sume the shape of any animal, or even the form of the | the murder of Atreus, (vid. Atreus, Ægisthus) and the human visage; how to produce pomegranates without seeds, figs of two colours, &c. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 205, and 5, 269.-Biographie Universelle, vol. 1, p. 274.)-II. The surname of the Scipios, from their victories in Africa over the Carthaginian power. (Vid. Scipio.)

APRICUM MARE, a name given to that part of the Mediterranean which lay along the coast of Africa.liance, he stipulated with Agamemnon to aid him in (Tac. Ann., 1, 53.)

accession of his uncle Thyestes to the vacant throne, Agamemnon fled to Sparta, accompanied by his brother Menelaus, after having previously found an asylum, first with Polyphides, king of Sicyon, and then with Oeneus, king of Calydon. Tyndarus was reigning at Sparta, and had married his daughter Clytemnestra to a son of Thyestes; but, being dissatisfied with the alrecovering the kingdom of Atreus, provided he would AGAMEDES and TROPHONIUS, two architects and carry off Clytemnestra and make her his queen. This brothers, who built the temple of Apollo at Delphi, stipulation was agreed to; and the plan having sucwhen erected for the fourth time. (Böckh, ad Pind., ceeded, Agamemnon married the daughter of Tynfragm., vol. 3, p. 570.) According to Plutarch, they darus, and became the father of Orestes, Iphigenia (or were informed by the god, when asking him for a rec- Iphianassa), Laodice (or Electra), and Chrysothemis. ompense, that they would receive one on the seventh Agamemnon was one of the most powerful princes of day from that time, and were ordered to spend the in- his time, and on this account was chosen commandtervening period in festive indulgence. They did so, er-in-chief of the Greeks in their expedition against and on the seventh night were found dead in their beds. Troy. The Grecian fleet being detained by contrary (Plut., Consol., ad Ap.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 6, p. 413, winds at Aulis, owing to the wrath of Diana, whom seq.) Cicero relates the same story, but makes the Agamemnon had offended by killing one of her favourtwo brothers ask Apollo for that which was best for ite deer, Calchas, the soothsayer, was consulted, and man ("quod esset optimum homini," where Plutarch he declared, that, to appease the goddess, Iphigenia, merely has alreiv poðóv), and also gives the prescri- the monarch's eldest daughter, must be sacrificed. bed time as three days. (Cic., Tusc. Quæst., 1, 47.) She was accordingly led to the altar, and was about to A very different version, however, is found in Pausa- be offered as a victim, when (contrary to the statement nias. This writer informs us, that Agamedes and Tro- of Virgil that she was actually immolated) she is phonius were the sons of Erginus, monarch of Orchom- generally said to have suddenly disappeared, and a stag enus, or rather that Trophonius was the son of Apol- to have been substituted by the goddess herself. (Vid. lo, and Agamedes of the king. When they had at- Iphigenia.)-The dispute of Agamemnon with Achiltained to manhood, they became very skilful in build-les, before the walls of Troy, respecting the captive ing temples for the gods, and palaces for kings. Chryseis; the consequent loss to the Greeks of the Among other labours, they constructed a temple for services of Achilles; his return to the war, in order Apollo at Delphi, and a treasury for Hyrieus. (Vid. to avenge the death of Patroclus; and his victory Hyrieus.) In the wall of this building they placed a over Hector, form the principal subject of the Iliad.— stone in such a manner that they could take it out In the division of the captives after the taking of Troy, whenever they pleased; and, in consequence of this, Cassandra, one of the daughters of Priam, fell to the they carried away from time to time portions of the lot of Agamemnon. She was endued with the gift of deposited treasure. Agamedes was at last caught in prophecy, and warned Agamemnon not to return to a trap placed so as to secure the robber, whereupon Mycena; but from the disregard with which her prehis brother cut off his head in order to prevent discov-dictions were generally treated (vid. Cassandra), he ery. After this, Trophonius was swallowed up in an was deaf to her admonitory voice, and was consequentopening of the earth, in the grove of Lebedea. The ly, upon his arrival in the city, assassinated, with her whole story appears to wear a figurative character. and their two children, by his queen Clytemnestra and Erginus is the protector of labour (¿pyłvoc, čpyov); her paramour Ægisthus. (Vid. Clytemnestra, ÆgisTrophonius is the "nourisher” (Tpéqw, Tpopór); and thus.) The manner of Agamemnon's death is vaAgamedes is the "very prudent one" (йyav and μñdoç). riously given. According to the Homeric account, Trophonius, even after he has descended to the lower the monarch, on his return from Troy, was carried by a world, makes his voice to be heard from those profound storm to that part of the coast of Argolis where depths. He rules over the powers of the abyss, be- Egisthus, the son of Thyestes, resided. During his comes Jupiter-Trophonius, and gives counsel to those absence, Ægisthus had carried on an adulterous inwho have the courage to descend into the cave at Le-tercourse with Clytemnestra, and he had set a watchbedea. He is Hades, the wise and good deity, as man, with a promise of a large reward, to give him the Plato calls him (Phædon, § 68). He is therefore, also, earliest tidings of the return of the king. As soon as the supreme intelligence that rules in the lower world, he learned that he was on the coast, he went out to which serves as a guide to the souls of the departed, welcome him, and invited him to his mansion. At the and accompanies them in their migrations. In the banquet in the evening, however, he placed, with the name Hyrieus, moreover, we see "a keeper of bees," participation of Clytemnestra, twenty men in concealbee-master” (Τριεύς, from ὕρον, ύριον, "a bee- ment, who fell on and slaughtered him, together with hive"), and the bee was connected with the mysteries Cassandra and all his companions. They died not, of Ceres, and also the transmigration of souls. There however, unavenged, for Ægisthus alone was left alive. is, moreover, a strong analogy between the story as (Od., 4, 512, seqq.-Od., 11, 405, seqq.) The posthere told, and that related of the Egyptian monarch homeric account, followed by the Tragic writers, Rhampsinitus. Both fables appear to be allegorical makes Agamemnon to have fallen by the hands of his illustrations, connected with agriculture. (Creuzer, wife, after he had just come forth from the bath, and Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 381.-Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 330.) while he was endeavouring to put on a garment, the AGAMEMNON, king of Mycena and commander of sleeves of which had been sewed together, as well as the Grecian forces against Troy. He was brother to the opening for the head, and by which, of course, all Menelaus, and was, according to most authorities, the his movements were obstructed, and, as it were, fetterson of Plisthenes. As, however, Plisthenes died ed. (Schol. ad Eurip., Hec., 1277.-Compare Eurip., young, and his widow Aërope was taken in marriage Orest., 25.-Esch., Agam., 1353.-Id., Eumen.. by Atreus, the sons of Plisthenes, Agamemnon and 631.) His death was avenged by his son Orestes. Menelaus namely, were brought up by their grand- (Vid. Orestes.) Before concluding this article, it may father, now become their stepfather, and were called not be amiss to remark, that Homer knows nothing of Atride, as if they had been his own sons. (Apollod., Plisthenes as the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus: 3, 2, 2.—Heyne, ad loc.—Schol., ad Il., 2, 249.) On | he calls them simply the offspring of Atreus. Accord

