ter, equally unknown, by the name of Heliodorus, is the author of a Commentary on this same work, in 53 chapters, which still remains in MS. There are two editions of the work of Paulus: one by Schaton, Witeb., 1586, 8vo, and the other in 1588, Witeb., 4to. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 47.)-IV. Silentiarius, a poet in the time of Justinian. (Vid. Silentiarius.)

he was, like all his predecessors, the bearer of order for his own death, as well as of his master's treason, denounced him to the ephori. By their instructions, this person took sanctuary, and, through a partition made by a preconcerted plan in a hut where he had found refuge, they had the opportunity of hearing Pausanias acknowledge his own treason, during a visit which he paid to his refractory messenger. The ephori proceeded to arrest Pausanias; but a hint from one of their number enabled him to make his escape to the temple of Minerva of the "Brazen House," only, however, to suffer a more lingering death. He was shut up in the temple, and, when on the brink of starvation, was brought out to die (B.C. 467). His mother is said to have carried the first stone to the temple-door for the purpose of immuring him within. (Thucyd., 1, 132, seqq.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 330.)-II. A youth of noble family, at the court of Philip, and whe filled, according to Diodorus Siculus, a post in the royal inurder of Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. The motive that impelled him to the deed was, that he had suffered an outrage from Attalus, one of the courtiers, for which Philip had refused to give him satisfaction. (Vid. Philippus.) After commit ting the deed, the murderer rushed towards the gates of the city, where horses were waiting for him. He was closely pursued by some of the great officers of the royal body-guard, but he would have mounted be fore they had overtaken him if his sandal had not been caught by the stump of a vine, which brought him to the ground. In the first heat of their passion his pursuers despatched him. (Justin, 9, 6.—Diod. Sic., 16,

PAUSANIAS, I. son of Cleombrotus, was of that royal house in Sparta which traced its descent from Eurysthenes. Aristotle calls him "king," but he only governed as the cousin-german and guardian of Pleistarchus, who succeeded to the throne on the death of Leonidas. Pausanias comes principally into notice as commander of the Grecian army at the battle of Platea. The Spartan contingent had been delayed as long as was possible; but, owing to the representations made by the Athenian ministers at Lacedæmon, it was at last despatched, though not until the Persians had advanced into Boeotia. This delay, how-guards. He is rendered memorable in history for the ever, had one good effect, that of taking the Argives by surprise, and defeating their design of intercepting any troops hostile to Persia which might march through their territory. The Spartans, under the command of Pausanias, got safe to the Isthmus, met the Athenians at Eleusis, and ultimately took up that position which led to the battle of Platea. The result is well known. Pausanias, elated by his success, took all methods of showing his own unfitness to enjoy good fortune. Being sent with 20 ships, and in the capacity of commander-in-chief of the confederates, to the coast of Asia Minor, he, by his overbearing conduct, disgusted the Greeks under his command, and particularly those Asiatic Greeks who had lately revolted from the Per-93.)-III. A traveller and geographical writer, whose sian rule. To his oppression he added an affectation native country has not been clearly ascertained. He of Eastern luxury; and what we know of Spartan is supposed by some to have been born in Lydia, from manners seems to lead to the conclusion, that no mix- a passage in his own work (5, 13, 4.-Compare the ture could possibly be more repugnant to persons ac- remarks of Siebelis, Præf. ad Pausan., p. v., segg.h customed at once to Persian elegance and Ionic re- and to have flourished during the reigns of Hadran finement, than a clumsy imitation of both, such as the and the Antonines. (Siebelis, Præf. ad Pausan, p conduct of Pausanias in all probability presented. Prej- viii.) He travelled in Greece, Macedonia, Asia, Egypt, udice in favour of the Athenians, who were of the and even in Africa as far as the temple of Jupiter AmIonic race, was also active; intrigues commenced, the mon. After this he appears to have taken up Athenians encouraged them, and Pausanias was re-idence at Rome, and to have there published his Tra called. Much criminality was imputed to him by those els through Greece ('Eλhádos Tepinynois), in ten books. Greeks who came to Sparta from the seat of war, and It is an important work for antiquities and archeology his conduct was clearly more like the exercise of ar- combining with a description of public edifices and bitrary power than of regular military command. He works of art, the historical records and the legends was accordingly put on his trial. Private and public connected with them. Hence the researches into charges were brought against him; from the former which this mode of handling the subject has led him, he was acquitted, but his Medism (or leaning to Per- and the discussions on which he enters, serve not only sia) seemed to be clearly proved. Dorcis was sent in to throw light upon the Grecian mythology, but also his place; but the Spartan supremacy had received its to clear up many obscure points of ancient history. death-blow, and thenceforward Lacedæmon interfered Pausanias displays judgment and erudition: occasiononly sparingly in the prosecution of the contest with ally, however, he falls into errors. He describes, Persia. Pausanias, however, with the feelings of a moreover, many things too much in the style of a trav disappointed man, went in a private capacity to the eller who has not had sufficient leisure to examine ev Hellespont, on pretence of joining the army. After ery object with attention; and he describes things, too, the taking of Byzantium, which happened during his on the supposition that Greece would always remam command, he had winked at the escape of certain Per- nearly in the same state in which he himself saw it sian fugitives of rank, and, by means of an accomplice, In consequence of this, he is satisfied oftentimes with had conveyed a letter to the Persian monarch, contain- merely indicating objects; and, even when he gives ing an offer to subjugate Greece to his dominion, and an account of them, he does it in a manner that 18 subjoining the modest request of having his daughter very concise, and sometimes actually obscure. (Comto wife. A favourable answer had elated him to such pare Heyne, Antiq. Aufs., vol. 1, p. 11.-Manso, Ver a degree as to disgust the allies in the manner already suchen, &c., p. 377.-Hemst. ad Lucian, vol. 1. p. 4. stated. On his second journey he was forcibly pre-ed. Amst.-Valck. ad Herodot, 7, 50.-Sicbelis, Praf vented from entering Byzantium, upon which he retired to a city in Troas. There, too, his conduct was unfavourably reported at home, and a messenger was despatched with orders for his immediate return, under threats of declaring him a public enemy. Pausanias returned, but it was still hard to bring home any definite charge against him, and the Spartans were shy of adducing any but the strongest evidence. At last, however, one of his emissaries, having discovered that

