had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedition. He | in battle_by_Antipater, one of Alexander's generals, defeated his enemies at Coronea; but, after various B.C. 329. In this battle there fell of the Lacedæmocampaigns, having returned to Sparta in order to be nians and their allies not less than 5300 men. (Diod. cured of wounds he had received, Cleombrotus was Sic., 17, 63.-Quint. Curt., 6, 1.—Justin, 12, 1.)— left in command of the Lacedæmonian forces, and the IV. of the family of the Eurypontidæ, succeeded his fatal battle of Leuctra was the result. Having once father Eudamidas. He was a lineal descendant of more taken the field, Agesilaus was beginning to re- Agesilaus. Historians affirm, that he was, in youth, pair his country's losses, when the battle of Mantinea of singular promise, and that, in maturer age, he prehumbled for ever the pride of the Spartans. In his 80th pared, by the introduction of new laws, to correct the year he went to assist Tachos, king of Egypt, who abuses which had crept into the Spartan government. was at war with Artaxerxes, and the courtiers of that This he found a measure of peculiar difficulty; but he monarch could hardly be persuaded that it was the fa- was supported by his maternal uncle Agesilaus, though mous Lacedæmonian general, whom they saw eating with a selfish design, and likewise by many of the citwith his soldiers on the ground, bareheaded, and with-izens. They obtained a law for the equalization of out any covering to recline upon. Being overtaken property, and Agis himself shared a valuable estate by a storm on his return from Egypt, he was compel- with the community. In consequence of his exertions, led to put into a small harbour on the coast of Africa, Leonidas, his colleague on the throne, was deposed and in Marmarica, called the port of Menelaus, and there banished. The people, however, soon became dissatended his days, after a reign of 44 years, and in the isfied with the projected reform, and while Agis was 84th year of his age. Agesilaus was, next to Epam-leading an army to aid the Achæans, the indiscretion inondas, the most eminent commander of his time. of his uncle Agesilaus, during his absence, occasioned He was deformed of person, small of stature, and lame, a conspiracy for the restoration of Leonidas. The conbut great military talent, cool judgment, genuine bra- spirators, having succeeded, forced Agis to take refuge very, and true greatness of soul, made ample amends in a temple, which he never left but for the purpose of for all the imperfections of nature. He was fortunate bathing. On one of these occasions, he was surprised also in having for a biographer his friend Xenophon, and dragged to prison. The ephori having there quesalthough it must be confessed that the claims of friend- tioned him respecting his views in altering the laws, he ship have occasionally led the latter to disguise in answered that it was for the purpose of restoring those some degree the truth, and to withhold praises, that of Lycurgus. Sentence of death was passed upon him; were justly his due, from Epaminondas, the great an- but the ministers of the law, until forced by Demochares, tagonist and rival in fame of the Spartan king. (Plut. refused to conduct him to a chamber reserved for the et C. Nep. in Vit-Xen. Ages.)-III. A brother of execution of criminals. He was there strangled, and Themistocles, who went into the Persian camp, and submitted to his sentence with heroic firmness. The stabbed one of the body-guards instead of Xerxes, grandmother and mother of Agis shared the same fate. whom he intended to assassinate but knew not. Upon (Plut., Vit. Agid.)-II. The other individuals of this being arraigned before Xerxes, he thrust his hand into name deserving of mention are, 1. A king of the Pæothe fire, and informed the monarch that all his coun- nians, who died B.C. 359.-2. A general of Ptolemy trymen were prepared to do the same. Plutarch cites I., who defeated the revolted Cyreneans.-3. A poet this incident on the authority of Agatharchides, in his of Argos, who attended Alexander in his Asiatic exParallels. (Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 217.) If the pedition, and loaded him with fulsome flattery. (Quint. story be true, it shows the source whence the Roman Curt., 8, 5.) fable of Mucius Scævola was borrowed. (Vid. Agatharchides, II.)

und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.)
AGLALA, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasi-
phaë. (Pausan., 9, 35. — Vid. Charites.)
AGLAONICE, a Thessalian female, who prided herself
on her skill in predicting eclipses, &c. She boasted
even of her power to draw down the moon to earth.
Hence the Greek adage, Tv oɛλývηv kataonā, “ She
draws down the moon," applied to a boastful person.
(Erasm. Chil., col., 853.)

