from his capital on some expedition, together with that | cording to Colonel Leake, who informs us (Travels in of his having won the prize at the Olympic games. Northern Greece, vol. 2, p. 527) that Liakura is some Philip, while preparing to invade the Persian empire, hundreds of feet higher than Paleovuna, which is the sent a considerable force into Asia as an advanced highest point of Helicon. Parnassus was covered the guard, and he chose Parmenio and Attalus as the lead-greater part of the year with snow, whence the epithet ers of the expedition. These commanders began by of "snowy" so generally applied to it by the poets. expelling the Persian garrisons from several Greek (Soph., Ed. Tyr, 473.-Eurip., Phan., 214.) When towns of Asia Minor. Parmenio took Grynæum in Brennus invaded Greece, we learn from Pausanias (10, Æolis, the inhabitants of which, having sided with the 23, 3 et 4) that it was covered with snow. Above Persians, and fought against the Macedonians, were Delphi there were two lofty rocks, from which the sold as slaves. When Alexander set out on his Asi- mountain is frequently called by the poets the twoatic expedition, Parmenio had one of the chief com- headed (dikópupos), one of which Herodotus (8, 39) mands in the army. At the head of the Thessalian cav- names Hyampea, but which were usually called Phaalry he contributed much to the victory of the Grani- driades. Between these two rocks the celebrated Cascus; and at Issus he had the command of the cavalry talian fount flows from the upper part of the mountain. on the left wing, which was placed near the seacoast, The water which oozes from the rock was in ancient and had to sustain for a time the principal attack of times introduced into a hollow square, where it was the Persians. At Arbela he advised Alexander not to retained for the use of the Pythia and the oracular give battle until he had well reconnoitred the ground. priests. The fountain is ornamented with pendant ivy, Being in command of the left wing, he was attacked and overshadowed by a large fig-tree. (Dodwell's in flank by the Persians, and was for a time in some Travels, vol. 1, p. 172.) Above the spring, at the disdanger, until Alexander, who had been successful in tance of 60 stadia from Delphi, was the Corycian cave, another part of the field, came to his assistance. Par- sacred to Pan and the Corycian nymphs, which Paumenio afterward pursued the fugitives, and took pos- sanias (10, 32, 2, 5) speaks of as superior to every session of the Persian camp, with the elephants, cam- other known cavern. (Compare Strabo, 417.) When els, and all the baggage. When Alexander marched the Persians were marching against Delphi, a part of beyond the Caspian gates in pursuit of Darius and the inhabitants took refuge in this cavern. (Herod, Bessus, he left Parmenio, who was now advanced in 8, 37.) It is described by a modern traveller (Raikes, years, in Media, at the head of a considerable force. in Walpole's Collection, &c., vol. 1, p. 312) as 330 Some time after, while Alexander was encamped at feet long and nearly 200 wide. As far as this cave Artacoana, a conspiracy is said to have been discovered the road to Delphi was accessible by horses and mules, against his life, in which Philotas, the son of Parme- but beyond it the ascent was difficult even for an acnio, was accused of being implicated. He was, in con- tive man (vdpì evšívy.— Pausan., 10, 32, 2, 5). sequence, put to the torture, and, after enduring dread- Above this cave, and near the summit of Parnassus, ful agonies, confessed, though in vague terms, that he at the distance of 80 stadia from Delphi (Pausan, 10, had conspired against the life of Alexander, and that 32, 6) was the town of Tithorea or Neon, the ruins of his father Parmenio was cognizant of it. This being which are near the modern village of Velitza. (Enconsidered sufficient evidence, Philotas was stoned to cycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 284, seq.)-II. A son of death, and Alexander despatched a messenger to Me- Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain of Phocis. dia, with secret orders to Cleander and other officers who were serving under Parmenio, to put their commander to death. The unsuspecting veteran, while conversing with his officers, was run through the body by Cleander. This is the substance of the account of Curtius (lib. 6 et 7). Arrian's account is somewhat different (lib. 3). Whatever may be thought of the trial and execution of Philotas, and it appears to have been at least a summary and unsatisfactory proceeding, the murder of Parmenio, and the manner of it, form one of the darkest blots in Alexander's character. Parmenio was evidently sacrificed in cold blood to what have been styled, in after ages, reasons of state." He was seventy years of age; he had lost two sons in the campaigns of Alexander, and Philotas was the last one remaining to him. Parmenio appears PAROPAMISUS, a province of India, the eastern limit to have been a steady, brave, and prudent command- of which, in Alexander's time, was the river Cophenes. er. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 283, seq.) According to the ideas of Ptolemy, it lay between the PARNASSUS (IIapvacoós), I. the name of a mount-countries which the moderns name Khorasan and Caain-chain in Phocis, which extends in a northeasterly direction from the country of the Locri Ozole to Mount Eta, and in a southwesterly direction through the middle of Phocis, till it joins Mount Helicon on the borders of Boeotia. Strabo (316) says that Parnassus divided Phocis into two parts; but the name was more usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon which Delphi was situated. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, it was anciently called Larnassus, because the ark or larnax of Deucalion landed here after the flood. (Compare Ovid, Met., 1, 318.) Pausanias (10, 6, 1) derives the name from Parnassus, the son of Neptune and Cleodora. It is called at the present day Liakura. Parnassus is the highest mountain in Central Greece. Strabo (379) says that it could be seen from the Acrocorinthus in Corinth, and also states (409) that it was of the same height as Mount Helicon ; but in the latter point he was mistaken, ac

PARNES (gen. -ētis), a mountain of Attica, north of Athens, famous for its wines. It was the highest mountain in the whole country, rising on the northern frontier, and being connected with Pentelicus to the south, and towards Boeotia with Citharon. Pausanias says (1, 32) that on Mount Parnes were a statue of Jupiter Parnethius, and an altar of Jupiter Semaleus. It abounded with wild boars and bears. (Pausan, I. c.— Pliny, 11, 37.) The modern name is Notes. "Mount Parnes is intermingled," says Dodwell," with a multiplicity of glens, crags, and well-wooded rocks and precipices, and richly diversified with scenery which is at once grand and picturesque: its summit commands a view over a vast extent of country.” (Tour, vol. 1, p. 504.)

bul, and it answers to the tract between Herat and Cabul. This province was separated from Bactria by a range of mountains also called Paropamisus, now Hendu Khos, and which formed part of the great chain of Imaus. (Vid. Imaus.-Mela, 1, 15.—Plin., 6, 17.)

PAROS, now Paro, one of the Cyclades, to the south of Delos, at the distance of about seven and a half miles. It was said to have been first peopled by the Cretans and Arcadians. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Пapos.) Its early prosperity is evinced by the colonies it established at Thasus and on the shores of the Hellespont. (Thucydides, 4, 104.—Strabo, 487.) During the time of the Persian war, we are told that it was the most flourishing and important of the Cyclades. (Ephor., ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. Пápoç. — Herod., 5, 28, seqq.) After the battle of Marathon it was besieged in vain by Miltiades for twenty-six days, and thus proved the cause of his disgrace. (Herod., 6

134.) The Parians, according to the historian just cuted in the marble of Pentelicus. But the finest cited, did not take part with the Persians in the battle Grecian sculpture which has been preserved to the of Salamis, but kept aloof near Cythnus, awaiting the present time, is generally of Parian marble. The issue of the action. (Herod., 8, 67.) Themistocles, Medicean Venus, the Belvidere Apollo, the Antihowever, subsequently imposed upon them a heavy nous, and many other celebrated works, are made o fine. (Herod., 8, 112.) Paros was famed for its mar-it; notwithstanding the preference which was so earble. The quarries were on Mount Marpessa. (Virg.,ly bestowed upon the Pentelican; and this is easiEn., 6, 470.-Pind., Nem., 4, 131.-Virg., Georg., ly explained. While the works executed in Parian 3, 34.-Hor., Od., 1, 19, 5.—Steph. Byz., s. v. Máp- marble retain, with all the delicate softness of wax, πησσα.) Some remarks on the Parian marble will the mild lustre even of their original polish, those be offered below. -Paros was the birthplace of the which were finished in Pentelican marble have been poet Archilochus. (Strabo, l. c. Fabr., Bibl. Gr., decomposed, and sometimes exhibit a surface as vol. 2, p. 107.)—It was in Paros that the famous earthy and as rude as common limestone. This is marble was disinterred, known by the name of the Pa- principally owing to veins of extraneous substances rian Chronicle, from its having been kept in this isl- which intersect the Pentelican quarries, and which and. It is a chronological account of the principal appear more or less in all the works executed in this events in Grecian, and particularly in Athenian, his- kind of marble. The fracture of Pentelican marble tory, during a period of 1318 years, from the reign of is sometimes splintery, and partakes of the foliated Cecrops, B.C. 1450, to the archonship of Diognetus, texture of the schistus, which traverses it; conseB.C. 264. But the chronicle of the last 90 years was quently, it has a tendency to exfoliate, like cipolino, lost, so that the part now remaining ends at the ar- by spontaneous decomposition. We