ing to this view of the case, Atreus, who, as eldest | the modern Artingari. (Bischoff und Möller, Wör son, had succeeded Pelops, left on his deathbed Aga- | terb. der Geogr., s. v.) memnon and Menelaus, still under age, to the guar- AGARISTA, a daughter of Hippocrates, who married dianship of his brother Thyestes, who resigned the king- Xanthippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth dom to his nephews when they had reached maturity. a lion, and a few days after was delivered of Pericles. The variations introduced into this story, therefore, (Plut., Vit. Pericl., 3.-Herod., 6, 131.) would seem to be the work of later poets, especially AGASIAS, OF HEGESIAS, I. a sculptor of Ephesus, to of the Tragic writers, from whom the grammarians whose chisel we owe the celebrated work of art called and scholiasts borrowed. (Heyne, ad Il., 2, v. 106.- the Borghese Gladiator. This is indicated by an inSuppl. et Emend.-vol. 4, p. 685.) With respect scription on the pedestal of the statue. This statue to the extent of Agamemnon's sway, we are informed was found, together with the Apollo Belvidere, on the by Homer (Il., 2, 108) that he ruled over many isl- site of ancient Antium, the birthplace of Nero, and ands and over all Argos (πολλῇσι νήσοισι καὶ 'Αργεί where that emperor had collected a large number of πаvτí). By Argos appears to be here meant, not the chefs-d'œuvre, which had been carried off from Greece city of that name, for this was under the sway of Dio- by his freedman Acratus. It is maintained by more mede, but a large portion of the Peloponnesus, in- recent antiquarians, that the statue in question does cluding particularly the cities of Mycena and Tiryns. not represent a gladiator; it appears to have belonged (Heyne, Excurs. 1, ad Il., 2.) The islands to which to a group, and the attention and action of the figure the poet alludes can hardly be those of the Sinus Ar- are directed towards some object more elevated than golicus, which are few in number and small. Homer itself, such, for example, as a horseman whose attack himself says, that Agamemnon possessed the most it is sustaining. With regard to the form of the name, powerful fleet, and from this it would appear that he it may be remarked, that the Eolic and vulgar form held many islands under his sway, though we are un- was Agesias; the Doric, Agasias; and the Ionic, acquainted with their names. (Heyne, l. c.—Thucyd., Hegesias. This Ionic form was adopted by the Attic 1, 9.)-Thus much for Agamemnon, on the supposi-writers.-II. Another Ephesian sculptor, who exercised tion that such an individual once actually existed. If his art in the island of Delos, while it was under the we follow, however, the theory advocated by Hermann Roman sway. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) and others, and make not only the Trojan war itself to AGASSE, a city of Thessaly, supposed by Mannert have been originally a mere allegory, but the names (7, 470) to be the same with the Egea of Ptolemy, of the leading personages to be also allegorical, and which he places to the south of Beroa. (Ptol., p. indicative of their respective stations or characters, 84.) It was given up to plunder by Paulus Emilius, Agamemnon becomes the "permanent," or "general for having revolted to Perseus after its surrender. leader of the host" (йyw and μíuvo), the termination (Liv., 45, 27.) There are ruins near the modern Cowv strengthening the idea implied by the two compo-jani, which, in all probability, mark the site of the annent words from which the appellation is derived, and cient place. denoting collection or aggregation. The name Agamemnon is also connected with the early religion of Greece, for we find mention made of a Zevs 'Ayauéμvwv. (Meurs. Miscell. Lacon., 1, 4.—Eustath., ad Il., 2, p. 168.-Consult Hermann und Creuzer, Briefe über Hom. und Hes., p. 20, and Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 450.)

