Olympias from Epirus, whither she had fled, and con- | passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. fided to her the guardianship of the young son of (Vid. Olympia II.)-II. A poet. (Vid. Nemesianus.) Alexander. She now cruelly put to death Aridæus, son OLYMPUS, I. a celebrated mountain on the coast of of Philip, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the Thessaly, forming the limit, when regarded as an enbrother of Cassander, together with many leading men tire range, between the latter country and Macedonia. of Macedonia who were inimical to her interests. Her The highest summit in the chain, to which the name cruelties, however, did not remain long unpunished. of Olympus was specially confined by the poets, was Cassander besieged her in Pydna, and she was obliged fabled to be the residence of the gods, and well deto surrender after an obstinate siege, and was put served the honour. Travellers who have visited these to death. (Vid. Cassander.-Justin, lib. 7, 9, 11, shores dwell with admiration on the colossal magnifi14, &c) cence of Olympus, which seems to rise at once from OLYMPIODORUS, a name common to many individu- the sea to hide its snowy head amid the clouds. Dr. als. The most deserving of our notice are the fol- Holland, who beheld it from Litochori at its foot, oblowing: I. A native of Thebes in Egypt, flourished serves, "We had not before been aware of the extreme in the beginning of the fifth century of our era. He vicinity of the town to the base of Olympus, from the continued the history of Eunapius from 407 to 425 thick fogs which hung over us for three successive A.D. His work, entitled "Yan 'Ioropias (" Materials days while traversing the country; but on leaving it, for History"), or 'loropikol λóyoi (" Historical Narra- and accidentally looking back, we saw through an tives"), consisted of twenty-two books. Only a frag-opening in the fog a faint outline of vast precipices, ment of it has been preserved by Photius. The seeming almost to overhang the place, and so aerial in work began with the seventh consulship of the Em- their aspect, that for a few minutes we doubted whethperor Honorius, and was brought down to the acces- er it might not be a delusion to the eye. The fog, sion of Valentinian. It was dedicated to the younger however, dispersed yet more on this side, and partial Theodosius. The historian appears to have been em- openings were made, through which, as through arches, ployed also on public business, for he mentions his we saw the sunbeams resting on the snowy summits having been sent on a mission to Donatus, king of of Olympus, which rose into a dark blue sky far above the Huns. In his description of the African Oases, the belt of clouds and mist that hung upon the sides he speaks of wells being made to the depth of 200, of the mountain. The transient view we had of the 300, and even 500 cubits, and of the water rising up mountain from this point showed us a line of preciand flowing from the aperture. Some have supposed pices of vast height, forming its eastern front towards that these must have been Artesian wells. Olympio- the sea, and broken at intervals by deep hollows or dorus was a heathen. -II. An Alexandrean philoso. ravines, which were richly clothed with forest-trees. pher, who flourished about the year 430 B.C. He is The oak, chestnut, beech, plane-tree, &c., are seen in celebrated for his knowledge of the Aristotelian doc- great abundance along the base and skirts of the mounttrines, and was the master of Proclus, who attended ain; and, towards the summit of the first ridge, large upon his school before he was 20 years of age. This forests of pine spread themselves along the acclivities, philosopher is not to be confounded with a Platonist giving that character to the face of the mountain which of the same name who wrote a commentary upon Plato. is so often alluded to by the ancient poets." (TravHe is also to be distinguished from a peripatetic of a els, vol. 2, p. 27.) The modern name of the mountain still later age, who wrote a commentary on the Mete- with the Greeks is Elimbo, and with the Turks Semaorology of Aristotle.