descended into chonship of Diotimus, B.C. 354. The authenticity the quarry, whence not a single block of marble has of this chronicle has been called in question by Mr. been removed since the island fell into the hands of Robertson, who, in 1788, published a "Dissertation the Turks; and perhaps it was abandoned long before, on the Parian Chronicle." His objections, however, as might be conjectured from the ochreous colour by have been ably and fully discussed, and the authen- which all the exterior surface of the marble is now ticity of this ancient document has been fully vindi- invested. We seemed, therefore, to view the grotto cated by Porson, in his review of Robertson's essay. exactly in the state in which it had been left by the (Monthly Review, January, 1789, p. 690.-Porson's ancients: all the cavities, cut with the greatest nicety, Tracts, ed. Kidd, p. 57, seqq.-Consult also the En- showed to us, by the sharpness of their edges, the cyclopædia Metropolitana, Art. "Arundelian Mar- number and the size of all the masses of Parian marbles.") The chronicle is given, with an English ver- ble which had been removed for the sculptors of ansion, in Hale's Analysis of Chronology (vol. I, p. 107, cient Greece. If the stone had possessed the softseqq.)-The following very interesting account of the ness of potter's clay, and had been cut by wires, it quarries and marbles of Paros is given by Dr. Clarke. could not have been separated with greater nicety, This day we set out upon mules for the ancient evenness, and economy. The most evident care was quarries of the famous Parian marble, which are sit- everywhere displayed, that there should be no waste uate about a league to the east of the town, upon the of this precious marble: the larger squares and parsummit of a mountain, nearly corresponding in altitude allelograms corresponded, as a mathematician would with the situation of the Grotto of Antiparos. The express it, by a series of equimultiples, with the smallmountain in which the quarries are situate is now er, in such a manner that the remains of the entire called Capresso: there are two of these quarries. vein of marble, by its dipping inclination, resembled When we arrived at the first, we found in the mouth the degrees or seats of a theatre.-We quitted the of the quarry heaps of fragments detached from the larger quarry, and visited another somewhat less eleinterior: they were tinged, by long exposure to the vated. Here, as if the ancients had resolved to mark air, with a reddish, ochreous hue; but, upon being for posterity the scene of their labours, we observed broken, exhibited the glittering sparry fracture which an ancient bas-relief on the rock. It is the same often characterizes the remains of Grecian sculpture: which Tournefort describes (Voy. du Lev., vol. 1, p. and in this we instantly recognised the beautiful mar- 239), although he erred in describing the subject of ble, which is generally named, by way of distinction, it. It is a more curious relic than is commonly supthe Parian, although the same kind of marble is also posed. It represents, in three departments, a festifound in Thasos. The marble of Naxos only differs val of Silenus, mistaken by Tournefort for Bacchus. from the Thasian and Parian in exhibiting a more ad- It has never been observed that Pliny mentions the vanced state of crystallization. The peculiar excel- image of Silenus in this bas-relief as a natural curioslence of the Parian is extolled by Strabo; and it pos- ity, and one of the marvels of ancient Greece. The sesses some valuable qualities unknown even to the figure of Silenus was accidentally discovered, as a ancients, who spoke so highly in its praise. These lusus naturæ, in splitting the rock, and the other parts qualities are, that of hardening by exposure to atmo- of the bas-relief were adjusted by the hand of art. spheric air (which, however, is common to all homo- Such a method of heightening and improving any geneous limestone), and the consequent property of casual effect of this kind has been very common in all resisting decomposition through a series of ages; and countries, especially where the populace are to be dethis, rather than the supposed preference given to the luded by some supposed prodigy and thus the cause Parian marble by the ancients, may be considered as is explained why this singular piece of sculpture, so the cause of its prevalence among the remains of Gre- rudely executed, yet remains as a part of the natural cian sculpture. That the Parian marble was highly rock. 'A wonderful circumstance,' says Pliny, 'is and deservedly extolled by the Romans, is well related of the Parian quarries. The mass of entire known but in a very early period, when the arts had stone being separated by the wedges of the workmen, attained their full splendour in the age of Pericles, the there appeared within it an effigy of Silenus' (36, 5). preference was given by the Greeks, not to the mar- In the existence of this bas-relief as an integral part ble of Paros, but to that of Mount Pentelicus, because of the natural rock, and in the allusion made to it by it was whiter; and also, perhaps, because it was found Pliny, we have sufficient proof that these were ancient in the immediate vicinity of Athens. The Parthenon quarries; consequently, they are the properest places was built entirely of Pentelican marble. Many of the to resort to for the identical stone whose colour was Athenian statues, and of the works carried on near considered as pleasing to the gods (Plato, de Leg., Athens during the administration of Pericles (as, for 12, p. 296), which was used by Praxiteles (Propert., example, the temple of Ceres at Eleusis), were exe-3, 7, 16.—Quintil., 2, 19) and by other illustrious