his res

ad Pausan,. p. xix.) In respect of style, Pausanias cannot be cited as a model. His own, which is a bad imitation of that of Herodotus, offends frequently by an affectation of conciseness. In the first book of his work Pausanias describes Attica and Megaris; in the second, Corinth, Sicyonia, the territory of Phlius, and Argolis; in the third, Laconia; in the fourth, Mer senia; in the fifth and sixth, Elis; in the seventh Achaia; in the eighth, Arcadia; in the ninth, Baotia;

and in the tenth, Phocis.-The best edition of Pausan- | materials in it to be brought to Rome, and with them ias is that of Siebelis, Lips., 1822-28, 5 vols. 8vo. raised Julia's portico. Virgil's tomb is said to be A new edition has recently appeared, by Schubart and above the entrance of the grotto of Pausilypus. CluWalz, Lips., 1838-40, 3 vols. 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. verius and Addison, however, deny this to be the tomb Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 307.)-IV. A grammarian, a na- of the poet. (Vid. Virgilius, where an account of this tive of Cæsarea ad Argæum, in Cappadocia. He is sepulchre is given.) often confounded with the preceding. (Philostr., Vit. Sophist., 2, 13.— Siebelis, Præf. ad Pausan., p. iv., seqq.)

(Il., 21, 86.) The situation of this Homeric town remains undefined. It appears from Pliny, that some authors identified it with Adramyttium. (Plin., 5, 32.) -III. More commonly Pedasum or Pedasa, a city of the Leleges in Caria, and the capital of a district which included no less than eight cities within its limits. It was situated above Halicarnassus, towards the east, and not far from Stratonicea, and the site corresponds probably to the modern Peitchin. (Strab., 611.) Herodotus also notices Pedasa, on account of a strange phenomenon which was stated to occur there. Whenever the inhabitants were threatened with any calamity, the chin of the priestess of Minerva became furnished with a beard: this prodigy was reported to have happened three times. (Herod., 1, 175.-Compare Aristot., Hist. An., 3, 11:)—IV. The Homeric name, according to some, for Methone, in Messenia. (I., 9, 294.) PEDO ALBINOVANUS. Vid. Albinovanus II.

