After a time Panatius returned to Athens, where he (Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 325), the first of the became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he Athenian months; which agrees with the account of died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of Demosthenes (contra Timocr., p. 708, seg.), who places Halicarnassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention- it after the twelfth day of the month. There is coned among his disciples. Panatius was not apparently siderable dispute as to the time when the Less Pan a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who athenaa was celebrated. Meursius places the celebratempered the austerity of his sect by adopting some- tion in Thargelion, the eleventh of the Athenian thing of the more refined style and milder principles months; but Petitus and Corsini in Hecatombæon. of Plato and the other earlier Academicians. (Cic., Mr. Clinton, who has examined the subject at considde Fin., 4, 28.) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the erable length (Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 332, seqq.), supworks of Panatius in terms of the highest veneration, ports the opinion of Meursius; and it does not appear and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them, improbable that the Less Panathenaea was celebrated says that Panatius styled Plato "the divine," and in the same month as the Great, and was perhaps "the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from omitted in the year in which the great festival occurred. him on the subject of the immortality of the soul, The celebration of the Great Panathenæa only lasted which he seems not to have admitted. (Tusc. one day in the time of Hipparchus (Thucyd, 6, 56), Quæst., 1, 32.) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa- but it was continued in later times for several days.— natius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the At both of the Panathenea there were gymnastic conlater Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning, tests (Pind., Isthm., 4, 42.-Pollux, 8, 93), among namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas- which the torch-race seems to have been very popular. ter the impressions which he receives through the In the time of Socrates there was introduced at the senses. In a letter of consolation which Panatius Less Panathenea a torch-race on horseback. (Plat., wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin., Rep., 1, 1.) At the Great Panathenæa there was also 4, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he a musical contest, and a recitation of the Homeric never laid it down as a principle that pain was not an poems by rhapsodists. (Lycurg., contra Leocr. p. evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he 209.) The victors in these contests were rewarded often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita- with vessels of sacred oil. (Pind., Nem., 10, 64 tion, saying, Exw, "I will consider."-None of the Schol., ad loc.-Schol. ad Soph., Ed. Col., 698.)— works of Panatius have come down to us; but their The most celebrated part, however, of the grand Pantitles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by athenaic festival was the solemn procession (O), Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a in which the Peplus (Пénλoç), or sacred robe of treatise" On Duties," the substance of which Cicero Athena, was carried through the Ceramicus, and the merged in his own work "De Officiis." Panatius other principal parts of the city, to the Parthenon, and wrote also a treatise "On Divination," of which Cicero suspended before the statue of the goddess within. probably made use in his own work on the same sub- This Peplus was covered with embroidery (яokiμcject. He wrote likewise a work "On Tranquillity of ra.-Plat., Euthyph., c. 6), on which was represented Mind," which some suppose may have been made use the battle of the Gods and the Giants, especially the of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title. exploits of Jupiter and Minerva (Plat., I. c.-Eu Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence," rip., Hec., 468), and also the achievements of the heanother "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies," roes in the Attic mythology, whence Aristophanes or sects of philosophers. His book "On Socrates," speaks of "men worthy of this land and of the Peplus.' quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his (Equit., 564.) The embroidery was worked by young "Life of Aristides," made probably a part of the last-maidens of the noblest families in Athens (called p mentioned work. Laertius and Seneca quote several yaorival), of whom two were superintendents, with opinions of Panatius concerning ethics and metaphys- the name of Arrephora. When the festival was celeics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, brated, the Peplus was brought down from the Acropp. 178.-Van Lynden, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-olis, where it had been worked, and was suspended natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat., 1802.-Chardon de la Rochette, Melanges, &c., vol. 1, Paris, 1812.)

