took the name of Parthian from the country where it first arose, and, in its fullest extent, reached to the Indus on the east, the Tigris on the west, the Mare Erythræum on the south, and the range of Caucasus, together with a portion of Scythia, on the north. The primitive Parthia was now regarded, under the name of Parthyene, as the royal province, and contained Hecatompylos, the capital, until succeeded by Ctesiphon, of the whole empire. The Parthian empire lasted from B.C. 256 to A.D. 226. Its history may be divided into three periods. First Period, from B.C. 256 to B. C. 130. During this period the Parthians were engaged in almost continual struggles with the Syrian kings. Under Mithradates I., the fifth or sixth in succession from Arsaces I., the dominions of the Parthian kings were extended as far as the Euphrates and the Indus; and Demetrius II., king of Syria, was defeated and taken prisoner about B.C. 140. Mithradates was succeeded by Phraates II., whose dominions were invaded by Antiochus Sidetes, the brother and successor of Demetrius. Antiochus met with considerable success at first, but he was afterward cut off with all his army, about B.C. 130, and Parthia was from this time entirely delivered from the attacks of the Syrian kings. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 13, 8.-Appian, Bell. Syr., 68.)-Second Period, from B. C. 130 to B. C. 53. During the early part of this period, the Parthians were constantly engaged in war with the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, who, after the destruction of the Greek kingdom of Bactria, attempted to obtain possession of the western parts of Asia. Phraates II. and his successor Artabanus fell in battle against these invaders; but their farther progress was effectually stopped by Mithradates II., who met, however, with a powerful rival in Tigranes, the treasury of Athens; the eastern is the temple properly so called: it contains the colossal statue of Minerva, the work of Phidias, composed of ivory and gold, and is peculiarly termed, from that circumstance, the Parthenon, or Residence of the Virgin-Goddess, a name by which, however, the whole building is more frequently described." (Wordsworth's Greece, p. 135, seqq.)-The statue of Minerva, to which allusion has just been made, was 39 feet high. It was ornamented with gold to the amount of 40 talents according to Thucydides, but according to Philochorus 44 talents, or about $465,000. Of this, however, it was stripped by Lachares, somewhat more than a century and a quarter after the death of Pericles.-This magnificent temple had resisted all the outrages of time, had been in turn converted into a Christian church and a Turkish mosque; but still subsisted entire when Spon and Wheeler visited Attica in 1676. It was in the year 1687 that the Venetians besieged the citadel of Athens, under the command of General Königsberg. A bomb fell most unluckily on the devoted Parthenon, set fire to the powder which the Turks had made therein, and thus the roof was entirely destroyed, and the whole building almost reduced to ruins. The Venetian general, being afterward desirous of carrying off the statue of Minerva, which had adorned the pediment, had it removed; thereby assisting in the defacement of the place, without any good result to himself, for the group fell to the ground and was shattered to pieces. Since this period, every man of taste must have deplored the demolition of this noble structure, and the enlightened travellers who have visited the spot have successively published engravings of its remains. One of the first of these was Le Roy, in his Ruins of Greece; after him came Stuart, who, possessing great pecuniary means, surpassed his prede-king of Armenia. Tigranes obtained possession of cessor in producing a beautiful and interesting work on the Athenian antiquities. Chandler, and other travellers in Greece, have also described what came under their eye of the remains of the Parthenon, of which many models have likewise been executed. But, not content with these artistical labours and publications, more recent travellers have borne away with them the actual spoils of the Parthenon. The foremost of these was Lord Elgin, who, about the year 1800, removed a variety of the matchless friezes, statues, &c., which were purchased of him by parliament on the part of the nation, and now form the most valuable and interesting portion of the British Museum. This act of Lord Elgin's called forth at the time severe animadversion, though it is now well known that there was imminent danger of those relics of art being totally destroyed by the wanton barbarism of the Turks and others. (Elme's Dictionary of the Fine Arts, s. v. Parthenon.) some of the western provinces of the Parthian empire; but, after his overthrow by the Romans, the Parthians acquired their former power, and were brought into immediate contact with Rome. -Third Period, from B.C. 53_to_A.D. 226.