AGAMEMNONIUS, an epithet applied to Orestes, a son of Agamemnon. (Virg., En., 4, v. 471.)

AGASUS, a harbour of Apulia, near the Promontorium Garganum. (Plin., 3, 11.) It is supposed to answer to the modern Porto Greco. (Cluver, Ital. Ant., vol. 2, p. 1212.)

AGATHARCHIDES, I. or Agatharchus, a native of Cnidus, in the time of Ptolemy VI. (Philometor) and his successor. Photius states (Biblioth., vol. 1, p. 171, ed. Bekker), that he had read or was acquainted with the following geographical productions of this writer. 1. A work on Asia (Tà кarà τηv 'Acíav), in ten books: 2. A work on Europe (Tà κarà τǹv Еvpóñŋv), in forty books: and, 3. A work on the Erythræan Sea (IIepì Tns 'Epv0pās vaλáoons). The patriarch adds, that there existed the following other works of the same writer. 1. An abridged description of the Erythrean Sea ('ETITOμÙ Tŵν πEpì τñç 'Epvoρās vaλúoons), in one book: 2. An account of the Troglodytes (IIɛpi Tpwyλodvrav), in five books: 3. An abridgment of the poem of Antimachus, entitled Lyde ('Eniroμn Ts

AGANIPPE, a celebrated fountain of Boeotia, on Mount Helicon. The grove of the Muses stood on the summit of the mountain, and a little below was Aganippe. The source Hippocrene was some distance above. These two springs supplied the small rivers Olmius and Permessus, which, after uniting their waters, flowed into the Copaic lake near Haliartus. (Strabo, 407 and 411.) Pausanias (9, 31) calls the former Lemnus. Aganippe was sacred to the Muses, who from it were called Aganippides. Ovid (Fast., 5, 7) has the expression "fontes Aganippidos Hippo-Avriμáxov Avdnç): 4. An abridgment of a work on crenes," whence some are led to imagine that he makes Aganippe and Hippocrene the same. This, however, is incorrect: the epithet Aganippis, as used by the poet, being equivalent here merely to "Musis sacra." (Gierig, ad Ov., l. c.)

AGAPENOR, the son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who led the Arcadian forces in the expedition against Troy, and, after the fall of that city, was carried by a storm, on his return home, to the island of Cyprus, where he founded the city of Paphos. (Pausan., 8, 5, and Siebelis, ad loc.)

extraordinary winds ('ETITоμn TV REрì ovvaywyns davuacíuv ávéμwv): 5. An abridged history ('Exλoyaì loтopiv): and. 6. A treatise on the art of living happily with one's friends. Photius passes a high eulogium on this writer, and makes him to have imitated the manner of Thucydides. The patriarch has also preserved for us some extracts from the first and fifth books of the work of Agatharchides on the Erythræan Sea, in which some curious particulars are found respecting the Sabeans and other nations dwelling along the coasts. Here also we have an account of the mode of hunting elephants, of the method employed by the Egyptians in extracting gold from marble, where nature had concealed it; while the whole AGARA, a city of India intra Gangem, on the south-is intermingled with details appertaining to natural ern bank of the Iomanes (Dschumna), and northwest of Palibothra. It is now Agra. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.)

