p. 364, seqq.)

MASSAGETÆ, a nation of Scythia, placed by the an cient writers to the east of the river laxartes. The Macedonians sought for the Massagete in the northern regions of Asia, judging from the history of Cyrus's expedition against these barbarians, by which some definiteness was given to the position which they occupied. They missed, indeed, the true Massagetæ, but the term became a general one for the northern nations of Asia, like that of Scythians. Larcher considers the term Massagetæ equivalent probably to "Eastern Getæ." (Hist. d'Herodote, vol. 8, p. 323, Table Geographique.) According to Herodotus, the Massagetæ occupied a level tract of country to the east of the Caspian. (Herod., 1, 201.) Halling takes the Massagetæ for Alans, and refers to Ammianus Marcellinus (23, 14; 31, 2) in support of his opinion, (Wien-Iahrb., 63, p. 131.) Gatterer, on the other hand, thinks that they occupied the present country of the Kirgish Tatars. (Comment. Soc. Gött., 14, p. 9.-Bähr, ad Herod., l. c.)

marriage to Syphax. However this might have been, | obstinacy, was decided at last in favour of Masinissa. Masinissa, before declaring openly against Carthage, A second battle, equally disastrous for Carthage, soon made a secret treaty with the Romans, and advised followed, and peace was concluded on such terms as Scipio, it is said, to carry the war into Africa. Re- it pleased Masinissa to dictate. Not long after this turning to this country himself, he found his kingdom the third Punic war broke out; but the Numidian a prey to usurpers, his father and elder brother having monarch did not live to see the downfall of Carthage, both died during his absence. With the aid, however, having expired a short time before its capture, at the of Bocchus, king of Mauretania, he obtained posses- age of ninety-seven, and after a reign of sixty years. sion of his hereditary throne, and would have enjoyed Masinissa was remarkable for his abstemious mode of it peaceably, if the Carthaginians, irritated at his now life, which, joined to his habits of constant exercise, open avowal for the Romans, had not incited Syphax enabled him to enjoy so protracted an existence. He to make war upon him. Defeated and stripped of his left fifty-four sons, only three of whom, Micipsa, Gudominions, Masinissa was compelled to take refuge lussa, and Mastanabal, were legitimate. Scipio, who near the Syrtis Minor, where he defended himself until had been requested to do so by Masinissa, divided the the arrival of Scipio. The aspect of affairs immedi- kingdom among these three, and assigned considerately changed, and Masinissa, by his valour and skill, able revenues to the others. (Liv., lib. 24, 25, 28, &c. contributed greatly to the victory gained by Scipio-Polyb., lib. 11, 14, 15, &c.—Biogr. Univ., vol. 27, over Hasdrubal and Syphax. Having been sent with Lælius in pursuit of the vanquished, he penetrated, after a march of fifteen days, to the very heart of his rival's kingdom, gained a battle against him, made himself master of Cirta, the capital of Syphax, and found in it Sophonisba, to whom, as we have said, he had been attached in early youth. The charms of the daughter of Hasdrubal proved too powerful for the Numidian king, and he married her at once, in the hope of rescuing her from slavery, since she belonged to the Romans by the right of conquest. This imprudent union, however, with a captive whose hatred towards Rome was so deep-rooted, could not but prove displeasing to Scipio, and Masinissa was severely reproved in private by the Roman commander. The Numidian, in his despair, sent a cup of poison to his bride, who drank it off with the utmost heroism. (Liv., 30, 15.) To console him for his loss, Scipio bestowed upon Masinissa the title of king and a crown of gold, and heaped upon him other honours; and these distinctions, together with the hope of soon seeing himself master of all Numidia, caused the ambitious monarch to forget the death of Sophonisba. Constantly attached to the fortunes of Scipio, Masinissa fought on his side at the battle of Zama, defeated the left wing of the enemy, and, though severely wounded, nevertheless went in pursuit of Hannibal himself, in the MASSILIA, by the Greeks called Massalia (Maooabope of crowning his exploits by the capture of this 2ía), a celebrated colony of the Phocæans, on the celebrated commander. Scipio, before leaving Africa, Mediterranean coast of Gaul, now Marseille. The established Masinissa in his hereditary possessions, period of its settlement appears to have been very reand added to these, with the authority of the sen- mote. Scymnus of Chios (v. 210), Livy (5, 34), and ate, all that had belonged to Syphax in Numidia. Eusebius, agree in placing it in the 45th Olympiad, Master now of the whole country from Mauretania to during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. Their com Cyrene, and become the most powerful prince in Af-mon authority appears to have been Timæus; at least rica, Masinissa profited by the leisure which peace af- Scymnus mentions him. The circumstances conforded him, and exerted himself in introducing among pected with the founding of Massilia will be seen unhis semi-barbarous subjects the blessings of civiliza-der the article Phocæa. The natives endeavoured to tion. Neither age, however, nor the tranquil posses- prevent the establishment of this colony, but, accordsion of so extensive a territory, could damp his ardouring to Livy (5, 34), the Phocæans were enabled to for conquest. Imboldened by his relations with make an effectual resistance, and to fortify their posi Rome, he violated the treaties subsisting between tion, by the aid of a body of Gauls. (Compare the himself and the Carthaginians, and, although in his account of Justin, 43, 3, 4.) Massilia soon became ninctieth year, placed himself at the head of a power- a powerful and flourishing city, and famed for its exful army and marched into the territories of Carthage. tensive commerce. It engaged in frequent contests He was preparing for a general action when Scipio with Carthage, its maritime rival, and sent out many Emilianus arrived at his camp, having come from colonies, from Emporia in Spain as far as Monacus Spain to visit him. Masinissa received the young Ro-in Italy. (Strabo, 180.) The most prosperous peman with distinguished honours, alluded with tears to riod in the history of Massilia would seem to have bis old benefactor Africanus, and afterward caused the been the interval from the fall of Carthage to the comélite of his troops to pass in review before the son of mencement of the contest between Cæsar and PomPaulus Emilius. The young Scipio was most struck, pey. This city was always the firm ally of Rome. however, by the activity and address of the monarch The origin of its friendship with the Romans is not himself, whose physical powers seemed but little im- clearly ascertained: Justin, or, rather, Trogus Pompepaired by age, who still performed all the exercises ius (43, 3), dates it from the reign of Tarquinius Prisof youth, and mounted and rode his steed with all the cus, but this appears deserving of no credit. (Man. spirit of earlier years. On the morrow Scipio was the nert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 83, seqq.) It is more than witness of one of the greatest conflicts that had ever probable, that the friendship in question began about taken place in Africa, which, after having been main-the end of the first Punic war. Before this war we tained for a long time on both sides with the utmost hear nothing of the Massilians in Roman history, and

