fragments found in the collection of the works of Theocritus, but which others attribute to Pisander. Both parties, however, agree in regarding them as worthy of a writer of the first merit, and above the strength of Theocritus. Hermann, however, does not adopt this opinion. He recognises, it is true, in these pieces an imitation of Homer; but he discovers in the prosody certain licenses which were unknown to the epic poets, and only introduced by the bucolic ones. (Orphica, ed. Hermann, p. 691.) Besides, these pieces are writ-od. Sic., 18, 3.) It subsequently formed part of the ten in Doric, whereas Panyasis made use of the Ionic dialect. According to Suidas, he also composed Elegies entitled 'Iwuka. There exist, likewise, some other fragments of Panyasis. They are all found in the collections of Winterton, Gaisford, and Boissonade. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 121.-Müller, Die Dorier, vol. 2, p. 471, German work.) PAPHIA, I. a surname of Venus, because worshipped at Paphos.-II, An ancient name of the island of Cyprus. but they appear in later times, like several other na- PAPHLAGONIA (Пapλayovía), a province of Asia Minor, also called Pylæmenia, according to Pliny (6, 2). It was bounded on the north by the Euxine, on the south by the part of Phrygia afterward called Galatia, on the cast by Pontus, and on the west by Bithynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the river Parthenius, and from Pontus by the Halys, which was also its eastern boundary in the time of Herodotus (1, 6). Paphlagonia is described by Xenophon (Anab., 5, 6, 6) as a country having very beautiful plains and very high mountains. It is traversed by two chains of mountains running parallel to one another from west to east. The higher and more southerly of these chains, called Olgassys by Ptolemy, is a continuation of the great mountain chain which extends from the Hellespont to Armenia, and was known to the ancients under the names of Ida and Temnon in Mysia, and Olympus in the neighbourhood of Prusias. Strabo, however, appears to give the name of Olgassys to the chain of mountains in the northern part of Paphlagonia, on which the Paphlagonians had built many tem- PAPHOS, I. Palæpaphos (Old Paphos), a very anples. The country between these two chains is drain- cient city of Cyprus, on the southwestern side of the ed by the Amnias, which flows into the Halys. The island, situate on a rising ground near the little river only river of importance, besides the Amnias and the Bocarus. (Hesych., s. v. Bukapos.) Strabo places Halys, was the Parthenius, which is said by Xenophon it ten stadia from the coast. It was peculiarly to be impassable (Anab., 5, 6, 9). In the neighbour- famed for the worship of Venus, who was fabled to hood of Pompeiopolis, in the central part of the prov-have been wafted hither after her birth amid the ince, was a mountain called Sandaracurgium, where, according to Strabo (562), sandaraca was obtained in mines, which were worked by criminals, who died in great numbers on account of the unhealthiness of the labour. The sandaraca spoken of by Strabo was probably the same as sinopis, which was a kind of red ochre, obtained by the Greeks from Sinope, from which place it derived its name.-The Paphlagonians are said by Homer (Il., 2, 851, seq.) to have come to the assistance of the Trojans under the command of Pylæmenes, from the country of the Heneti. This mention of the Heneti in connexion with the Paphlagonians seems to have puzzled some of the ancient writers. Several explanations of the passage were given; but the one which appeared most probable to Strabo (544) was, that the Heneti were a Paphlagonian people, who followed Pylæmenes to Troy, and after the death of their leader emigrated to Thrace, and at length wandered to Italy, where they settled under the name of Veneti. Pliny (6, 2) also connects the Heneti of Homer with the Veneti of Italy, upon the authority of Cornelius Nepos. Few modern critics, however, will be disposed to attach much credit to a rambling story of this kind, which seems to have arisen merely from the similarity of the two names. (Vid. Veneti.)-The Paphlagonians were subdued by Croesus. (Herod., 1, 28.) They afterward formed a part of the Persian empire, and were governed by a satrap in the reign of Darius Hystaspis (Herod., 7, 72); waves. (Mela, 2, 7.-Tacitus, Hist., 2, 3.) The Grecian writers give, as the founder of the place, Cinyras the son of Apollo, or Paphos the son of Cinyras, about the time of the Trojan war. Apollodorus also makes Cinyras to have been a Syrian monarch (3, 14.