirty years Epaminondas, on their return to Thebes, were tried been concluded between Athens and Sparta in the for having retained the command after the expiration year B.C. 445. Such an occasion was presented by of the year of their office, but were acquitted; and the affairs of Corcyra and Potidea. In a quarrel, which Pelopidas was afterward employed against Alexander, soon became a war, between Corinth and Corcyra, re tyrant of Phere, who was endeavouring to make him- specting Epidamnus, a colony of the latter state (B.C self master of all Thessaly. He defeated him. From 436), the Corcyreans applied to Athens for assistance. Thessaly he was called into Macedonia, to settle a Their request was granted, as far as the conclusion of quarrel between Alexander, king of that country, and a defensive alliance between Athens and Corcyra, and son of Amyntas II., and his natural brother Ptolemy. an Athenian fleet was sent to their aid, which, howHaving succeeded in this, he returned to Thebes, bring- ever, soon engaged in active hostilities against the Coing with him Philip, brother of Alexander, and thirty rinthians. Potidea, on the isthmus of Pallene, was a youths of the chief families of Macedonia as hostages. Corinthian colony, and, even after its subjection to A year after, however, Ptolemy murdered his brother Athens, continued to receive every year from Corinth Alexander, and took possession of the throne. Pelop- certain functionaries or officers (toniouyou). The idas, being applied to by the friends of the late king, Athenians, suspecting that the Potideans were inclined enlisted a band of mercenaries, with which he marched to join in a revolt, to which Perdiccas, king of Macedon, against Ptolemy, who entered into an agreement to was instigating the towns of Chalcidice, required them hold the government only in trust for Perdiccas, a to dismiss the Corinthian functionaries, and to give younger brother of Alexander, till he was of age, and other pledges of their fidelity. The Potideans reto keep the alliance of Thebes; and he gave to Pelop-fused; and, with most of the other Chalcidian towns, idas his own son Philoxenus and fifty of his companions as hostages. Some time after, Pelopidas, being in Thessaly, was treacherously surprised and made prisoner Alexander of Phere, but the Thebans sent Epaminondas with an army, who obliged the tyrant to release him. The Thebans, soon after, having discovered that the Spartans and Athenians had sent ambassadors to conclude an alliance with Artaxerxes, king bad revolted from Athens, and received aid from Corinth. The Athenians sent an expedition against them, and, after defeating them in battle, laid siege to Potidea (B. C. 432). The Corinthians now obtained a meeting of the Peloponnesian confederacy at Sparta, in which they complained of the conduct of Athens with regard to Corcyra and Potidea. After others of the allies had brought their charges against Atheus, and tæa. after some of the Athenian envoys, who happened to waste. In the same summer the Athenians expelled be in the city, had defended the conduct of their state, the inhabitants of Ægina from their island, which they the Spartans first, and afterward all the allies, decided colonized with Athenian settlers. In the winter there that Athens had broken the truce, and they resolved was a public funeral at Athens for those who had fallen upon immediate war; King Archidamus alone recom- in the war, and Pericles pronounced over them an oramended some delay. In the interval necessary for tion, the substance of which is preserved by Thucydipreparation, an attempt was made to throw the blame des (2, 35-46). In the following summer (B.C. 430) of commencing hostilities upon the Athenians, by send- the Peloponnesians again invaded Attica under Archiing three several embassies to Athens with demands of damus, who now entirely laid aside the forbearance such a nature as could not be accepted. In the as-which he had shown the year before, and left scarcely sembly which was held at Athens to give a final an- a corner of the land unravaged. This invasion lasted swer to these demands, Pericles, who was now at the forty days. In the mean time, a grievous pestilence height of his power, urged the people to engage in the broke out in Athens, and raged with the more viruwar, and laid down a plan for the conduct of it. He ad-lence on account of the crowded state of the city. Of vised the people to bring all their moveable property