-III. A Platonic philosopher, who vat Evi. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 282.- Cramer's flourished towards the close of the sixth century. He Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 211, seqq.) "Few of the Grewas the author of Commentaries on four of Plato's di- cian mountains," remarks Dodwell, "soar to the height alogues, the first Alcibiades, the Phædon, Gorgias, and of Olympus." Plutarch (Vit. Æmil. Paul.), citing the Philebus. The first of these contains a life of Plato, philosopher Xenagoras, says that it is more than ten in which we meet with certain particulars relative to stadia in height, and M. Bernouille makes it 1017 toises the philosopher not to be found elsewhere. This (6501 English feet). It forms a gigantic mass, and Olympiodorus was a native of Alexandrea, and enjoy- occupies a very extensive space. Its southern side ed great reputation in that capital, as will appear from constitutes the boundary of Thessaly, and its northern a distich appended to his commentary on the Gorgias. base encloses the plains of Macedon. To the west it The title which his commentaries bear appears to in- branches out towards Qthrys, where its remote swells dicate by the words áñò pwvñs ("from the mouth" of are blended with those of Pindus, which terminates in Olympiodorus) that they were copied down by the the Adriatic with the abrupt and stormy promontory of hearers of the philosopher. Sainte-Croix, however, Acroceraunia. Its rugged outline is broken into many thinks that this phrase is merely employed to indicate summits, from which circumstance Homer gives it the that the doctrine contained in the commentaries was epithet of Toλvdetpás. It is never completely free traditional in its nature. (Magasın. Encycl., 3 ann., from snow, and Hesiod (Theog., 118) characterizes it vol. 1, p. 195.) Fragments of the commentary on the with the epithet of vioóeis. Homer, in his Iliad, calls Phædon are given in Fischer's edition of four Platonic | it άyávvipos, whereas in his Odyssey he says that it is dialogues (Lips., 1783, 8vo), and in Foster's edition never agitated by the wind, rain, or snow, but enjoys of five of Plato's dialogues (Oxon., 1752, 8vo). Frag- a clear and luminous air. (N., 1, 420. — Od., 6, 45.) ments of the commentary on the Gorgias were pub- Nothing is easier, says an ingenious author, than to lished by Routh, in his edition of the Gorgias and Eu- reconcile these apparent contradictions. M. Boivin, thydemus (Oxon., 1784, 8vo). The commentary or indeed, employs for this purpose a climax of singular scholia on the Philebus will be found in Stallbaum's conjecture. He supposes a heavenly Olympus, which edition of that dialogue (Lips., 1820, 8vo). The he turns upside down, with its foot in the heavens, commentary on the first Alcibiades forms the second where it never snows, and its summit towards the part of Creuzer's Initia Philosophiae ac Theologiæ, &c. earth; to which part he conceives Homer gave the (Francf., 1820, 8vo).-IV. A native of Alexandrea, a epithet of snowy. As the gods and mortals were Anperipatetic, who flourished during the latter half of the ticephali, he maintains that Homer imagined mountains sixth century. He was the author of a commentary to be in similar situations! (Mem. de Litt. dans on the Meteorology of Aristotle, which was edited by l'Hist. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 7.) But the Aldus, Venet., 1551, fol.-' (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. poet represents the seat of the gods as on the summit 7, p. 132, &c.) of Olympus, under the clouds, and of course he does not imagine it turned upside down.-Olympus is full of breaks, glens, and forests, whence it had the epithets