-Compare Heyne, ad loc. Obs., p. 325). Tacitus makes it to have been founded by Aërias; at least he names him as the founder of the temple; he adds, however, that a later tradition assigns the origin of the temple to Cinyras. (Hist., 2, 3.-Ann., 3, 62.) Eusebius carries back the founding of the city to the time of the Hebrew Gideon. (Chron., n. 590.)—The Phoenician or Syrian origin of the place was clearly shown by the worship established here; for Venus Urania was here adored under the same attributes and with the same licentiousness as the Syrian goddess at Ascalon, Einesa, and elsewhere in that country. The effigy of the goddess was not of human shape. She was represented under the form of a white, round, conical stone. (Tyrius Max. Diss., 38.-Tacit., Hist., 2, 3.- Clem. Alex., protrept, 29, seqq.) The office of high-priest was next in rank to the regal dignity. The worship of the goddess continued long after the ancient city was completely sunk in importance, and had been supplanted by the Paphos of later origin. Annual processions were still made to the earlier temple, which was regarded as the most sacred of any, and acquired great fame by an oracle connected with it.— -Pococke found many ruins on this ancient site. the deceased, in order to excuse his barbarity in the eyes of the senate and people. With this mandate the prefect not only refused to comply, but he nobly observed that it was easier to commit a parricide than to excuse it, and that slander of innocence was a second parricide. Caracalla, enraged by this refu sal, secretly induced the prætorian guards to mutiny, and demand their leader's head; and, apparently to satisfy them, Papinian was executed in 212, and his body dragged through the streets of Rome. The reputation of Papinian as a lawyer was so high, that Valentinian III. ordered that, whenever the opinions of the judges were divided, Papinian's should be followed. The Roman law-students, too, when they had reached the third year of their studies (the whole number of years being five), were called Papinianists (Papinianista), and a festival was celebrated on the occasion of commencing his work. Papinian composed several works, among which were twentyseven books of "Questions on the Law;" nineteen of "Responses" or "Opinions;" two of "Definitions;" two upon "Adultery;" and one upon the "Laws of Ediles.' Extracts from all his works are found in the "Digest." (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 285.) (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 584, segg.)—II. | having brutally murdered his brother Geta, enjoined Neapaphos (New Paphos), a city of Cyprus, on the on Papinian to compose a discourse in accusation of western coast of the island, and north of Palæpaphos. According to Strabo (683), the distance between the two places was sixty stadia, while the Peutinger Tables give eleven miles. The place had a good harbour, was adorned with handsome temples, and was the capital of a separate principality. (Diod. Sic., 20, 21.) Under the Roman sway, it was the chief city of the whole western coast. Strabo and Pausanias (8, 5) make the Arcadian Agapenor to have been the founder of the place, having been driven hither by a storm on his return from Troy. Stephanus of Byzantium asserts, that the previous name of this city was Erythra; and, if he be correct, Agapenor could only have enlarged and strengthened it. Paphos suffered severely from earthquakes, and particularly from one in the reign of Augustus. That emperor not only aided the suffering inhabitants, but also directed the city, when rebuilt, to be called by his name. The earlier appellation, however, eventually prevailed. Strabo and Ptolemy make no mention of any Augusta, but merely of a city called Paphos. It appears from Tacitus, that the worship of Venus was yet remaining in the reign of Titus, who visited Paphos, and made many inquiries about the rites and customs of the place. (Tacit., Hist., 2, 2.—Id., Ann., 3, 62. -Sueton., Vit. Tit. 5.) Paphos appears in later writings, both civil and ecclesiastical, as an episcopal town, and one of the most noted in the island. The site is yet marked by some ruins, and the name of Baffo serves sufficiently to attest their identity. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 376.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 585.) For an account of the remains of antiquity in this quarter, consult Turner's Tour in the Levant, vol. 2, p. 557. PAPIA LEX, I. de peregrinis, by C. Papius Celsus, tribune of the commons, A.U.C. 638, which required that all foreigners should depart from Rome, excepting those who were inhabitants of Italia Propria. (Dio Cass., 37, 9.-Cic., de Off., 3, 11.