brothers, Vilé and Vé, defeated and slain the frost- | still call Wednesday Godenstag.) We may even adgiant Ymer, out of whose body they formed the habi- vance a step farther, and compare the names of both table world. Some expounders of mythology make Odin and Budda with one of the earliest appellations Odin and his brethren, together with their antagonist, of Deity among many nations of Asia and Europe. as set forth in this fable, to be mere personifications Thus we have in Sanscrit, Coda; in Persian, Choda, of the elements of the world.-But there is another Chuda, and Ghuda; in the language of the Kurds, and a younger Odin, who, according to some writers, Chudi; in that of the Afghans, Chudai; in the Gothis partly a mythological and partly an historical person-ic and German, God and Gott; in the Icelandic and age. In all the Scandinavian traditions preserved by Danish, Gud, &c. It is curious to observe, moreover, the chroniclers, mention is made of a chief called Odin, that traces of the worship of Odin or Budda appear who came from Asia with a large host of followers call- even in America. Among the ancient traditions coled Aser (vid. Asi), and conquered Scandinavia, where lected by the Spanish bishop Nunez de la Vega, there they built a city by the name of Sigtuna, with temples, is one which was current among the Indians of Chiapa and established a worship and a hierarchy; he also in- respecting a certain Wodon or Votan. This individ vented or brought with him the characters of the Runic ual is said to have been the grandson of one who, toalphabet; he was, in short, the legislator and civilizer of gether with his family, was alone saved from a univer the North. He is represented also as a great magician, sal deluge. He aided in the erection of a great ediand was worshipped as a god after death, when some fice, by which men attempted to reach the skies; but of the attributes of the elder Odin are supposed to have the execution of this daring project was frustrated; been ascribed to him. The epoch of this emigration each family of men received a different language; and of Odin and his host is a subject of great uncertainty. the Great Spirit (Teot/) ordered Wodan to go and peoSome place it in the time of the Scythian expedition ple the country of Anahuac, or Mexico. This same of Darius Hystaspis: others (and this has been the Wodan, moreover, like Odin and Budda, gave name to most common opinion among Scandinavian archæolo- a particular day. So strong, indeed, does the resem gists) fix it about the time of the Roman conquests in blance between Odin and the Mexican Wodan appear, Pontus, 50 or 60 B.C. Sühm, in his "Geschichte der that even Humboldt himself hesitates not to use the Nordischen Fabelzeit," enumerates four Odins. One following language in relation to it: "Ce Votan, mi was Bör's son; he came from the mouths of the Ta- Wodan, Americain paroît de la même famille avec les naïs, and introduced into the North the worship of the Wods ou Odins des Goths et des peuples d'origine Sun. A second came with the Aser, from the borders Celtique." (Monumens de l'Amerique, vol. 1, p. 382.) of Europe and Asia, at the time of the invasion of Da- It would appear, then, from all that has been said, that rius. He brought with him the Runic alphabet, built the worship of Odin or Budda is to be referred in its temples, and established the mythology of the Edda: origin to the earliest periods of the history of our race, he is called Mid Othin, or Mittel Othin. A third Odin, these names being nothing more than early appellaaccording to Sühm, fled from the borders of the Cau- tions for Deity, and being afterward shared also by casus at the time of Pompey's conquests, 50 or 60 those individuals who had spread this particular woryears B.C. The fourth Odin he makes to have lived ship over different parts of the earth. (Consult Magin the third or fourth century of our era. All this, how-nusen, Mythol. Boreal. Lex., p. 261, seqq.-Niemey ever, is far from being authenticated; though the north-er, Sagen, betreffend Othin, &c., Erf., 1821, 8vo.. western emigration of Odin from the borders of the Leo, über Othin's Verehrung in Deutschland, Erl., Caucasus to Scandinavia has the support of a uniform 1822, 8vo. - Klemm, Germ. Alterthumsk., p. 280, tradition in its favour. Odin was worshipped by the seqq.) German nations until their conversion to Christianity. ODOACER, a Gothic chief, who, according to some (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 400.)