cuticon: and we find in Pliny the names of several fishes which are not mentioned by any other author, but perhaps were natives of the sea on the shore of which Ovid commenced this poem towards the close of his life. Notwithstanding this authority, Wernsdorff is of opinion that it was not written by Ovid, as it is not found in any MS. of his works; and he assigns it to Gratius Faliscus. Ovid also wrote a poem De Medicamine faciei, as we learn from two lines in his Art of Love (3, 205). It is doubted, however, if the fragment remaining under this title be the genuine work of our poet.-During his residence at Tomi, Ovid acquired a perfect knowledge of the language which was there spoken. The town had been originally founded by a Greek colony, but the Greek language had been gradually corrupted, from the influx of the Getæ, and its elements could hardly be discovered in the jargon now employed. Ovid, however, composed a poem in this barbarous dialect, which, if extant, would be a great philological curiosity. The subject he chose was the praises of the imperial family at Rome. When completed, he read it aloud in an assembly of the Get; and he paints with much spirit and animation the effect it produced on his audience. -After what has been already said of the different works of Ovid in succession, it is unnecessary to indulge in many general remarks on his defects or merits. Suffice it to say, that the brilliancy of his imagination, the liveliness of his wit, his wonderful art in bringing every scene or image distinctly, as it were, before the view, and the fluent, unlaboured ease of his versification, have been universally admired. But his wit was too profuse and his fancy too exuberant. The natural indolence of his temper, and his high self-esteem, did not permit him to become, like Virgil or Horace, a finished model of harmony and proportion. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. 3, p. 349, seqq.)- The best editions of Ovid are, that of Burmann, Amst., 1727, 4 vols. 4to, and that of Lemaire, Paris, 1820-24, 10 vols. 8vo. The edition of N. Heinsius, Amst., 1661, .3 vols. 12mo, is also a valuable one.

OXEÆ, small pointed islands, near the Echinades, off the coast of Acarnania. Their ancient name has reference to their form ('Oğɛiai). Strabo reports, that these are the same which Homer calls Thom. (Od., 15, 298.-Strabo, 458.) Stephanus supposes the Oxea to be Dulichium (s. v. Aovλixtov). This group is now commonly known by the name of Curzolari, but the most considerable among them retains the appellation of Oria. (Gell's Itin., p. 298.)

called Oxus; but it is not improbable that, with his usual carelessness in matters relating to geography, he confounds its source with its termination. The Oxus is a broad and rapid river, and receives many affluents, of which the most important mentioned by the ancients was the Ochus, which, according to most accounts, flowed into the Oxus near its mouth, though some make it to have entered the Caspian by a separate channel. (Strab., 509, 518.)-The Oxus has exercised an important influence upon the history and civilization of Asia. It has in almost all ages formed the boundary between the great monarchies of Southwestern Asia and the wandering hordes of Scythia and Tartary. The conquests of Cyrus were terminated by its banks, and those of the Macedonians were few and unimportant beyond it. The Oxus appears also to have formed one of the earliest channels for the conveyance of the produce of India to the western countries of Asia. Strabo informs us, on the authority of Aristobulus, that goods were conveyed from India down the Oxus to the Caspian, and were thence carried by the river Cyrus into Albania and the countries bordering on the Euxine. (Strab., 509.) This account is also confirmed by the statement of Varro (ap. Plin., 6, 19), who informs us, that Pompey learned, in the war with Mithradates, that Indian goods were carried by the Oxus into the Caspian, and thence through the Caspian to the river Cyrus, from which river they were conveyed, by a journey of five days, to the river Phasis in Pontus. The breadth of the Oxus, immediately to the north of Balkh, is 800 yards, and its depth 20 feet (Burne's Travels, vol. 1, p. 249); but south of Bokhara the river is only 650 yards wide, but from 25 to 29 feet deep. (Burne's Travels, vol. 2, p. 5.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 108.)-According to Wahl, the term Oschan in Pehlvi meant "river," and he thinks that this name was softened down by the Greeks into Oxus, the intermediate form having been probably Oschus or Ochus. A Hindoo name for the same river is said to be Kasseh, which means “water," and has a strong resemblance to the German Wasser. The Oxus, therefore, may have been so called kar' 5oxv, as being in an emphatic sense the great river of Upper Asia. The root in Oschan (or Och-i) bears some analogy to that in the old names Ogyges and Oceanus. (Vid. Ogyges. Wahl, Mittel-und Vorder-Asien, vol. 1, p. 753.-Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 22.-Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 186.)