this terrible visitation Thucydides, who was himself a from the country into the city, to abandon Attica to the sufferer, has left a minute and apparently faithful deravages of the enemy, and not to suffer themselves to be scription (2, 46, seq.). The murmurs of the people provoked to give them battle with inferior numbers, but against Pericles were renewed, and he was compelled to expend all their strength upon their navy, which might to call an assembly to defend his policy. He sucbe employed in carrying the war into the enemy's ter-ceeded so far as to prevent any overtures for peace ritory, and in collecting supplies from subject states; being made to the Lacedæmonians, but he himself and farther, not to attempt any new conquest while the was fined, though immediately afterward he was rewar lasted. His advice was adopted, and the Spartan elected general. While the Peloponnesians were in envoys were sent home with a refusal of their de- Attica, Pericles led a fleet to ravage the coasts of mands, but with an offer to refer the matters in differ- Peloponnesus. In the winter of this year Potidea ence to an impartial tribunal, an offer which the Lace- surrendered to the Athenians on favourable terms. dæmonians had no intention of accepting. After this, (Thucyd., 2, 70.) The next year (B. C. 429), instead the usual peaceful intercourse between the rival states of invading Attica, the Peloponnesians laid siege to was discontinued. Thucydides (2, 1) dates the begin- Platea. The brave resistance of the inhabitants forced ning of the war from the early spring of the year 431 their enemies to convert the siege into a blockade. In B.C., the fifteenth of the thirty years' truce, when a the same summer, an invasion of Acarnania by the party of Thebans made an attempt, which at first suc- Ambracians and a body of Peloponnesian troops was ceeded, but was ultimately defeated, to surprise Pla- repulsed; and a large Peloponnesian fleet, which was The truce being thus openly broken, both par- to have joined in the attack on Acarnania, was twice ties addressed themselves to the war. The Pelopon- defeated by Phormion in the mouth of the Corinthian nesian confederacy included all the states of Pelopon- gulf. An expedition sent by the Athenians against nesus except Achaia (which joined them afterward) the revolted Chalcidian towns was defeated with great and Argos, and without the Peloponnesus, Megaris, loss. In the preceding year (B.C. 430) the Athenians Phocis, Locris, Boeotia, the island of Leucas, and the had concluded an alliance with Sitalces, king of the cities of Ambracia and Anactorium. The allies of the Odrysæ in Thrace, and Perdiccas, king of Macedon, on Athenians were Chios and Lesbos, besides Samos and which occasion Sitalces had promised to aid the Athethe other islands of the Agean which had been re- nians to subdue their revolted subjects in Chalcidice. duced to subjection (Thera and Melos, which were He now collected an army of 150,000 men, with which still independent, remained neutral), Platea, the Mes- he first invaded Macedonia, to revenge the breach of senian colony in Naupactus, the majority of the Acar- certain promises which Perdiccas had made to him nanians, Corcyra, Zacynthus, and the Greek colonies the year before, and afterward laid waste the territory in Asia Minor, in Thrace and Macedonia, and on the of the Chalcidians and Bottiæans, but he did not atHellespont. The resources of Sparta lay chiefly in tempt to reduce any of the Greek cities. About the her land forces, which, however, consisted of contin- middle of this year Pericles died. The invasion of gents from the allies, whose period of service was lim- Attica was repeated in the next summer (428 B.C.); ited; the Spartans were also deficient in money. The and, immediately afterward, all Lesbos except MeAthenian strength lay in their fleet, which was manned thymne revolted from the Athenians, who laid siege to chiefly by foreign sailors, whom the wealth they col- Mytilene. The Mytileneans begged aid from Sparta, lected from their allies enabled them to pay. Thu- which was promised, and they were admitted into the cydides informs us, that the cause of the Lacedæmoni- Spartan alliance. In the same winter a body of Plaans was the more popular, as they professed to be de- tæans, amounting to 220, made their escape from the liverers of Greece, while the Athenians were fighting besieged city in the night, and took refuge in Athens. in defence of an