like a sail upon a ship (Pausan., 29, 1), which was then drawn through the principal parts of the city. PANATHENA (Пavalývaιa), the greatest of the The old men carried olive-branches in their hands, Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-whence they were called Thallophori (Oa22ogópol); va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is and the young men appeared with arms in their hands, said to have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to at least in the time of Hipparchus (Thucyd., 6, 65). have been called originally Athenea ('A0ývaia), but it The young women carried baskets on their heads, obtained the name of Panathenea in the time of The- whence they were called Canephori (Kaunpópoc). seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the The sacrifices were very numerous on this occasion. different independent communities into which Attica During the supremacy of Athens, every subject state had been previously divided. (Pausan., 8, 2, 1.- had to furnish an ox for the festival. (Schol. ad Plut., Vit. Thcs., c. 20.- Thucyd., 2, 15.) There Aristoph., Nub., 385.) It was a season of general were two Athenian festivals which had the name of joy; even prisoners were accustomed to be liberated, Panathenæa; one of which was called the Great Pan-that they might take part in the general rejoicing. athenaa (Meyúλa Пavaðývaia), and the other the (Schol. ad Demosth., Timocr., p. 184.) After the Less (Mikpú). The Great Panathenæa was celebra- battle of Marathon, it was usual for the herald at the ted once every five years, with very great magnificence, Great Panathenaea to pray for the good of the Plateans and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The as well as the Athenians, in consequence of the aid Less Panathenæa was celebrated every year in the which the former had afforded to the latter in that Piræus. (Harpocrat., s. v. Пavao.—Plat., Rep., 1, memorable fight. The procession which has just been 1.) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes- described formed the subject of the bas-reliefs which tival of the Panathenæa, it is sometimes difficult to embellished the exterior of the Parthenon, and which are determine which of the two is alluded to; but when generally known by the name of the Panathenaic frieze. the Panathenæa is mentioned by itself, and there is no- A considerable portion of this frieze, which is one of the thing in the context to mark the contrary, the presump- most splendid of the ancient works of art, is now in tion is that the Great Panathenæa is meant; and it the British Museum, and belongs to the collection is thus spoken of by Herodotus (5, 56) and Demos- called the "Elgin Marbles."-A full and detailed ac thenes (De Fals. Leg., p. 394).-The Great Panathe-count of the Panathenaic festivals is given by Meurnæa was celebrated on the 28th day of Hecatombaon sius in a treatise on the subject, which is printed in

.he seventh volume of the "Thesaurus" of Gronovius. | ed, she was attired by the Seasons and Graces, an 1 Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 182.) each of the deities having bestowed upon her the comPANCHAIA, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-manded gifts, she was named Pandora (All-gifteddian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have discovered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus.)-Virgil makes mention of Panchaia and its " turiferæ arena." (Georg., 2, 139.) The poet borrows the name from Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix. (Compare Heyne and Voss, ad loc.)

beauty and was indigenous on Mount Pangæus (ep. Athen., 15, 29). Nicander mentions another sort, which grew in the gardens of Midas (ap. Athen., 16, 31.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 302).

Eve was tempted, Pandora was not; the former was | 462.) It is now called Pundhar Dagh, or Castagactuated by a noble instinct, the love of knowledge, nats, according to the editor of the French Strabe. the latter by mere female curiosity.-It seems very Herodotus informs us (7, 112), that Mount Pangaus strange that the ancients should have taken so little contained gold and silver mines, which were worked notice of this myth. There is no allusion to it in Pin- by the Pieres, Odomanti, and Satræ, clans of Thrace, dar or the tragedians, excepting Sophocles, one of but especially the latter. Euripides confirms this acwhose lost satyric dramas was named "Pandora, or count (Rhes., 919, seqq.). These valuable mines natthe Hammerers." It was equally neglected by the urally attracted the attention of the Thasians, who Alexandreans. Apollodorus merely calls Pandora the were the first settlers on this coast; and they accordfirst woman. In fact, with the exception of a dubious ingly formed an establishment in this vicinity at a place passage in Theognis (Paran., 1135, seq.), where named Crenides. (Vid. Philippi.) — Theophrastus Hope is said to have been the only good deity that re-speaks of the rosa centifolia, which grew in great mained among men, we find no allusion to it in Grecian literature except in the fables of Babrius, in Nonnus (Dionys., 7, 56), and in the epigrammatic Macedonius. (Anthol. Palat., 10, 71.) It seems to have had as little charms for the Latin poets, even Ovid passing over it in silence.-It is also deserving of notice, that Hesiod and all the others agree in naming the vessel which Pandora opened a jar (πíðoç), and never hint at her having brought it with her to the house of Epimetheus. Yet the idea has been universal among the moderns, that she brought all the evils with her from heaven, shut up in a box (music). The only way of accounting for this is, that, at the restoration of learning, the narrative in Hesiod was misunderstood. (Keightley's Mythology. p. 292, seqq.Buttmann, Mythologus, vol. 1, p. 48, seqq.)