-Heinecc., Antiq. Rom., p. 345, ed. Haubold)-II. Another, called Papia Poppaa, because it was proposed by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762. It was passed at the desire of Augustus, and enforced and enlarged the Julian law for promoting population, and repairing the desolation occasioned by the civil wars. (Vid. Julia lex de marilandis ordinibus.) PAPIRII, the name of a patrician and plebeian gens in Rome, who were at first called Papisii. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 9, 21.) This gens was divided into several families, such as the Mugillani, Crassi, Cursores, and Massones, and the most celebrated of the different individuals of these families was L. PAPIRIUS CURSOR. He was the grandson of the L. Papirius Cursor who was censor in the year in which Rome was taken by the Gauls, and son of Spurius Papirius Cursor, who was military tribune B.C. 379. (Liv., 6, 27.)— We first read of L. Papirius Cursor as master of the horse to L. Papirius Crassus, who was created dictator B.C. 339, by the consul Manlius, in order to carry on the war against the Antiates. (Liv, 8, 12.-C., Ep. ad Fam., 9, 21.) The time of his first consulship is doubtful. Livy mentions C. Potilius and L. Papirius Mugillanus as consuls B.C. 325; but he adds, that, instead of Papirius Mugillanus, the name of Papinius Cursor was found in some annals. (Livy, 8, 28.) During the year of their consulship the Lex Patha Papiria was passed, which enacted that no one should PAPIAS, one of the early Christian writers in the be kept in fetters or bonds except for a crime which Greek language, was bishop of Hierapolis in Asia at deserved them, and only until he had suffered the punthe beginning of the second century. According to ishment which the law provided: it also enacted that Cave, he flourished in the year 110; according to creditors should have a right to attach the goods, but others, in 115 or 116. He wrote a work in five books, not the persons, of their debtors. (Liv., l. c.) In the entitled "An Explanation of the Words (or Oracles) following year, Papirius Cursor, who is said by Livy of the Lord," which is now lost. In a passage of this (8, 29) to have been considered at that time the most work, quoted by Eusebius, Papias professes to have illustrious general of his age, was appointed dictator taken great pains to gain information respecting Chris- to carry on the war against the Samnites. He aptianity from those who had known the Apostles, and pointed Q. Fabius Maximus his master of the horse: some remarkable statements of his respecting the and during his absence at Rome to renew the auApostles and Evangelists are still preserved. Ac-spices, Fabius attacked the enemy contrary to his comcording to Irenæus, he was himself a hearer of John mands, and gained a signal victory. On his return to and a companion of Polycarp. He is said by Euse- the camp he commanded Fabius to be put to death; bius to have been a Millenarian, and a man of little but the soldiers espousing the cause of the latter, the mind," as appears," says Eusebius, "from his own execution was delayed till the following day, before writings. (Euseb., Hist. Eccles., 3, 39.- Cave, which time Fabius had an opportunity of escaping to Hist. Lit., s. v.-Lardner's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 9) Rome, where he placed himself under the protection PAPINIANUS, Æmilius, a celebrated Roman lawyer. of the senate. The proceedings which followed are He was born A.D. 175, and was a pupil of the jurist interesting to the student of the constitutional history Q. Cervidius Scævola at the same time with Septim- of Rome, as they show that an appeal could be made ius Severus, afterward emperor. Under Marcus Au- to the people from the decision of a dictator, which is relius he held the office of advocatus fisci, in which he in accordance with a remark of Livy in another part succeeded S. Severus. After Severus became em- of his history (3, 55), that, after the decemvirs were peror, Papinian was his libellorum magister and præ- expelled from Rome, a law was passed, enacting that, fectus prætorio; and the monarch had so high an in future, no magistrate should be made from whom opinion of him, that at his death he recommended his there should be no appeal. Papirius demanded Fasons Caracalla and Geta to his care. The former, bius of the senate; and as neither the entreaties of the senators nor those of the father of Fabius, who often referred to by mathematicians, the use, namely, had been dictator and three times consul,.could induce of the centre of gravity for the dimension of figures. Papirius to pardon him, the father of Fabius appealed We owe to Pappus also an elegant though indirect soto the people, and at length, at the earnest entreaties lution of the famous problem of the trisection of an of the people and the tribunes of the commons, the angle. 