AGAR, a town of Africa Propria, in the district of Byzacium, and probably not far from Zella. (Hist. Bell. Afr., 79.)

AGARI ('Ayúpov Tóλis, or 'Apуeípov róλis, Ptol.Argari Urbs, Tab. Peut.), a city of India intra Gangem, on the Sinus Argaricus. It is thought to correspond to

history. The valuable information furnished by Agatharchides respecting the people of Ethiopia, has already been alluded to under that article. The fragments of Agatharchides were published, along with those of Ctesias and Memnon, by H. Stephens, Paris, 1557, 8vo. They are given, however, in a more complete form by

Hudson, in his edition of the minor Greek geographers. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 391.)-II. A native of Samos, whose ПIɛpotká is cited by Plutarch in his Parallels. He is otherwise entirely unknown, and hence some have supposed him to be identical with Agatharchides of Cnidus, and the Пepotká to be merely a section of the work on Asia by this writer. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., l. c.)

son's collection. (Schöll, Hist. Litt. Gr., vol. 5, p. 324.-Malte-Brun, Bibl. Univ., vol. 1, p. 279.)

AGATHIAS, a poet and historian, born at Myrina, in Eolis, on the coast of Asia Minor, probably about 536 A.D. He studied at Alexandrea, and went in the year 554 to Constantinople. He possessed some talent for poetry, and wrote a variety of amorous effusions, which he collected in nine books, under the title of AGATHARCHUS, I. an Athenian artist, mentioned by Daphniaca." A collection of epigrams, in seven Vitruvius (lib. 7, præf.), and said by him to have in- books, was also made by him, of which a great number vented scene-painting. He was contemporary with are still extant, and to be found in the Anthology. Eschylus, and prepared the scenery and decorations His principal production, however, is an historical work, for his theatre. Sillig (Dict. Art., s. v.) maintains, which he probably wrote after the death of the Emperor that the words of Vitruvius, in the passage just referred Justinian. It contains, in five books, an account of his to, namely, "scenam fecit," merely mean, that Aga- own times, from the wars of Narses to the death of tharchus constructed a stage for Æschylus, since, ac- Chosroes, king of Persia. His work is of great imporcording to Aristotle (Poët., 4), Sophocles first brought tance for the history of Persia. According to his own in the decorations of scenery (okηvoypapia). But the account, he would appear to have been conversant with language of Vitruvius, taken in connexion with what the Persian language, since he states that he compiled follows, evidently refers to perspective and scene- his narrative from Persian authorities (έK Tūν πapà painting, and Bentley also understands them in this opíoi kyyeypaμμévwv, p. 125). He writes, perhaps, sense. (Diss. Phal., p. 286.) Nor do the words of with more regard for the truth than poets are wont to Aristotle present any serious obstacle to this opinion, do; but his style is pompous and full of affectation, since Sophocles may have completed what Agatharchus and his narrative continually interspersed with combegan.-II. A painter, a native of Samos, and con- monplace reflections. The mediocrity of a bastard temporary with Zeuxis. We have no certain state-time is clinging fast to him, and the highest stretch of ment respecting the degree of talent which he pos- his ambition seems to have been to imitate the ancient sessed. Sillig (Dict. Art., s. v.) thinks it was small, writers. By faith he was undoubtedly a Christian, and cites in support of his opinion the language of An- and probably prided himself upon his orthodoxy; for docides (Orat., c. Alcib., 17). Plutarch, however, when he mentions that the Franks were Christians, informs us, that Alcibiades confined Agatharchus in he adds, kai τn opboτáry xpúμevol dón. His remihis mansion until he had decorated it with paintings, niscences of the Homeric poems supplied him with a and then sent him home with a handsome present. large stock of epic words, which swim on the smooth (Vit. Alcib., 16.) Andocides charges Alcibiades with surface of his narrative like heavy logs upon stagnant detaining Agatharchus three whole months, and com- water. The work of Agathias may be regarded, in point pelling him during that period to adorn his mansion of learning and diction, as a fair specimen of the age in with the pencil. And he states that the painter es- which he lived; few men at Alexandrea or Constantinocaped to his house only in the fourth month of his du- ple may have surpassed him as a writer., (Foreign Reress. Sillig thinks that this was done in order to cast view, No. 2, p. 575.) The best edition is that published ridicule upon the artist, an inference far from probable, in 1828, as Part III. in the collection of Byzantine histhough it would seem to derive some support from the torians, at present in a course of appearance from the remark of the scholiast on Demosthenes (c. Mid., p. press in Germany. 360), as to the nature of the provocation which Agatharchus had given to Alcibiades. Bentley makes only one artist of the name of Agatharchus, but is silent as to the difficulty which would then arise in relation to this artist's being contemporaneous with both Eschylus and Zeuxis. Agatharchus prided himself upon his rapidity of execution, and received the famous retort from Zeuxis, that if the former executed his works in a short time, he, Zeuxis, painted "for a long time," i. e., for posterity.