empire which had become odious In the summer of 427 the Peloponnesians again inthrough their tyranny, and to which the states which vaded Attica, while they sent a fleet of 42 galleys, unyet retained their independence feared to be brought der Alcidas, to the relief of Mytilene. Before the into subjection. In the summer of the year 431 B.C., fleet arrived Mytilene had surrendered, and Alcidas, the Peloponnesians invaded Attica under the command after a little delay, sailed home. In an assembly of Archidamus, king of Sparta. Their progress was which was held at Athens to decide on the fate of the slow, as Archidamus appears to have been still anx- Mytileneans, it was resolved, at the instigation of ious to try what could be done by intimidating the Cleon, that all the adult citizens should be put to death, Athenians before proceeding to extremities. Yet their and the women and children made slaves; but this presence was found to be a greater calamity than the barbarous decree was repealed the next day. The people had anticipated; and, when Archidamus made land of the Lesbians (except Methymne) was seized his appearance at Acharna, they began loudly to de- and divided among Athenian citizens, to whom the mand to be led out to battle. Pericles firmly adhered inhabitants paid a rent for the occupation of their forto his plan of defence, and the Peloponnesians returned mer property. In the same summer the Platæans surhome. Before their departure the Athenians had sent rendered; they were massacred, and their city was out a fleet of 100 sail, which was joined by fifty Cor- given up to the Thebans, who razed it to the ground. cyrean ships, to waste the coasts of Peloponnesus; In the year 426 the Lacedæmonians were deterred and towards the autumn Pericles led the whole dispo- from invading Attica by earthquakes. An expedition sable force of the city into Megaris, which he laid against Ætolia, under the Athenian general Demos her citizens to recover from the panic and consternation occasioned by the news of the Sicilian disaster; and, instead of viewing the hostile fleets, as they had anticipated, ravaging their coasts and blockading the Piræus, they were enabled still to dispute the empire of the sea, and to preserve the most valuable of their dependancies. Alcibiades, whose exile had proved so injurious to his country, since it was to his counsels alone that the successes of her enemies are to be attributed, now interposed in her behalf, and by his in thenes, completely failed; but afterward Demosthe- |(Vid. Syracusa.) Sicily proved a rock against which nes and the Acarnanians routed the Ambracians, who their resources and efforts were fruitlessly expended. nearly all perished. In the winter (426-5) the Athe- And Sparta, which furnished but a commander and a nians purified the island of Delos, as an acknowledg- handful of men for the defence of Syracuse, soon bement to Apollo for the cessation of the plague. At held her antagonist reduced, by a series of unparalleled the beginning of the summer of 425, the Peloponne- misfortunes, to a state of the utmost distress and weaksians invaded Attica for the fifth time. At the same ness. The accustomed procrastination of the Spartime, the Athenians, who had long directed their tans, and the timid policy to which they ever adhered, thoughts towards Sicily, sent a fleet to aid the Leon-alone preserved Athens in this critical moment, or at tini in a war with Syracuse. Demosthenes accom- least retarded her downfall. Time was allowed for panied this fleet, in order to act, as occasion might offer, on the coast of Peloponnesus. He fortified Pylus on the coast of Messenia, the northern headland of the modern Bay of Navarino. In the course of the operations which were undertaken to dislodge him, a body of Lacedæmonians, including several noble Spartans, got blockaded in the island of Sphacteria, at the mouth of the bay, and were ultimately taken prisoners by Cleon and Demosthenes. Pylus was garrisoned by a colony of Messenians, in order to annoy the Spartans. After this event the Athenians engaged in vig-trigues prevented the Persian satrap, Tissaphemes, orous offensive operations, of which the most impor- from placing at the disposal of the Spartan admiral tant was the capture of the island of Cythera by Nici- that superiority of force which must at once have termias early in B.C. 424. This summer, however, the nated the war by the complete overthrow of the AtheAthenians suffered