__This period comprises the wars with the Romans. The invasion of Crassus, during the reign of Orodes, terminated in the death of the Roman general and the destruction of his army, B.C. 53. In consequence of this victory, the Parthians obtained a great increase of power. They invaded Syria in the following year, but were driven back by Cassius. In the war between Cæsar and Pompey they took the side of the latter, and after the death of Cesar they sided with Brutus and Cassius. Orodes, at the instigation of Labienus, sent an army into Syria commanded by Pacorus and Labienus, but they were defeated the following year by Ventidius, B.C. 48, and again in B.C. 38. In B.C. 37, Orodes was murdered by his son Phraates IV., an ambitious and energetic prince, who, as soon as he obtained the throne, made great preparations for renewing the war with the Romans. Antony marched into Media against him, but was obliged to retire with great loss. Phraates, however, was unable to follow up his victory, in consequence of having to contend with Tiridates, a formiPARTHENOPE, one of the Sirens. (Vid. Neapolis.) dable competitor for the Parthian throne. After an PARTHIA, called by Strabo and Arrian Parthyæa obstinate struggle, Tiridates was defeated (B.C. 25), (Пapovaía), was originally a small extent of country to but he contrived to get into his power the youngest the southeast of the Caspian Sea, of a mountainous and son of Phraates, with whom he fled to Rome, and besandy character, with here and there, however, a fruit- sought the aid of Augustus. Menaced by a Roman ful plain, and regarded as forming, under the Persian invasion, and in danger from a large part of his own sway, one satrapy with the province of Hyrcania, which subjects, Phraates willingly made great concessions to lay to the west of it. The inhabitants, a nomadic Augustus. He sent four of his sons to Rome as hosrace, were of Scythian descent. Under the succes- tages, and restored to Augustus the Roman standards sors of Alexander, the Parthian Arsaces, a man of ob- which had been taken on the defeat of Crassus, an scure origin but great military talents, succeeded in event which is frequently alluded to by the poets of founding a separate kingdom, which gradually extend- the Augustan age. The history of Parthia after this ed itself, under those who came after him, until it becomes of less importance, and is little more than a reached the Euphrates, comprehending the fairest prov-record of civil wars and revolts, which tended greatly inces of the old Persian monarchy. This new empire to diminish the power of this once formidable empire; PARTHENOPAUS, son of Milanion (according to some, of Mars) and Atalanta. He was one of the seven chieftains who engaged in the Theban war. (Vid. Eteocles and Polynices.) He was slain by Amphidicus, or, as others state, by Periclymenus. (Apollod., 3, 6, 8.-Consult Heyne, ad loc.) as she was able, on all who had been instrumental in the fall and death of her son. One of the principal sufferers was the eunuch Mesabates, who had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus by order of Artaxerxes. She also poisoned Statira, the wife of the king. (Plut., Vit. Artax., 17.) Von Hammer makes the Persian name to have been Perisade, i. e., “Periborn." (Wien. Jahrb., vol. 8, p. 394.) Strabo, on the other hand (a very poor authority in such a matter), says that the original Persian name was Pharziris. (Strab., 785.—Bähr, ad Cles., p. 186.) and it was the great object of Roman policy to support, | a very cruel woman, and wreaked her vengeance, as far as much as possible, pretenders to the throne, and thereby prevent all offensive operations on the part of the Parthians. The great subject of contention between the Romans and Parthians was the kingdom of Armenia, which had monarchs of its own, and was nominally independent; but its rulers were always appointed either by the Parthians or the Romans, and the attempts of each nation to place its own dependants on the throne, led to incessant wars between them. In the reign of Trajan, Armenia and Mesopotamia were converted into Roman provinces, and a new king of the Parthians was appointed by the emperor. Under Hadrian, PASARGADÆ, sometimes written Passargada, and however, the conquered territory was given up, and the also, but only by Ptolemy and Solinus, Pasargada, a Euphrates again became the boundary of Parthia. very ancient city of Persia, and the royal residence The two nations now remained at peace with each previous to the founding of Persepolis. Some difother until the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius ference of opinion has existed