OXYRYNCHUS, a city of Egypt, in the district of Heptanomis, and capital of the Oxyrynchite Nome. It was situate on the canal of Maris, south of Heracleopolis Magna, and received its name (a translation very probably from the Egyptian) on account of a fish called oúpvyxos in Greek, a species of pike, being worshipped and having a temple here. This place became a great resort of monks and hermits when Christianity was spread over Egypt. Nothing remains of this city, in the village called Behnese, built on its ruins, but some fragments of stone pillars, and a single column left standing, and which appears to have formed part of a portico of the composite order. (Ælian, Hist. An., 10, 46.-—Ruffinus, de vita Patrum, c. 5.Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 412.)

OXYDRACE, a nation of India who are supposed to have inhabited the district now called Outsch, near the Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, rising in the north-confluence of the Acesines and Indus. (Strabo, 701. eastern extremity of that country, or, rather, in the -Steph. Byz., p. 615.-Arrian, 6, 13.-Vincent's southeastern part of Great Bukharia, and flowing for Nearchus, p. 133.) the greater part of its course in a northwest direction. It receives numerous tributaries, and falls, after a course of 1200 miles, into the Sea of Aral. The Oxus is now the Amoo or Jihon (the latter being the name given to it by the Arabian geographers). According to most of the ancient writers, it flowed direct into the Caspian, and this statement is said to be confirmed by the existence of its former channel; but, in all probability, they were ignorant of the existence of the Sea of Aral. Some writers think that Herodotus speaks of the Oxus under the name of Araxes (1, 201, seqq.; 4, 11); but it is more likely that he there refers to the Volga. The historian, however, certainly confounds it with the Araxes of Armenia, since he says it rises in the country of the Matieni (1, 202), and flows towards the east (4, 40). According to his account, there were many islands in it, some as large as Lesbos, and it emptied itself by forty mouths, which were all lost in marshes, with the exception of one, that flowed into the Caspian (1, 202). Strabo says, that the Oxus rose in the Indian Mountains, and flowed into the Caspian (Strab., 509, 519), which is also the opinion of Mela (3, 5) and Ptolemy. Pliny (6, 18) makes it rise in a lake

OzŎLÆ, one of the divisions of the Locri in Greece. Besides the explanation of their name as given in a previous article (vid. Locri I.), the following etymologies are mentioned by Pausanias. 1. During the reign of Orestheus, son of Deucalion, a bitch brought forth a stick (5v2ov) instead of a whelp. Orestheus planted this, and a vine shot up, from the branches (65wv) of which the race derived their name. 2. An

other explanation made the term come from the stench | éxλéλoɩπe tò чñуμа.-Strab., 627). Callimachus and (on) of the stagnant water in the neighbouring parts. Dionysius Periegetes speak of the swans of the Pacto3. A third class of etymologists derived the appella-lus. (Callim., H. in Del., 249.-Dionys. Perieg, tion from the stench that proceeded from the persons 830.) The Turkish name of this stream is the Bagouof the early Ozola, they having been accustomed to (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 442.—Mannert, wear undressed skins of wild beasts. (Pausan., 10, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 361.) 38. Consult also Siebelis, ad loc.)

P.

PACATIANUS, TITUS JULIUS, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul about the latter part of Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death.

ly.

PACUVIUS, M. an early Roman dramatic poet, the nephew of Ennius by a sister of his (Plin., 35, 4), was born at Brundisium, A.U.C. 534. At Rome he became intimately acquainted with Lælius, who, in Cicero's treatise De Amicitia, calls him his host and friend. There is an idle story, that Pacuvius had three wives, all of whom successively hanged themselves on the same tree; and that, lamenting this to Attius, who was married, he begged for a slip of it to plant in his own garden; an anecdote which has been very seriously confuted by Annibal di Leo, in his learned me

is told of a Sicilian by Cicero (de Orat., 2, 69). Pacuvius, besides attending to poetry, employed himself also in painting. He was one of the first Romans who attained any degree of eminence in that elegant art, and he particularly distinguished himself by the picture which he executed for the temple of Hercules in the Forum Boiarium. (Plin., 35, 4.) He published his last piece at the age of eighty (Cic., Brut., c. 63); after which, being oppressed with old age, and afflicted with perpetual bodily illness, he retired to Tarentum, where he died, after having nearly completed his nine