PAXOS, a small island southeast of Corcyra, now Pazo. It is one of the seven Ionian islands. ́ (Plin., 4, 12.) The distance from Corcyra is about six miles. PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, contemporary with No fresh spring-water has been discovered on it; the Apelles. After he had learned the rudiments of his land does not yield much corn or pasture, but is fruitart from his father Brietes, he studied encaustic in the ful in oil and wine. It is peopled by six or seven thouschool of Pamphilus, where he was the fellow-pupil of sand inhabitants. (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 6, p. 172. Apelles and Melanthius. Pausias was the first painter-Pouqueville, Voyage de la Grèce, vol. 2, p. 145.) who acquired a great name for encaustic with the ces- PEDASUS, I. the mortal one of the three steeds of trum. He excelled particularly in the management of Achilles, and which that hero obtained when he sacked the shadows; his favourite subjects were sinall pic- the city of Eetion. (I., 16, 153.) He died of a tures, generally of boys, but he also painted large com- wound received from Sarpedon, in the contest between positions. He was the first who introduced the cus- the latter and Patroclus. (II., 16, 467, seqq.)—II. A tom of painting the ceilings and walls of private apart-town of the Leleges in Troas, on the river Satnioeis. ments with historical and dramatic subjects. The practice, however, of decorating ceilings simply with stars or arabesque figures (particularly those of temples) was of very old date. Pausias undertook the restoration of the paintings of Polygnotus at Thespiæ, which had been greatly injured by the hand of time; but he was judged inferior to his ancient predecessor, for he contended with weapons not his own; he generally worked with the cestrum, whereas the paintings of Polygnotus were with the pencil, which Pausias, consequently, also used in this instance. The most famous work of his was the sacrifice of an ox, which in the time of Pliny was in the hall of Pompey. In this picture the ox was foreshortened; but, to show the animal to full advantage, the painter judiciously threw his shadow upon a part of the surrounding crowd, and he added to the effect by painting a dark ox upon a light ground. Pausias, in his youth, loved a native of his own city named Glycera, who earned her living by making garlands of flowers and wreaths of roses, which led him into competition with her, and he eventually acquired great skill in flower-painting. A portrait of Glycera, with a garland of flowers, was reckoned among his master-pieces; a copy of it was purchased by Lucullus at Athens at the great price of two talents (nearly $2200). Pausias was reproached by his rivals for being a slow painter; but he silenced the censure by completing a picture of a boy, in his own style, in a single day, which on that account was called the "Hemeresius" ('Hμɛphotos), or the work "of a single day." (Plin., 35, 11, 40.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.— Junius, Catal., s. v.—) -Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 331.) At a later period, the Sicyonians were obliged to part with the pictures which they possessed of this distinguished artist, to deliver themselves from a heavy debt. They were purchased by M. Scaurus when ædile, and were brought to Rome to adorn the new theatre which he had erected. (Plin., 21, 2.)

PAUSILYPUS, a celebrated mountain and grotto near the city of Naples. It took its name from a villa of Vedius Pollio, erected in the time of Augustus, and called Pausilypum, from the effect which its beauty was supposed to produce in suspending sorrow and anxiety (Tavo λúñпy, "about to make care cease"). This mountain is said to be beautiful in the extreme, and justly to merit the name bestowed upon it. The grotto is nearly a mile in length, and is made through the mountain 20 feet in breadth, and 30 in height. On the mountain, Vedius Pollio had not only a villa, but also a reservoir or pond, in which he kept a number of lampreys, to which he used to throw such slaves as had committed a fault. When he died, he bequeathed, among other parts of his possessions, his villa to Augustus: but this monarch, abhorring a house where so many ill-fated creatures had lost their lives for very slight faults, caused it to be demolished, and the finest

PEDUM, an ancient town of Latium, often named in the early wars of Rome, and which must be placed in the vicinity of Præneste. The modern site of Zagarolo seems best to answer to the data which are supplied by Livy respecting its position. For, according to this historian (8, 11), Pedum was situate between Tibur, Præneste, Bola, and Labicum. (Nibby, Viag. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 261.) It was taken by storm, and destroyed by Camillus. (Liv., 8, 13.) Horace mentions the Regio Pedana in one of his epistles (1, 4. — Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 74.)

PEGASIDES, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Hippocrene, which the winged steed Pegasus is said to have produced with a blow of his hoof. (Propert., 3, 1, 19.- Ovid, Heroïd., 15, 27.- Columella, 10, 273.)