relative to its site, Verus. Cassius, the general of Verus, met with great but, from the accounts of Ptolemy and other writers, success in the war, and at length took and almost de- it would appear to have stood to the southeast of stroyed the powerful city of Seleucia on the Tigris, Persepolis, and near the confines of Carmania. (ManA.D. 165. Under the reign of Vologeses IV., the nert, Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 529. — Bähr, ad Ctes., Parthian dominions were invaded by Septimius Sever- p. 118.) Hence Morier is wrong in fixing the position us, who took Ctesiphon and several other important of this place at the modern Mourgaub (vol. 1, p. 206), places, A.D. 198, and annexed to the Roman empire which lies to the north of Persepolis, an error in which the important province of Osrhoëne. Caracalla fol- he is followed by Malte-Brun. Pasargade was situate lowed up the successes of his father; and though Ma- in Cole-Persis, on the banks of the Cyrus or Kores crinus, who came after him, made a disgraceful peace (Strabo, 729), a circumstance which would seem to with the Parthians, their power had become greatly point to the modern Pasa or Fasa as occcupying its weakened by the conquests of Verus, Severus, and site. (Compare the remarks of Lassen, in Ersch und Caracalla. Artaxerxes, who had served with great Grubers Encyclopädie, s. v. Pasargada.) It was said reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king of to have owed its origin to a camp which remained on Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the the spot where Cyrus defeated Astyages, and the name monarchy to found a new dynasty. He represented of the city has been explained as signifying “the camp himself as a descendant of the ancient kings of Persia, of the Persians." (Steph. Byz., s. v.-Curt., 5, 6.— and called upon the Persians to recover their independ- Strabo, 730.) Lassen, however, says that it means ence. The call was readily responded to a large "the treasury of the Persians." Here Cyrus, in fact, Persian army was collected; the Parthians were de- built a treasury, and erected his own tomb in an adjafeated in three great battles, and Artaxerxes succeed- cent park. Strabo (730) and Arrian (6, 30) have given ed to all the dominions of the Parthian kings, and be- a description of this sepulchre, taken from the work of came the founder of the new Persian empire, which is Aristobulus, who had visited the spot. According to usually known as that of the Sassanidæ. (Vid. Artax- their accounts, the tomb was situated in a well-watered erxes IV. Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 292.)-park, and surrounded by numerous trees. The lower The Parthians, as we have already remarked, were of part of it, which was solid, was of a quadrangular Scythian origin; and, according to Justin (41, 1), shape, and above it was a chamber built of stone, with their name signified, in the Scythian language, "ban- an entrance so very narrow that a person of thin and ished" or "exiles." Isidorus makes the same state- pliant make could alone pass through. Aristobulus ment, and adds, that they were driven out of Scythia entered this chamber by the command of Alexander, by domestic strife. (Orig., 10, 2, 44. - Compare and found in it a golden couch, a table with cups Wahl, Vorder- und Mittel-Asien, p. 545, in notis.) upon it, a golden coffin, and many beautiful garments, The mode of fighting adopted by their cavalry was pe- swords, and chains. Aristobulus says, that the inscripculiar, and well calculated to annoy. When apparent- tion on the tomb was, "Oh man, I am Cyrus, who acly in full retreat, they would turn round on their steeds quired sovereignty for the Persians, and was King of and discharge their arrows with the most unerring ac- Asia. Do not then grudge me this monument." There curacy; and hence, to borrow the language of an an- were certain Magi appointed to guard this tomb, who cient writer, it was vietory to them if a counterfeited received every day a sheep, and a certain quantity of flight threw their pursuers into disorder. (Plut., Vit. wine and wheat, and also a horse every month as an Crass., 24.-Horat., Od., 1, 19, 11.-Id. ib., 2, 13, offering to Cyrus. This tomb was plundered during 17.-Lucan, 1, 230.-Herodian., 3, 4, 20.) the lifetime of Alexander by some robbers, who carried PARTHYENE, the original, and subsequently the roy-off everything except the couch and the coffin.-Acal, province of Parthia. (Vid. remarks near the commencement of the preceding article.) cording to Plutarch, the kings of Persia were consecrated at Pasargada by the Magi. (Vit. Artax., 3.)