OLYMPÍUS, I. a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a celebrated temple and statue, which

of πoλúπTuɣos and woλvdévôpɛoç. (Dodwell's Tour, | a natural aperture in the cliff; it is now called Delikvol. 2, p. 105, seqq.)-Near the top Dodwell encoun- tash, or "the perforated rock." (Cramer's Asia Mitered large quantities of snow, and at last reached a nor, vol. 2, p. 257, seq.)—V. A mountain on the castpart where the mountain became bare of all vegetation, ern coast of Cyprus, just below the promontory Dinaand presented only a cap of snow and ice, on which it retum. It is now Monte Santa-Croce. This mountwas impossible to be sustained or to walk. At this ain had on it a temple sacred to Venus Acræa, from time it was the middle of July; the heat was extreme which women were excluded; the mountain itself towards the base of the mountain, as well as in the was shaped like a breast. (Strab., 683.-Cramer's plain, while the masses of snow near its summit gave Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 379, 385.) no signs of melting. The view from the highest ac- OLYNTHUS, a powerful city of Macedonia, in the cessible part of Olympus is described as being very district of Chalcidice, at the head of the Sinus Toroextensive and grand. The mountain seemed to touch naïcus. It was founded probably by the ChalcidPelion and Ossa, and the vale of Tempe appeared only ians and Eretrians of Euboea. (Strabo, 447.) He a narrow gorge, while the Peneus was scarcely percep-rodotus relates, that it was afterward held by the Bot tible. There are hardly any quadrupeds to be seen tiæi, who had been expelled from the Thermaic Gulf beyond the half height of Olympus, and scarcely do by the Macedonians; but on the revolt of Potidea, even birds pass this limit.-The idea has been started, and other towns on this coast, from the Persians, it on mere conjecture, however, that the name Olympus was beseiged and taken by Artabazus, a commander may have some reference to the idea of a "limit" or of Xerxes, who put all the inhabitants to the sword, "boundary," and it is a curious fact that the positions and delivered the town to Critobulus of Torone and of most, if not all, of the mountains that bear this the Chalcidians. (Herod., 8, 127.) Perdiccas, some name would seem to countenance the assertion. The years after, persuaded the Bottiei and Chalcidians to most remarkable instances, after the one we have just abandon their other towns and make Olynthus their been considering, are the following.-II. A range of principal city, previous to their engaging in hostility mountains in the southwestern angle of Bithynia. with the Athenians. (Thucyd., 1, 58.) In this war, Mount Olympus, the loftiest of the range, rose above the Olynthians obtained some decisive advantages Prusa, and was one of the highest summits in Asia over that republic; and the expedition of Brasidas enMinor, being covered with snow during great part of abled them effectually to preserve their freedom and the year. (Browne's Travels, in Walpole's Collec-independence, which was distinctly recognised by tion, vol. 2, p. 112.) The lower parts, and the plains treaty. From this time, the republic of Olynthus at the foot, especially on the western side, had from gradually acquired so much power and importance the earliest period been occupied by the Mysians, among the northern states of Greece, that it roused whence it was generally denominated the Mysian the jealousy and excited the alarm of the more powerOlympus. (Plin., 5, 32.) Its sides were covered ful of the southern republics, Athens and Lacedæmon. with vast forests, which afforded shelter to wild beasts, The Olynthians, apparently proceeding on the federand not unfrequently to robbers, who erected strong- al system, afterward so successfully adopted by the holds there. (Strab., 574.) We read in Herodotus, Achæans, incorporated into their alliance all the smallthat, in the time of Croesus, an immense wild boar, er towns in their immediate vicinity; and, by deissuing from the woods of Olympus, laid waste the grees, succeeded in detaching several important places fields of the Mysians, and became so formidable that from the dominions of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, the inhabitants were obliged to send a deputation to who had not the power of protecting himself from the Lydian monarch to request his aid for deliverance these encroachments. At length, however, a deputafrom the monster. (Herod., 1, 36.) The lower re- tion from the Chalcidic cities of Apollonia and Acangions of this great mountain are still covered with ex- thus, whose independence was at that time immeditensive forests, but the summit is rocky, and destitute ately threatened by Olynthus, having directed the atof vegetation. The Turks call it Anadoli Dagh. tention of Sparta, then at the height of its political (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 178.)-III. A mount- importance, to this rising power, it was determined, ain range of Lycia, on the eastern coast, above the in a general assembly of the Peloponnesian states, to Sacrum Promontorium. A city of the same name was despatch an army of ten thousand men into Thrace. situate in a part of the range. Mount Olympus would (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 2, 14.) Teleutias, brother of appear to be the chain to which Homer alludes in the Agesilaus, and one of the most distinguished comOdyssey (5, 282, seqq.), under the name of the Soly-manders of Sparta, was appointed to conduct the mæan mountains, whence he supposes Neptune to have beheld in his wrath Ulysses sailing towards Phoenicia. The mountains rising at the back of the perpendicular cliffs which line the shore in this quarter, attain to the height of six and seven thousand feet. The highest, as we learn from Captain Beaufort, bears the name of Adratchan, and appears to answer to the Olympus of Strabo. (Caramania, p. 43.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 257.)-IV. A city of Lycia, alluded to in the preceding paragraph. It ranked among the six communities of Lycia. (Strab., 666.) Cicero also bears testimony to its importance and opulence. Having become the residence and haunt of pirates, it was captured by Servilius Isauricus, and became afterward a mere fortress. (Cic. in Verr., 1, 21.- Eutrop., 6, 3.— Plin., 5, 27.) Strabo states, that it was the stronghold of the pirate Zenicetus; and the situation was so elevated that it commanded a view of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. (Strab., 671.) We are indebted to Captain Beaufort for the discovery of the ruins of this place, which exist in a small circular plain, surrounded by the chain of Adratchan (vid. Olympus III.), and at a little distance from the sea. The only way leading to the site is by