PANDOSIA, I. a city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, on the banks of the Aciris, and not far from Heraclea. The modern Anglona is thought to represent the ancient place. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 351.) -II. A city in the territory of the Bruttii, near the western coast, and often confounded with the preceding. It was anciently possessed by the Enotri, as Strabo reports, but is better known in history as having witnessed the defeat and death of Alexander, king of Epirus. (Strabo, 255.—Liv., 39, 38.)-The precise position which ought to be assigned to the Bruttian Pandosia remains yet uncertain. The early Calabrian antiquaries placed it at Castel Franco, about five miles from Consenza. D'Anville lays it down, in his map of ancient Italy, near Lao and Cirella, on the confines of Lucania. Cluverius supposes that it may have stood between Consentia and Thurii; but more modern critics have, with greater probability, sought its ruins in a more westerly direction, near the village of Mendocino, between Consentia and the sea, a hill with three summits having been remarked there, which answers to the fatal height pointed out by the oracle,

PANIONIUM, a sacred spot, with a temple and grove, at the foot of Mount Mycale in Ionia. It derived its name from having been the place where delegates from the Ionian states were accustomed to meet at stated periods. Not only the place, but also the temple and the assembly itself were called Panionitim. The temple was dedicated to the Heliconian Neptune, whose worship had been imported by the Ionians from Achaia in Peloponnesus; and the surname of Heliconian was derived from Helice, one of their cities in that country. (Strab., 639.— Pausan., 7, 24.) But the assembly was not merely convened for religious purposes: it was also a political body, and met for deliberative and legislative ends; and it appears that some remnants of this ancient institution were preserved till very late in the Roman empire, if it be true, as Chandler imagines, that there is a medal of the Emperor Gallus which gives a representation of a Panionian assembly and sacrifice. (Travels, p. 192.) The site of this celebrated convention is supposed, with great probability, to answer to that of Tchangeli, a Turkish village close to the sea, and on the northern slope of Mycale. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 379.)

PANIUM (Hávov opoç), a mountain of Syria, forming part of the chain of Mount Libanus. It makes part of the northern boundary of Palestine, and at the foot of it was situate the town of Paneas, afterward called Cæsarea Philippi. Herod, out of gratitude for having been put in possession of Trachonitis by Augustus, erected a temple to that prince on the mountain. On the partition of the states of Herod among his children, Philip, who had the district Trachonitis, gave to the city Paneas the name of Cæsarea, to which was annexed, for distinction' sake, the surname of PhilΠανδοσία τρικόλωνε, πολύν ποτε λαὸν ὀλέσσεις, ippi. This did not, however, prevent the resumption of its primitive denomination, pronounced Banias, together with the rivulet Maresanto or Arconti, which more purely than Belines, as it is written by the hislast name recalls the Acheron, denounced by another torians of the crusades. (Josephus, Bell. Jud., 1, 21. prediction as so inauspicious to the Molossian king.-Euseb., Hist. Eccles., 7, 17.)-II. Panium (Ilavei(Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 436.)-III. A city of ov), a cavern at the sources of the Jordan. (Vid. JorEpirus, not far removed from the Acheron and the danes.) Acherusian Lake, as we may infer from the passage in which Livy speaks of this city with reference to the oracle delivered to Alexander, king of Epirus (8, 24). It is not improbable that the antiquities which have been discovered at Paramythia, on the borders of the Souliot territory, may belong to this ancient place. (Hughes's Travels, vol. 2, p. 306.— Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 251.-Strabo, 324.-Plin., 4, 1.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 132.)