— Those modern travellers who make Mourgaub correspond to the site of the ancient Pasargada, have dis PARYADES OF PARYARDES (Ptol.), a branch of Caucasus, running off to the southwest, and separating Cappadocia from Armenia. On the confines of Cap-covered a building in the plain which they have impadocia the name was changed to Scordiscus: it here agined to be the tomb of Cyrus. This building is united with the chain of Antitaurus, and both stretched called by the people of the country "Kubr Maderi onward to the west and southwest through Cappado- Suleiman," i. e., the tomb of the mother of Solomon; cia. The highest elevation in this range was Mons Ar- and the description given by Sir Robert K. Porter gæus. Ptolemy gives the name of Paryardes, in par- (Travels, vol. 1, p. 498) corresponds in many particu ticular, to that part of the chain in which the Euphra-lars to that of Arrian and Strabo. The tomb contains tes and Araxes took their rise; but Pliny calls this Capotes, (Plin., 5, 27.—Strabo, 528.) PARYSATIS, a Persian princess, queen of Darius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes Mnemon and Cyrus the younger, the latter of whom was her favourite. (Xen., Anab., 1, 1.) She is represented as no inscription, but on a pillar in the neighbourhood there is a cuneiform inscription, which Grotefend, in an essay on the subject, appended to Heeren's work on Asia (vol. 2, p. 360, seqq., Eng. trans.), interprets to mean Cyrus the King, ruler of the universe." Saint-Martin, however (Journal Asiatique for Febru . ary, 1828), supposes that it rather refers to Artaxerxes Ochus; and Lassen, a most competent authority on the subject, thinks it impossible to make out the name of Cyrus in this inscription. Höck is of opinion, that the building described by Porter, and before him by Morier, is the tomb of one of the Sassanian kings, the dynasty that ruled in Persia from the third to the middle of the seventh century of our era. (Veteris Media et Persia Monumenta, Gött., 1818.) Herodotus does not speak of Pasargadæ as a place, but as the noblest of the Persian tribes, so that Cyrus must have founded the city of the same name in their territory. (Herod., 1, 125-Creuzer, ad loc.) PASSIENUS, Paulus, a Roman knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac compositions he suc cessfully imitated. He likewise attempted lyric poetry with equal success, and chose for his model the writings of Horace. (Pliny, Ep., 6, 9.—Crinit., de Poet. Lat., c. 75.) PATALA. Vid. Pattala. PATARA (orum), a city of Lycia, on the left bank and at the mouth of the river Xanthus. (Arrian, 1, 24. Leake's Tour, p. 183.) According to Strabo (665), it was built by Patarus, whom mythology made a son of Apollo. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., v. 129.) Hence the high estimation in which the god was here held, and the famous oracle which he had in this place. Hence also his surname of Palareus (Hor., Od., 3, 4, 64), and the legend that he spent the six winter-months at Patara, and the summer at Delos. (Servius ad Virg., En., 4, 143.) Strabo speaks of the numerous temples in this city, without particularizing the temple and oracle of Apollo. The oracle, probably, had by this time declined in reputation, and Mela, the geographer, Strabo, that Ptolemy Philadelphus restored Patara, and attempted to change its name to "Arsinoë in Lycia;" but this alteration does not appear to have succeeded. Livy and other writers always use the other appellation. (Liv., 37, 15.-Id., 38, 39.- Polyb., 22, 26.) Patara was a city of considerable size, and had a good harbour, though too small to contain the allied fleet of the Romans, Rhodians, and other Greek states in the war with Antiochus. (Liv., 37, 17.) It is now entirely choked up by encroaching sands. Appian remarks, that Patara was like a port to Xanthus ; which city appears from Strabo and the Stadiasmus to have been on the banks of the river Xanthus, eight or nine miles above Patara.-The modern Patera occupies the site of the ancient city, but is nothing more than a collection of ruins, being entirely uninhabited. Captain Beaufort describes the harbour of Patara as a swamp filled with sand and bushes, and all communication with the sea as being cut off by a straight beach, through which there is no opening. The sand has not only filled up the harbour, but has accumulated to a considerable height between the ruins and the river Xanthus. The ruins are represented as extensive. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 250.