'Pappus," observes a writer in the American life of Fabius was spared. Papirius named a new Quarterly Review (No. 21, p. 124), "is the only name master of the horse, and, on his return to the army, worthy of note that occurs to fill up the great blank defeated the Samnites, and put an end to the war at between Archimedes and the Italian mechanicians of the time. (Liv., 8, 29, seqq.) Papirius was elected the sixteenth century. He attempted to ascertain the consul a second time, with Q. Publius Philo, in B.C. principle of all the simple machines, in the same man320, and again defeated the Samnites; and apparently ner that his illustrious predecessor had that of the lea third time in the following year, though there appears ver; his attention, however, was principally directed to be some doubt upon the latter point. (Liv., 9, 7, to the inclined plane. In this he failed, owing to the seqq.) He was consul for the fourth time in B.C. fundamental error upon which all his investigations 315 (Liv., 9, 22), and for the fifth time in B.C. 313. proceeded, that some force was necessary to keep a (Liv., 9, 38.) He was again named dictator in B.C. body even on a plane of no inclination."- Only parts 309, to carry on the war against his old enemies the of the Greek text of the Collections have been pubSamnites, whom he defeated with great slaughter, and lished. We have a Latin version of six books, from obtained, on account of his victory, the honours of a the third to the end of the work, made by Commanditriumph (Liv., 9, 38, seqq.); after which time we find no, an Italian mathematician of the sixteenth century. no more mention of him. Papirius Cursor, says Livy It was printed at Pesaro in 1588, fol., with a com(9, 16), was considered the most illustrious man of his mentary by Ubaldi, and afterward revised by Manoage, and it was thought he would have been equal to lessius, and reprinted at Bologna, 1660, fol. A fragcontend with Alexander the Great, if the latter, after ment of the Greek text of the second book was given the conquest of Asia, had turned his arms against Eu- by Wallis at the end of his Aristarchus, Oxon., 1688, rope. (Encycl. Use. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 218.)-II. 8vo, and in the third volume of his Opera Mathemati One of this family received the surname of Prætexta-ca. The second part of the fifth book was published tus, from an action of his while still wearing the præ- by Eisenmann, professor in "L'Ecole royale des ponts texta, or youthful gown, and before he had assumed the et chaussées," Paris, 1824, fol. A part of the preface toga virilis, or gown of manhood. It was customary of the seventh book is given in the Prolegomena of in those days for fathers to take their young sons to Gregory's Euclid, Oxon., 1703, fol., and the entire the senate-house when anything important was under preface in the edition of Apollonius of Perga, Oxon., discussion, in order that they might sooner become 1706, 8vo. Meibomius has inserted some lemmas familiarized with public affairs. The father of young from the seventh book in his Dialogi de ProportioniPapirius took him on one of these occasions, while a bus, Hafniæ, 1655, fol. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. matter of considerable moment was pending; and it 7, p. 49.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 32, p. 538.) having been deemed advisable to adjourn the debate unto the morrow, an injunction of secrecy was laid upon all who were present. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed in the senate; but the son, unwilling to betray the secrets of that assembly, amused his parent by telling her that it had been debated whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to give two wives to one husband, or two husbands to one wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to the other Roman matrons, and on the morrow they assem-tinian repaired and strengthened it. (Procop., de Edif., bled in large numbers before the senate-house, bathed in tears, and earnestly entreating that one woman might have two husbands rather than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at so singular an application; but young Papirius modestly explained the cause, and the fathers, in admiration of his ready tact, passed a decree, that for the future boys should not be allowed to come to the senate with their fathers, except Papirius alone. This regulation continued until the time of Augustus, who rescinded it. (Macrob., 1, 6) PARETACE or -TACENI, a people of Persia, occupying the mountain range between that country and Media. Their territory was called by the Greeks Parætacene, and Stephanus Byzantinus makes mention of a city in it by the name of Parataca (p. 626. —Diod. Sic., 19, 34.