AGISIMBA, a district of Æthiopia, the most southern with which the ancients were acquainted. It is supAGESIPOLIS, I. king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausani-posed to correspond to Asben in Nigritia. (Bischoff as, B.C. 394. He signalized himself by ravaging the territory of the Argives, by a great victory over the Mantineans, and the destruction of their city, &c. He died B.C. 380, after a reign of 14 years. (Pausan., 3, 5.—Id., 8, 8.)-II. Son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, performed nothing worthy of mention. Was succeeded by Cleomenes II. B.C. 370. (Pausan., 3, 6.)-III. One of the royal line of the Agidæ, was raised to the throne of Lacedæmon while still young (B.C. 219), and was placed under the guardianship of Cleomenes and Lycurgus. This latter dispossessed him of the kingdom, and forced him to seek an asylum in the camp of the Romans (B.C. 195).

AGLAŎPHON, I. a painter of the isle of Thasos, who flourished in the 70th Olympiad, 500 B.C. He was the father and master of Polygnotus and Aristophon. Quintilian (12, 10) speaks of his style in common with AĢIDE, or Eurysthenidæ, descendants of Agis, king that of Polygnotus, as indicating, by its simplicity of of Sparta and son of Eurysthenes. This family sha- colouring, the early stages of the art, and yet being prefred the throne of Lacedæmon along with the Proclidæ, erable, by its air of nature and truth, to the efforts of or, as they were more commonly called, the Eurypon- the great masters that succeeded.-II. A son of Aristidæ. According to Pausanias, the line of the Agida tophon, and grandson of the preceding, also distinguishbecame extinct in the person of Leonidas, son of Cle-ed as a painter. He celebrated, by his productions, the omenes. (Pausan., 3, 2.—Id., 3, 6.—Id., 3, 7.) victories of Alcibiades. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) AGLAUROS. Vid. Agraulos.

AGIS, I. a name common to several Spartan kings, and other individuals more or less distinguished. The Spartan monarchs of this name were the following: Agis I. succeeded his father Eurysthenes, A.M. 3004, B.C. 1000. According to Pausanias (3, 2), he was the founder of the family of the Agidæ. (Pausan., 3, 2.) -II. succeeded his father Archidamus, and did much mischief to the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war. He died B.C. 397, and was succeeded by Agesilaus the Great. (Thucyd., 3, 89.-Justin, 5, 2.)-III. son of Archidamus, who was killed in Italy, succeeded his father, and, after a reign of nine years, was killed

AGLAUS, a native of sophis, and the poorest man in all Arcadia, but still pronounced, by the Delphic oracle, a happier man than Gyges, monarch of Lydia. (Val. Max., 7, 1.)

AGNA, or Hagna, a female in the time of Horace, who, though troubled with a polypus in the nose, and having her visage, in consequence, greatly deformed, yet found, on this very account, an admirer in one Balbinus. The commentators make her to have been a freed-woman and a native of Greece. (Horat., Serm., 1, 3, 40.)

AGNODICE, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her ritus, he says that the statue of the Rhamnusian Nemsex to learn medicine, it being ordained by the Athe-esis was the work of Phidias. Strabo, again, differs nian laws, that no slave or female should learn the heal- from both Pliny and Pausanias, for he asserts that the ing art. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of mid-celebrated statue in question was ascribed to both Agowifery, and when employed, always discovered her sex racritus and Diodotus (the latter of whom is not mento her patients. This brought her into so much prac- tioned in any other passage), and that it was not at all tice, that the males of her profession, who were now inferior to the works of Phidias. (Strab., 396.) It is out of employment, accused her before the Areopagus difficult to reconcile these conflicting statements. Perof corrupt conduct, “quod dicerent cum glabrum esse, haps the statue was by Phidias, and the name of his et corruptorem earum, et illas simulare imbecillitatem." favourite pupil was inscribed upon it by the artist. Agnodice was about to be condemned, when she dis- Equally difficult is it to conceive how a statue of Vecovered her sex to the judges. A law was immedi- nus could be so modified as to be transformed into one ately passed authorizing all freeborn women to learn of the goddess of Vengeance, for such was Nemesis. the healing art. (Hygin., fab., 274.) Sillig endeavours to explain this, but with little success. (Dict. Art., s. v.)