PACHYNUS (Ilúxvvos úκpa), a promontory of Sicily, forming the southeastern extremity of the island, and called also, by some of the Latin writers, Pachynum. (Mela, 2, 7.-Plin., 3, 8.) It is one of the three prom-moir on Pacuvius. A story somewhat similar to this ontories that give to Sicily its triangular figure, the other two being Pelorus and Lilybæum. The modern name is Capo Passaro. Its southernmost point is called by Ptolemy Odyssea Acra ('Odvooɛía åкpa), and coincides with the projection of the coast before which the islands delle Correnti lie. Between Pachynus and this latter cape lies a small harbour, called at the present day Porto di Palo, and the same with what Cicero terms Portus Pachyni. (In Verr., 5, 34.) It served merely as a temporary refuge for mariners in stress of weather. This harbour is very probably meant by the Itin. Marit. when it gives the distance "a Syra-tieth year. (Aul. Gell., 13, 2.—Hieron., Chron., p. cusis Pachyno" at 400 stadia or 45 geographical miles along the coast, since the direct line from Syracuse to the promontory of Pachynus is less than this. (Itin. Marit., p. 492, ed. Wesseling.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 341.)

39.) An elegant epitaph, supposed to have been written by himself, is quoted with much commendation by Aulus Gellius, who calls it verecundissimum et purissimum (1, 24). It appears to have been inscribed on a tombstone, which stood by the side of a public road, according to the usual custom of the Romans.Though a few fragments of the tragedies of Pacuvius remain, our opinion of his dramatic merits can only be formed at second hand, from the observations of those

cero, though he blames his style, and characterizes him as a poet male locutus (Brut., c. 74), places him on the same level for tragedy as Ennius for epic poetry, or Cæcilius for comedy; and he mentions, in his treatise De Oratore, that his verses were by many considered as highly laboured and adorned: "Omnes apud hunc ornati elaboratique sunt versus.' It was in this laboured polish of versification, and skill in the dramatic conduct of the scene, that the excellence of Pacuvius chiefly consisted; for so the lines of Horace have been usually interpreted, where, speaking of the public opinion entertained concerning the dramatic writers of Rome, he says (Ep., 2, 1, 56),

PACORUS, I. the eldest of the sons of Orodes, king of Parthia, and a prince of great merit. After the defeat of Crassus, he was sent by his father to invade Syria, having Osaces, a veteran commander, associated with him. The Parthians were driven back, how-critics who wrote while his works were yet extant. Ciever, by Caius Cassius, and Osaces was slain. After the battle of Philippi, Pacorus invaded Syria in conjunction with Labienus, and, having many exiled Romans with him, met with complete success, the whole of the country being now reduced under the Parthian sway. From Syria he passed into Judæa, and placed on the throne Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus. The Roman power having been re-established in Syria by the efforts of Ventidius, Pacorus again crossed the Euphrates, but was defeated and slain by the Roman commander. His death was deeply lamented by Orodes, who for several days refused all nourishment. (Justin, 42, 4.-Vell. Paterc., 12, 78.-Tacit., Hist., 5, 9.)-II. Son of Vonones II., king of Parthia. He received from his brother Vologeses, who succeeded Vonones, the country of Media as an independent kingdom. His dominions were ravaged by the Alani, who compelled him to take shelter for some time in the mountains. (Tacit., Ann., 15, 2 et 14.)

PACTOLUS, a river of Lydia, rising in the southeastern part of Mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus, after having passed by Sardes, the ancient capital of Croesus. Its sands were auriferous, the particles of gold being washed down by the mountain torrents (Plin., 5, 29), and hence it was sometimes called Chrysorrhoas. The poets accounted for the golden sands of the river by the fable of Midas having bathed in its waters when he wished to rid himself of the transmuting powers of his touch. (Vid. Midas.) It was from the gold found amid the sands of the Pactolus that Croesus is said to have acquired his great riches. At a time when this precious metal was scarce, the labour of procuring it in this way was no doubt well bestowed. At a later period, however, the stream was neglected; and Strabo, passing over the true reason, informs us that the river yielded no more (vvv ♂