-Leake's Tour, p. 182.) PASIPHAE, a daughter of the Sun and of Perseis, and wife of Minos, king of Crete. The ordinary legend connected with her name has been given in a different article (vid. Minotaurus), and the opinion has there been advanced, that the whole story rests on some astronomical basis, and that Pasiphae is identiIcal with the moon. Thus we find the epithet IIaotpans (“all-illumining” or “ all-bright”) applied to Diana in the Orphic hymns (35, 3), after having been giv-speaks of its former fame (1, 15). We learn from en to the Sun in a previous effusion (7, 14). The same term, together with IIaoipavns, is applied to Selene, or the full moon, by a later bard. (Maximus, Philos., Tерì κатару@ν, ap. Fabric., Bibl. Gr., vol. 8, p. 415. -Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 88.) The "all-illuming" Pasiphaë, then, is, with every appearance of probability, a goddess in the sphere of the Cretan lunar worship. With regard to Pasiphaë, considered as a divinity, we have no direct proof from the island of Crete itself: in Laconia, however, which derived so many of its institutions from Crete, several confirmatory circumstances do not fail to present themselves. Tertullian mentions the ora le of Pasiphaë in Laconia as one of the most celebrated in that country (de Anima, c. 46.-Op., vol. 4, p. 311, ed. Seml.). Plutarch also speaks of a temple and oracle of Pasiphaë at Thalamæ, though he leaves it undecided what particular deity is meant by the name. (Vit. Agid., c. 9.) It would seem, however, to have been an oracle of one of their most ancient and revered deities, and therefore, in all likelihood, a Cretan one, since it was consulted on all great political occasions by the Spartan Ephori. (Compare Cic., de Divin., 1, 43.—Plut., Vit. Cleom., c. 7.)-Pausanias mentions this same sanctuary (3, 26). He calls it, indeed, the temple and oracle of Ino; and yet he informs us that without was a statue of Pasiphaë, and another of the sun. We must here read IIaoipans with Sylburgius and Meursius, in place of the common lection IIaping. (Consult, in relation to the Laconian Pasiphaë, Meursius, Misc. Lacon., 1, 4; and, on the subject of Pasiphaë generally, Höck, Kreta, vol. 2, Vorrede, p. xxix.-Id. ib., vol. 2, p. 49, segg.) PATAVIUM, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, in the district of Venetia, and situate between the Meduacus Major and Minor, in the lower part of their course. From its celebrity and importance it may justly be considered as the capital of ancient Venetia. The story of its foundation by Antenor is one which will scarcely be believed in the present day, though so universally accredited by the poets of antiquity. (En., 1, 242. PASITIGRIS. Vid. Tigris. - Compare Mela, 2, 4.-Solin., 8-Senec., Consol. PASSARON, a town of Epirus, the capital of the Mo-ad Helv., 7.) It seems as difficult to refute as to lossi. Here, according to Plutarch (Vit. Pyrrh.), the prove a fact of so remote an era; but, granting the kings of Epirus convened the solemn assembly of the origin of Patavium, as far as regards the Trojan whole nation, when, after having performed the cus-prince, to be an invention of a later period, it does tomary sacrifices, they took an oath that they would not follow that the tradition should be wholly destigovern according to the established laws, and the peo-tute of foundation: perhaps a similarity of name beple, in return, swore to maintain the constitution and tween the Antenor of Homer and the chief of the defend the kingdom. After the termination of the war Heneti might not unreasonably be fixed upon as acbetween the Romans and Perseus, king of Macedon, counting for this otherwise improbable story; most Passaron did not escape the sentence which doomed improbable, indeed, when we consider that, in the Iliad, to destruction so many of the unfortunate cities of Antenor is represented as of the same age with Priam Epirus that had shown an inclination to favour the (3, 148). An interesting event in the subsequent cause of the enemy. It was given up to plunder, and history of Patavium is recorded at some length by its walls were levelled to the ground. (Liv., 45, 34.) Livy, who naturally dwells on it as honourable to his With regard to the site of this ancient place, it seems native city (10, 2). A Spartan fleet, under the comhighly probable that it is to be identified with some re-mand of Cleomenes, king of Lacedæmon, being driven markable ruins, described by more than one traveller, near Joannina, in a S.S.W. direction, and about four hours from that city. (Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 486.