AGATHO, an Athenian tragic writer, the contemporary and friend of Euripides. At his house Plato lays the scene of his Symposium, given in honour of a tragic victory won by the poet. Agatho was no mean dramatist. He is called 'Ayúlwv ỏ khɛivós by Aristophanes. (Thesmoph., 29.) The same writer pays a handsome tribute to his memory as a poet and a man, in the Rana (v. 84), where Bacchus calls him ayalòs πointǹs kai mobεivòs Tois píλois. In the Thesmophoriazusa, however, which was exhibited six AGATHEMERUS, a Greek geographer. The period years before the Rana, Agatho, then alive, is introduced when he flourished is not known; it is certain, how- as the friend of Euripides, and ridiculed for his effemever, that he came after Ptolemy; and very probably inacy. His poetry seems to have corresponded with he lived during the third century of our era. The only his personal appearance; profuse in trope, inflexion, work by which he is known is an abridgment of geog- and metaphor; glittering with sparkling ideas, and raphy, entitled Υποτύπωσις τῆς γεωγραφίας, ἐν ἐπιτ- Howing softly on with harmonious words and nice conou, in two books. This little production appears to struction, but deficient in manly thought and vigour. have reached us in a very imperfect state. It is a Agatho may, in some degree, be charged with having series of lessons dictated to a disciple named Philo, to begun the decline of true tragedy. It was he who first serve him as an outline for a course of mathematical commenced the practice of inserting choruses between and physical geography. In the first chapter he gives the acts of the drama, which had no reference whatever a sketch of history and geography, and names the most to the circumstances of the piece; thus infringing the useful writers in these departments. He gives us law by which the chorus was made one of the actors. here some particulars worthy of notice that we might (Aristot., Poët., 18, 22.) He is blamed also by Arissearch in vain for in Strabo. In the chapters that fol- totle (Poët., 18, 17) for want of judgment, in selecting low, Agathemerus treats of the divisions of the earth, too extensive subjects. He occasionally wrote pieces of winds, seas, islands, &c. After the sixteenth chap-with fictitious names (a transition towards the new ter comes an extract from Ptolemy. The second book is only a confused repetition of the first, and is the work, probably, of some ignorant disciple. The first edition of Agathemerus is that of Tennulius, in Greek and Latin, Amst., 1671, 8vo. It is to be found also in the collection of ancient geographical writers, by Gronovius, Lugd. Bat., 1679 and 1700, 4to, and in Hud

comedy), one of which was called the Flower, and was probably, therefore, neither seriously affecting nor terrible, but in the style of the Idyl. (Schlegel, Dram. Litt., vol. 1, p. 189.) One of Agatho's tragic victories is recorded, Ol. 91, 2, B.C. 416. He too, like Euripides, left Athens for the court of Archelaus. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 154, seqq.)