"Ambigitur quoties uler utro sit prior, aufert Pacuvius docti famam senis, Attius alti ;”

and the same meaning must be affixed to the passage in Quintilian : "Virium tamen Attio plus tribuitur; Pacuvium videri doctiorem, qui esse docti adfectant, volunt." (Inst., Orat., 10, 1.) Most other Latin critics, though, on the whole, they seem to prefer Attius, allow Pacuvius to be the more correct writer. The names are still preserved of about 20 tragedies of Pacuvius. Of these the Antiopa was one of the most distinguished. It was regarded by Cicero as a great national tragedy, and an honour to the Roman name. (De Fin, 1, 2.) Persius, however, ridicules a passage in this tragedy, where Antiopa talks of propping her melancholy heart with misfortunes (1, 78) With regard to the Dulorestes (Orestes Servus), another of these tragedies, there has been a good deal of discussion and difficulty. Nævius, Ennius, and Attius are all said to have written tragedies which bore the title of Dulorestes; but a late German writer has attempted, at great length, to show that this is a misconception; and that all the fragments which have been classed with the remains

of these three dramatic poets, belong to the Dulorestes | long course it receives a great number of tributaries, of Pacuvius, who was, in truth, the only Latin poet that its channel being the final receptacle of almost every wrote a tragedy with this appellation. What the ten-stream which rises on the eastern and southern declivour or subject of the play, however, may have been, heities of the Alps, and the northern declivity of the admits, is difficult to determine, as the different pas- Apennines. The mouths of the Po were anciently sages still extant refer to different periods of the life reckoned seven in number, the principal one, which of Orestes; which is rather adverse, it must be ob- was the southernmost, being called Padusa, and now served, to his idea, that all these fragments were writ- Po di Primaro. It was this mouth also to which the ten by the same person, unless, indeed, Pacuvius had appellations Eridanus and Spineticum Ostium were aputterly set at defiance the observance of the celebrated plied. It sends off a branch from itself near Trigaboli, unities of the ancient drama. On the whole, however, the modern Ferrara, which was anciently styled Volahe agrees with Stanley in his remarks on the Choë- na Ostium, but is now denominated Po di Ferrara. phori of Eschylus, that the subject of the Choëphori, (Polyb., 2, 16.) Pliny mentions the following other which is the vengeance taken by Orestes on the mur- branches or mouths of the Po: the Caprasie Östium, derers of his father, is also that of the Dulorestes of now Bocca di bel Occhio; Sagis, now Fossage; and Pacuvius. (Eberhardt, Zustand der schönen Wissen- Carbonaria, now Po d' Ariano (3, 16). The Fossa chaften bei den Römern, p. 35, seqq.)—In the Iliona, Philistina is the Po grande. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, the scene where the shade of Polydorus, who had been vol. 1, p. 115.)-The Padus is rendered famous in the assassinated by the King of Thrace, appears to his legends of mythology by the fate of Phaethon, who fell mother, was long the favourite of a Roman audience, into it when struck down from heaven by the thunderwho seemed to have indulged in the same partiality for bolt of Jove. (Vid. Phaethon.) such spectacles that we still entertain for the goblins in Hamlet and Macbeth.-All the plays of Pacuvius were either imitated or translated from the Greek, except Paulus. This was of his own invention, and was the first Latin tragedy formed on a Roman subject. Unfortunately, there are only five lines of it extant, and these do not enable us to ascertain which Roman of the name of Paulus gave his appellation to the tragedy. It was probably either Paulus Æmilius, who fell at Cannæ, or his son, whose story was a memorable instance of the instability of human happiness, as he lost both his children by his second marriage, one five days before and the other five days after, his Macedonian triumph. From no one play of Pacuvius are there more than fifty lines preserved, and these generally very much detached. It does not appear that his tragedies had much success or popularity in his own age. He was obliged to have recourse for his subjects to foreign mythology and unknown history. Iphigenia and Orestes were always more or less strangers to a Roman audience, and the whole drama in which these and similar personages flourished, never attained in Rome to a healthy and perfect existence. (Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. 1, p. 343, seqq.)-The fragments of Pacuvius are given in the collections of Stephens, Maittaire, &c.

PADUS, now the Po, the largest river of Italy, anciently called also Eridanus, an appellation which is frequently used by the Roman poets, and almost always by Greek authors. (Vid. Eridanus.) This latter name, however, belongs properly to the Ostium Spineticum of the Padus. (Plin., 3, 20.-Müller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 225.) The name Padus is said to have been derived from a word in the language of the Gauls, which denoted a pine-tree, in consequence of the great number of those trees growing near its source. (Plin., 3, 16.) Whatever be the derivation of the term Padus, the more ancient name of the river, which was Bodincus, is certainly of Celtic origin, and is said to signify "bottomless." (Compare the German bodenlos.-Dalecamp, ad Plin., 3, 16.) The Po rises in Mons Vesulus, now Monte Viso, near the sources of the Druentia or Durance, runs in an easterly direction for more than 500 miles, and discharges its waters into the Adriatic, about 30 miles south of Portus Venetus or Venice. It is sufficiently deep to bear boats and barges at 30 miles from its source, but the navigation is at all times difficult, and not unfrequently hazardous, on account of the rapidity of the current. Its waters are liable to sudden increase from the melting of the snows and from heavy falls of rain, the rivers that flow into it being almost all mountainstreams; and in the flat country, in the lower part of its course, great dikes are erected on both sides of the river to protect the lands from inundation. During its