-Arrian, 3, 19.-Plin., 6, 26). PARÆTONIUM, a strongly-fortified place, the frontiercity of Egypt on the side of Libya, and situate on the coast of the Mediterranean. It had, including its harbour, a circuit of about 40 stadia. (Strab., 798) Jus 6, 2.) Strabo gives the distance from Alexandrea at about 1300 stadia: Scylax makes it 1700, and Pliny 1600. Ptolemy removes Parætonium from Alexandrea 3° 30', or 35 geographical miles.-The modern name is Al Bareton. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 29, seqq.) PARASANGES (Пapacúyyns), in Latin Parasanga, a parasang, or Persian measure of length, which, according to Herodotus (2, 6; 5. 53; 6, 42), was equal to 30 stadia; and if we reckon eight stadia as equal to one English mile, the parasang was consequently PAPPUS, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandrea, equal to nearly four English miles. Hesychius and who lived towards the end of the fourth century. He Suidas also give the length of the parasang at 30 stais known by his Mathematical Collections (Ma@nuari- dia; and Xenophon must have calculated it at the Kai ovvaywyai), in eight books, and by other works, same length, since he says (Anah., 2. 2, 6) that 16,050 among which were a Commentary on Ptolemy's Al- stadia are equal to 535 parasangs (16,050÷535-30). magest, a work on Geography, a Treatise on Military Pliny (6, 30), however, informs us, that the length of Engines, a Commentary on Aristarchus of Samos, &c. the parasang was reckoned differently by different auHis Collections have chiefly come down to us; of thors; and Strabo (518) states, that some reckoned it his other productions we have merely some fragments. at 60, others at 40, and others at 30 stadia. The AraThe last five books of the Collections remain entire; bian geographers (Freytag, Lex. Arab., s. v. Farsakh) the third is acephalous, wanting the commencement. reckon it equal to three miles, which agrees with the Wallis published a fragment of the second. The first statements of English travellers (quoted by Rodiger, two books contained the Greek Arithmetic. What in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie), who estimate it we have of the work is interesting, on account of the variously at from 3 to 4 English miles. Franklin extracts it contains from works that are now lost, and (Tour to Persia, p. 17) reckons it at four miles: Ousit merits the careful perusal of those who make re- ley (Travels, vol. 1, p. 23) at between 3 and 33 miles; searches into the history of the exact sciences. Mon- and Kinneir (Geogr. of Persia, p. 57) at 34 miles.tucla ascribes to Pappus the first idea of the principle | Parasang is a Persian word, and is derived from the of mortals. (Consult Scheller, Lat. Deutsch. Worterb., s. v.) .. PARIS, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba, and also called Alexander. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the ruin of his country; and when his mother, being about to lie-in of him, had dreamed that she brought forth a torch which set all Ilium in flames, the soothsayer Æsacus declared that the child would prove the ruin of his country, and recommended to expose it. As soon as born, the babe was given to a servant to be left on Ida to perish. The domestic obeyed, but, on returning at the end of five days, he found that a bear had been nursing the infant. Struck with this strange event, he took home the infant, reared him as his own son, and named him Paris. When Paris grew up he distinguished himself by his strength and courage in repelling robbers from the ancient Farsang, which is pronounced in modern Persian Ferseng. It has been changed in Arabic into Farsakh. Various etymologies have been proposed for the term. The latter part of the word is thought to be the Persian seng, “a stone,” and the term might thus be derived from the stones which were placed to mark the distances in the road. Bohlen (quoted by Rödiger) supposes the first part of the word to be the preposition fera, and compares the word with the Latin ad lapidem. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 241.) PARCE, the Fates, called also Fata, and in Greek Moipai (Moira). In the Iliad, with the exception of one passage (20, 49), the Moira is spoken of in the singular number, and as a person, almost exactly as we use the word Fate. But in the Odyssey this word is employed as a common substantive, followed by a genitive of the person, and signifying decree. The The-flocks, and the shepherds, in consequence, named him ogony of Hesiod limits the Fates, like so many other Alexander (Man-protector), or, according to the Greek goddesses, to three, and gives them Jupiter and The- form, 'A2égavdρоç (áñò тov áλéžεiv тoùç úvðpas). mis for their parents. (Theog., 904.) In an interpo- In this state of seclusion, too, he united himself to the lated passage of the same poem (v. 217) they are class- nymph Enone, whose tragical fate is elsewhere related. ed among the children of Night; and Plato, on his (Vid. Enone.) Their conjugal happiness was soon dispart, makes them the daughters of Necessity. (Rep., turbed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the god10, 617.) Their names in Hesiod are Clotho (Spin- dess of Discord, who had not been invited to partake ster), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos (Unchange- of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by throwable); but he does not speak of their spinning the ing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celedestinies of men. This office of theirs is, however, bration of the nuptials a golden apple, on which were noticed in both the Iliad and Odyssey. It is probable written the words 'H kan haberw, "Let the beauty that Homer, in accordance with the sublime fiction in (among you) take me." Juno, Minerva, and Venus the Theogony, regarded the Fates as the offspring of laying claim to it, and Jove being unwilling to decide, Jupiter and Order, for in him they are but the minis- the god commanded Mercury to lead the three deities ters of Jupiter, in whose hands are the issues of all to Mount Ida, and to intrust the decision of the affair things. (Nitzch, ad Od., 3, 236.) Eschylus makes to the shepherd Alexander, whose judgment was to be even Jupiter himself subject to the Fates. (Prom. definitive. The goddesses appeared before him, and Vinct., 515.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 195.)-Ac- urged their respective claims, and each, to influence cording to the popular mythology, Clotho held the dis- his decision, made him an alluring offer of future adtaff, Lachesis span each one's portion of the thread of vantage. Juno endeavoured to secure his preference existence, and Atropos cut it off: hence the well- by the promise of a kingdom, Minerva by the gift of known line expressing their respective functions: intellectual superiority and martial renown, and Venus “Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat." by offering him the fairest woman in the world for his wife. To Venus he assigned the prize, and brought The more correct explanation, however, is to make upon himself, in consequence, the unrelenting enmity Clotho spin, Lachesis mark out each one's portion, of her two disappointed rivals, which was extended and Atropos sever it.-The Latin writers indulge in also to his whole family and the entire Trojan race. various views of the functions of the Parcæ, as sug- Soon after this event, Priam proposed a contest among gested by their own ingenuity of elucidation. Thus his sons and other princes, and promised to reward Apuleius (De Mundo, sub fin.) makes Clotho preside the conqueror with one of the finest bulls of Mount over the present, Atropos the past, and Lachesis the Ida. Persons were sent to procure the animal, and it future; an idea probably borrowed from Plato, who was found in the possession of Paris, who reluctantly introduces the Moire singing rù yeyovóta, тà Ŏvra, yielded it up. The shepherd, desirous of obtaining Tà μéλhovτa. (Rep., 10, 617.) So in the Scandina-again this favourite animal, went to Troy, and entered vian mythology, the Norns or Destinies, who are also three in number, are called Urdur, Verdandi, and Skuld, or "Past," "Present," and "Future."-According to Fulgentius (Mythol., 1, 7), Clotho presides over nativity, Atropos over death, and Lachesis over each one's lot in life.-The term Moira (Moipa) comes from ueipo, "to divide" or "portion out." The ordinary etymology for the word Parca deduces it by antiphrasis from parco, "to spare," because they never spared. (Serv. ad En., 1, 26.Martian. Capell. Donat.