Grecian sculptors, and celebrated for its whiteness | place, celebrated his father, and pretended that in himby Pindar (Nem., 4, 262) and by Theocritus (6, 38). self the art of painting had attained to perfection. He We collected several specimens: in breaking them likewise declared himself to be descended from Apollo, we observed the same whiteness and brilliant fracture and carried his arrogance so far as to dedicate his own which characterizes the marble of Naxos, but with a portrait in a temple as Mercury, and thus receive the particular distinction before mentioned, the Parian adoration of the multitude. (Themist., 14.) He wore marble being harder, having a closer grain, and a less a purple robe and a golden garland; he carried a staff foliated texture. Three different stages of crystal-wound round with tendrils of gold, and his sandals lization may be observed, by comparing the three dif- were bound with golden straps. (Elian, V. H., 9, ferent kinds of marble dug at Carrara in Italy, in Pa- 11.) It appears, therefore, that Pliny was right in ros, and in Naxos: the Carrara marble being milk-styling him the most insolent and most arrogant of white, and less crystalline than the Parian; and the artists. (Pliny, 35, 10, 36.) The branch of art in Parian whiter, and less crystallized than the Naxian." which Parrhasius eminently excelled was a beautiful (Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 133, seqq., Lond. ed.)-outline, as well in form as execution, particularly in Parian marble has been frequently confounded not the extremities, for, says Pliny, when compared with only with Carrara marble, but also with alabaster, himself, the intermediate parts were inferior. The though differing altogether in nature from the latter fault here censured consisted, according to Fuseli, in substance, and in character from the former. The an affectation of smoothness bordering on insipidity, true Parian marble has generally somewhat of a faint in something effeminately voluptuous, which absorbed bluish tinge among the white, and often has blue the character of his bodies and the idea of elastic vigveins in different parts of it. (Elme's Dict. of the our; and this Euphranor seems to have hinted at, Fine Arts, s. v.) when, on comparing his own Theseus with that of ParPARRHASII, a people of Arcadia, apparently on the rhasius, he pronounced the Ionian's to have fed on Laconian frontier; but the extent and position of their roses, his own on beef: emasculate softness was not, territory is not precisely determined. Thucydides in his opinion, the proper companion of the contour, says their district was under the subjection of Manti- nor flowery freshness of colour an adequate substitute nea, and near Sciritis of Laconia (5, 33). But Pau- for the sterner tints of heroic form. One of the most sanias seems rather to assign the Parrhasii a more celebrated works of Parrhasius was his allegorical figwestern situation; for he names as their towns Lyco-ure of the Athenian people or Demos. Pliny says sura, Thocnias, Trapezus, Acacesium, Macarea, and that it represented and expressed, in an equal degree, Dasea, all of which were to the west and northwest of all the good and bad qualities of the Athenians at the Megalopolis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 350.) same time; one might trace the changeable, the irritaPARRHASIUS, a celebrated painter, son and pupil of ble, the kind, the unjust, the forgiving, the vain-glonEvenor, and a native of Ephesus, but who became ous, the proud, the humble, the fierce, and the timid. eventually a citizen of Athens, having been presented How all these contrasting and counteracting qualities with the freedom of that place. (Plut., Vit. Thes., could have been represented at the same time, it is 4-Junius, Catal., p. 142.) The period when he difficult to conceive. If we are to suppose it to have flourished admits of some discussion. From a passage been a single figure, it is very certain that it could not in Pliny (35, 9, 36) it would appear to have been have been such as Pliny has described it; for, except about the 96th Olympiad; and Quintilian (12, 10) by symbols, it is totally incompatible with the means places Parrhasius and Zeuxis about the time of the of art. "We know," observes Fuseli," that the perPeloponnesian war, producing, in support of this opin- sonification of the Athenian Demos was an object of ion, the well-known conversation of the former artist sculpture, and that its images by Lyson and Leochares with Socrates. (Xen., Mem., 3, 10.) Now Socrates were publicly set up; but there is no clew to decide died in the first year of the 95th Olympiad, and this whether they preceded or followed the conceit of Pardate fully accords with the year to which Parrhasius rhasius." Pliny enumerates many other works of is assigned by Pliny. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)- this eminent painter; and he mentions a contest beParrhasius raised the art of painting to perfection in tween him and Timanthes of Cythnus, in which the all that is exalted and essential. He compared his three former was beaten. The subject of the picture was great predecessors with one another, rejected what the contest between Ulysses and Ajax: and the proud was exceptionable, and adopted what was admirable painter, indignant at the decision of the judges, is said in each. The classic invention of Polygnotus, the to have remarked, that the unfortunate son of Telamon magic tone of Apollodorus, and the exquisite design was for a second time, in the same cause, defeated of Zeuxis, were all united in the works of Parrhasius; by an unworthy rival. (Athenæus, 12, p. 543.) Piny what they had produced in practice, he reduced to records also a trial of skill between Parrhasius and theory. He so circumscribed and defined, says Quin- Zeuxis (rid. Zeuxis), in which the latter allowed his tilian (12, 10), all the powers and objects of art, that grapes to have been surpassed by the curtain of the he was termed the legislator: and all contemporary former: "this contest," remarks Fuseli, "if not a and subsequent artists adopted his standard of divine frolic, was an effort of puerile dexterity."-The story and heroic proportions. Parrhasius gave, in fact, to told by Seneca of Parrhasius having crucified an old the divine and heroic character in painting what Poly- Olynthian captive when about to paint a "Promecletus had given to the human in sculpture, by his Do- theus chained," that he might seize from nature the ryphorus, namely, a canon of proportion. Phidias had true expression of bodily agony, cannot relate to this discovered in the nod of the Homeric Jupiter the char- Parrhasius, and is probably a fiction: it is nowhere acteristic of majesty, inclination of the head: this hint- to be found but in the "Controversies" (5, 10) of the ed to him a higher elevation of the neck behind, a bolder preceptor of Nero. Olynthus was taken by Philip in protrusion of the front, and the increased perpendicu- the second year of the 108th Olympiad, or B.C. 347, lar of the profile. To this conception Parrhasius fixed which is nearly half a century later than the latest aca maximum; that point from which descends the ul- counts we have of Parrhasius. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., timate line of celestial beauty, the angle within which vol. 17, p. 287.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.— -Fuseli, moves whatever is inferior, beyond which what is por- Lecture on Ancient Art, p. 40, seqq.) tentous.-Parrhasius himself was aware of his own PARTHENIÆ, a name given at one period to a cerability he assumed the appellation of the "Elegant" tain class of persons at Sparta, whose history is as ("Abpodíairos), and styled himself the "Prince of follows: The absence from home to which the LacePainters." He also wrote an epigram upon himself dæmonians had bound themselves, during the first (Athen., 12, p. 543), in which he proclaimed his birth-Messenian war (vid. Messenia), became, by the pro

PARTHENIUS, I. a river of Asia Minor, forming the

traction of the contest, an evil threatening the exist- | the territory of Troas. (Xen., Anah., 7, 8.—Plin., ence of the state, no children being born to supply the 5, 30.) waste of war and natural decay. The remedy said to have been adopted was a strange one, highly charac-boundary between Paphlagonia and Bithynia, and fallteristic of Lacedæmon, and such as no other people ing into the Euxine to the southwest of Amastris. would have used. The young men who had come to Strictly speaking, it separates Bithynia from Paphlamaturity since the beginning of the war were free gonia only in the lower part of its course, being elsefrom the oath which had been taken, and they were where considerably within the limits of the latter sent home to cohabit promiscuously with the marriage- country. The modern Greek inhabitants in this quarable virgins. But even at Sparta this expedient in ter call it the Bartin; the Turkish name is the Dosome degree ran counter to the popular feelings. lap. (Apoll. Rhod., 2, 938.