a protection against the incursions of an enemy; third-membrance, without very great public commotions ly, to augment their population; fourthly, to free the Dionysius informs us, farther, that this public land, by city of Rome from an excess of inhabitants; fifthly, to the negligence of the magistrates, had been suffered to quiet seditions; and, sixthly, to reward their veteran fall into the possession of rich men; but that, notwithsoldiers. These reasons abundantly appear in all the standing this, a division of the lands would have taken best ancient authorities. In the later periods of the place under this law, if Cassius had not included among republic, a principal motive for establishing colonies the receivers of the bounty the Latins and the Hernici, was to have the means of disposing of soldiers, and re- whom he had but a little while before made citizens. warding them with donations of lands; and such col- After much debate in the senate on this subject, a deonies were, on this account, denominated military col- cree was passed to the following effect: that commisonies. Now, for whichever of these causes a colony sioners, called decemvirs (ten in number), appointed was to be established, it was necessary that some law from among the persons of consular rank, should mark respecting it should be passed either by the senate or out, by boundaries, the public lands, and should desigpeople. This law in either case was called lex agra- nate how much was to be let out, and how much was ria, an agrarian law, which will now be explained. to be distributed among the common people; that, if An agrarian law contained various provisions; it de- any land had been acquired by joint services in war, it scribed the land which was to be divided, and the class- should be divided, according to treaty, with those ales of people among whom, and their numbers, and by lies who had been admitted to citizenship; and that whom, and in what manner, and by what bounds, the the choice of the commissioners, the appointment of territory was to be parcelled out. The mode of divi- the lands, and all other things relating to this subject, ding the lands, as far as we now understand it, was two- should be committed to the care of the succeeding confold; either a Roman population was distributed over suls. Seventeen years after this, there was a vehethe particular territory, without any formal erection of ment contest about the division, which the tribunes a colony, or general grants of land were made to such proposed to make, of lands then unjustly occupied by citizens as were willing to form a colony there. The the rich men; and, three years after that, a similar atlands which were thus distributed were of different de- tempt on the part of the tribunes, would, according to scriptions, which we must keep in mind in order to have Livy, have produced a ferocious controversy, had it a just conception of the operation of the agrarian laws. not been for Quintus Fabius. Some years after this, They were either lands taken from an enemy, and not the tribunes proposed another law of the same kind, by actually treated by the government as public property; which the estates of a great part of the nobles would or public lands which had been artfully and clandestine- have been seized to the public use; but it was stopped ly taken possession of by rich and powerful individuals; in its progress. Appian says, that the nobles and rich or, lastly, lands which were bought with money from men, partly by getting possession of the public lands, the public treasury, for the purpose of being distributed. partly by buying out the shares of indigent owners, had Now all such agrarian laws as comprehended either lands made themselves owners of all the lands in Italy, and of the enemy, or those which were treated and occu- had thus, by degrees, accomplished the removal of the pied as public property, or those which had been bought common people from their possessions. This abuse with the public money, were carried into effect with- stimulated Tiberius Gracchus to revive the Licinian out any public commotions; but those which operated law, which prohibited any individual from holding to disturb the rich and powerful citizens in the posses- more than 500 jugera, or about 350 acres of land; sion of the lands which they unjustly occupied, and to and would, consequently, compel the owners to relinplace colonists (or settlers) on them, were never pro- quish all the surplus to the use of the public; but mulgated without creating great disturbances. The Gracchus proposed that the owners should be paid the first law of this kind was proposed by Spurius Cas- value of the lands relinquished. The law, however, sius; and the same measure was afterward attempted did not operate to any great extent, and, after having by the tribunes of the commons almost every year, cost the Gracchi their lives, was by degrees rendered but was as constantly defeated by various artifices of wholly inoperative. After this period, various other the nobles; it was, however, at length passed. It ap- Agrarian laws were attempted, and with various sucpears, both from Dionysius and Varro, that, at first, cess, according to the nature of their provisions and Romulus allotted two jugera (about 14 acres) of the the temper of the times in which they were proposed. public lands to each man; then Numa divided the lands One of the most remarkable was that of Rullus, which which Romulus had taken in war, and also a portion gave occasion to the celebrated oration against him by of the other public lands; afterward Tullus divided Cicero, who prevailed upon the people to reject the those lands which Romulus and Numa had appropria- law. -From a careful consideration of these laws, and ted to the private expenses of the regal government; the others of the same kind, on which we have not then Servius distributed among those who had recent commented, it is apparent that the whole object of the ly become citizens, certain lands which had been taken Roman agrarian laws was, the lands belonging to the from the Veientes, the Carites and Tarquinii; and, state, the public lands or national domains, which, as upon the expulsion of the kings, it appears that the already observed, were acquired by conquest or treaty, lands of Tarquinius Superbus, with the exception of and, we may add also, by confiscations or direct seithe Campus Martius, were, by a decree of the senate, zures of private estates by different factions, either for granted to the people. After this period, as the re- lawful or unlawful causes; of the last of which we public, by means of its continual wars, received con- have a well-known example in the time of Sylla's protinual accessions of conquered lands, those lands were scriptions. The lands thus claimed by the public beeither occupied by colonists or remained public prop- came naturally a subject of extensive speculation with erty, until the period when Spurius Cassius, twenty- the wealthy capitalists, both among the nobles and four years after the expulsion of the kings, proposed other classes. In our own times, we have seen, dua law (already mentioned) by which one part of the ring the revolution in France, the confiscation of the land taken from the Hernici was allotted to the Latins, lands belonging to the clergy, the nobility, and emiand the other part to the Roman people; but as this grants, lead to similar results. The sales and purlaw comprehended certain lands which he accused pri- chases of lands by virtue of the agrarian laws of Rome, vate persons of having taken from the public, and as under the various complicated circumstances which the senate also opposed him, he could not accomplish must ever exist in such cases, and the attempts by the the passage of it. This, according to Livy, was the government to resume or regrant such as had been first proposal of an agrarian law, of which, he adds, not sold, whether by right or by wrong, especially after a one was ever proposed, down to the period of his re- purchaser had been long in possession, under a title