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 138, seqq.) by contrary winds from the neighbourhood of Tarentum, to the aid of which city he had been summoned against a threatened attack on the part of the Romans (Strabo, 208), arrived unexpectedly in the Adriatic, lustrious chief of that people; who, uniting them into one city, called it by his name. Patræ is enumerated by Herodotus among the 12 cities of Achaia (1, 46). We are informed by Thucydides, that, during the interval of peace which occurred in the Peloponnesian war, Alcibiades persuaded its inhabitants to build long walls down to the sea (5, 53). This was one of the first towns which renewed the federal system after the interval occasioned by the Macedonian dominion throughout Greece. (Polyb., 2, 41.) Its maritime situation, opposite to the coast of Etolia and Acarnania, rendered it a very advantageous port for communicating with these countries; and in the Social war, Philip of Macedon frequently landed his troops there in his expeditions into Peloponnesus. The Patræans sustained such severe losses in the different engagements fought against the Romans during the Achæan war, that the few men who remained in the city determined to abandon it, and to reside in the surrounding villages and boroughs. (Pausanias, 7, 18. -Polybius, 40, 3, seqq.) Patre was, however, raised to its former flourishing condition after the battle of Actium by Augustus, who, in addition to its dispersed inhabitants, sent thither a large body of colonists, chosen from his veteran soldiers, and granted to the city, thus restored under his auspices, all the privileges usually conceded by the Romans to their colonies. Strabo (387) affirms, that in his day it was a large and populous town, with a good barbour. The modern Patras occupies the site of the ancient city. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 67.) and anchored at the mouth of the Meduacus Major, and near the present villages of Chiozza and Fusina. A party of these adventurers, having advanced up the river in some light vessels, effected a landing, and proceeded to burn and plunder the defenceless villages on its banks. The alarm of this unexpected attack soon reached Patavium, whose inhabitants were kept continually on the alert and in arms, from fear of the neighbouring Gauls. A force was instantly despatched to repel the invaders; and such was the skill and promptitude with which the service was performed, that the marauders were surprised and their vessels taken before the news of this reverse could reach the fleet at the mouth of the river. Attacked at his moorings, it was not without great loss, both in ships and men, that the Spartan commander effected his escape. The shields of the Greeks and the beaks of their galleys were suspended in the temple of Juno, and an annual mock-fight on the Meduacus served to perpetuate the memory of so proud a day in the annals of Patavium. This event is placed by the Roman historian in the 450th year of Rome. Strabo speaks of Patavium as the greatest and most flourishing city in the north of Italy; and states that it counted in his time 500 Roman knights among its citizens, and could at one period send 20,000 men into the field. Its manufactures of cloth and woollen stuffs were renowned throughout Italy, and, together with its traffic in various commodities, sufficiently attested the great wealth and prosperity of its inhabitants. (Strab., 213.-Compare Martial, 14, 141.) Vessels could come up to Patavium from the sea, a distance of 250 stadia, by the Meduacus. About six miles to the south of the city were the celebrated Patavinæ Aquæ. (Plin., 2, 103.-Id., 31, 6.) The principal source was distinguished by the name of Aponus Fons, from whence that of Bagni d'Abano, by which these waters are at present known, has evidently been formed. The modern Padua (in Italian Padova) occupies the site of the ancient Patavium. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 120, seqq.) PATERCULUS, an historian. (Vid. Velleius Pater-ship that never suffered the slightest diminution. Upculus.) PATROCLUS, one of the Grecian chieftains during the Trojan war, son of Mencetius, and of Sthenele the daughter of Acastus, and the beloved friend of Achilles. Having in his youth accidentally killed Clysonymus, the son of Amphidamas, in a moment of ungov ernable fury, he was compelled to fly from Opus, where his father reigned, and found an asylum with Peleus, king of Phthia, who educated him with his son Achilles under the centaur Chiron; and thus was contracted between the two youthful heroes a friend on the determination of Achilles to retire from the PATMOS, a small rocky island in the Agean, south war after his quarrel with Agamemnon, Patroclus, of Icaria, and southwest of Samos. It belonged to impatient at the successes of the Trojans, obtained the group of the Sporades. This island appears to permission from his friend to lead the Thessalians to have had no place which deserved the name of a city. the conflict. Achilles equipped him in his own arIt became a spot of some consequence, however, in mour, except giving him the spear called Pelias, which the early history of the church, from St. John's having no one but the hero himself could wield, and which been banished to it, and having here written his Apoc- he had received from his father Peleus, on whom Chialypse. It is the general opinion of commentators on ron had bestowed it. (Il., 16, 140, seqq.) The stratScripture, that St. John was banished to Patmos to-agem proved completely successful; and from the wards the close of the reign of Domitian. It is not known how long his captivity lasted, but it is thought that he was released on the death of Domitian, which happened A. D. 96, when he retired to Ephesus. (Iren., 2, 22, 5.