PEGASUS, a winged steed, the offspring of Neptune and Medusa, and which sprang forth from the neck of the latter after her head had been severed by Perseus. (Apollod., 2, 4, 2.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 17.) Hesiod says he was called Pegasus (IInyacos) because born near the sources (nyai) of Ocean. (Theog., 282.) As soon as he was born he flew upward, and. fixed his abode on Mount Helicon, where with a blow of his hoof he produced the fountain Hippocrene. (Ovid, Met., 5, 256, seqq.) He used, however, to come and drink occasionally at the fountain of Pirene, on the Acrocorinthus, and it was here that Bellerophon caught him preparatory to his enterprise against the Chimera. After throwing off Bellerophon when the latter wished to fly to the heavens, Pegasus directed his course to the skies, and was made a constellation by Jupiter. (Consult remarks under the article Bellerophon.) Pegasus was the favourite of the Muses, who derived from him, among the poets, the appellation of " Pegasides." The fountain of Hippocrene is likewise called from him "Pegasides unda” or “ Pegasis unda." (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., l. c. — Apollod.,

1. c.-Ovid, Met., 4, 785.- Hygin., fab., 57.-Van | district was connected with Macedonia by a narrow Staveren, ad Hygin., l. c.)- The horse," observes defile over the Cambunian mountains. Livy describes Knight, "was sacred to Neptune and the rivers; and this same canton in one part of his history under the employed as a general symbol of the waters, on account name of Ager Tripolitanus (36, 10.- Cramer's Anc. of a supposed affinity, which we do not find that mod- Greece, vol. 1, p. 365). ern naturalists have observed. Hence came the composition, so frequent on the Carthaginian coins, of the horse with the asterisk of the sun, or the winged disk and hooded snakes, over his back; and also the use made of him as an emblematical device on the medals of many Greek cities. In some instances the body of the animal terminates in plumes; and in others has only wings, so as to form the Pegasus, fabled by the later Greek poets to have been ridden by Bellerophon, but only known to the ancient theogonists as the bearer of Aurora, and of the thunder and lightning to Jupiter, an allegory of which the meaning is obvious." (Inquiry into the Symb. Lang., &c., § 111.— Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 34.)--As regards the constellation Pegasus, it may be remarked, that the Greek astronomers always give it the simple appellation of "the Horse" ("Iоç). The name Inyaoos first comes in among the later mythological poets. It does not even occur in Aratus; the poet merely remarking that this is supposed to be the same horse whose hoof produced the fountain Hippocrene. (Arat., Phan., 219.) Eratosthenes, however, says (c. 18) that this is the steed, as some think, which, after Bellerophon had been thrown from it, flew upward to the stars. The opinion, however, is, according to him, an erroneous one, since the steed in the heavens has no wings. It would appear, therefore, from this remark of Eratosthenes, that the custom of representing Pegasus with wings came in at a later period. They are added in Ptolemy. The Romans, in imitation of the Greeks, call the constellation simply Equus, for which the poets substitute Sonipes, Sonipes ales, Cornipes, and other similar expressions. The name Pegasus appears to occur only in Germanicus (v. 221, 282). Ovid has Equus Gorgoneus, in allusion to the fabled birth of the steed. (Fast., 3, 450.-Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 115.)