war. Having collected his forces, and those of Amyntas and his allies, he marched against the Olynthians, who ventured to give him battle before their walls; but, after a well-fought action, they were compelled to take refuge within their city. It a skirmish, however, which happened not long after, the Peloponnesian forces, in their disorderly pursuit of a body of Olynthian cavalry close to the town, were thrown into confusion by a sortie of the enemy, which communicated such a panic to the whole army, that, notwithstanding the efforts of Teleutias to stop the flight of his troops, a total rout ensued, and he himself was slain. (Hist. Gr., 5, 3.) This disaster, instead of disheartening, called forth fresh exertions on the part of the Spartan government. Agesipolis one of the kings, was ordered to take the command, and prosecute the war with vigour. This young mon arch had already obtained some advantages over the enemy, when he was seized with a disorder, which, baffling all remedies, soon proved fatal: he died a' Aphyte, near the temple of Bacchus. Polybiades, his successor, had thus the credit of putting an end to the war; for the Olynthians, left to their own resources, found themselves unable to cope with their powerful

and was told by the oracle at Delphi that he would
not be restored to health, unless he allowed himself to
be sold as a slave for the space of three years, and
gave the purchase-money to Eurytus as a compensa-
tion for the loss of his son. Accordingly, in obedi-
ence to the oracle, he was conducted by Mercury to
Lydia, and there sold to Omphale. During the period
of his slavery with this queen, he assumed female at-
tire, sat by her side spinning with her women, and
from time to time received chastisement at the hand
of Omphale, who, arrayed in his lion-skin, and armed
with his club, playfully struck him with her sandal for
his awkward way of holding the distaff. He became
by this queen the father of Agelaus, from whom, ac-
cording to Apollodorus, came the race of Cræsus
(80ɛv kaì тò Kpoíσov yévos.—Apollod., 2, 7, 7). Some
writers make the Lydian Heraclide to have sprung
from this union, and not the line of Croesus; but the
weight of authority is in favour of the opinion that the
Heraclidæ of Lydia claimed descent from Hercules
and a female slave of Iardanus. (Creuzer, Fragm.
Hist., p. 186, seqq.-Hellanic., ap. Steph. Byz., s. v.
'Akéλn-Diod. Sic., 4, 31.-Dio Chrysost., Oral., 4,
p. 236, b.)—The myth of Hercules and Omphale is
an astronomical one.
The hero in this legend repre-
sents the Sun-god, who has descended to the oppanós
(omphalos), or "navel" of the world, amid the signs
of the southern hemisphere, where he remains for
a season shorn of his strength. Hence the Lydian
custom of solemnizing the festival of the star of day
by an exchange of attire on the part of the two
sexes; and hence the fable of the Grecian writers,
that Hercules had assumed, during his servitude with
Omphale, the garb of a female. (Creuzer, Symbolik,
par Guigniaut, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 179.) Walker, how-
ever, takes a moral view of the legend which we have
just been considering, and regards it as expressing the
abasement of power amid sensual indulgence. (Anal-
ysis of Beauty, p. 32.)