ess of Minerva. The Cyprians also honoured her with an annual festival, in the month Aphrodisius, at which they offered human victims. (Robinson's Antiquities of Greece, 2d ed., p. 276.)

which he supposed the existing laws gave him, naturally occasioned great heat and agitation; the subject itself being intrinsically one of great difficulty, even when the passions and interests of the parties concerned would permit a calm and deliberate exam- AGRAULOS, I. the daughter of Actæus, king of Atination of their respective rights.-From the commo- tica, and the wife of Cecrops.-II. A daughter of Ce tions which usually attended the proposal of agrarian crops, and sister of Herse and Pandrosos. Mercury laws, and from a want of exact attention to their true transformed her into a black stone, for endeavouring object, there has been a general impression, among to prevent his entrance into the apartment of Herse. readers of the Roman history, that those laws were al-(Ovid, Met., 2, 702, seqq.) The true form of the ways a direct and violent infringement of the rights of name is the one here given, and not Aglauros. (Conprivate property. Even such men, it has been ob- sult Siebelis, ad Pausan., 1, 2.) Larcher is wrong in served, as Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith, maintaining, that by Agraulos is meant the daughter of have shared in this misconception of them. This er- Cecrops, and by Aglauros a daughter of Erectheus. roneous opinion, however, has lately been exposed by (Larcher, ad Herod., 7, 53.)—III. An appellation ofthe genius and learning of Niebuhr in his Roman his- ten given to Minerva. (Meursii Lect. Attic., 2, 13.) tory above mentioned, a work which may be said to AGRIANES, I. a small river of Thrace, running into make an era in that department of learning, and in the Hebrus. It is now the Ergene.-II. A Thracian which he has clearly shown that the original and pro- tribe dwelling in the vicinity of the river Agrianes. fessed object of the agrarian laws was the distribution (Herod., 5, 16.)-III. A people of Illyria, on the fronof the public lands only, and not those of private citi-tiers of lower Masia. They were originally from zens. Of the Licinian law, enacted about 376 B.C., Thrace, and very probably a branch of the Thracian on which all subsequent agrarian laws were modelled, Agrianes. Niebuhr enumerates the following as among the chief provisions: 1. The limits of the public land shall be accurately defined. Portions of it, which have been encroached on by individuals, shall be restored to the state. 2. Every estate in the public land, not greater than this law allows, which has not been acquired by violence or fraud, and which is not on lease, shall be good against any third person. 3. Every Roman cit- AGRICOLA, Cneius Julius, an eminent Roman comizen shall be competent to occupy a portion of newly-mander, born A.D. 40, in the reign of Caligula, by acquired public land, within the limits prescribed by whom his father Julius Græcinus was put to death for this law, provided this land be not divided by law nobly refusing to plead against Marcus Silanus. His among the citizens, nor granted to a colony. 4. No mother, to whom he owed his excellent education, was one shall occupy of the public land more than five Julia Procilla, unhappily murdered on her estate in hundred jugera, nor pasture on the public commons Liguria by a descent of freebooters from the piratical more than a hundred head of large, nor more than five fleet of Otho. The first military service of Agricola hundred head of small, stock. 