-The legend authorities, was of the tribe of the Heruli. He origiof Odin evidently points to the introduction of religious nally served as a mercenary in the barbarian auxiliary rites and ceremonies among the northern nations by force which the later emperors of the West had taken some powerful leader from the East, who was himself, into their pay for the defence of Italy. After the two in some degree, identified after death with the deity rival emperors, Glycerius and Julius Nepos, were both whose worship he had brought in with him. This de-driven from the throne, Orestes, a soldier from Panity appears to have been none other than the Budda nonia, clothed his own son Romulus, yet a minor, with of the East, just as the traditions of the North respect- the imperial purple, but retained all the substantial auing the Aser connect the mythology of Scandinavia thority in his own hands. The barbarian troops now in a very remarkable manner with that of Upper Asia. asked for one third of the lands of Italy, to be distrib(Vid. Asi.) The striking resemblance that exists be- uted among them as a reward for their services. Orestween Budda and Odin, not only in many of their ap- tes having rejected their demand, they chose Odoacer pellations, but also in numerous parts of their worship, for their leader, who immediately marched against has been fully established by several Northern wri- Orestes, who had shut himself up in Ticinum or Paters. (Consult Magnusen, Eddalæren og dens Oprin- via. Odoacer took the city by storm, and gave it up delse, vol. 4, præf. v., seqq.-Id. ib., vol. 4, p. 474, 478, to be plundered by his soldiers. Orestes himself was seqq.; 512, seqq.; 534, seqq.; 541, seqq.-Palmblad, taken prisoner, and led to Placentia, where he was pubde Budda et Wodan, Upsal, 1822, 4to.-Wallman, om licly executed, A.D. 475, exactly a twelvemonth after Odin och Budda, Holm., 1824, 8vo.-Compare Ritter, he had driven Nepos out of Italy. Romulus, who was Vorhalle, p. 472.-Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches, called Augustulus by way of derision, was in Ravenvol. 1, p. 511.-Id. ib., vol. 2, p. 343.) One feature, na, where he was seized by Odoacer, who stripped him however, in which these two deities approximate very of his imperial ornaments, and banished him to a casclosely, is too remarkable to be here omitted. The tle in Campania, but allowed him an honourable mainsame planet, namely, Mercury, is sacred to both; and tenance. Odoacer now proclaimed himself King of the same day of the week (Wednesday) is called after Italy, rejecting the imperial titles of Cæsar and Auguseach of them respectively. Thus we have the follow- tus. For this reason the Western empire is considing appellations for this day among the natives of In- ered as having ended with the deposition of Romulus dia in the Birman, Buddahu: in the Malabaric, Bu- Augustulus, the son of Orestes. Odoacer's authority den-kirumei, &c. So again, some of the names given did not extend beyond the boundaries of Italy. Little to Budda coincide very closely with those of Odin. is known of the events of his reign until the invasion Thus we may compare the Godama, Gotama, and of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, who, at the inSamana-Codam of the former, with the Godan, Gu-stigation, as some historians assert, of Zeno, emperor tan, Guodan, &c., of the latter. (The Westphalians of the East, marched from the banks of the Danube to dispossess Odoacer of his kingdom. Theodoric, at the head of a large army, defeated Odoacer near Aquileia, and entered Verona without opposition. Odoacer shut himself up in Ravenna, A.D. 489. The war, however, lasted for several years; Odoacer made a brave resistance, but was compelled by famine to surrender Ravenna, A.D. 493. Theodoric at first spared his life, but in a short time caused him to be put to death, and proclaimed himself King of Italy. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 400.) richer and more complete; although, indeed, from the union of two actions, some roughnesses have been produced, which, perhaps, with a plan of this kind, could scarcely be avoided. While the poet represents the son of Ulysses, stimulated by Minerva, coming forward in Ithaca with newly-excited courage, and calling the suiters to account before the people, and then afterward describes him as travelling to Pylos and Sparta in order to obtain intelligence of his lost father, he gives us a picture of Ithaca and its anarchical condition, and of the rest of Greece in its state of peace after the return of the princes, which produces the finest contrast; and, at the same time, he prepares Telemachus for playing an energetic part in the work of vengeance, which by this means becomes more probable.