PADUSA, the same with the Ostium Spineticum, or southernmost branch of the river Padus. (Vid. Padus.) A canal was cut by Augustus from the Padusa to Ravenna. (Valg., el. ap. Sero. ad Virg., En., 11, 456.) Virgil speaks of the swans along its banks (l. c.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 114).

PEAN, an appellation given to Apollo, who under this name was either considered as a destroying (raiw, to smite"), or as a protecting and healing deity, who frees the mind from care and sorrow (aú, "to cause to cease"). The tragedians, accordingly, by an analogical appellation of the word, also called Death, to whom both these attributes belonged, by the title of Paan. (Eurip., Hippol., 1373.- Esch., ap. Stob., Serm., p. 121.) And thus this double character of Apollo, by virtue of which he was equally formidable as a foe and welcome as an ally (Esch., Agam., 518), was authorized by the ambiguity of the name. Homer speaks of Pacon (Пainwv) as a separate individual, and the physician of Olympus; but this division appears to be merely poetical, without any reference to actual worship. Hesiod also made the same distinction. (Schol. ad Hom., Od., 4, 231.) Still, however, Apollo must be regarded as the original deity of the healing art. From very early times, the pæan had, in the Pythian temple, been appointed to be sung in honour of Apollo. (Hom., Hymn. ad Apoll. — Eurip., Ion, 128, 140.-Pind., Paan, ap. Fragm.) The song, like other hymns, derived its name from that of the god to whom it was sung. The god was first called Pæan, then the hymn, and lastly the singers themselves. (Hom., Hymn. ad Apoll., 272, 320.) Now we know that the paan was originally sung at the cessation of a plague and after a victory; and generally, when any evil was averted, it was performed as a purification from the pollution. (Proclus, ap. Phot. -Soph., Ed. T., 152.-Schol. ad Soph., Ed. T., 174.-Suid., s. v. iníwv.) The chant was loud and joyous, as celebrating the victory of the preserving and healing deity. (Callim., Hymn. ad Apoll., 21.) Besides the peans of victory, however, there were others that were sung at the beginning of a battle (Esch., Sept. c. Theb., 250); and there was a tradition, that the chorus of Delphian virgins had chanted "Io Paan" at the contest of Apollo with the Python. (Callim. ad Apoll., 113.-Apoll. Rh., 2, 710.-Compare Athenaus, p. 15, 701, c.) The pean of victory varied acaccording to the different tribes; all Dorians, namely, Spartans, Argives, Corinthians, and Syracusans, had the same one. (Thucyd., 7, 44.-Compare 4, 43.) This use of the pæan as a song of rejoicing for victory, sufficiently explains its double meaning; it bore a mournful sense in reference to the battle, and a joy. ous one in reference to the victory. (Müller's Dorians, vol. 1, p. 319, seqq., Eng. transl.)

PEMINI, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed by D'Anville and Wersebe to have occupied the present district of Famene, in Luxemburg. (Cas., B. G., 2, 4.-D'Anville, Notice de la Gaule, p. 188.- Wersebe, über die Völker, des alten Teutschlands, Hanno., 1826.) Lemaire, however, thinks the analogy between the ancient and modern names, on which this opinion is founded, too far-fetched. (Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., s. v.)

PAONIA, the country of the Pæones. (Vid. Peones:) PESTANUS SINUS, a gulf on the lower coast of Italy, its upper shore belonging to Campania, and its lower to Lucania. According to Strabo (251), it extended from the Siren's Cape to the Promontory of Posidium. The modern name is the Gulf of Salerno. Its ancient appellation was derived from the city of Pæstum.