5. Those who occupy was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain; and, on his the public land shall pay to the state the tithe of the return to Rome, he married a lady of rank, and was produce of the field, the fifth of the produce of the made quæstor in Asia, where, in a rich province, pefruit-tree and the vineyard, and for every head of large culiarly open to official exactions, he maintained the stock, and for every head of small stock yearly. 6. strictest integrity. He was chosen tribune of the The public lands shall be farmed by the censors to people, and prætor, under Nero, and, unhappily, in those willing to take them on these terms. The funds the commotion which followed the accession of Galba, hence arising are to be applied to pay the army.-The lost his mother as above mentioned. By Vespasian, foregoing were the most important permanent provis-whose cause he espoused, he was made a patrician, ions of the Licinian law, and, for its immediate effect, and governor of Aquitania, which post he held for it provided that all the public land occupied by indi- three years. The dignity of consul followed, and in viduals, over five hundred jugera, should be divided the same year he married his daughter to the historian by lot in portions of seven jugera to the plebeians. Tacitus. He was soon afterward made governor of But we must not hastily infer, as some readers of Britain, where he subjugated the Ordovices, in North Niebuhr's works have done, that these agrarian laws Wales, and reduced the island of Mona, or Anglesea. did not in any manner violate private rights. This He adopted the most wise and generous plans for civwould be quite as far from the truth as the prevailing ilizing the Britons, by inducing the nobles to assume opinion already mentioned, which is now exploded. the Roman habit, and have their children instructed in Besides the argument we might derive from the very the Latin language. He also gradually adorned the nature of the case, we have the direct testimony of country with magnificent temples, porticoes, baths, ancient writers to the injustice of such laws, and their and public edifices, of a nature to excite the admiraviolation of private rights. It will suffice to refer to tion and emulation of the rude people whom he govthat of Cicero alone, who says in his De Officiis (2, 21), erned. With these cares, however, he indulged the "Those men who wish to make themselves popular, usual ambition of a Roman commander, to add to the and who, for that purpose, either attempt agrarian limits of the Roman territory, by extending his arms laws, in order to drive people from their possessions, northward; and in the succeeding three years he or who maintain that creditors ought to forgive debt-passed the river Tuesis, or Tweed, subdued the counors what they owe, undermine the foundations of the try as far as the Frith of Tay, and erected a chain of state; they destroy all concord, which cannot exist protective fortresses from the Clota, or Clyde, to the when money is taken from one man to be given to Boderia Estuarium, or Frith of Forth. He also staanother; and they set aside justice, which is always tioned troops on the coast of Scotland opposite to Ireviolated when every man is not suffered to retain land, on which island he entertained views of conwhat is his own;" which reflections would not have quest; and, in an expedition to the eastern part of been called forth, unless the laws in question had di- Scotland, beyond the Frith of Forth, was accompanied rectly and plainly violated private rights. (Encyclo- by his fleet, which explored the inlets and harbours, padia Americana, vol. 1, p. 100, seqq.) and hemmed in the natives on every side. His seventh summer was passed in the same parts of Scotland, and the Grampian Hills became the scene of a decisive en