-The Odyssey is indisputably, as well as the Iliad, a poem possessing a unity of subject; nor can any one of its chief parts be removed without leaving a chasm in the development of the leading idea; but it artificial and more complicated plan. This is the case partly, because, in the first and greater division of the poem, up to the sixteenth book, two main actions are carried on side by side; and partly, because the action, which passes within the compass of the poem, and, as it were, beneath our eyes, is greatly extended by means of an episodical narration, by which the ODRYSÆ, one of the most numerous and warlike of the Thracian tribes. Under the dominion of Sitalces, a king of theirs, was established what is called in history the empire of the Odrysæ. Thucydides, who has entered into considerable detail on this subject, observes, that of all the empires situated between the Ionian Gulf and the Euxine, this was the most considerable, both in revenue and opulence. Its military force was, however, very inferior to that of Scythis both in strength and numbers. The empire of Si-differs from the Iliad in being composed on a more talces extended along the coast from Abdera to the mouths of the Danube, a distance of four days' and nights' sail; and in the interior, from the sources of the Strymon to Byzantium, a journey of thirteen days. The first founder of this empire appears to have been Teres. (Herod., 7, 137.-Thucyd., 2, 29.) For farther remarks on the Odrysæ, see the article Thracia. ODYSSEA, I. a city of Hispania Bætica, north of Ab-chief action itself is made distinct and complete, and dera, among the mountains. It was founded, according to a fabulous tradition, by Ulysses. (Posidon., Artemidor., Asclep., Myrl., ap. Strab., 149.—Eustath. ad Od, p. 1379.-Id. ad Dionys. Perieg., 281. -Steph. Byz., s. v.- Tzschucke ad Me!., 3, 1, 6.) Some have supposed it to be the same with Olisippo or Ulysippo (now Lisbon), and very probably we owe Odyssea to the same fabulous legend which assigns Ulysses as the founder of Ulysippo. There must have been a town in Bætica, the name of which, resembling in some degree the form Odyssea ('Odvooɛia), the Greeks, in their usual way, converted into the latter, and then appended to it the fable respecting a founding by Ulysses. (Consult Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 351.Merula, Cosmogr., pt. 2, 1. 2, c. 26.)—II. A promontory of Sicily, near Pachynum, supposed by Fazellus to be the same with the present Cabo Marzo. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 798.) -III. The second of the two great poems ascribed to Homer. It consists, like the Iliad, of twenty-four books; and the subject is the return of Ulysses ('Odvoorus), after the fall of Troy, from a land lying beyond the range of human intercourse or knowledge, to a home invaded by a band of insolent intruders, who seek to rob him of his wife and kill his son. Hence, the Odyssey begins exactly at that point where the hero is considered to be farthest from his home, in the island of Ogygia, at the navel, that is, the central part, of the sea; where the nymph Calypso (Kahvú, "The Concealer") has kept him hidden from all mankind for seven years; thence, having, by the help of the gods, who pity his misfortunes, passed through the dangers prepared for him by his implacable enemy, Poseidon or Neptune, he gains the land of the Phæacians, a careless, peaceable, and effeminate nation, to whom war is only known by means of poetry. Borne along by a marvellous Phæacian vessel, he reaches Ithaca sleeping; here he is entertained by the honest swineherd Eumæus, and, having been introduced into his own house as a beggar, he is there made to suffer the harshest treatment from the suiters, in order that he may afterward appear with the stronger right as a terrible avenger. With this simple story a poet might have been satisfied; and we should, even in this form, notwithstanding its smaller extent, have placed the poem almost on an equality with the Iliad. But the poet to whom we are indebted for the Odyssey in a complete form, has interwoven a second story, by which the poem is rendered much the most marvellous part of the story is transferred At ny consisting of the natives and certain Sicilians intermingled. (Compare Silius Ital., 3, 257.) It was a small place in comparison with the neighbouring Leptis, and yet was able to sustain a contest with this city about their respective boundaries, by the aid of the Garamantes in its vicinity. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 50.) In the reign of Valentinian, the Tripolitan cities were for the first time obliged to shut their gates against a hostile invasion of the savages of Gætulia; and, finding themselves unprotected by the venal commander to whom the defence of Africa was intrusted, they joined the rebellious standard of a Moor. The insurrection was suppressed by the ability of Theodosius, the Roman general. Seventy years after, the whole country was ravaged by the Vandals. In the sixth century, Ea no longer existed, since Procopius, who speaks of the walls of the other cities in Tripoli being rebuilt, passes over Ea in silence. The ruins of the ancient city are said to lie four geographical miles to the east of the modern Tripoli (or, as the natives call it, Tarables). Ptolemy writes the name of the city 'Ewa (Eoa); the Peutinger Table gives Osa, and the Antonine Itinerary Eea. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 135.) EAGRUS, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from him Mount Hemus, and also Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, have received the appellation of Eagrius, which thus becomes equivalent to "Thracius" or "Thracicus." (Ovid, Ib., 484.—Virg., G., 4, 524.—Apollod., 1, 3.) BALIA, I. the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from balus, one of its ancient kings. (Serv. ad Virg., Georg., 4, 125.) Hence Ebalius is used by the poets as equivalent to Laconicus or Spartanus, and is applied to Castor and Pollux (“ Ebalu fraires,” Statius, Sylv., 3, 2, 10), to Helen ("Ebalia pellex,' Ovid, Rem. Am., 458), to Hyacinthus (“Ebalius puer," Martial, 14, 173), &c.—II. A name applied to Tarentum, because founded by a Spartan colony. (Plin., 3, 11.-Flor., 1, 18.) definite conclusions as to the person and age of the poet. With the exception of the anger of Neptune, who always works unseen in the obscure distance, the gods appear in a milder form; they act in unison, without dissension or contest, for the relief of mankind, not, as is so often the case in the Iliad, for their destruction. It is, however, true, that the subject afforded far less occasion for describing the violent and angry passions and vehement combats of the gods. At the same time, the gods all appear a step higher above the human race; they are not represented as descending in a bodily form from their dwellings on Mount Olympus, and mixing in the tumult of the battle, but they go about in human forms, only discernible by their superior wisdom and prudence, in the company of the adventurous Ulysses and the intelligent Telemachus. But the chief cause of this difference is to be sought in the nature of the story, and, we may add, in the fine tact of the poet, who knew how to preserve unity of subject and harmony of tone in his picture, and to exclude everything irrelevant. The attempt of many learned writers to discover a different religion and mythology for the Iliad and the Odyssey, leads to the most arbitrary dissection of the two poems. M. Constant, in particular, in his celebrated work "De la Religion" (vol. 3), has been forced to go to this length, as he distinguishes "trois espèces de mythologie" in the Homeric poems, and determines from them the age of the different parts. It ought, however, above all things, to have been made clear how the fable of the Iliad could have been treated by a professor of this supposed religion of the Odyssey, without introducing quarrels, battles, and vehement excitement among the gods; in which there would have been no difficulty, if the difference of character in the gods of the two poems were introduced by the poet, and did not grow out of the subject. On the other hand, the human race appears, in the houses of Nestor, Menelaüs, and especially of Alcinoüs, in a far more agreeable state, and one of far greater comfort and luxury, than in the Iliad. But where could the enjoyments, to which the Atridæ, in their native palace, and the peaceable Phæacians could securely abandon themselves, find a place in a rough camp? Granting, however, that a different taste and feeling is shown in the choice of the subject and in the whole arrangement of the poem, yet there is not a greater difference ECHALIA, I. a city of Thessaly, in the district of than is found in the inclinations of the same man in Estimotis. (Hom., Il., 2, 729.) Homer here couples the prime of life and in old age; and, to speak can- it with Tricca and Ithome, and of course means by it didly, we know no other argument, adduced by the a Thessalian city. Many poets, however, as Strabo Chorizontes both of ancient and modern times, for at- observes, not adhering to the Homeric geography, tributing the wonderful genius of Homer to two differ- were of opinion that chalia was in Euboea, as Sophent