and persevering antagonists, and were at length forced | ter the murder of Iphitus, Hercules fell into a malady, to sue for peace, which was granted on condition that they should acknowledge their dependance on Sparta, and take part in all its wars. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 5, 4, 27.) Olynthus, though awed and humbled, was far from being effectually subdued; and not many years elapsed before it renewed its attempts to form a confederacy, and again dismember the Macedonian states. In consequence of the alliance which it entered into with Amphipolis, once the colony of Athens, it became involved in hostilities with the Athenians, supported by Philip, son of Amyntas, who had just ascended the throne of Macedon; and Potidæa and Methone were successively wrested from its dominion. Indeed, Olynthus itself could not long have resisted such powerful enemies, had not jealousy, or some secret cause, spread disunion among the allies and induced them to form other designs. Shortly after, we find Philip and the Olynthians in league against Athens, with the view of expelling that power from Thrace. (Demosth., Olynth., 2, p. 19.) Amphipolis was besieged and taken by assault; Potidæa surrendered, and was restored to Olynthus, which for a time became as flourishing and powerful as at any former period of its history. Of the circumstances which induced this republic to abandon the interests of Macedon in favour of Athens, we are not well informed; but the machinations of the party hostile to Philip led to a declaration of war against that monarch; and the Athenians were easily prevailed upon by the eloquence of Demosthenes to send forces to the support of Olynthus under the command of Chares. Although these troops were at first successful, it was evident that they were unable effectually to protect the city against the formidable army of Philip. The Olynthians, beaten in two successive actions, were soon confined within their walls; and, after a siege of some duration, were compelled to surrender, not without suspicion of treachery on the part of Eurysthenes and Lasthenes, who were then at the head of affairs. On obtaining possession of this important city, Philip gave up to plunder, reduced the inhabitants to slavery, and razed the walls to the ground. (Diod. Sic., 16, 53.-Demosth., Phil., 3. p. 113.-Justin, 8, 4.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 249, seqq.) OMBOS, a city of Egypt, a little north of Syene, on the eastern side of the Nile. The Antonine Itinerary calls it Ambos (p. 165), and Ptolemy, Ombi ("Ouboi. The edition of Erasmus has 'Oubpot by a mistake of the press.) Pliny speaks of the Ombitis Præfectura, whence we may conclude that Ombos was at one period the capital of a Nome. (Plin., 5, 9.) Its position is now found in the name of Koum-Ombo, or the Hill of Ombo. Between the inhabitants of this place and Tentyra constant hostilities prevailed, the former adoring, the latter killing, the crocodile. A horrible instance of religious fury, which took place in consequence of their mutual discord, is the subject of the 15th satire of Juvenal. (Consult Ruperti ad Sat. cit.) In relation to the Ombites worshipping the crocodile, while the inhabitants of Tentyra and other places destroyed it, we may cite the explanation of two of the French savans (Chabrol and Jomard, Descript. de l'Egypte, vol. 1.-Antiq., c. 4, p. 8, seqq.). They suppose, that the crocodile was revered by those cities which were more or less removed from the immediate vicinity of the Nile, by reason of its swimming towards them when the river began to overflow its banks, and thus bringing the first intelligence of the approach of the inundation. (Compare Creuzer, Comment. Herod., p. 84.)

ONCÆUM, a town of Arcadia, near Thelpusa, on the banks of the river Ladon. The place was famed for a temple of Ceres, and the legend connected with it was as follows: When Ceres was in search of her daughter Proserpina, Neptune continually followed her. To elude him, she changed herself into a mare, and mingled with the mares of Oncus; but the sea-god assumed the form of a horse, and thus became the father of the celebrated steed Arion. (Pausanias, 8, 25, 4.)

ONCHESMUS, a town of Epirus, on the coast, situate, according to Strabo (324), opposite the western extremity of Corcyra. Dionysius of Halicarnassus pretended that the real name of this place was Anchisæ Portus, derived from Anchises the father of Eneas. (Ant. Rom., 1, 32.) Cicero seems to refer to the port of Onchesmus, when he speaks of the wind Onchesmites as having favoured his navigation from Epirus to Brundisium. (Ep. ad Att., 7, 2. Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 96.) Pouqueville gives Santi Quaranta as the modern name of Onchesmus (vol. 2, p. 133), or, more correctly, of a small place near it (vol. 2, p. 104).