-Xen., Anab., 6, 2.) When the war was ended, and the children of this ir- The Greek name of this river was very probably a regular intercourse, called Partheniæ (filii virginum), corruption of the original appellation, or, rather, an had attained to manhood, they found themselves, adaptation of it to a Grecian ear; and the name Parthough bred in all the discipline of Lycurgus, becom- thenes (IIapoévns, Anon. Peripl., p. 8) would seem ing every day more and more slighted. Their spirit to be an intermediate form. The Greeks, who were was high, and a conspiracy was accordingly formed by never at a loss for explanations derived from their them against the state, in conjunction with the Helots; national mythology, made the strean obtain its title but the public authorities, aware of the existence of of Parthenius (Virgin's River) from the circumstance disaffection among them, obtained information of all of Diana's having delighted to bathe in its pure waters their plans, by means of certain individuals whom they and hunt along its banks. (Apoll. Rhod., l. c.—Schol. had caused to join the Parthenia, and to pretend to ad Apoll. Rhod., l. c.-Steph. Byz., s. v. —. -Anon. be friendly to their views. The festival of the Hya- Peripl., p. 70.)-II. A mountain in Arcadia, forming cinthia was selected by the conspirators as the day for the limit between that country and Argolis, and lying action; and it was arranged, that when Phalanthus, their to the east of Tegea. (Strabo, 376.-Pausan., 8, 6, leader, should place his felt-cap upon his head, this-Liv., 34, 26.) It was on this mountain that Pan was to be the signal for commencing. The appointed was said to have appeared to Phidippides, the Athetime arrived, and the festival had begun, when a pub-nian courier, who was sent to Sparta to solicit succour lic crier coming forth, made proclamation, in the name against the Persians. (Herod., 6, 107.-Apollod., 2, of the magistrates, that "Phalanthus should not put 7, 4.) It still retains the name of Partheni. (Crahis felt-cap on his head” (μǹ av πeρibeīvai kuvñv Þá-mer's Anc. Grecce, vol. 3, p. 294.)—III. A river of Aavlov). The Parthenia immediately perceived that Elis, to the east of the Harpinates, and, like it, a tribtheir plot was discovered, and were soon after sent off utary of the Alpheus. On its banks lay the town of in a colony, under the guidance of Phalanthus, and Epina. (Pausan., 6, 21.-Strab., 356.)-IV. A nafounded the city of Tarentum in Italy. (Strab., 279.) tive of Nicæa, in Asia Minor, taken prisoner by Cinna It is more than probable that so much of this story as in the war with Mithradates (B.C. 81), and brought to relates to the oath taken by the Spartans, and the Rome, where he instructed Virgil in Greek. Suidas sending home of their young men, is a mere fiction. states that he lived till the time of the Emperor TibeOn the other hand, however, it would seem that the rius. The same lexicographer informs us that he emergencies of the state had actually induced the gained his freedom on account of his learning. Spartans to relax the rigour of their principles, by the numerous works written by Parthenius, only one permitting marriages between Spartan women and now remains. Its title is Iepi éрwτiкŵv пabημáτwv Laconians of inferior condition. Theopompus (ap. ("Of Amatory Affections"), and it is addressed to CorAthen., 6, p. 271) says, that certain of the Helots nelius Gallus, the elegiac poet. It is a collection of were selected for this purpose, who were afterward thirty-six erotic tales, all of a melancholy cast. At admitted to the franchise under a peculiar name (Teú- the period when he wrote, the corruption of taste had VaKTO). Still, however, even supposing that the not, as yet, become strongly marked, and hence he may number of the Spartans was thus increased by a con- almost be regarded as one of the classic Greek writers. siderable body of new citizens, drawn from the servile Virgil and Ovid have imitated him. He has preserv or the subject class of Laconians, or from the issue of ed for us some interesting extracts from various anmarriages formed between such persons and Spartan cient poets, especially those of the elegiac class; as, women, it would nevertheless remain to be explain- for example, Alexander the Ætolian, and Euphorion ed, how this act of wise liberality could be connected of Chalcis. (Le Beau, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., with that discontent, which is uniformly mentioned, &c., vol. 34, p. 63, seqq.) The ancients cite other certainly not without some historical ground, as the works of Parthenius, such as his Metamorphoses, occasion of the migration to Tarentum. And this which, perhaps, first suggested to Ovid the idea of seems inexplicable, unless we suppose that a distinc-his mythological poem. If any reliance is to be placed tion was made between the new and the old citizens, which provoked a part of the former to attempt a revolution, and compelled the government to adopt one of the usual means of getting rid of disaffected and turbulent subjects. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 353.) PARTHENIUM MARE, a name sometimes given to that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the right of Egypt. It was also called Isiacum Mare. (Amm. Marcell., 14, 8.- Id., 22, 15.) _Gregory Nazianzen styles the sea around Cyprus Παρθενικὸν πέλαγος. (Or., 19.)