PANDROSOS, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. For an explanation of the name, consult remarks under the article Cecrops. PANGEUS, a celebrated ridge of mountains in Thrace, apparently connected with the central chain of Rhodope and Hemus, and which, branching off in a southeasterly direction, closed upon the coast at the defile of Acontisma. The name of this range often appears in the poets. (Pind., Pyth., 4, 319.-Esch., Pers., 500.-Eurip., Rhes., 972.-Virg., Georg., 4,

PANNONIA, an extensive province of the Roman em pire, bounded on the west by the range of Mount Cetius, separating it from Noricum; on the south by Illyria, including in this direction the country lying along the lower bank of the Savus; and on the north and east by the Danube. It answered, therefore, to what is now the eastern part of Austria, Styria, a part of Carinthia, that portion of Hungary which lies on the southern side of the Danube, the greater part of Selavonia, and the portion of Bosnia which lies along the Saave. Ptolemy distinguishes between Upper and Lower Pannonia, Pannonia Superior and Inferior, and separates the two divisions by an imaginary line drawn from Bregactium to the Savus. In the fourth century, the Emperor Galerius formed out of a part of Lower Pannonia the province of Valeria, and then Pannonia Superior changed its name to that of Pannonia Prima, while the part of Pannonia Inferior that remained after Valeria was taken from it, received the appellation

of Pannonia Secunda.-The Pannonii were of Illyrian | an important stronghold of the latter people, though origin, and their earlier seats extended from the river little noticed by the Grecian writers. Here was the Colapis, on the southern side of the Savus, in a south-chief station of their fleet, and here also were the wineasterly direction, as far as the Dardanii and the conter quarters of their army. (Polyb., 1, 21, 24.) It` fines of Macedonia. With one branch of their race, was taken by the Romans, with their fleet of 300 sail under the name of Pæones, the Greeks were acquaint- (A.U.C. 500), and carefully guarded by them to preed from an early period, along the southern coast of vent its again falling into the hands of the foe. (PoThrace. That the Pæones, however, were one and lyb., 1, 38.) It was subsequently ranked among the the same race with the distant Pannonii to the north-free cities of Sicily. (Cic. in Verr., 3, 6.-Mannert, west, they first discovered at a later period, and from Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 400.)-II. A harbour on the this time the appellation of Pæones was applied by eastern coast of Attica, south of the promontory of the Grecian historical writers to both divisions. (Man- Cynosema, and opposite to the southern extremity of nert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 502.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, Euboea. It is now Porto Raphti.-III. A harbour on vol. 1, p. 46.) The Romans, on the other hand, be- the coast of Achaia, east of Rhium and opposite Naucoming acquainted with the race from the west, learned pactus. It is now Teket. (Thucyd., 2, 86.-Plin., the name Pannonii as the national appellation, and re- 4, 5.)-IV. A name given to the harbour of Ephesus. tained it as such. The etymology assigned to this (Mela, 2, 7.)-V. A harbour in Crete, between Riname by some, from the patches (panni) of which their thymna and Cytæum. (Plin., 4, 12.)—VI. A town in long-sleeved tunics were formed, is too ridiculous to the Thracian Chersonese, between Cardia and Cœlos. require refutation. (Dio Cass., 49, 36.) They were (Plin., 4, 11.) reduced under the Roman sway in the reign of Augus- PANSA, C. Vibius, consul with Hirtius the year af tus, especially during the campaigns of Tiberius and ter Cæsar's assassination, B.C. 43. He had previousDrusus; and, after their subjection, were transplant-ly served under Cæsar in Gaul, and had aided him as ed to the country beyond the Savus, which had been tribune of the commons in attaining to sovereign powoccupied by the Scordisci, and which now received er. Though Pansa and Hirtius had obtained the confrom them the name of Pannonia. The Pannonians sulship through Cæsar's nomination, they nevertheless becoming, in process of time, completely Romanized in joined the party of the senate after the death of the laws, customs, and language, served as a rampart that dictator, and marched against Antony, who was bemight be confided in against the Sclavonian lazyges sieging Brutus in Mutina. In the first engagement and the Marcomanni, beyond the Danube.-After the Antony had the advantage, and Pansa received two fall of the Roman empire, Pannonia passed under the mortal wounds; but Antony himself was defeated the power of the barbarians, especially the Huns, Avares, same day by Hirtius as he was returning to his camp. and Bulgarians. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 304.) In a second engagement Hirtius also fell. It was a The chief city in Pannonia Superior was Carnuntum, current report at the time, that Glycon, the physician now Altenbourg, a little to the east of Vindobona or in attendance on Pausa, having been gained over by Vienna. The chief city in Pannonia Inferior was Sir- Octavius, had taken off the Roman consul by poisoning his wounds. (Sueton., Vit. Aug., 11.) Another account stated that Pansa, finding his wounds mortal, sent for Octavius, and engaged him to become reconciled to Antony, unfolding to him, at the same time, the project of the senate, which was to destroy the partisans of Cæsar by means of one another. Pansa appears to have been a worthy man, and esteemed by Cicero, who, without sharing his polítical sentiments, lived on terms of intimacy with him. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 32, p. 496.)