PELASGI (Пeλαoyoi), were the most ancient inbabitants of Greece, as far as the knowledge of the Greeks themselves extended. A dynasty of Pelasgic chiefs existed in Greece before any other dynasty is mentioned in Greek traditions. Danaus is in the ninth, Deocalion in the eighth, and Cadmus in the seventh generation before the Trojan war; but Phoroneus, the Pelasgian, is in the eighteenth generation before that epoch. The Greek traditions represent the Pelasgie race as spread most widely over almost all parts of Greece and the islands of the Egean. The whole of Hellas, according to Herodotus (2, 56), was origi nally called Pelasgia; and Eschylus (Suppl., 250) introduces Pelasgus, king of Argos, as claiming for the people named after him all the country through which the Algus flows, and to the west of the Strymon. We find mention of the Pelasgi in the Peloponnesus, Thrace, Thesprotia, Attica, Boeotia, and Phocis. (Strab., 321.-Herod., 8, 44.) The oracles of Dodona and Delphi were originally Pelasgic (Strab., 402.— Herod., 2, 52), and Clinton (Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 22) and Niebuhr (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 27) have adduced reasons for believing that the Macedonians were also a Pelasgic race. We likewise find traces of the Pelasgi in many of the islands of the Egean Sea, as Lemnos, Imbros, Lesbos, Chios, &c. (Strab., 621), and Herodotus informs us (7, 95), that the islands were inhabited by the Pelasgic race till they were subdued by the Ionians. The neighbouring coast of Asia Minor was also inhabited in many parts by the Pelasgi. (Strab., 621.) The country afterward called Æolis was occupied by Pelasgians (Herod., 7, 95), and hence Antandros was called Pelasgic in the time of Herodotus (7, 42). Tralles in Caria was a Pelasgic town (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 33), and two of their towns on the Hellespont were still extant in the time PELAGONIA, I. a district of Macedonia bordering on of Herodotus (1, 57). The preceding authorities are Illyria. The Pelagones, though not mentioned by Ho- sufficient to show the wide diffusion of the Pelasgic mer as a distinct people, were probably known to him, race; but it is a difficult matter to determine from from his naming Pelagon, the father of Asteropæus, what quarter they originally came. Many modern a Pæonian warrior. (Compare Strabo, 331.) They writers conclude, from our knowledge of the origimust at one time have been widely spread over the nal seats of the human race, that the Pelasgians spread north of Greece, since a district of Upper Thessaly themselves from Asia into Europe, across the Hellesbore the name of Pelagonia Tripolitis, and it is inge- pont, and around the northern shores of the Egean niously conjectured by Gatterer, in his learned com- Sea. (Malden, Hist. of Rome, p. 69.—Marsh, Hors mentary on ancient Thrace (Com. Soc. Gott., vol. 6, Pelasgica, c. 1.) This, no doubt, is the true opinion, p. 67), that these were a remnant of the remote expe- though it is opposed to many Greek traditions, which dition of the Teucri and Mysi, the progenitors of the represent the Peloponnesus as the original seat of the Pæonians, who came from Asia Minor, and conquered Pelasgians, whence they spread to Thessaly, and thence the whole of the country between the Strymon and to the islands of the Ægean and the Asiatic coast.— Peneus. (Herod., 7, 20.—Strab., 327.) Frequent The Pelasgi were also widely spread over the south of allusion is made to Pelagonia by Livy, in his account Italy; and the places in which they appear to have of the wars between the Romans and the kings of Mace- been settled are indicated by Malden (Rom. Hist., p. don. It was exposed to invasion from the Dardani, 72, seqq.) and Niebuhr (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 25, who bordered on its northern frontiers; for which rea- seqq.). There seems no reason for rejecting, as some son, the communication between the two countries was modern writers have done, the account of Dionysius, carefully guarded by the Macedonian monarchs. (Liv., that the Pelasgi emigrated from Greece to Italy.-In 31, 28.) This pass led over the chain of Mount Scar- some parts of Greece, the Pelasgians remained in posdus. An account of it is given in Brown's Travels, session of the country to the latest times. The Arcap. 45. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 269.)-II.dians were always considered by the Greeks themselves Civitas, a city of Pelagonia, the capital of the fourth as pure Pelasgians, and a Pelasgian dynasty reigned division of Roman Macedonia. (Liv., 45, 29.) Little in Arcadia until the second Messenian war. (Herod., is known of it. Its existence at a late period appears from the Synecdemus of Hierocles, and the Byzantine historian Malchus, who speaks of the strength of its citadel. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 270.)—III. Tripolitis or Tripolis, a district of Thessaly, around the upper part of the course of the river Titaresius. It was called Tripolitis from the circumstance of its containing three principal towns; which, as Livy informs us (42, 53), were Azorus, Doliche, and Pythium. This

1, 146.-Id., 2, 171.—ld., 8, 73.) According to He rodotus (8, 44; 1, 57), the Athenians were a Pelasgic race, which had settled in Attica from the earliest times, and had undergone no change except by receiv ing a new name and adopting a new language. In most parts of Greece, however, the Pelasgic race be came intermingled with the Hellenic; but the Pelasgi probably at all times formed the principal part of the population of Greece. The Hellenes excelled the Pe

PELASGI.