individuals. It is certain that the Odyssey, in re-ocles, for instance, in his Trachiniæ; while others spect of its plan and the conception of its chief characters, of Ulysses himself, of Nestor and Menelaüs, stands in the closest affinity with the Iliad; that it always presupposes the existence of the earlier poem, and silently refers to it; which also serves to explain the remarkable fact, that the Odyssey mentions many occurrences in the life of Ulysses which lie out of the compass of the action, but not one which is celebrated in the Iliad. If the completion of the Iliad and the Odyssey seems too vast a work for the lifetime of one man, we may, perhaps, have recourse to the supposition, that Homer, after having sung the Iliad in the vigour of his youthful years, communicated in his old age to some devoted disciple the plan of the Odyssey, which had long been working in his mind, and left it to him for completion. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 57, seqq.) CEA, I. a town in the island of Egina, above 20 stadia from the capital. (Herod., 5, 83)-II. A town in the island of Thera, called also Calliste. -III. A city on the coast of Africa, between the two Syrtes, and forming, together with Sabrata and Leptis Magna, the district called Tripolis. This city first grew up under the Roman sway, and was founded by a colo EBALUS, I. a son of Argulius, king of Laconia, which country received from him, among the poets, the name of Ebalia. He was the father of Tyndarus, and grandfather of Helen. (Hygin., fab., 78 )—II. A son of Telon, king of Capreæ, and of the nymph Sebethis. (Virg., En., 7, 734-Serv., ad loc.) consigned it to Arcadia or Messenia. (Strabo, 438.Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 362.)—II. A city of Ætolia, belonging to the tribe of Eurytanes. (Strabo, 448.)-III. A city of Euboea, where Eurytus reigned, and which was destroyed by Hercules. But this opinion, which is maintained by many writers, would seem not to have been a well-grounded one, and we ought to look, in all probability, for the Echalia of Eurytus in Thessaly. (Vid. Echalia I.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 139.)—IV. A city of Messenia, ac cording to some the residence of Eurytus. (Pausan., 4, 33.) This is, however, a question which has been much agitated by the commentators on Homer; for, as Strabo remarks, the poet seems to speak of two places of that name, both belonging to Eurytus, one in Thessaly, the other in Messenia; it was from the latter that Thamyris, the Thracian bard, was proceeding on his way to Dorium, another Messenian city, when he encountered the Muses, who deprived him of his art. (Il., 2, 594.) Apollodorus acknowledged only one Echalia of Eurytus, which he placed in Thessaly; but Demetrius of Scepsis admitted also the Messenian city, which he identified with Andania, a well-known town of that province on the Arcadian | ed, two-footed, and at last three-footed?" or, as othfrontier. (Strabo, 339.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 146, seqq.) ECUMENIUS, an ancient Greek Commentator on the Scriptures. The time at which he lived is uncertain; but it was after the eighth century and before the tenth. He is generally placed in the ninth century; Cave assigns to him the date A.D. 990; Lardner, A.D. 950. Ecumenius was bishop of Tricca, and the author of commentaries on the Acts of the Apostles, the fourteen epistles of St. Paul, and the seven Catholic epistles, which contain a concise and perspicuous illustration of these parts of the New Testament. Besides his own remarks and notes, they consist of a compilation of the notes and observations of Chrysostom, Cyrill of Alexandrea, Gregory Nazianzen, and others. He is thought to have written also a commentary on the four gospels, compiled from the writings of the ancient fathers, which is not now extant. The works of Ecumenius were first published in Greek at Verona in 1532, and in Greek and Latin at Paris in 1631, in 2 vols. fol. To the second volume of the Paris edition is added the commentary of Arethas on the book of Revelations. (Consult Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 156.) ers give it, "What animal is that which goes on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three at evening?" The oracle told the Thebans that they would not be delivered from her until they had solved her riddle. They often met to try their skill; and when they had failed, the Sphinx always carried off and devoured one of their number. At length Hamon, son of Creon, having become her victim, the father offered by public proclamation the throne, to which he had succeeded on the death of Laïus, and the hand of his sister Jocasta, to whoever should solve the riddle of the Sphinx. Edipus, who was then at Thebes, hearing this, came forward and answered the Sphinx that it was Man; who, when an infant, creeps on all fours; when he has attained to manhood, goes on two feet; and when old, uses a staff, a third foot. The Sphinx thereupon flung herself down to the earth and perish ed; and Edipus now unknowingly accomplished the remainder of the oracle. He had by his mother two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene.-After some years Thebes was afflicted with famine and pestilence; and the oracle being consulted, ordered the land to be purified of the blood which defiled it. Inquiry was set on foot after EDIPUS (Oidinovs), was the son of Laius, king the murder of Laius, and a variety of concurring cirof Thebes, and of Jocasta, the daughter of Menaceus. cumstances brought the guilt home to Edipus. JoHomer calls his mother Epicasta. An oracle had casta, on the discovery being made, hung herself, and warned Laius against having children, declaring that her unhappy son and husband, in his grief and despair, he would meet his death by means of his offspring; put out his eyes. He was banished from Thebes; and the monarch accordingly refrained, until, after and, accompanied by his daughters, who faithfully adsome lapse of time, having indulged in festivity, he hered to him, he came, after a tedious period of miserforgot the injunction of the god, and Jocasta gave able wandering, to the grove of the Furies at Colonus, birth to a son. The father immediately delivered the a village not far from Athens, and there found the terchild to his herdsman to expose on Mount Citharon.mination of his wretched life, having mysteriously disThe herdsman, moved to compassion, according to appeared from mortal view, and been received into the one account (Soph., Ed. Tyr., 1038), gave the babe bosom of the earth. (Apollod., 3, 5, 8, seg.-Soph, to a neatherd belonging to Polybus, king of Corinth, Ed. Col.) The history of his sons will be found or, as others say (Eurip., Phæniss., 28), the neatherds under the articles Eteocles and Polynices.-Such is of Polybus found the infant after it had been exposed, the form in which the history of Edipus has been and brought it to Periboa, the wife of Polybus, who, transmitted to us by the Attic dramatists. We will being childless, reared it as her own, and named it now consider its more ancient shape. The hero of Edipus, on account of its swollen feet (from oidéw, to the Odyssey says, "I saw (in Erebus) the mother of swell, and πovç, a foot); for Laïus, previous to its ex- Edipodes (such being his Homeric name), the fair posure, had pierced its ankles, and had inserted through Epicasta, who, in her ignorance, did an awful deed, the wound a leathern thong. The foundling Edipus marrying her own son, and he married, having slain was brought up by Polybus as his heir. Happening his own father, and immediately the gods made this to be reproached by some one at a banquet with being known unto men. Now he ruled over the Cadmeans a supposititious child, he besought Periboa to inform in desirable Thebes, suffering woes through the pernihim of the truth; but, unable to get any satisfaction cious counsels of the gods; but she, oppressed with from her, he went to Delphi and consulted the oracle. grief, went to the abode of Aides, the strong gateThe god directed him to shun his native country, or keeper, having fastened a long halter to the lofty roof, else he would be the slayer of his father and the sharer and left to him many woes, such as the Furies of a of his mother's bed. He therefore resolved never to mother produce." (Od., 11, 271, seqq.) In the return to Corinth, where so much crime, as he thought, Iliad (23, 679) the funeral games are mentioned which awaited him, and he took his road through Phocis. were celebrated at Thebes in honour of the "fallen Now it happened that Laïus, at this same time, was Edipodes." Hesiod (Op. et D., 162) speaks of the on his way to Delphi, for the purpose of ascertaining heroes who fell fighting at the seven-gated Thebes, on whether the child which had been exposed had perish account of the sheep of Edipodes. It would also ed or not. He was in a chariot, accompanied by his seem that, according to the above passage of the Odysherald Polyphontes; a few attendants came after. sey, and to the epic poem the "Edipodea" (Pausan., The father and son, total strangers to each other, met 9, 5, 11), Epicasta had not any children by her son; in a narrow road in Phocis. Edipus was ordered to Eurygeneia, the