AGATHOCLES, I. one of the boldest adventurers of through the resentment of Arsinoë, in consequence antiquity. His history is principally drawn from Dio- of his refusing to listen to certain dishonourable prodorus Siculus (books nineteen and twenty, and frag-posals made by her. (Pausan., 1, 9.—Id., 1, 10.)— ments of book twenty-one), and from Justin (books III. A Greek historian, a native of Babylon, who wrote twenty-two and twenty-three). They derived their an account of Cyzicus. (Cic., de Div., 1, 24.)—IV. accounts from different sources, and differ, therefore, A Greek historian, a native of Samos, who wrote a especially in the history of his youth. Agathocles work on the government of Pessinus. (Vossius, de was the son of Carcinus, who, having been expelled Hist. Græc., 3, p. 158.—Ernesti, Clav. Cic. Ind. from Rhegium, resided at Thermæ in Sicily. On ac- Hist., s. v.)-V. An archon at Athens, Ol. 105, at count of a mysterious oracle, he was exposed in his the period when the Phocians undertook to plunder infancy, but was secretly brought up by his mother. Delphi. (Pausan., 10, 2.) At the age of seven years the boy was again received AGATHODÆMON, or the Good Genius, I. a name apby his repentant father, and sent to Syracuse to learn plied by the Greeks to the Egyptian Cneph, as indicthe trade of a potter, where he continued to reside, ative of the qualities and attributes assigned to him being admitted by Timoleon into the number of the in the mythology of that nation. (Compare Eusebius, citizens. He was drawn from obscurity by Damas, a Præp. Ev., 1, 10, p. 41.—Jablonski, Panth. Ægypt., noble Syracusan, to whom his beauty recommended 1, p. 86.) It is the same with the Nous, and Pomanhim, and was soon placed at the head of an army sent der, of the Alexandrean school; and the hieroglyphic against Agrigentum. By a marriage with the widow which represents this deity is the circle, or disk, havof Damas he became one of the most wealthy men of ing in the centre a serpent with a hawk's head, or else Syracuse. Under the dominion of Sosistratus, he was a globe encircled by a serpent, the symbol of the spirobliged to fly to Tarentum, but returned after the death it, or eternal principle, male and female, that animates of the latter, usurped the sovereignty, in which he es- and controls the world, as well as of the light, which tablished himself by the murder of several thousand of illumines all things. (Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigthe principal inhabitants, and conquered the greater niaut, vol. 1, p. 824.)-II. A name applied by the part of Sicily (317 B.C.). He maintained his power Greeks to the serpent, as an image of Cneph, the good twenty-eight years, till 289 B.C. To strengthen his genius. (Plut., de Is. et Os., p. 418.) The serpent authority in his native country, and to give employment here meant is of a harmless kind, and was also called to the people, he endeavoured, like Dionysius, to drive Uraus (Ovpaios), or the royal serpent (Zoega, Num. the Carthaginians from Sicily. Having been defeated | Egypt., p. 400.—Id., de Óbelisc., p. 431, n. 41), and by them, and besieged in Syracuse, he boldly resolved hence it is also the symbol of royalty, and appears on to pass over into Africa with a portion of his army. the heads of kings as well as of gods. (Compare reHere he fought for four years, till 307, generally with marks under the article Cleopatra.) The term Agathosuccess. Disturbances in Sicily compelled him to dæmon is said to be nothing more than a translation of leave his army twice, and at his second return into the Egyptian term Cneph. (Jablonski, Vocc., p. 112. Africa he found it in rebellion against his son Archa- -Ouvaroff, Essai sur les Myst. d'Eleusis, p. 106, gathus. He appeased the commotion by promising seqq.-Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 1, p. 505, of the Gerthe troops the booty they should win; but, being de- man work.-Champollion, Precis, &c., p. 91.)-III. feated, he did not hesitate to give up his own sons to the A name given by the Greek residents in Egypt to the vengeance of his exasperated soldiery, and expose these Canopic arm of the Nile. (Ptol., 4, 5.) The native latter, without a leader, to the enemy. His sons were appellation was Schetnouphi, i. e., "the good arm of murdered; the army surrendered to the Carthaginians. the river;" from Schet, "the arm of a river," and He himself restored quiet to Sicily, and concluded a nouphi, "good," and was used in opposition to the peace 306 B.C., which secured to both parties their Phatnetic, or evil arm of the Nile. (Champollion, former possessions. He then engaged in several hos-l'Egypte sous les Pharaons, vol. 2, p. 23.) The words tile expeditions to Italy, where he vanquished the Cneph (Cnuphi) and Canobus (Canopus) were, in Bruttii and sacked Crotona. His latter days were fact, the same; and we have in the following, also, saddened by domestic strife. His intention was, that merely different forms of the same appellation; Chnohis youngest son, Agathocles, should inherit the throne. | phi, Ćhnubis, Chnumis, Chonuphis, Onuphis, Anubis, This stimulated his grandson Archagathus to rebellion. Anabis, Mnevis, &c. (Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 1, p. He murdered the intended heir, and persuaded Manon, 523.) a favourite of the king's, to poison him. This was done by means of a feather, with which the king cleaned his AGATHYRNA, or Agathyrnum, a city of Sicily, on the teeth after a meal. His mouth, and soon his whole northern coast, between Tyndaris and Calacta. It apbody, became a mass of corruption. Before he was pears to have been originally a settlement of the Siculi, entirely dead he was thrown upon a funeral pile. Ac-and, owing to this circumstance probably, as well as cording to some authors, he died at the age of seventytwo years; according to others, at that of ninety-five. Before his death, his wife Texena and two sons were sent to Egypt. His son-in-law, Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, inherited his influence in Sicily and Southern Italy. Agathocles possessed the talents of a general and a sovereign. He was proud of his ignoble descent. His cruelty, luxury, and insatiable ambition, however, accelerated his ruin. (Justin, 22, 1, seqq.-Id., 23, 1, seqq.-Polyb., 12, 15.—Id., 15, 35.—Id., 9, 23, &c.)-II. A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Geta. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoë, the eldest sister of Lysandra, who, fearful lest her offspring by Lysimachus might, on AGATHYRSI, a nation respecting whom the accounts the death of the latter, come under the power of Agath- of ancient writers are greatly at variance. (Compare ocles and be destroyed, planned, and succeeded in Vossius, Annot. in Hudson, Geog. Min., vol. 1, p. bringing about, the death of this prince. After the 79.) Herodotus (4, 491 places them in the vicinity destruction of Agathocles she fled to Seleucus. An- of the Maris, the modern Marosch, in what is now other account makes Agathocles to have lost his life | Transylvania, and most writers agree in placing them