ONCHESTUS, I. a river of Thessaly, rising near Cynoscephale, and falling into the Sinus Pelasgicus. It is supposed to correspond to the modern Patrassi. (Liv., 33, 6.-Polyb., 18, 3.—Steph. Byz., s. v.) Some have thought it to be the same with the river which Herodotus calls Onochonus (7, 196), but without any good reason. The Onochonus, whose waters were drained by the army of Xerxes, falls into the Peneus, OMPHILE, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Iardanus. and is probably the river Rejani. (Cramer's Ancient She married Tmolus, who, at his death, left her mis- Greece, vol. 1, p. 390.)-II. A city of Boeotia, northtress of his kingdom. Omphale had been informed of west of Thebes, and south of the lake Copaïs. It rethe great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see so ceived its name from Onchestus, a son of Neptune, illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. Af-whose temple and grove are often celebrated by the

OPHIUSA (Οφιούσα) or OPHIUSSA (Οφιούσσα), ο name given to many places in ancient geography, and referring to their having been, at one time or other, more or less infested by serpents (opic, a serpent). The most worthy of notice are the following: I. An island in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Spain, and forming one of the Pityusæ, or Pine islands. By the Romans it was generally called Colubraria, a translation of the Greek name, and is now styled las Columbretes, or Mont Colibre. Strabo and Ptolemy confound it with Formontera. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 471.)-II. A city of European Scythia, on the left bank of the river Tyras, which in Pliny's time was also called Tyra. The modern Palanca, not far from the mouth of the Dneister, supposed to correspond to the ancient city. (Pliny, 4, 12.-Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 806.)-III. The earlier name of the island of Tenos. (Pliny, 4, 12.)— IV. One of the earlier names of the island of Rhodes. (Plin., 5, 31.)

OPICI, the same with the Osci. (Vid. Osci.) "That Opicus, Opscus, and Oscus are the same name, is expressly remarked," observes Niebuhr, "by Roman grammarians. (Festus, s. v. Oscum.) The Greek language adopted only the first form, and the last prevailed in the Latin." (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 54, Cambridge transl.)-Buttmann indulges in some curious speculations respecting this and other ancient names of cognate form. "There is a multiplicity of traces," he observes, "which concur in proving that in the word Apis, Apia, lies the original name of a most ancient people who inhabited the European coasts of the Mediterranean. The fabulous personages Pelops, Cecrops, Merops, compared with the names of countries and people, as the Peloponnesus and the Meropes (in Cos); and, in the same way, the names Dryopes, Dryops; Dolopes, Dolops, show that Ops, Opes, corre