PEON (Пav), or, according to the earlier and Homeric form of the name, PAEON (IIacov), the physician of the gods. Nothing is said in Homer about his origin. All we are told is, that he cured Mars when wounded by Diomede (Il., 5, 899), and Pluto of the wound in his shoulder given him by Hercules (Il., 5, 401), and also that the Egyptian physicians were of his race. (Od, 4, 232.) He would seem to have been, in the Homeric conception of the legend, distinct from Apollo, though perhaps originally identical with him. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 200.-gies.-The origin of this once flourishing city has afConsult remarks under the article Paan)

PESTUM, a celebrated city of Lucania, in Lower Italy, below the river Silarus, and not far from the western coast. Its Greek appellation was Posidonia, the place being so called in honour of Neptune (Пlosedov). The name Pæstum is used by the Latin wri ters more commonly. This latter Mazocchi, on no very good grounds, derives from the Phoenician Posetan or Postan, the alleged root, with some Oriental scholars, for the Greek Пlooɛidov. (Vid., however, remarks under the article Neptunus.) Nothing, however, can be more fallacious than Phoenician etymoloforded matter of much conjecture and discussion to PEONES (ПaιÓveç), a numerous and ancient nation, antiquaries. Mazocchi, who has just been referred to, that once occupied the greatest part of Macedonia, and makes Pæstum to have been founded by a colony from even a considerable portion of what is more properly Dora, a city of Phoenicia, to which place he also ascalled Thrace, extending along the coast of the Egean signs the origin of the Dorian race! This same wrias far as the Euxine. This we collect from Herodo- ter distinguishes between Pæstum and Posidonia, the tus's account of the wars of the Pæones with the Pe- latter place having been founded, according to him, in inthians, a Greek colony settled on the shores of the the immediate vicinity of the former, by a Sybarite Propontis, at no great distance from Byzantium. Ho- colony, who expelled at the same time the primitive mer, who was apparently well acquainted with the inhabitants of Pæstum. Eustace (Class. Tour, vol. Pæones, represents them as following their leader As- 3, p. 92), following this authority, has fallen into the teropæus to the siege of Troy in behalf of Priam, and same error of making Pæstum and Posidonia distinct places them in Macedonia, on the banks of the Axius. places.-Those who contend for an earlier origin than (I., 11, 849.) We know also from Livy (40, 3) that that which history assigns to Pæstum, adduce in supEmathia once bore the name of Pæonia, though at port of their opinion the Oscan or Etruscan coins of what period we cannot well ascertain. From another this city, with such barbarous legends as PHISTV, passage in the same historian, it would seem that the PHISTVL, PHISTELIA, PHISTVLIS, and PHIIS. Dardani of Illyria had once exercised dominion over A very eminent numismatic writer, however, attributes the whole of Macedonian Pæonia (45, 29). This pas- them to a different town. But, even supposing that sage seems to agree with what Herodotus states, that they ought to be referred to Pæstum, it must be the Pæones were a colony of the Teucri, who came proved that they are of an earlier date than those with from Troy (5, 13.-Compare 7, 20), that is, if we sup- the retrograde Greek inscriptions Пом, ПоЕI, nopose the Dardani to be the same as the Teucri, or at ΣΕΙΔΑΝ, ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝΕΑ. Others inscribed ΠΑΕΣ, least a branch of them. But these transactions are IIAIE, HAIETANO, are more recent, and belong to too remote and obscure for examination. Herodotus, Præstum in its character of a Roman colony. (Sestini, who dwells principally on the history of the Pæonians Monet. Vet., p. 16 and 14.-Paoli, Rovine della città around the Strymon, informs us, that they were early di Pesto Tav., 49.- Micali, Italia avanti il dominio divided into numerous small tribes, most of which were dei Romani, vol. 1, p. 233.—Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 332. transplanted into Asia by Megabyzus, a Persian gen- -Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 362.)-It seems now eral, who had made the conquest of their country, by generally determined, that whether the Enotri or order of Darius. The circumstances of this event, Tyrrheni were the original possessors of this coast, which are given in detail by Herodotus, will be found they can lay no claim to those majestic piles which, in the fourth book, c. 12. It appears, however, from under the name of the ruins of Pæstum, form at the Herodotus, that these Pæonians afterward effected present day the admiration and wonder of all who their escape from the Persian dominions, and returned have visited them. The temples of Pæstum too to their own country (5, 98). Those who were found closely resemble in their plan and mode of structure on the line of march pursued by Xerxes were com- the early edifices of Greece and Sicily, to be the work pelled to follow that monarch in his expedition. He- of any of the native tribes of Italy. The Tuscans, rodotus seems to place the main body of the Paonian to whom alone they could be referred, have left us no nation near the Strymon; but Thucydides (2, 99), with example of a similar style in any of their architectural Homer, extends their territory to the river Axius. But monuments.-Strabo is the only ancient writer who if we follow Strabo and Livy, we shall be disposed to has transmitted to us any positive account of the remove the western limits of the nation as far as the foundation of Posidonia. He states, that it was built great chain of Mount Scardus and the borders of Illy-by a colony of Sybarites, close to the shore in the first ria. In general terms, then, we may affirm, that the instance, but that it was afterward removed more into whole of northern Macedonia, from the source of the the interior. (Strab., 251) This account is farther river Erigonus to the Strymon, was once named Pæ- confirmed by Scymnus of Chios, and agrees with what onia. This large tract of country was divided into we know of the extent of dominion possessed by Sytwo parts by the Romans, and formed the second and baris at an early period on this sea, where she founded third regions of Macedonia. (Liv., 44, 29.) The also the towns of Laus and Scidrus. (Herod., 6, 21.) Paonians, though constituting but one nation, were di- We are left in uncertainty as to the exact date of this vided into several tribes, each probably governed by a establishment of the Sybarites; but we have two separate chief. We hear, however, of a king of Pa- fixed points which may assist us in forming a right onia, named Autoleon, who is said to have received as- conclusion on the subject. The first is the foundation. Bistance from Cassander against the Antariate, an Illy- of Sybaris itself, which took place about 720 B.C.. rian horde, who had invaded his country. (Diod. Sic., the other is that of Velia, a Phocæan colony, built, s 20, 19.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 266, seqq.) we learn from Herodotus, in the reign of Cyrus, or