AGATHON. Vid. Agatho.

to its remote position, would seem to have escaped the notice of the Greek geographers. Its name appears, for the first time, in the history of the second Punic war, where Livy (26, 40) states, that the Roman consul Lavinus carried away from the place a motley rabble, four thousand in number, consisting of abandoned characters, and brought them to the coast of Italy near Rhegium, the people of which place wanted a band trained to robberies, for the purpose of ravaging Bruttium. Livy writes the name Agathyrna, of the first declension: the more common form is Agathyrnum ('Ayú@vpvov). The modern St. Agatha stands near the site of the ancient city. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 411.)

A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on Mount Ida. (Vid. Paris.-Apollod., 3, 12, 5, and Heyne, ad loc., not. cr.)

AGENDICUM, Agedincum, or Agedicum ('Ayýdikov, Ptol.), a city of Gaul, the metropolis of Senonia, or Lugdunensis Quarta. Its later name was Senones, now Sens. (Cæs., B. G., 6, extr.-Eutrop., 10, 7.– Amm. Marcell., 15, 27.)

in this country and in upper Hungary. (Compare AGELASTUS ('Ayéλaσroc), an appellation given to M. Rennell, Geogr. of Herod., p. 83, seqq.-Mannert, 4, Crassus, father of the celebrated orator, and grandfap. 102.-Niebuhr, Verm. Schrift., 1, p. 377, &c.) ther of Crassus the rich, from his extraordinary gravity. Scymnus of Chios, however, makes them to have dwelt Lucilius said of him, that he laughed only once in the on the Palus Mæotis. The name perhaps, after all, is course of his life, while Pliny informs us that he was a mere appellative, and may have been applied by dif-reported never to have laughed at all. Hence the ferent authors to different tribes. What serves to name 'Ayéλaaros, “one that does not laugh," or "that strengthen this opinion is the fact, that the latter half never laughs." (Cic., de Fin., 5, 30.-Douza, ad Luof the term Agathyrsi frequently occurs in other na-cil., fragm., p. 20.—Plin., 7, 18.) tional designations, such as Idanthyrsi, Thyrsageta, AGELAUS, I. a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.-II. Thyssageta, Thyrsi, &c. The reference probably is A son of Hercules and Omphale, from whom Crœsus to the god Tyr, another name for the sun. What was descended. (Apollod., 2, 7, 8.) Diodorus SicuHerodotus (4, 104) states respecting this race, that lus (4, 31) gives the name of this son as Lamus. they were accustomed to array themselves in very Herodotus, on the other hand, deduces the royal line handsome attire, to wear a great number of golden or- of Lydia from a son of Hercules and a female slave naments, to have their women in common, and to live, belonging to Jardanus, the father of Omphale. (Hein consequence of this last-mentioned arrangement, rod., 1, 7.) This last is generally considered to be the like brethren and members of one family, is received more correct opinion. (Consult Bähr, ad Herod., l. c. with great incredulity by many. (Compare Valcke--Creuzer, Hist. Græc. antiquiss., &c., p. 186.)-III. Raer, Herod., ed. Wessel., p. 328, n. 31.) All this, however, clearly shows their Asiatic origin, and connects them with the nations in the interior of the eastern continent. The community of wives seems to have been a remnant, in some degree, of an early Buddhistic system. The civilized habits of the Agathyrsi are, at all events, worthy of notice, and favour the theory of those who see in them a fragment of early civilization, emanating from some highly cultivated race, and subsequently shattered by the inroads of the Scythians and other barbarous tribes. (Ritter, Vorhal., 286, seqq.) AGAVE ('Ayavý), or, with the Reuchlinian pronunciation, AGAVE, I. daughter of Cadmus, and wife of Echion, by whom she had Pentheus. Her son succeeded his grandfather in the government of Thebes. While he was reigning, Bacchus came from the east, and sought to introduce his orgies into his native city. The women all gave enthusiastically into the new religion, and Mount Citharon rang to the frantic yells of the Bacchantes. Pentheus sought to check their fury; but, deceived by the god, he went secretly and ascended a tree on Cíthæron, to be an ocular witness of their revels. While here, he was descried by his mother and aunts, to whom Bacchus made him appear to be a wild beast, and he was torn to pieces by them. This adventure of Pentheus has furnished the groundwork of one of the finest dramas of Euripides, his Baccha. (Apollod., 3, 4, 4.—Id., 3, 5, 1.—Ovid, Met., 3, 514, seqq.-Hygin., f., 184.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 298.)-II. A tragedy of Statius, now lost. (Juv., 7, 87.)-III. A daughter of Danaus. She slew her husband Lycus, in obedience to her father's orders. (Apol-question to the age of Lysippus. Meyer, on the othlod., 2, 1, 5.)-IV. A Nereid. (Apollod., 1, 2, 7.)