AGRIASPÆ, a nation of Asia, mentioned by Quintus Curtius (7, 3). Some difference of opinion, however, exists with regard to the true reading in this passage. Most editors prefer Arimaspa, while others, and evidently with more correctness, consider Ariaspa the proper lection. (Compare Schmieder, ad Quint. Curt., 1. c., and vid. Ariasp.)

AGRAULIA, a festival celebrated at Athens in honour of Agraulos, the daughter of Cecrops, and priest

gagement with the Caledonians under their most able | return to its former masters. On the commencement of leader Galgacus. The latter made a noble stand, but the Punic wars, Agrigentum was one of the most imporwas at last obliged to yield to Roman valour and dis- tant strongholds which the Carthaginians possessed in cipline; and, having taken hostages, Agricola gradual- the island. It suffered severely during these conflicts, ly withdrew his forces into the Roman limits. In the being alternately in the hands of either party (Diod. mean time, Domitian had succeeded to the empire, to Sic., 23, 7.—Polyb., 1, 17, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 23, 9. whose mean and jealous nature the brilliant character-Id., 23, 14), but it eventually fell under the Roman and successes of Agricola gave secret uneasiness. power, and, notwithstanding its losses, continued for Artfully spreading a rumour that he intended to make a long period a flourishing place, though it is supposed the latter governor of Syria, he recalled him, received to have been confined, after it came permanently unhim coldly, and allowed him to descend into private der the Romans, to the limits of the ancient Camicus, life. The jealousy of the tyrant still pursued him; with which the modern Girgenti nearly corresponds. and as, after he had been induced to resign his pre- Diodorus states the population, in its best days, to have tension to the proconsulship of Asia or Africa, he was been not less than 120,000 persons. (Mannert, 9, pt. soon seized with an illness of which he died, Domi- 2, p. 353, seqq.-Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. tian, possibly without reason, has been suspected of a 90, seqq.) recourse to poison. Agricola died A.D. 93, in his AGRIONIA, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, fifty-fourth year, leaving a widow, and one daughter, generally celebrated in the night. They were instithe wife of Tacitus. It is this historian who has so tuted, as some suppose, because the god was attended admirably written his life, and preserved his high char- with wild beasts. The appellation, however, should acter for the respect of posterity. (Tac., Vit. Agric.) rather be viewed as referring back to an early period, AGRIGENTUM, a celebrated city of Sicily, about three when human sacrifices were offered to Bacchus. miles from the southern coast, in what is now called Hence the terms 'unorns and 'Ayptovios applied to the valley of Mazara. The Greek form of the name this deity. (Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 334.) was Acragas ("Akpayaç), derived from that of a small Plutarch even speaks of a human sacrifice to this god stream in the neighbourhood. The primitive name as late as the days of Themistocles (Vit., 13), when was Camicus, or, to speak more correctly, this was the three Persian prisoners were offered up by him to Bacappellation of an old city of the Sicani, situate on the chus, at the instigation of the diviner Eurantides. The summit of a mountain, which afterward was regarded same writer elsewhere (Vit. Ant., 24) uses both 'unomerely as the citadel of Agrigentum. The founding rig and 'Ayptúvios, in speaking of Bacchus; where of Camicus is ascribed to Daedalus, who is said to have Reiske, without any necessity, proposes 'Aypiλios built it, after his flight from Crete, for the Sicanian (from 622vu) as an emendation.