mium.

PANOMPHÆUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his being the parent source of omen and augury," omnium ominum omnisque vaticinii auctor." (Heyne ad Il., 8, 250.)

PANOPE OF PANOPEA, one of the Nereids, named by Virgil as a representative of the whole number, and often invoked by mariners. (Hesiod, Theog., 250.— Virg., Georg., 1, 437.-Id., n., 5, 240, &c.)

PANTAGYAS, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea between Megara and Syracuse, according to Pliny (3, 8), after running a short space in rough cascades over a rugged bed. (Virg. En., 3, 689.) Ptolemy writes the name IIávraxos, and Thucydides Пlavraкios (6, 4).

PANTHEA, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal affection. She slew herself on the corpse of her husband, who had fallen in battle on the side of the elder Cyrus. (Xen., Cyrop., 4, 6, 11.

PANOPOLIS, a city of Egypt in the Thebaid, on the eastern bank of the Nile, and south of Antæopolis. It was the capital of the Panopolitic Nome, and, as its name implies, sacred to the god Pan ("City of Pan"). According to the later traditions, however, it would seem to have been sacred to the Pans or wood-deities collectively, and hence we find it in Strabo (812) designated by the appellation of Πανῶν πόλις. (Compare Diod. Sic., 1, 18.-Plut., de Is. et Os.) In some of the subsequent writers we find the place called Panos, the term polis being omitted. (Itan. Ant., p. 166.) The name Panopolis (Пavòç nóλiç) is sup--Id. ib., 7, 3, 14.) posed to be merely a translation of the Egyptian term Chemmis, by which this city was known to the natives of the land. This Chemmis, however, must not be confounded with the place of that name mentioned by Herodotus (2, 91), and by which that historian intends evidently to designate Coptos. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 374.) The modern Akhenyn supposed to occupy part of the site of the ancient Panopolis. (Description de l'Egypte, vol. 4, p. 43, seqq.) PANORMUS, I. now called Palermo, a town of Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the northwest part of the island, with a good and capacious harbour. The ancient name is derived from the excellence and capaciousness of its harbour (maç öpuos), and is equivalent to All-Port. (Diod Sic., 22, 14.) It is uncertain, however, whether this name originated with the Greeks, or was merely a translation of the Phoenician From the Phoenicians Panormus passed into the hands of the Carthaginians, and was for a long period

one.