some reverses in Boeotia, where nian republic. (Thucyd., lib., 8.) The temporary revthey lost the battle of Delium, and on the coasts of olution which was effected at Athens by his contriMacedonia and Thrace, where Brasidas, among other vance also, and which placed the state at variance exploits, took Amphipolis. The Athenian expedition with the fleet and army stationed at Samos, afforded to Sicily was abandoned, after some operations of no him another opportunity of rendering a real service to great importance, in consequence of a general pacifica- his country by moderating the violence and animosity tion of the island, which was effected through the in- of the latter. The victory of Cynossema and the subfluence of Hermocrates, a citizen of Syracuse. In the sequent successes of Alcibiades, now elected to the year 423, a year's truce was concluded between Spar- chief command of the forces of his country, once more ta and Athens, with a view to a lasting peace. Hos- restored Athens to the command of the sea, and, bad tilities were renewed in 422, and Cleon was sent to she reposed that confidence in the talents of her gen cope with Brasidas, who had continued his opera-eral which they deserved and her necessities required, tions even during the truce. A battle was fought be tween these generals at Amphipolis, in which the defeat of the Athenians was amply compensated by the double deliverance which they experienced in the deaths both of Cleon and Brasidas. In the following year (421) Nicias succeeded in negotiating a peace with Sparta for fifty years, the terms of which were, a mu tual restitution of conquests made during the war, and the release of the prisoners taken at Sphacteria. This treaty was ratified by all the allies of Sparta except the Baotians, Corinthians, Eleans, and Megarians. This peace never rested on any firm basis. It was no sooner concluded than it was discovered that Sparta had not the power to fulfil her promises, and Athens insisted on their performance. The jealousy of the other states was excited by a treaty of alliance which was concluded between Sparta and Athens immediately after the peace; and intrigues were commenced for the formation of a new confederacy, with Argos at the head. An attempt was made to draw Sparta into alliance with Argos, but it failed. A similar overture, subsequently made to Athens, met with better success, chiefly through an artifice of Alcibiades, who was at the head of a large party hostile to the peace, and the Athenians concluded a treaty offensive and defensive with Argos, Elis, and Mantinea for 100 years (B.C. 420). In the year 418, the Argive confederacy was broken up by their defeat at the battle of Mantinea, and a peace, and soon after an alliance, was made between Sparta and Argos. In the year 416 an expedition was undertaken by the Athenians against Melos, which had hitherto remained neutral. The Melians surrendered at discretion; all the males who had attained manhood were put to death; the women and children were made slaves; and subsequently 500 Athenian colonists were sent to occupy the island. (Thucyd., 5, 116.) The fifty years' peace was not considered at an end, though its terms had been broken on both sides, till the year 415, when the Athenians undertook their disastrous expedition to Sicily. the efforts of Sparta and the gold of Persia might have proved unavailing. But the second exile of Alcibia des, and, still more, the iniquitous sentence which condemned to death the generals who fought and con quered at Arginusæ, sealed the ruin of Athens; and the battle of Argos Potamos at length terminated a contest which had been carried on, with scarcely any intermission, during a period of twenty-seven years, with a spirit and animosity unparalleled in the annals of warfare. Lysander now sailed to Athens, receiving as he went the submission of the allies, and blockaded the city, which surrendered after a few months (B.C. 404) on terms dictated by Sparta, with a view of ma king Athens a useful ally by giving the ascendancy in the state to the oligarchical party. The history of the Peloponnesian war was written by Thucydides, upon whose accuracy and impartiality, as far as his narrative goes, we may place the fullest dependance. His history ends abruptly in the year 411 B.C. For the rest of the war we have to follow Xenophon and Diedorus. The value of Xenophon's history is impaired by his prejudices, and that of Diodorus by his carelessness. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 389, segg. Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 299, seq.) PELOPONNESUS (choπóvνnaos), that is, according to the commonly-received explanation, "the island of Pelops" (IIéλoño vñσoç), a celebrated peninsula, com prehending the most southern part of Greece, and which would be an island were it not for the Isthmus of Corinth. Its name is said to have been derived from Pelops, who is reported by the later Greek my thologists to have been of Phrygian origin. Thucydides, however (1, 9), simply observes that he came from Asia, and brought great wealth with him. He married Hippodamia, the daughter of Enomaus, king of Pisa in Elis, and succeeded to his kingdom. Pelops is said also to have subsequently extended his do minions over many of the districts bordering upon Elis, whence the whole country, according to the common account, obtained the name of Peloponnesus. Aga the Sinus Saronicus, a name derived from Saron, which in ancient Greek signified an oak leaf (Plin., 4, 5), now called Gulf of Engia. (Strab., l. c.)—The principal mountains of Peloponnesus are, those of Cyllene (Żyria) and Erymanthus (Olonos) in Arcadia, and Taygetus (St. Elias) in Laconia. Its rivers are, the Alpheus, now Rouphia, passing through Arcadia and Elis, and discharging itself into the Sicilian Sea; the Eurotas, or Basilipotamo, watering Laconia, and falling into the Sinus Laconicus; the Pamisus, or Pirnatza, a river of Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus. The Peloponnesus contains but one small lake, which is that of Stymphalus, or Zaracca, in Arcadia.-According to the best modern maps, the area of the whole peninsula may be estimated at 7800 square miles; and in the more flourishing period of Grecian history, an approximate computation of the population of its different states furnishes upward of a million as the aggregate number of its inhabitants.-The divisions of the Peloponnesus were Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, and Arcadia. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 1, seqq.) memnon and Menelaus were descended from him. Such is the mythic legend relative to the origin of the name Peloponnesus. The word, however, does not occur in Homer. The original name of the peninsula appears to have been Apia (Hom., Il., 1, 270.—Id. ib., 3, 49), and it was so called, according to Eschylus (Suppl., 255), from Apis, a son of Apollo, or, according to Pausanias (2, 5, 5), from Apis, a son of Telchin, and descendant of Egialeus. When Argos had the supremacy, the peninsula, according to Strabo (371), was sometimes called Argos; and, indeed, Homer seems to use the term Argos, in some cases, as including the whole peninsula. (Thucyd., 1, 9.) The origin, therefore, of the name Peloponnesus still remains open to investigation. It is possible that Pelops, instead of having actually existed, may be merely a symbol representing an old race by the name of Pelopes, according to the analogy which we find in the national appellations of the Dryopes, Meropes, Dolopes, and others. The Peloponnesus, then, will have derived its name from this old race, and the very term Pelopes (Pel-opes) itself will receive something like confirmation from the ingenious remarks of Buttmann relative PELOPS, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia, and celto the early population along the shores of the Medi-ebrated in both the mythic and historical legends of terranean. (Vid. Apia, and Opici.) After the line of Greece. At an entertainment given to the gods by the mythic Pelops had become celebrated in epic poe- Tantalus, the latter, in order to try their divinity, is try as the lords of all Argos and of many islands, the said to have killed and dressed his son Pelops, and to name of Peloponnesus would appear to have come into have set him for food before them. The assembled general use, and, by a common error, to have been deities, however, immediately perceived the horrid natransferred from the race or nation of the Pelopes to ture of the banquet, and all abstained from it with the their fabulous leader. (Vid. Pelops.)