ums of the ruined city, dark, silent, and majestic.Pæstum stands in a fertile plain, bounded on the west by the Tyrrhene Sea, and about a mile distant on the south by fine hills: on the north by the Bay of Salerno and its rugged border; while to the east the country swells into two mountains, which still retain their ancient names Callimara and Cantena, and behind them towers Mount Alburnus itself with its pointed summits." (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p. 99, seqq.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 362, seqq.)

PETUS, CECINA, the husband of Arria. (Vid. Arria.)

PAGASÆ, a maritime town of Thessaly, on the Sinus Pagasæus, and just below the mouth of the river Onchestus. It was the port of Iolcos, and afterward of Phera, and was remarkable in Grecian story as the harbour whence the ship Argo set sail on her distant voyage. It was, indeed, asserted by some, that it devessel (πýуvvμ, “to construct”). But Strabo is of opinion that it rather owed its appellation to the numerous springs which were found in its vicinity (πnyń, a spring), and this, indeed, seems the preferable etymology. (Strabo, 436.-Compare Schul. ad Apoll. Rhod., 1, 237.) Apollo was the tutelary deity of the place. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 411.) Hermippus, a comic poet, cited by Athenæus (1, 49), says of this town,

αἱ Παγασαὶ δούλους καὶ στιγματίας παρέχουσι. Its site is nearly occupied by the present castle of Volo. (Gell's Itinerary of Greece, p. 260.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 431.) Pagasa gave its name to the extensive gulf, on the shores of which it was situated; and which we find variously designated, as Pagaseticus Sinus (Scyl., p. 25. — Strab., 438), or Pagasites (Demosth., Phil., Epist., 159), Pagasæus (Mela, 2, 3), and Pagasicus (Plin., 4, 9). In modern geography it is called the Gulf of Volo. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 432.)