daughter of Hyperphas, being the make way, and, on his disregarding the command, the mother of his well-known offspring. According to the charioteer endeavoured to crowd him out of the path. cyclic Thebais, the fatal curse of Edipus on his sons A contest thereupon ensued, and both Laïus and the had the following origin: Polynices placed before his charioteer, together with all the attendants except one, father a silver table which had belonged to Cadmus, who fled, were slain by the hand of Edipus. Imme- and filled a golden cup with wine for him; but when diately after the death of Laius, Juno, always hostile Edipus perceived the heir-looms of his family thus set to the city of Bacchus, sent a monster named the before him, he raised his hands and prayed that his Sphinx to ravage the territory of Thebes. It had the sons might never divide their inheritance peaceably, face of a woman, the breast, feet, and tail of a lion, but ever be at strife. Elsewhere (ap. Schol. ad Soph., and the wings of a bird. This monster had been Ed. Col., 1440) the Thebais said, that his sons havtaught riddles by the Muses, and she sat on the Phi- ing sent him the loin, instead of the shoulder of the cean Hill, and propounded one to the Thebans. It was victim, he flung it to the ground, and prayed that they this: "What is that which has one voice, is four-foot- might fall by each other's hands. The motives as ENIDES (Oivεions), a patronymic of Meleager, son of Eneus. (Ovid, Met., 8, 414.) signed by the tragedians are certainly of a more digni- | of Alexander the Great. (Plut., Vit. Alex.) By the fied nature than these, which seem trifling and insig- advice of Cassander, the Eniada settled at Sauria nificant. This story affords convincing proof of the (probably Thyria), another Acarnanian town. Many great liberties which the Attic tragedians allowed them- years afterward, the Etolians were compelled to evacselves to take with the ancient myths. It was purely uate Eniada by Philip the son of Demetrius, king of to gratify Athenian vanity that Sophocles, contrary to Macedon, in an expedition related by Polybius. This the current tradition, made Edipus die at Colonus. monarch, aware of the advantage to be derived from His blindness also seems a tragic fiction. Euripides the occupation of a place so favourably situated with makes Jocasta survive her sons, and terminate her life regard to the Peloponnesus, fortified the citadel, and by the sword. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 340, seqq.) enclosed within a wall both the fort and arsenal. (PoENEUS, a king of Calydon in Etolia, son of Par- lyb., 4, 65.) In the second Punic war this town was thaon. He married Althea, the daughter of Thestius, taken by the Romans, under Valerius Lævinus, and by whom he had, among other children, Meleager and given up to the Etolians their allies (Liv., 26, 24.— Deianira. After Althea's death, he married Periboa, Polyb., 9, 39); but, on a rupture taking place with the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he became the fa- that people, it was finally restored to the Acarnanians. ther of Tydeus. In a sacrifice which Eneus made (Liv. 38, 11.-Polyb., fragm., 22, 15.) The precise to all the gods, upon reaping the rich produce of his site of this ancient city remains yet unascertained; fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess, to revenge for, though many antiquaries have supposed that it is this neglect, sent a wild boar to lay waste the terri- represented by a place called Trigardon, close to the tory of Calydon. The animal was at last killed by Me- mouth of the Achelous, and on its right bank, there leager and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a are several strong objections against the correctness celebrated chase known by the name of the chase of of this. A principal obstacle to the reception of such the Calydonian boar. (Vid. Meleager.) After the an opinion is found in the fact, that Trigardon is sitdeath of Meleager, Eneus was dethroned and impris-uated on the right bank of the Achelous, whereas the oned by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomede, ancient town was evidently on the left. The ruins having come secretly from the city of Argos, slew all which Sir W. Gell describes as situated above Missothe sons of Agrius but two, who escaped to the Pelo- longhi and the lake of Anatolico, on the spot named ponnesus, and then, giving the throne of Calydon to An- Kuria Irene, seem to possess many of the characterisdræmon, son-in-law of Eneus, who was himself now tic features appertaining to Eniada. (Itin. of Greece, too old to reign, led the latter with him to Argolis. p. 297.) Dodwell, however, decides against Kuria Eneus was afterward slain by the two sons of Agrius, Irene, and in favour of Trigardon. (Cramer's Anc. who had fled into the Peloponnesus. Diomede buried Greece, vol. 2, p. 21, seqq.) him in Argolis, on the spot where the city of Enoë, called after Eneus, was subsequently erected. Eneus is said to have been the first that received the vine ENŎE, I. a town, and demus or borough, of Atfrom Bacchus. The god taught him how to cultivate tica, classed by Harpocration and the other lexicograit, and the juice of the grape was called after his name phers under the tribe antis. We are informed by the (oivoç, “wine.”