-Peloponnesus, exception of Ceres, who, engrossed with the loss of though inferior in extent to the northern portion of her daughter Proserpina, in a moment of abstraction Greece, may be looked upon, says Strabo, as the acrop-ate one of the shoulders of the boy. At the desire of olis of Hellas, both from its position, and the power Jupiter, Mercury put all the parts back into the caland celebrity of the different people by which it was dron, and then drew forth the young Pelops alive again, inhabited. In shape it resembled the leaf of a plane- and perfect in all his parts except the shoulder, which tree, being indented by numerous bays on all sides. was replaced by an ivory one, that was said to possess (Strab., 335.-Plin., 4, 5.—Dionys. Per., 403.) It the power of removing every disorder and healing evis from this circumstance that the modern name of Mo- ery complaint by its touch. Hence, says the scholiast rea is doubtlessly derived, that word signifying a mul- to Pindar, the descendants of Pelops had all such a berry leaf.-Strabo estimates the breadth of the penin- shoulder as this (rolovтov eixoν тov ůμov. - Schol. sula at 1400 stadia from Cape Chelonatas, now Cape ad Pind., Ol., 1, 38). The ivory shoulder of Pelops Tornese, its westernmost point, to the isthmus, being became also a subject for the painter, as appears from nearly equal to its length from Cape Malea, now Cape Philostratus (Imag., 1, 30, p. 807), where Pelops is St. Angelo, to Egium, now Vostizza, in Achaia. Po- said doтpápai т wμw, "to flash forth rays of light lybius reckons its periphery, setting aside the sinuosities from his shoulder." The shoulder of the son of Tanof the coast, at 4000 stadia, and Artemidorus at 4400; talus also plays a conspicuous part in the legend of but, if these are included, the number of stadia must Troy. The soothsayers, it seems, had declared that be increased to 5600. Pliny says that "Isidorus com- the city of Priam would never be taken until the puted its circumference at 563 miles, and as much Greeks should have brought to their camp the arrows again if all the gulfs were taken into the account. The of Hercules and one of the bones of Pelops. Acnarrow stem from which it expands is called the isth-cordingly, the shoulder-blade (wμorhárn) of the son of At this point the Egean and Ionian seas, break- Tantalus was brought from Pisa to Troy. (Pausan., ing in from opposite quarters north and east, eat away 5, 13, 3. Böckh, ad Pind., l. c.) Another legend all its width, till a narrow neck of five miles in breadth states, that the Palladium in Troy was made of the is all that connects Peloponnesus with Greece. On bones of Pelops. (Vid. Palladium.)-But to return one side is the Corinthian, on the other the Saronic to the regular narrative: Neptune, attracted by the Gulf. Lechæum and Cenchrea are situated on oppo- beauty of Pelops, carried him off in his golden car to site extremities of the isthmus, a long and hazardous Olympus, where he remained until his father Tantalus circumnavigation for ships, the size of which prevents had drawn on himself the indignation of the gods, their being carried over land in wagons. For this rea- when they sent Pelops once more down to the "swiftson various attempts have been made to cut a naviga-fated race of men." (Pind., Ol., 1, 60, seqq.)—When ble canal across the isthmus by King Demetrius, Ju- Pelops had attained to manhood, he resolved to seek lius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero, but in every instance in marriage Hippodamia, the daughter of Enomaüs, without success.' (Plin., 4, 5.)-On the north the king of Pisa. An oracle having told this prince that Peloponnesus is bounded by the Ionian Sea, on the he would lose his life through his son-in-law, or, as west by that of Sicily, to the south and southeast by others say, being unwilling, on account of her surpassthat of Libya and Crete, and to the northeast by the ing beauty, to part with her, he proclaimed that he Myrtoan and gean. These several seas form in would give his daughter only to the one who should succession five extensive gulfs along its shores: the conquer him in the chariot-race. The race was from Corinthiacus Sinus, now Gulf of Corinth or Lepanto, the banks of the Cladius in Elis to the altar of Nepwhich separated the northern coast from Ætolia, Lo- tune at the Isthmus of Corinth, and it was run in the eris, and Phocis; the Sinus Messeniacus, now Gulf following manner: Enomaüs, placing his daughter of Coron, on the coast of Messenia; the Sinus Lacon- in the chariot with the suiter, gave him the start; he icus, now Gulf of Colokythia, on that of Laconia; himself followed with a spear in his hand, and, if he the Sinus Argolicus, now Gulf of Napoli; and, lastly, | overtook the unhappy lover, he ran him through.— mus. |