PARTHENIUM, I. the southwestern extremity of the Tauric Chersonese. It received its name (Пapoéviov akpwτhρlov, "Virgin's Promontory") from Iphigenia's having been fabled to have offered up here her human sacrifices to the Tauric Diana. It is now called Felenk Bournon, and on it stands the monastery of St. George. (Plin., 4, 12.-Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 828.)—II. A city of Mysia, in

Of

on a marginal note in a Milan manuscript, the Moretum of Virgil is a mere imitation of one of the poems of Parthenius. (Voss, de Poet. Gr., p. 70.) The best edition of this writer is that of Passow, Lips., 1830, 12mo. There is only one MS. of Parthenius (Bast, Epist. Crit., p. 168, 208), from which the early editions often depart without any necessity. Passow has made this MS. the basis of his edition. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 42, seqq.)

PARTHENON, a celebrated temple at Athens, on the summit of the Acropolis, and sacred to Minerva, the virgin-goddess (raplévos, "Virgin"). It occupied the site of an older temple, also dedicated to Minerva, and which was denominated Hecatompedon ('EkaтóμTEdov), from its having been one hundred feet square. This earlier temple was destroyed in the Persian invasion, and the splendid structure of the Parthenon, enlarged and modelled after a more perfect plan, arose in its place. In beauty and grandeur it surpassed all

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other buildings of the kind, and was constructed en- | left, raised on a high base, a huge statue of bronze, tirely of Pentelic marble. It was built during the the labour of Phidias. It is seventy feet in height, splendid era of Pericles, and the expense of its erec- and looks towards the west, upon the Areopagus, tion was estimated at six thousand talents. The ar- the Agora, and the Pnyx, and far away over the Egechitects were Ietinus and Callistratus, and the work an Sea. It is armed with a long spear and oval was adorned with sculptures from the hand of Phidias shield, and bears a helmet on its head; the point of and his scholars. The following animated descrip- the lance and the crest of the casque, appearing above tion, by a modern scholar, may afford some idea of the loftiest building of the Acropolis, are visible to the appearance presented by this splendid edifice in the sailor who approaches Athens from Sunium. the days of its glory.-"Let us here suppose our-is Minerva Promachus, the champion of Athens, who, selves as joining that splendid procession of minstrels, looking down from her lofty eminence in the citapriests, and victims, of horsemen and of chariots, del, seems, by her attitude and her accoutrements, to wh.ch ascended the Acropolis at the quinquennial so- promise protection to the city beneath her, and to lemnity of the great Panathenæa. Aloft, above the bid defiance to its enemies. Passing onward to the heads of the train, the sacred Peplus, raised and right, we arrive in front of the great marble temple, stretched like a sail upon a mast, waves in the air: it which stands on the most elevated ground of the is variegated with an embroidered tissue of battles, of Acropolis. We see eight Doric columns of huge digiants, and of gods: it will be carried to the temple mensions elevated on a platform, ascended by three of the Minerva Polias in the citadel, whose statue it steps at its western front. It has the same number of is intended to adorn. In the bright season of sum-columns on the east, and seventeen on each side. At mer, on the twenty-eighth day of the Athenian month either end, above the eight columns, is a lofty pediHecatombæon, let us mount with this procession to ment, extending to a length of eighty feet, and furthe western slope of the Acropolis. Towards the ter-nished with nearly twenty figures of superhuman size. mination of its course we are brought in face of a The group which we see before us, at the western colossal fabric of white marble, which crowns the end, represents the contest of Minerva with Neptune brow of the steep, and stretches itself from north to for the soil of Athens; the other, above the eastern south across the whole western part of the citadel, front, exhibits the birth of the Athenian goddess. Bewhich is about 170 feet in breadth. The centre of neath the cornice, which ranges on all sides of the this fabric consists of a portico 60 feet broad, and temple, is the frieze, divided into compartments by an formed of six fluted columns of the Doric order, raised alternating series of triglyphs and metopes, the latter upon four steps, and intersected by a road passing of which are ninety-two in number, namely, fourteen through the midst of