- Euseb., Hist. Eccles., 3, 18.-Dio Cass., 68, 1.) A small bay on the east side, and two others on the western shore, divide Patmos into two portions, of which the southern is the more considerable. The modern name of the island is Patmo or Palmosa. It contains several churches and convents; | the principal one is dedicated to the apostle. There are also the ruins of an ancient fortress, and some other remains. (Whittington, in Walpole's Memoirs of Turkey, vol. 2, p. 43.) Dr. Clarke, in speaking of Patmos, declares that there is not a spot in the Archipelago with more of the semblance of a volcanic origin than this island. (Travels, vol. 6, p. 73, Lond. ed.) PATRE, a city of Achaia, west of Rhium, and at the opening of the Corinthian Gulf. It is said to have been built on the site of three towns, called Aroë, Anthea, and Messatis, which had been founded by the Ionians when they were in possession of the country. On their expulsion by the Achæans, the small towns above mentioned fell into the hands of Patreus, an il consternation into which the Trojans were thrown at PATULCIUS, a surname of Janus. (Vid. Janus.) tained to the highest honours of his country. His sis- | daughters, again, Æmilius was father-in-law to Marcus ter Emilia was married to P. Cornelius Scipio, the Porcius Cato, son of the censor, and to Ælius Tubero. conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the second These four young men accompanied Æmilius to the time B.C. 194; and this very year Æmilius, though he war in Macedonia, and all contributed in a marked had held no public office, was appointed one of three manner to his success. Perseus was strongly posted commissioners to conduct a colony to Crotona, in the in the range of Olympus to defend the passes from south of Italy, a city with which he might claim some Perrhæbia into Macedonia, but he allowed himself to connexion on the ground of his descent from Mamer- be out-manoeuvred. Emilius made good his passage cus, the son of Pythagoras. Two years after, at the through the mountains, and the two armies were soon age of about 36, he was elected a curule ædile in pref- in view of each other near Pydna. On the evening beerence, if we may believe Plutarch, to twelve candi- fore the battle, an officer in the Roman army, named dates of such merit that every one of them became Sulpicius, obtained the consul's permission to address afterward consuls. His ædileship was distinguished the troops upon a point which was of no little imporby many improvements in the city and neighbourhood tance in those ages. An eclipse of the moon, it was of Rome. The following year (191 B.C.) he held the known to Sulpicius, would occur that night, and he office of prætor, and in that capacity was governor of thought it prudent to prepare the soldiers for it. When the southwestern part of the Spanish peninsula, with a the eventful moment arrived, the soldiers went out, inconsiderable force under his command. The appoint- deed, to assist the moon in her labours with the usual ment was renewed the following year, but with en- clamour of their kettles and pans, nor omitted to offer larged powers, for he now bore the title of proconsul, her the light of their torches; but the scene was one of and was accompanied by double the usual number of amusement rather than fear. In the Macedonian camp, lictors. In an engagement, however, with the Lusi- on the other hand, superstition produced the usual eftani, 6000 of his men were cut to pieces, and the rest fect of horror and alarm; and on the following day the only saved behind the works of the camp. But this result of the battle corresponded to the feelings of the disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his govern- night. In a single hour the hopes of Perseus were ment, by a signal defeat of the enemy, in which 18,000 destroyed for ever. The monarch fled with scarcely a of their men were left upon the field. For this success companion, and on the third day reached Amphipolis. a public thanksgiving was voted by the senate in hon- Thence he proceeded to Samothrace, where he soon our of Emilius. Soon after he returned to Rome, after fell into the hands of the conqueror. The date and found that he had been appointed, in his absence, of the battle of Pydna has been fixed by the eclipse to one of the ten commissioners for regulating affairs in the 22d of June. Livy, indeed, assigns it to a day in