-Diomed., ap. Voss., Etymol.) Varro derives it "a pariendo," because they presided over the birth of men (Aul. Gell., 3, 16); or, to quote his own words, "Parca, immutala litera una, a partu nominata." Scal-getful of the alarming predictions of Esacus, acknowl iger makes it come from parco, to spare," in a different sense from Servius and the other grammarians quoted above; because, according to him, only one of the Fates cuts the thread of existence, whereas of the other two, one gives life and the other prolos it. Perhaps, after all, the best explanation (supposing the word Parca to be of Latin origin) is that which makes it come from parco, "to spare," not by antiphrasis, nor in accordance with Scaliger's notion, but because these deities were invoked in prayer to spare the lives the lists of the combatants. Having proved successful against every competitor, and having gained an advantage over Hector himself, that prince, irritated at seeing himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother's resentment had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred place of refuge preserved his life; and Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity of the features of Paris to those of her brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances she soon discovered that he was her brother, and as such she introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam, thereupon, for edged Paris as his son, and all enmity instantly ceased between the new-comer and Hector. Not long after this, at the instigation of Venus, who had not forgotten her promise to him, Paris proceeded on his memorable voyage to Greece, from which the soothsaying Helenus and Cassandra had in vain endeavoured to deter him. The ostensible object of the voyage was to procure information respecting his father's sister Hesione, who had been given in marriage by Hercules to his follower Telamon, the monarch of Salamis. The real motive, however, which prompted the enterprise, was a wish | (Diog. Laert., 9, 23.--Plut., Adv. Colot., 32.-Stra to obtain, in the person of Helen, then the fairest bo, 252.) The time when he lived has been much diswoman of her time, a fulfilment of what Venus had puted. According to Plato (Parmen., 127), Parmeoffered him when he was deciding the contest of nides, at the age of sixty-five, accompanied by Zeno, beauty. Arriving at Sparta, where Menelaus, the hus- at the age of forty, visited Athens during the great of Helen, was reigning, he met with an hospitable re- Panathenæa, and stopped at the house of Pythodorus. ception; but, Menelaus soon after having sailed away As this visit to Athens probably occurred about B.C to Crete, the Trojan prince availed himself of his ab- 454 (Clinton, Fast. Hell., p. 364), Parmenides would sence, seduced the affections of Helen, and bore her have been born about B.C. 519. But to this date two away to his native city, together with a large portion objections are urged; first, that Diogenes Laertius (9, of the wealth of her husband. (Consult remarks under 23) says that Parmenides flourished (Kuage) in the the article Helena.) Hence ensued the war of Troy, 69th Olympiad; and, secondly, that Socrates is stated which ended in the total destruction of that ill-fated by Plato, in his dialogue entitled Parmenides, to have city. (Vid. Troja.) Paris, though represented in conversed with Parmenides and Zeno on the doctrine general as effeminate and vain of his personal appear- of ideas, which we can hardly suppose to have been ance, yet distinguished himself during the siege of the case, as Socrates at that time was only thirteen or Troy by wounding Diomede, Machaon, Antilochus, fourteen. Athenæus, accordingly (11, p. 505), has cenand Palamedes, and subsequently by discharging the sured Plato for saying that such a dialogue ever took dart which proved fatal to Achilles. Venus took him place. But in reply to these objections it may be reunder her special protection, and, in the single com-marked, first, that little reliance can be placed upon bat with Menelaus, rescued him from the vengeance the vague statement of such a careless writer as Dioof the latter. The circumstances of his death are genes; and, secondly, that the dialogue which Plato mentioned under the article Enone. (Dict. Cret., 1, represents Socrates to have had with Parmenides and 3. 4.-Apollod., 3, 12.-Hygin., fab., 92, 273.- Zeno is doubtless fictitious; yet it was founded on a Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 57, 61, 63, 86, &c.) fact, that Socrates, when a boy, had heard Parmenides at Athens. Plato mentions, both in the " Theatetus" (p. 183) and the "Sophistes" (p. 127), that Socrates was very young (πávʊ véos) when he heard Parmeni des. We have no other particulars of the life of Parmenides. He taught Empedocles and Zeno, and with the latter lived on the most intimate terms. (Plato, Parmen., 127.) He is always spoken of by the ancient writers with the greatest respect. In the "Theate tus" (p. 183) Plato compares him with Homer; and in the "Sophistes" (p. 237) he calls him "the Great." (Compare Aristot., Met., 1, 5.) Parmenides wrote a poem, which is usually cited by the title "Of Nature" PARISUS, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Dan-(πEpì púʊεws.