PANTHEON (or PANTHEON), a famous temple of a circular form, built by M. Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus, in his third consulship, about 27 A.C., and repaired by Septimius Severus, and Caracalla. The architect was Valerius of Ostia. The structure consists of a ro tunda, with a noble Corinthian octastyle portico attached to it. That the portico of the Pantheon indeed was erected by Agrippa, is testified by the inscription still remaining on the frieze. Yet some have supposed that he merely made that addition to the previously erected rotunda. Hirt, in his work on the Pantheon, very reasonably argues, that, there being no direct proof to the contrary, the whole structure may safely be assumed to have been erected according to one original plan, because without the portico it would have been a lumpish and heavy mass. farther rejects the idea of the rotunda's having been originally not a temple, but an entrance to public baths. It is certain that circular plans were greatly

Hirt

"Quod non fecerunt Barbari fecere Barberini.” But he did more mischief by adding than by taking away, for he bestowed upon it two hideous belfries, as a perpetual monument of his bad taste.-Beautiful as the Pantheon is, it is not what it was. During eighteen centuries it has suffered from the dilapidations of time and the cupidity of barbarians. The seven steps which elevated it above the level of ancient Rome are buried beneath the modern pavement. Its rotunda of brick is blackened and decayed; its leaden dome, overlooked by the modern cupolas of every neighbouring church, boasts no imposing loftiness of elevation; the marble statues, the bassi relievi, the brazen columns, have disappeared; its ornaments have vanished; its granite columns have lost their lustre, and its marble capitals their purity; all looks dark and neglected, and its splendour is gone for ever. Yet, under every disadvantage, it is still beautiful, pre-eminently beautiful. No eye can rest on the noble simplicity of the matchless portico without admiration, and without feeling, what is so rarely felt, that there is nothing wanted to desire, nothing committed to rectify. Its beauty is of that sort which, while the fabric stands, time has no power to destroy. (Rome in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, p. 254.)