which differs materially from that in 1 Kings, 22, 48, seq., or "Tarshish" in the former passage may mean only "a distant voyage ;" and we know that the phrase in the latter passage, "ships of Tarshish," is frequently used in the Old Testament for large, strong ships. The question, therefore, as to the position of Ophir must not be encumbered with any considerations that refer to Tarshish. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 447.)-The early Portuguese navigators believed that they had found Ophir in the modern Sofala, on the eastern coast of Africa, opposite the island of Madagascar, and this same opinion was subsequently maintained by Dapper (Africa, p. 395), Montesquieu, and Bruce (Travels, vol. 2, p. 352). The improbability, however, of this position being the true one, has been fully shown by Vincent (Periplus, p. 266) and Salt (Voyage to Abyssinia, p. 102). The chief ground, indeed, for so erroneous an opinion, seems to have been a supposed resemblance in name between Sofala and Ophir, or Sophara, Calmet places Ophir at the head waters of the Tigris and Euphrates, among the Taperes or Saspires; the gold being conveyed from this quarter, he supposes, to some harbour on the Persian Gulf. (Dict. Bibl., s. v.) Bochart makes two Ophirs, one in Arabia, near the Sabæi (Geogr. Sacr., 2, 27.-Op., vol. 2, col. 138), and the other in India. The former only of these, he thinks, was known to the Jews down to the time of Solomon, who, in conjunction with Hiram, king of Tyre, first sent an expedition to the latter. This latter Ophir he considers to be identical with Ceylon. (Geogr. Sacr., l. c.- - Op., vol. 2, ed. 141.) Wells places Ophir in India, in the vicinity of Cabul. (Sacr. Geogr., s. v.) Schleusner is in favour of Spain. (Lex. Vet. Test., vol. 3, p. 75.) Tychsen also decides in favour of India, and supposes Ophir to have been one of the Isles of Sunda, an island called Ophir lying near Sumatra at the present day. (De Commerc. et Navigat. Hebræorum, &c.—sponding with the Opici, Opsci, in Italy, and meaning Comment. Gött., vol. 16, p. 164, seqq.) Michaelis supposes Ophir to have been in Arabia, and condemns the opinion of Bochart, who finds another in India, as already stated. (Spicilegium, Geogr. Hebr. ext., pars. 11, p. 184, seqq.) Prideaux, Gossellin (Rech., vol. 2, p. 118), Vincent (Periplus, p. 265, seqq.), Niebuhr, and others, likewise declare for Arabia Felix, or the country of the Sabai, where Aphar (Saphar) and the ruins of the ancient Himiarite dwellings make it probable to them that we must here look for the Ophir of Solomon. Mannert comes to the same conclusion. (Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 123.) It is most probable, therefore, that Ophir was in the southern part of Arabia. It is mentioned in connexion with the names of Arabian tribes, in Genesis, 10, 29. The "gold of Ophir" is spoken of in the book of Job, a work most probably of Arabian origin. The products of the voyage, too, might easily have been obtained from Arabia; for, OPIMIUS, L. NEPOS, was consul 121 B.C. though gold is not found there now, we have the tes- made himself conspicuous by his inveterate hostility to timony of many ancient writers that it was in ancient Caius Gracchus, and was the leader in the affray which times. It is, however, very probable that Ophir was terminated with the death of the latter. He was afteran emporium of the Phoenicians for their eastern trade; ward convicted of having received a bribe from Jugurand, if so, the difficulty as to the productions is at tha, and was banished. He ended his days in great once removed. Before bringing this article to a close, poverty and wretchedness at Dyrrhachium. (Cic., it may not be amiss to notice the very singular opinion Orat., 2, 132.-Id., pro Planc., 69.—Sall., Bell. Jug., of Arius Montanus, who finds Ophir in Peru, the gold 12.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 6.) From all that we can gathof Parvain (2 Chron., 3, 6) being, according to him, er relative to this individual, it would appear that he the gold of that country (Peru-ain). It is of this that was a victim to the spirit of party. His conduct toScaliger remarks, “Puto Arium Montanum illius joc-wards Caius Gracchus and his followers is represented ulatoria interpretationis auctorem esse." (Scaliger, Epist., 237.)

OPHIS, I. a small river of Asia Minor, forming part of the eastern boundary of Pontus. It rises in the mountains of the Tzani, and falls into the Euxine to the southwest of Rhizzæum. Reichard gives Of as the modern name. (Arrian, Peripl. Eux-Hudson, Geogr. Min., 1, 6.)-II. A river in Arcadia, running by Mantinea, and falling into the Alpheus. (Paus., 8, 8.)

the same as Apis, were ancient names of people; and that the first syllable in those names served to distinguish the different families or tribes, as the Pelopes, Cercopes, Meropes, &c. The Abantes in Euboea, the Aones in Boeotia, the Ausones and Osci in Italy, are but varieties of the same name." (Lexilogus, p. 154, not., Fishlake's transl.)

OPIMA SPOLIA, Spoils taken by a Roman general from a general of the enemy whom he had slain. They were dedicated to, and suspended in the temple of, Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by Romulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caninenses; the next by A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, A.U.C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who slew Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A.U.C. 530.

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as cruel in the extreme; and yet, when brought to trial by the tribune Duilius for having put to death a great number of citizens during his consulship without observing the forms of justice, he was acquitted through the powerful eloquence of the consul Papirius Carbo. So, again, his trial and condemnation for bribery are pronounced by Cicero (pro Sextio) decidedly unjust. (Compare Schegk. ad Vell. Paterc., 2, 7.)During the consulship of Opimius, the heat of the