nearly 540 B.C. It will be seen by that historian's | and ordinary, rise the three temples, like the mausoleaccount of the events which induced the Phocæans to settle on the shores of Lucania, that they were chiefly led to form this resolution by the advice of a citizen of Posidonia (1, 167). It may thence reasonably be supposed, that the latter city had already existed for twenty or thirty years.-There are but few other particulars on record relative to its history. That it must have attained a considerable degree of prosperity, is evident from the circumstance of its name having been attached to the present Gulf of Salerno (vid. Pæstanus Sinus); and we possess yet farther confirmation of the fact in the splendid monuments which age has not yet been able to deface or destroy. It appears from Strabo that the Posidoniatæ, jealous of the aggrandizement of Velia, endeavoured more than once to reduce that town to subjection: these attempts, however, proved fruitless; and, not long after, they were called upon to defend themselves against the aggressions of the Lucani, the most determined and danger-rived its name from the construction of that famous ous of all the enemies with whom the Greeks had to contend. After an unsuccessful resistance, they were at length compelled to acknowledge the superiority of these barbarians, and to submit to their authority. It was probably to rescue Posidonia from their yoke that Alexander of Epirus landed here with a considerable army, and defeated the united forces of the Lucanians and Samnites in the vicinity of that place. (Liv., 8, 17.) The Romans, having subsequently conquered the Lucani, became possessed of Posidonia, whither they sent a colony A.U.C. 480. (Liv, Epit., 14, et 27, 10.-Strab., 251.) The loss of their liberty, even under these more distinguished conquerors, and still more the abolition of their usages and habits as Greeks, seem to have been particularly afflicting to the Posidoniatæ. Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician and philosopher at Tarentum, who is quoted by Athenæus (10, 11), feelingly depicts the distress of this hapless people. "We follow the example," says this writer, "of the Posidoniata, who, having been compelled to become Tuscans, or, rather, Romans instead of Greeks, and to adopt the language and institutions of barbarians, still, however, annually commemorate one of the solemn festivals of Greece. On that day it is their custom to assemble together in order to revive the recollection of their ancient rites and language, and to lament and shed tears in common oyer their sad desti ny after which they retire in silence to their homes." -The unhealthy situation of Paestum, which has been remarked by Strabo, may probably have prevented that colony from attaining to any degree of importance; and as it was placed on an unfrequented coast (Cic. ad Att., 11, 17), and had no trade of its own, it soon decayed, and we find it only noticed by subsequent writers for the celebrity of its roses, which were said to bloom twice in the year. (Virg., Georg., 4, 118.Propert, 4, 5.-Ovid, Met., 15, 708.-Id., ep. e Ponto, 2, 4.-Auson., Idyll., 14.)—The ruins of Paestum, as has already been remarked, form a great object of attraction to the modern tourist. Eustace has given a very spirited description of the beautiful temples of this ancient city, the most striking edifices, unquestionably, which have survived the dilapidations of time and the barbarians in Italy. (Class. Tour, vol. 3, p. 94, seqq.) Within these walls," he remarks in conclusion, "that once encircled a populous and splendid city, now rise one cottage, two farmhouses, a villa, and a church. The remaining space is covered with thick matted grass, overgrown with brambles spreading over the ruins, or buried under yellow undulating corn. A few rosebushes, the remnants of biferi rosaria Pasti, flourish neglected here and there, and still blossom twice a year, in May and in December, as if to support their ancient fame, and justify the descriptions of the poets. The roses are remarkable for their fragrance. Amid these objects, and scenes rural

PAGASÆUS SINUS, a gulf of Thessaly, on the coast of Magnesia; now the Gulf of Volo. (Vid. Pagasæ.) PALEMON, I. a sea-deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original name was Melicerta, and he assumed that of Palamon after he had been changed into a sea-deity by Neptune. (Vid. Athamas, and Leucothea.) Both Palamon and his mother were held powerful to save from shipwreck, and were invoked by mariners. Palamon was usually represented riding on a dolphin. The Isthmian games were celebrated in his honour, and indeed his name (IIahatuor, Champion") appears to refer to them. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 249.)-II. A Roman grammarian (M. or Q. Remmius), the preceptor of Quintilian, and who flourished under Tiberius and Claudius. From the account of Suetonius, he appears to have been a man of very corrupt morals. He was also excessively arrogant, and boasted that true literature was born and would die with him. (Juv., 6, 452.-Id., 7, 215.-Suet., de Illustr. gramm, 23.-Dodwell, Ann. Quint., p. 183. segg.)III. or Palæmonius, a son of Vulcan, one of the Argonauts. (Apoll. Rhod., 1, 202, seqq.-Krause, ad loc.) PALÆPAPHOS. Vid. Paphos.

PALEPHATUS, I. a town of Thessaly, in the northwestern section of the country, plundered by Philip, in his retreat through Thessaly, after his defeat on the banks of the Aous. (Livy, 32, 13.)—II. An early Athenian epic poet, mentioned by Suidas. The lexicographer states, that, according to some, he lived before the time of Phemonoë, the first priestess of Delphi, while others placed him after her. Suidas cites the following productions of his. 1. A Cosmopaia, in five books-2. The Nativity of Apollo and Diana, in four books.-3. Discourses of Venus and Love (Αφροδίτης και Έρωτος φωναὶ καὶ λόγοι), in five books.-4. The dispute between Minerva and Nep