affected by the Romans both in their temples and oth- I source. Urban the Eighth carried off all that was left er buildings, on which account their architecture pre- to purloin, the bronze beams of the portico, which sents a variety that does not occur in that of Greece. amounted in weight to more than forty-five millions of -The structure was dedicated to Jupiter Ultor. Be- pounds. He records his plunder with great complasides the statue of this god, however, there were in cency in an inscription on the walls of the portico, as six other niches as many colossal statues of other dei-if it were a meritorious deed; seeming to pride himties, among which were those of Mars and Venus, the self on having melted it down into the frightful taberfounders of the Julian line, and that of Julius Cæsar. nacle of St. Peter's, and the useless cannon of the About the other three we know nothing; but in all castle of St. Angelo. Urban, who was one of the probability they were the images of Eneas, Iulus, Barberini family, also gave a share of it to his nephand Romulus. The edifice was called the Pantheon ew, for the embellishment of the Barberini palace; (Пávoεtov or Пávcov), not, as is commonly supposed, and this gave rise to the pasquinade, from its having been sacred to all the gods (rus, "all," and vɛós," a god"), but from its majestic dome, which represented, as it were, the "all-divine" firmament (πūv, “all," and delov, “divine").-The Pantheon is by far the largest structure of ancient times, the external diameter being 188 feet, and the height to the summit of the upper cornice 102, exclusive of the flat dome or calotte, which makes the entire height about 148 feet. The portico (103 feet wide) is, as has been said, octastyle, yet there are in all sixteen columns, namely, two at the returns, exclusive of those at the angles, and two others behind the third column from each end, dividing the portico, internally, into three aisles or avenues, the centre one of which is considerably the widest, and contains the great doorway within a very deep recess, while each of the others has a large semicircular tribune or recess. But, although, independently of its recessed parts, the portico is only three intercolumns in depth, its flanks present the order continued in pilasters, making two additional closed intercolumns, and the projection there from the main structure about 70 feet; which circumstance produces an extraordinary air of majesty. The coluinns are 47 English feet high, with bases and capitals of white marble, and granite shafts, each formed out of a single piece. The interior diameter of the rotunda is 142 feet, the thickness of the wall being 23 feet PANTHEUS, or PANTHUS, a Trojan, son of Othryas, through the piers, between the exhedræ or recesses, and priest of Apollo. He fell in the nocturnal combat which, including that containing the entrance, are described by Virgil as attendant on the taking of Troy eight in number, and each, except that facing the en- (En., 2, 429). He was father of Polydamas, Eutrance, is divided into three intercolumns by two col-phorbus, and Hyperenor. (Hom., I., 3, 146; 15, umns (34.7 feet high), between antæ or angular pilas- 522.) The story which Servius, and also Eustathius ters. But as, besides being repaired and altered by relate, of Panthus's having been by birth a Delphian, Septimius Severus, the interior has undergone many and of his having been brought away from Delphi to changes, or, rather, corruptions, it is hardly possible Troy to explain an oracle for King Priam, is a fiction now to determine what it originally was.-The dome of the posthomeric bards. (Eustath. ad II., 12, 225. has five rows of coffers (now stripped of their deco--Heyne ad Virg., Æn., 2, 318.) rations), and a circular opening in the centre, 26 feet in diameter, which not only lights the interior perfectly, but in the most charming and almost magical manIndeed, there has scarcely ever been but one opinion as to the captivating effect thus produced, and the exquisite beauty of the whole as regards plan and general proportions. (Encyclop. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 192.-Hirt, Geschichte der Baukunst, vol. 2, p. 283, seqq.) The Pantheon is now commonly called the Rotunda, from its circular form. It was given to Boniface IV. by the Emperor Phocas in 609, and was dedicated as a Christian church to the Virgin and the Holy Martyrs, a quantity of whose relics were placed under the great altar. In 830 Gregory IV. dedicated it to all the saints. This consecration of the edifice, however, seems to have afforded it no defence against the subsequent spoliations, both of emperors and popes. The plates of gilded bronze that covered the roof, the bronze bassi relievi of the pediment, and the silver that adorned the interior of the dome, were carried off by PANYASIS, a native of Samos, or, according to othConstans II. (A.D. 655), who destined them for his ers, of Halicarnassus (for his country is uncertain; we imperial palace at Constantinople; but, being murder- only know that he was an uncle of Herodotus). He ed at Syracuse when on his return with them, they flourished about 490 B.C., and was regarded as an exwere conveyed by their next proprietors to Alexan-cellent epic poet, the Alexandrean critics having subsedrea; and thus the spoils of the Pantheon, won from quently assigned him the fourth place in the Epic canon. the plunder of Egypt after the battle of Actium, by a He was the author of an Heracleid, in fourteen books, to kind of poetical justice, reverted to their original which, according to Valckenaer's conjecture, belong two

ner.

PANTHOIDES, a patronymic of Euphorbus, the son of Pantheus. (Vid. Euphorbus.-Horat., Od., 1, 28, 10.)

PANTICAPÆUM, a city in the Tauric Chersonese, on the shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and opposite to Phanagoria on the Asiatic shore. Ptolemy gives the name as Panticapæа (Ilavтikáñaιa). It was founded by a Milesian colony, and lay on a hill, and was in circumference 20 stadia. On the east side was a good harbour, and also an inner and stronger one (veúptov). This place was the capital of the kings of Bosporus, and was also known by the name of Bosporus as early as the time of Demosthenes. Some writers erroneously distinguish between the two appellations, as if they belonged to different cities. (Eutrop., 7, 9.) The modern Kertsch lies near the site of the ancient Panticapæum. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 307, seqq.) Here Mithradates the Great ended his days.