-In celebrating this prince, Cocalus. In the first year of the 56th Olym-festival, the Grecian women, being assembled, sought piad, 556 B.C., a colony was sent from Gela to this quarter, which founded Agrigentum, on a neighbouring height, to the southeast. Its situation was, indeed, peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a bare and precipitous rock, 1100 feet above the level of the sea. To this advantage the city added others of a commercial nature, being near to the sea, which afforded the means of an easy intercourse with the ports of Africa and the south of Europe. The adjacent country, moreover, was very fertile. From the combined | operation of all these causes, Agrigentum soon became a wealthy and powerful city, and was considered inferior to Syracuse alone. According to Diodorus Siculus (13, 81, seqq.), it drew on itself the enmity of the AGRIPPA, I. M. VIPSANIUS, a celebrated Roman comCarthaginians (406 B.C.), by refusing to embrace their mander, born B.C. 63. Though sprung from an oballiance, or even to remain neutral. It was according- scure family, he raised himself by his civil and military ly besieged by their generals Hannibal and Hamilcar. talents, and by the virtue and integrity of his characThe former, with many of his troops, died of a pestilential ter, to the highest offices under the Emperor Augustus. disorder, derived from the putrid effluvia of the tombs, He had embraced the party of the latter before his acwhich were opened and destroyed for the sake of the cession to imperial power, and rendered him the most stone. But, from want of timely assistance and scar- signal services. It was Agrippa who ensured, by the city of provisions, the Agrigentines were obliged to skill and promptness of his manœuvres, the success of abandon their city, and fly for protection to Gela, the battles of Philippi, Myla, and Actium, the last of whence they were transferred to the city of the Leon- which procured for Augustus the empire of the world. tines, which was allotted to them by the republic of Nor did Augustus show himself ungrateful. He heapSyracuse. The conqueror Hamilcar despoiled Agri-ed the most ample favours on Agrippa, and admitted gentum of all its riches, valuable pictures, and statues. him to terms of the most familiar intimacy. It is said Among the trophies sent to Carthage was the celebra- that he even consulted him and Mæcenas on the quested bull of Phalaris, which, two hundred and sixty years tion, whether he should retain or abdicate imperial powafterward, on the destruction of Carthage, was restored er. Agrippa advised him to re-establish the republic; to the Agrigentines by Scipio. At a subsequent pe- but the monarch acquiesced in the opinion of Mecenas, riod, when a general peace had taken place Ol. 96, 1. who preferred a monarchical government. When Au(Diod. Sic., 14, 78), we find the Agrigentines return- gustus was dangerously ill (B.C. 23), he intrusted his ing to their native city; though, from a passage in Di- signet-ring to Agrippa, which, being considered as odorus (13, 113), it would seem that the place had not preference of him for his successor, offended Marcelbeen entirely destroyed by the foe, and that many of lus, and rendered it necessary, on the recovery of Auits previous inhabitants might have come back at an gustus, to remove Agrippa from court by an honourable earlier date. (Ol. 93, 4.) Agrigentum soon recover-exile to the rich government of Syria. Upon the death ed its importance, but the tyranny of Phintias having induced the inhabitants to call in the aid of Carthage, the city once more fell under that power. Not long after, it revolted to Pyrrhus (Diod. Sic., 22, exc., 14), but, on his departure from the island, was compelled to

eagerly for Bacchus, who, they pretended, had fled from them; but, finding their labour ineffectual, they said that he had retired to the Muses and concealed himself among them. The ceremony being thus ended, they regaled themselves with an entertainment. (Plut., Sympos., 8, 1.) Has this a figurative reference to the suspension of human sacrifices, and the consequent introduction of a milder form of worship? Castellanus, however (Syntagm. de Festis Græcor., s. v. Agrionia), makes the festival in question to have been a general symbol of the progress of civilization and refinement. (Compare Rolle, Recherches sur le Culte de Bacchus, vol. 3, p. 251.)

of Marcellus he was recalled to Rome, where he was married to Julia, the daughter of the emperor and Marcellus's widow. Augustus confided to him the administration of the empire during the two years which the former devoted to visiting the provinces of Greece