lasgi in military prowess and a spirit of enterprise, and | tures in Greece, Italy, and along the western coast of were thus enabled, in some cases, to expel the Pelas- Asia Minor, usually called Cyclopean, because, accordgi from the country, though the Hellenes generallying to the Greek legends, the Cyclopes built the walls settled among the Pelasgi as a conquering people. - of Tiryns and Mycena, may properly be assigned to a The connexion between the Pelasgic and Hellenic races Pelasgic origin. All these structures are characterhas been a subject of much controversy among modernized by the immense size of the stones with which they writers. Many critics have maintained that they be- are built. The most extraordinary of them all is the longed to entirely different races, and some have been treasury, or, as others call it, the tomb of Atreus at disposed to attribute to the Pelasgians an Etrurian or Mycena. It remains but to add a few remarks rePhoenician origin. It is true that many of the Greek specting the name of this race. The most ancient writers speak of the Pelasgians and their language as form of the name was IIeλapyoí, and Mr. Thirlwall barbarous, that is, not Hellenic; and Herodotus (1, rather fancifully supposes that the appellation was de57) informs us, that the Pelasgian language was spo- rived from upyoç and réλw, and that it signified "inken in his time at Placia and Scylace on the Helles-habitants" or "cultivators of the plain." The analogy, pont. This language he describes as barbarous; and however, of aiñóλoç, τavрoñóλoç, &c., seems, as Mr. on this fact he mainly grounds his general argument as Thirlwall himself confesses, unfavourable to this etyto the ancient Pelasgian tongue. It may, however, be mology. (Hist. of Greece, vol. 1, p. 59.) There is remarked, that it appears exceedingly improbable, if also another objection. Such a derivation of the name the Pelasgic and Hellenic languages had none or a makes the Pelasgians to have been solely addicted to very slight relation to each other, that the two tongues agricultural pursuits, a statement which is not borne should have so readily amalgamated in all parts of out by facts. We are told, it is true, that they loved Grecce, and still more strange that the Athenians and to settle on the rich soil of alluvial plains. The powArcadians, who are admitted to have been of pure Pe- ers, too, that preside over husbandry, and protect the lasgic origin, should have lost their original language fruits of the earth and the growth of the flocks, appear and learned the pure Hellenic tongue. In addition to to have been the eldest Pelasgian divinities; but this which, it may be remarked, that we scarcely ever read is taking too narrow a view of the subject. Even if it of any nation entirely losing its own language and were not highly probable that a part of the nation adopting that of its conquerors. Though the Persians crossed the sea to reach the shores of Greece, and have received many new words into their language from thus brought with them the rudiments of the arts contheir Arab masters, yet twelve centuries of Arab dom- nected with navigation, it would be incredible that the ination have not been sufficient to change, in any es- tribes settled on the coast should not soon have acsential particular, the grammatical forms and general quired them. Accordingly, the islands of the Ægean structure of the ancient Persian; and, notwithstanding are peopled by Pelasgians, the piracies of the Leleges all the efforts that were used by the Norman conquer- precede the rise of the first maritime power among the ors to bring the French language into general use in Greeks, and the Tyrsenian Pelasgians are found infestEngland, the Saxon remains to the present day the ing the seas after the fall of Troy. (Thirlwall's Greece, main element of the English language. It is there- vol. 1, p. 60.)-Mr. Kenrick, in a very ingenious paper fore reasonable to suppose that the Pelasgic and Hel-"On the names of the Antehellenic inhabitants of lenic tongues were different dialects of a common lan- Greece" (Philol. Museum, vol. 1, p. 609, seqq.), mainguage, which formed by their union the Greek language tains, that the name Pelargi (IIeλapyoi) was given to of later times.-The ancient writers differ as much re- the race on account of their rudeness of speech, which specting the degree of civilization to which the Pelas- sounded "to the exquisite fineness of the Hellenic ear" gi attained before they became an Hellenic people, as like the cry of the stork (reλapyós). Hence the peo they do respecting their original language. Accord-ple who spoke thus were called IIɛλapyoi or storks. ing to some ancient writers, they were little better than And he seeks to confirm this etymology by endeava race of savages till conquered and civilized by the ouring to show that, "among birds, the stork laboured Hellenes; but others represent them, and perhaps more under the heaviest charge of defective elocution;" correctly, as having attained to a considerable degree that he was held to have no tongue at all; that, as of civilization previous to the Hellenic conquest. being yλwooos, he was especially adapted to repreMany traditions represent the Pelasgians as cultivating sent a people of barbarous speech; and that we find, agriculture and the useful arts. Pelasgus in Arcadia, in the time of Homer, the inhabitants of the Thracian said the tradition, taught men to bake bread. (Pausan., side of the Hellespont called Kíkoves, a name which 1, 14, 1.) The ancient Pelasgic Buzyges yoked bulls appears to be closely analogous to the Latin Ciconia. to the plough (Etym. Mag., s. v. Bouguyns); Pelas- This etymology, however, proves too much. It is gians invented the goad for the purpose of driving an- based on the supposition that there was a radical difimals (Etym. Mag., s. v. аkaiVA. - Bekker, Anecd. ference between the Pelasgic and Hellenic forms of Gr., 357); and a (Pelasgic) Thessalian in Egypt speech, which, from what has already been premised, taught the art of measuring land (Etym. Mag., ubi could not possibly have been the case. This same sup.).—It is a curious fact, which has been noticed by derivation of the name from that of weλapyós, “a Mr. Malden (Hist. of Rome, p. 70), that the Grecian stork," appears also among the Greek writers, but there race which made the most early and the most rapid the explanation is founded on the erroneous idea that progress in civilization and intellectual attainments, the Pelasgi were a roaming race. Myrsilus of Lesbos was one in which the Pelasgian blood was least adul- related, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, that terated by foreign mixture, namely, the Ionians of At the Tyrrhenians, flying from public calamities with tica and of the settlements in Asia; and that we prob- which they were chastised by heaven, because among ably owe to the Pelasgic element in the population of other tithes they had not offered that of their children, Greece all that distinguishes the Greeks in the history had quitted their home, and had long roamed about beof the human mind. The Dorians, who were the most fore they again acquired a fixed abode; and that, as strictly Hellenic, long disdained to apply themselves to they were seen thus going forth and returning, the literature or the fine arts. Some writers have main-name of Pelargi, or storks, was given to them! (Dion. tained, that the Greeks derived the art of writing and Hal., 1, 23.) This etymology is about as valuable as most of their religious rites from the Pelasgians; but, the one which deduces Pelasgus from Peleg, or Graius without entering into these questions, it may be as- from Reu. Nor is that derivation much superior which serted, with some degree of certainty, that the most traces Pelasgus to hayos, "the sea," and makes the ancient architectural monuments in Europe clearly ap-name refer to the maritime habits of the race. It is pear to have been the work of their hands. The struc- sanctioned, indeed, by the authority of Hermann