that part of Western Asia which had lately been wrest- the early part of September; but it is not impossible ed by the two Scipios from Antiochus the Great. that the difference may be owing to some irregularity Æmilius was a member also of the college of augurs in the Roman calendar, which, prior to the Julian corfrom an early age, but we do not find any means of rection, must often have differed widely from the presfixing the period of his election. As a candidate for ent distribution of the year. The Romans were carethe consulship he met with repeated repulses, and only ful in recording the day of every important battle. attained that honour in 182 B.C., nine years after hold- After reducing Macedonia to the form of a Roman ing the office of prætor. During this and the following province, Emilius proceeded on his return to Epirus. year he commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded Here, under the order of the senate, he treacherously in the complete reduction of a powerful people called surprised seventy towns, and delivered up to his army the Ingauni (who have left their name in the maritime 150,000 of the inhabitants as slaves, and all their proptown of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum). A erty as plunder. On his arrival in Rome, however, public thanksgiving of three days was immediately he found in this army, with whom he was far from popvoted, and, on his return to Rome, he had the honour ular, the chief opponents to his claim to a triumph. of a triumph. For the next ten years we lose sight of This honour he at last obtained, and Perseus, with Æmilius, and at the end of this period he is only men- his young children, some of them too young to be sentioned as being selected by the inhabitants of farther sible of their situation, were paraded for three successSpain to protect their interests at Rome, an honour ive days through the streets of Rome. But the triwhich at once proved and added to his influence. It umphant general had a severe lesson from affliction in was at this period (B.C. 171) that the last Macedo- the midst of his honour. Of two sons by a second nian war commenced; and though the Romans could wife (he had long divorced Papiria), one, aged twelve, scarcely have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who died five days before the triumph, the other, aged fourinherited from his father only the shattered remains of teen, a few days after; so that he had now no son to the great Macedonian monarchy, yet three consuls, in hand down his name to posterity. Æmilius lived eight three successive years, were more than baffled by his years after his victory over Perseus, in which period arms. In B.C. 168 a second consulship, and with it we need only mention his censorship, B.C. 164. At the command against Perseus, was intrusted to Emil- his death, 160 B.C., his two sons, who had been adoptjus. He was now at least 60 years of age, but he was ed into other families, Fabius and Scipio, honoured his supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who pos- memory in the Roman fashion by the exhibition of sessed both vigour and ability. By Papiria, a lady be- funeral games; and the Adelphi of Terence, the last longing to one of the first families in Rome, he had two comedy the poet wrote, was first presented to the Rosons and three daughters. Of the sons, the elder had man public on this occasion. The fact is attested by been adopted into the house of the Fabii by the cele- the inscription still prefixed to the play. Æmilius brated opponent of Hannibal, and consequently bore the found in his grateful friend Polybius one willing and name of Quintus Fabius Maximus, with the addition of able to commemorate, perhaps to exaggerate, his virEmilianus, to mark his original connexion with the tues. Few Romans have received so favourable a house of the Æmilii. The younger, only seventeen character from history. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 1, years of age at this period, had been adopted by his p. 143.)-II. Ægineta, a medical writer. (Vid. Ægiown cousin, the son of Scipio Africanus, and was now neta.)-III. A native of Alexandrea, who wrote, A.D. called by the same name as his grandfather by adoption, 378, an Introduction to Astrology (Eioaywyǹ eiç rǹU viz., P. Cornelius Scipio, with the addition of Emil-'ATOTεheoμаTIKŃv), dedicated to his son Cronammon, iarus, as in his brother's case. The careless reader which has come down to us. We have also a body of Roman history often confounds these two persons, of scholia on this work, composed A.D. 1151. The and the more so as the younger eventually acquired author of these is called, in one of the MSS., by the the same title of Africanus. By the marriage of his apparently Arabian name of Apomasar. Another wri |