—Apollod., 1, 8.-Hygin., fab., 129). same writers that it was part of the Tetrapolis. (HarCENIADE, a city of Acarnania, near the mouth of pocr., s. v. Oivón.-Steph. Byz., s. v.-Strabo, 383.) the Achelous. Thucydides represents it as situated From Dodwell we learn (vol. 2, p. 163) that the site on the Achelous, a little above the sea, and surround- of this town still retains its name and some vestiges ed by marshes caused by the overflowing of the river, near the cave of Pan.-II. Another borough of Attiwhich rendered it a place of great strength, and de- ca, on the confines of Boeotia, near Eleutheræ.-III. terred the Athenians from undertaking its siege; when, A small Corinthian fortress, near the promontory of unlike the other cities of Acarnania, it embraced the Olmiæ. (Strabo, 380.) Xenophon states (Hist. Gr., cause of the Peloponnesians, and became hostile to 4, 5, 5) that it was taken on one occasion by AgesiAthens. (Thucyd., 1, 111; 2, 102.) At a later pe- laus.-IV. A city of Elis, supposed by some to be the riod of the war, it was, however, compelled by the same with Ephyre, situated near the sea on the road Acarnanian confederacy to enter into an alliance with leading from Elis to the coast, and 120 stadia from that power. (Thucyd., 3, 77.) The same writer that city. (Strabo, 338.)—V. A town of Argolis, begives us to understand, that Œniade was first founded tween Argos and Mantinea, and on the Arcadian fronby Alemæon, according to an oracle which he consult- tier. It was said to have been founded by Diomede, ed after the murder of his mother, and that the prov- and named after his grandfather Eneus. (Pausan., ince was named after his son Acarnan (2, 102). Ste-2, 25.- Apollod., 1, 8, 6.) The site of this place, phanus asserts that this city was first called Erysiche, a fact of which the poet Alcman had made mention in a passage cited by more than one writer; but Strabo, on the authority of Apollodorus, places the Erysichæi in the interior of Acarnania, and consequently appears to distinguish them from the Eniada. From Pausanias we learn (4, 25), that the Messenians, who had been settled at Naupactus by the Athenians not long after the Persian invasion, made an expedition from that city to Eniada, which, after some resistance, they captured and held for one year, when they were in their turn besieged by the united forces of the Acarnanians. The Messenians, despairing of being able to defend the town against so great a number of troops, cut their way through the enemy, and reached Naupactus without experiencing any considerable loss. The Etolians having, in process of time, conquered that part of Acarnania which lay on the left bank of the Achelous, became also possessed of Eniada, when they expelled the inhabitants under circumstances apparently of great hardship and cruelty, for which, it was said, they were threatened with the vengeance according to modern maps, is still called Enoa. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 292.) ENOMĂUS, a son of Mars by Sterope, the daughter of Atlas. The legend connected with his name will be found under the article Pelops. ENONE, a nymph of Mount Ida, daughter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. Paris, when a shepherd on Mount Ida, and before he was discovered to be a son of Priam, had united himself in marriage to Enone; and as she had received from Apollo the gift of prophecy, she warned her husband against the consequences of his voyage to Greece. She at the same time told him to come to her if ever he was wounded, as she alone could cure him. Paris came to her, accordingly, when he had been wounded by one of the arrows of Philoctetes, but none, offended at his desertion of her, refused to aid him, and he died on his return to Ilium. Repenting of her cruelty, Enone hastened to his relief; but, coming too late, she threw herself on his funeral pile and perished. (Apollod., 3, 12, 6.— Quint., Smyr., 10, 259, seqq.— Conon., 22.) |