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(Opusc., vol. 2, p. 174), but it offends grievously | riage. The spouse selected for him was the seaagainst analogy (Lobeck, ad Phryn., p. 109); and if it be applicable to the Tyrrhenian Pelasgians of later times, it certainly is not so to the original Pelasgians of Dodona or Thessaly. Perhaps the peculiar style of building ascribed to the Pelasgic race may furnish us with an etymology for their name, equal, at least in point of plausibility, to any of those which have thus far been enumerated. The term Pelargi may mean "stone-builders" or "stone-workers," as indicating a race whose massive style of architecture may have excited the wonder of the early Greeks, and have given rise to a species of national appellation. Thus, in the Macedonian dialect, néha signified “a stone” (Tàç | πέλας, τοὺς λίθους, κατὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων φωνήν.— Ulpian, ad Demosth., de fals. leg., p. 376, B., ed. Francof., 1604.-Compare Ruhnken, ad Tim. Lex., p. 270), and upyov (or Fúpyov) is an earlier form for Epyov. (Böckh, Corp. Inscript., fasc., 1, p. 29, 83.) The two old forms, then, Teλa ("a stone") and upyov ("work"), may perhaps have produced, by their combination, the name of Heλapyoi. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 377, seqq.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 1, seqq.-Curtius, de Antiquis Italia incolis, 6, seqq. -Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 404, seqq.-Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 33, seqq.-Philological Museum, vol. 1, p. 613.)

PELASGICUM (IIEλaoуikóv), a name given to the most ancient part of the fortifications of the Acropolis at Athens, from its having been constructed by the Pelasgi, who, in the course of their migrations, settled in Attica, and were employed by the Athenians in the erection of these walls. The rampart raised by this people is often mentioned in the history of Athens, and included also a portion of ground below the wall at the foot of the rock of the Acropolis. This had been allotted to the Pelasgi while they resided at Athens, and on their departure it was forbidden to be inhabited or cultivated. (Thucyd., 2, 7.- Pollux, 8, 102.—Myrsil., ap. Dion. Hal., 1, 19.-Herod., 2, 51. -Id., 6, 137.) It was apparently on the northern side of the citadel, as we are informed by Plutarch, that the southern wall was built by Cimon, from whom it received the name of Cimonium. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 382.)

It was

PELASGIOTIS, a district of Thessaly, occupying the lower valley of the Peneus as far as the sea. originally inhabited by the Perrhæbi, a tribe of Pelasgic origin. (Simon., ap. Strab., 441.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 363.)

PELASGUS, an ancient monarch of the Pelasgi. (Vid. Pelasgi.)

PELETHRONII, an epithet given to the Lapitha, because they dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Pelethronium, in Thessaly. (Virg., Georg., 3, 115.) Pelethronium appears to have been a branch of Pelion.