the columns, which are 30 feet in on either front, and thirty-two on each flank; they are height, and support a noble pediment. From this por- a little more than four feet square, and are occupied tico two wings project about 30 feet to the west, each by one or more figures in high relief; they represent having three columns on the side nearest the portico the actions of the goddess, to whom the temple is in the centre. The architectural mouldings of the dedicated, and of the heroes, especially those that fabric glitter in the sun with brilliant tints of red and were natives of Athens, who fought under her protecblue in the centre the coffers of its soffits are span- tion and conquered by her assistance. They are the gled with stars, and the ante of the wings are fringed works of Phidias and his scholars; and, together with with an azure embroidery of ivy-leaf. We pass along the pediments at the two fronts, may be regarded as the avenue lying between the two central columns of offering a history in sculpture of the most remarkable the portico, and through a corridor leading from it, and subjects contained in the mythology of Athens. Atformed by three Ionic columns on each hand, and are tached to the temple, beneath each of the metopes on brought in front of five doors of bronze; the central the eastern front, hang round shields covered with one, which is the loftiest and broadest, being imme- gold; below them are inscribed the names of those diately before us. This structure which we are de- who dedicated them as offerings to Minerva, in testiscribing is the Propylæa, or vestibule of the Athenian mony of their gratitude for the victories they had won; citadel. It is built of Pentelic marble. In the year the spoils of which they shared with her, as she parB.C. 437 it was commenced, and was completed by took in the labours which achieved them. The memthe architect Mnesicles in five years from that time. bers of the building above specified are enriched with Its termination, therefore, coincides very nearly with a profusion of vivid colours, which throw around the the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. We fabric a joyful and festive beauty, admirably harmoniwill now imagine that the great bronze doors of zing with the brightness and transparency of the atwhich we have spoken are thrown back upon their mosphere that encircles it. The cornice of the pedihinges, to admit the riders and charioteers, and all ments is decorated with painted ovoli and arrows; that long and magnificent array of the Panathenaic coloured meanders twine along its annulets and beads; procession, which stretches back from this spot to the and honeysuckle ornaments wind beneath them; the area of the Agora, at the western foot of the citadel. pediments themselves are studded with disks of various We behold through this vista the Interior of the Athe-hues; the triglyphs of the frieze are-streaked with tints nian Acropolis. We pass under the gateway before and enter its precincts, surrounded on all sides by massive walls we tread the soil on which the greatest men of the ancient world have walked, and behold buildings ever admired and imitated, but never equalled in beauty. We behold before and around us almost a city of statues, raised upon marble pedestals, the works of noble sculptors, of Phidias and Polycletus, of Alcamenes, and Praxiteles, and Myron; and commemorating the virtues of benefactors of Athens, or representing the objects of her worship: we see innumerable altars dedicated to heroes and gods; we perceive large slabs of white marble inscribed with the records of Athenian history, with civil contracts and articles of peace, with memorials of honours awarded to patriotic citizens or munificent strangers. Proceeding a little farther, we have, on our

us,

terminate in plate-bands and gutte of azure dye; gilded festoons hang on the architrave below them. It would, therefore, be a very erroneous idea to regard this temple which we are describing merely as the best school of architecture in the world. It was also the noblest museum of sculpture, and the richest gallery of painting. We ascend by three steps, which lead to the door of the temple at the posticum or west end, and stand beneath the roof of the peristyle. Here, before the end of the cella, and also at the pronaos or eastern front, is a range of six columns, standing upon a level raised above that of the peristyle by two steps. The cella itself is entered by one door at the west and another at the east: it is divided into two compartments of unequal size, by a wall running from north to south; of which, the western or smaller chamber is called the Opisthodomus, and serves as