—Sext. Empir., adv. Mathem., 7, 111, ube; according to Mannert, the Mur, in the Hungarian-Theophr., ap. Diog. Laert., 8, 55), but which also part of its course. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 489.) PARIUM, now Camanar, a town of Asia Minor, in Mysia Minor, on the Propontis, southwest of Linus, and northeast from Pæsus. It was founded by the Milesians and Parians. (Plin., 5, 32.-Paul. Lex., viii., de Censib.) PARISI, a British nation lying to the north of the Coritani, and occupying the district which is called Holderness, or, according to Camden, the whole EastRiding of Yorkshire. They are supposed to have derived their name from the two British words paur isa, which signify low pasture, and which are descriptive of the situation and uses of their country. Their capital was Petuaria. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 187.) PARISII, & people and city of Gaul, now Paris, the capital of the kingdom of France. (Vid. Lutetia.Cas., B. G., 6, 3.) PARMA, a city of Italy, south of the Po, on the small river Parma. It was founded by the Etrurians, taken by a tribe of Gauls called the Boii, and at last colonized by the Romans, A.U.C. 569. (Liv., 39, 55.) From Cicero it may be inferred that Parma suffered from the adverse factions in the civil wars. (Ep. ad. Fam., 10, 33. — Id. ibid., 12, 5.—Id., Philipp., 14, 3.) It was probably recolonized under Augustus, as some inscriptions give it the title of Colonia Julia Augusta Parma. Strabo (216) speaks of it as a city of note. From Martial we learn that its wool was highly prized (14, 53; 5, 13). In the ages that immediately succeeded the fall of the Roman empire, we find this city distinguished also by the appellation of Chrysopolis (Gold-city), but are unacquainted with the causes that led to the adoption of the name. (Geogr. Ravennas, 4, 33.-Donizo, Vit. Machtildis, 1, 10.) The modern name is Parma. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 218.) PARMENIDES (IIapuɛvídns), the second in the series of the Eleatic philosophers, was a native of Elea. He was descended from a noble family, and is said to have been induced to study philosophy by Aminias. (Diog. Laert., 9, 21.) He is also stated to have received instruction from Diochates, the Pythagorean, to whom he erected an heroüm. Later writers inform us that he heard Xenophanes, the founder of the Eleatic school, but Aristotle (Met., 1, 5) speaks of it with some doubt. We read that Parmenides gave a code of laws to his native city, which was so highly esteemed that at first the citizens took an oath every year to observe it. bore other titles. Suidas calls it puoioλoyía (s. v. IIapμevíð.), and adds, on the authority of Plato, that he also wrote works in prose. The passage in Plato (Soph., p. 237), however, to which Suidas refers, perhaps only means an oral exposition of his system, which interpretation is rendered more probable by the fact that Sextus Empiricus (ade. Mathem., 7, 111) and Diogenes Laertius (1, 16) expressly state, that Parmenides only wrote one work. Several fragments of this work "On Nature" have come down to us, principally in the writings of Sextus Empiricus and Simplicius, They were first published by Stephanus in his "Poesis Philosophica" (Paris, 1573), and next by Fülleborn, with a translation in verse, Züllichau, 1795, Brandis, in his "Commentationes Eleatica," Hafnia, 1813, also published the fragments of Parmenides, together with those of Xenophanes and Melissus; but the most recent and complete edition is by Karsten, in the second volume of his " Philosophorum Græcorum veterum, præsertim qui ante Platonem, floruerunt, Operum Reliquia," Brux., 1835. The fragments of his work which have come down to us are sufficient to enable us to judge of its general method and subject. It opened with an allegory, which was intended to exhibit the soul's longing after truth. The soul is represented as drawn by steeds along an untrodden road to the residence of Justice (Aikn), who promises to reveal everything to it. After this introduction the work is divided into parts; the first part treats of the know!edge of truth, and the second explains the physiological system of the Eleatic school. (Encyclop. Useful Knowl., vol. 17, p. 283.) PARMENTO, a Macedonian general, who distinguished himself in the service of Philip, father of Alexander the Great. He gained a decisive victory over the Illyrians about the time of Alexander's birth, and the news of both events reached Philip, who was then absent |