PELEUS, a king of Thessaly, son of Eacus monarch of Egina, and the nymph Endeis the daughter of Chiron. Having been accessory, along with Telamon, to the death of their brother Phocus, he was banished from his native island, but found an asylum at the court of Eurytus, son of Actor, king of Phthia in Thessaly. He married Antigone, the daughter of Eurytus, and received with her, as a marriage portion, the third part of the kingdom. Peleus was present with Eurytus at the chase of the Calydonian boar; but, having unfortunately killed his father-in-law with the javelin which he had hurled against the animal, he was again doomed to be a wanderer. His second benefactor was Acastus, king of Iolcos; but here again he was involved in trouble, through a false charge brought against him by Astydamia, or, as Horace calls her, Hippolyte, the queen of Acastus. (Vid. Acastus.) To reward the virtue of Peleus, as fully shown by his resisting the blandishments of Astydamia, the gods resolved to give him a goddess in mar

nymph Thetis, who had been wooed by Jupiter him self and his brother Neptune; but Themis having de clared that her child would be greater than his sire, the gods withdrew. (Pind., Isth., 8, 58, seqq.) Oth ers say that she was courted by Jupiter alone, till he was informed by Prometheus that, if he had a son by her, that son would dethrone him. (Apollod., 3, 13, 1.- Schol. ad Il., 1, 519.) Others, again, maintain that Thetis, who was reared by Juno, would not as sent to the wishes of Jupiter, and that the god, in his anger, condemned her to espouse a mortal; or that Juno herself selected Peleus for her spouse. (I., 24, 59.— Apoll. Rhod., 4, 793, seqq.) Chiron, being made aware of the will of the gods, advised Peleus to aspire to the bed of the nymph of the sea, and instructed him how to win her. He therefore lay in wait, and seized and held her fast, though she changed herself into every variety of form, becoming fire, water, a serpent, and a lioness. (Pind., Nem., 4, 101.-Soph., frag. ap. Schol. ad Nem., 3, 60.) The wedding was solemnized on Mount Pelion: the gods all honoured it with their presence, and bestowed armour on the bridegroom. (1., 17, 195.-Ib., 18, 84.) Chiron gave him the famous ashen spear afterward wielded by his son; and Neptune bestowed on him the im mortal Harpy-born steeds Balius and Xanthus. The offspring of this union was the celebrated Achilles. According to one account, Peleus was deserted by his goddess-wife for not allowing her to cast the infant Achilles into a caldron of boiling water, to try if he were mortal. (Vid. Achilles.) This, however, is a posthomeric fiction, since Homer represents Peleus and Thetis as dwelling together all the lifetime of their son. Of Peleus it is farther related, that he sur vived his son, and even grandson (Od., 11, 493.Eurip., Androm.), and died in misery in the island of Cos. (Callim., ap. Schol. ad Pind., Pyth., 3, 167. -Keightley's Mythology, p. 313, seqq.) It was as the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis that the goddess of Discord threw the apple of gold into the middle of the assembled deities, with which was connected so much misfortune for both the Trojans and the Greeks. (Vid. Helena, and Paris.)

PELIADES, daughters of Pelias. (Vid. Jason, and also Pelias, towards the end of the latter article ) PELIAS, the twin brother of Neleus, was son Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. The mother, to conceal her disgrace, exposed her twinsons as soon as they were born. A troop of mares, followed by their keeper, passing by where they lay, one of the mares touched the face of one of the infants with her hoof, and made it livid (TELOV). The keeper took and reared the babes, naming the one with the mark Pelias, the other Neleus. When they grew up they discovered their mother, and resolved to kill her stepmother Sidero, by whom she was cruelty treated. They pursued her, accordingly, to the altar of Juno; and Pelias, who never showed any regard for that goddess, slew her before it. The brothers afterward fell into discord, and Pelias abode at Iolcos, but Neleus settled in Elis, where he built a town named Pylos. Tyro afterward married her uncle Cretheus, to whom she bore three sons, Eson, Pheres, and Amythaon. Cretheus was succeeded in the kingdom of folcos by Eson, who became by Alci mede the father of Jason. Pelias, by force or fraud, deprived Eson of his kingdom, and then sought the life of the infant Jason; but the parents of the latter gave out that he was dead, and meantime conveyed him by night to the cave of the centaur Chiron, to whose care they committed him.-The rest of the legend of Pelias will be found under the article Jason. (Apollod., 1, 9, 7, seqq.-Od., 11, 235, seqq.) Pelliss married Anaxibia the daughter of Bias, or, as others say, Philomache the daughter of Amphion, and becam