AGENOR, I. king of Phoenicia, son of Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. (Apollod., 3, 1, 1.) Others make him to have wedded Argiope, daughter of Nilus. (Hygin., fab., 6.)—II. A son of Iasus, and father of Argus. (Apollod., 2, 1, 2.)-III. A son of Pleuron, and father to Phineus. (Id., 1, 9, 20.)-IV. A king of Argos, father of Crotopus, and the eighth of his line.-V. A son of Antenor, slain before Troy. (I., 21, 579.)—VI. Father of Python, one of the generals of Philip and Alexander. (Justin., 13, 4.)-VII. A native of Mytilene, who wrote a treatise on music, according to Aristoxenus (de Mus., lib. 2.-Consult Vossius, de Mathem., 59, 19).

AGENORIDES, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other descendants of Agenor. (Ovid, Met., 3, v. 8.) AGESANDER, a sculptor of Rhodes, celebrated for the Laocoon group, which he executed in connexion with Athenodorus his son, and Polydorus. As Pliny has not distinctly stated the era of these three artists, his silence has opened the way to a great difference of opinion on this point among the learned. Winckelmann (Op., P. 7, p. 189) assigns the production in

er hand, conjectures that the three artists adverted to flourished soon after the death of Alexander the Great. (ad Winck., Op., vol. 6, P. 2, p. 204.-Hist. Art., vol. 1, p. 208.) But Lessing, who is followed by Thiersch (Epoch. 3, Adnot., p. 110), has discovered, with great acuteness, from a passage in Pliny (36, 5, 4), that they lived during the reign of the Emperor Titus. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) The name of Agesander stands first on the plinth of the group.

AGDESTIS, I. a genius or deity mentioned in the legends of Phrygia, and connected with the mythus of Cybele and Atys. An account of his origin, as well as other particulars respecting him, may be obtained from Pausanias (7, 17). He was an androgynous deity, and appears to be the same with the Adagoüs of the ancient writers. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 48-Compare the note of Guigniaut.)-II. One of the summits of Mount Dindymus in Phrygia, on which Atys was said to have been buried. (Pausan., 1, 4.) AGELADAS, I. an excellent statuary, and illustrious also as having been the instructer of Phidias, Polycletus, and Myron. His parents were inhabitants of Argos, according to Pausanias (34, 8), and he himself was born there, probably about B.C. 540. The par-ceeded, by the aid of Lysander, in getting declared ilticular time, however, when he lived, has given rise to much discussion. Sillig, after a long and able argument, comes to the conclusion that Ageladas, the instructer of Phidias, attained the height of his renown about Olymp. 70, or 500 B.C. (Dict. Art., s. v.)-II. Another artist, probably a nephew of the former, assigned by Pliny to Olymp. 87, or 432 B.C., which can hardly be correct. He was thinking, perhaps, of the elder Ageladas. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

AGESILAUS, I. king of Sparta, of the family of the Agida, was son of Doryssus, and father of Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. (Herodot., 7, 204.-Paus., 3, 2.)-II. A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ, made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides, whom he suc

legitimate. (Vid. Leotychides, II.) Called by the Ionians to their assistance against Artaxerxes, he commenced his glorious career; defeated the Persians, and would, in all probability, have completely humbled, if not subverted, their power; when the gold of Persia occasioned a diversion, and he was recalled home for the purpose of opposing the Thebans, Corinthians, &c., who had united against Sparta. On his return he passed, in thirty days, over that tract of country which