MASSESYLI. Vid. Masæsylii.

MASSICUS, MONs, a range of hills in Campania, famous for the wines produced there. Consult remarks under the article Falernus, near the beginning (p. 515, col. 2).

previous to the commencement of the second Punic | Mauritania being west of Carthage and Phoenicia. contest we find them the allies of the Romans. (Liv., (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 25.-Op., vol. 2, c. 496.) 21, 20.) The political importance of this city re- MAURITANIA, a country of Africa, on the Mediterceived a severe check in the civil war between Cæsar ranean, now the empire of Fez and Morocco. It was and Pompey, in consequence of its attachment to the bounded on the north by the Straits of Gibraltar and party of the latter. It had to sustain a severe siege, the Mediterranean, on the east by Numidia, on the in which its fleet was destroyed, and, after surrender- south by Gætulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. ing, to pay a heavy exaction. (Cas., Bell. Civ., 2, It was, properly speaking, in the time of Bocchus the 22.) The conqueror, it is true, left the city the title betrayer of Jugurtha, bounded by the river Mulucha of freedom, but its power and former importance were or Molochath, now Malva, and corresponded nearly gone. The downfall of its political consequence, to the present kingdom of Fez; but, in the time of however, was succeeded by distinguished eminence the Emperor Claudius, the western part of Numinis in another point of view, and already, in the days of was added to this province under the name of MauriAugustus, Massilia began to be famous as a school of tania Cæsariensis, the ancient kingdom of Mauritania the sciences, and the rival of Athens. Even in a much being called Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, later age, though surrounded by barbarous tribes, she or Old Tangier, on the west of the straits. (Plin., continued to enjoy her literary rank, and was also re- 5, 1.- Cæs., Bell. Civ., 1, 6.—Id., Bell. Afric., 22. markable for the culture of philosophy and the healing-Mela, 1, 5.-Id., 3, 10.-Vid. Mauri, and Mauart. Massilia remained a flourishing city until the in- rusii.)

roads of the barbarians and the subjugation by them MAURUS TERENTIĀNUS, a Latin grammarian, gen. of nearly the whole of southern Gaul. The govern-erally supposed to have been an African by birth. ment of the place was a well-regulated aristocracy. The time when he flourished has been made a matter (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 81, seqq.) of dispute. Vossius supposes him to have been the MASSYLI, a people of Numidia, to the east of the same Terentianus who is addressed by Martial as the Massasyli and Cape Tretum. They were the sub-prefect of Syene in Egypt. (Ep., 1, 87.) Terentijects of Masinissa. (Liv., 24, 48.-Polyb., 3, 33.Sil. Ital., 16, 170.)

MATINUM, a city of Messapia or Iapygia, southeast of Callipolis. Near it was the Mons Matinus. It was here, according to Horace, that the celebrated philosopher, Archytas of Tarentum, was interred, when cast on shore after shipwreck. (Od., 1, 28.) This region was famed for its bees and honey. The modern Matinata seems to mark the site of the ancient city. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 277.)

anus declares himself a contemporary of Septimius Serenus, which latter poet Wernsdorff refers to the age of Vespasian. (Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 2, p. 249.) He at all events lived during or before the time of St. Augustine, since he is mentioned by the latter in terms of the highest respect. (De Civ. Dei, 6, 2.— De Util. Cred., c. 17.) Terentianus, when advanced in life, wrote a poem on letters, syllables, feet, and metres ("De Literis, Syllabis, Pedibus et Metris Carmen"), in which these dry topics are handled with all the art of which they are susceptible. This poem is extremely useful for a knowledge of Latin Prosody: the

MATRONA, a river of Gaul, now the Marne, which formed part of the ancient boundary between Gallia Belgica and Gallia Celtica. It takes its rise at Lan-author unites in it example and precept, by employing, gres, runs northwest to Chalons, then westward, passes by Meaux, becomes navigable at Vitry, and at Charenton, a little above Paris, falls into the Sequana or Seine, after a course of about 92 leagues. (Cas., B. C., 1, 1.-Auson, Mosel., v. 461.-Ammian. Marcell., 15, 27.-Sidon., Panegyr. Marjorian., 208.)

for the explanation of the various metres, verses written in the very measures of which he treats.-The most recent editions of the poem in question are, that of Santen, completed by Van Lennep, Traj. ad Rhen., 1825, and that of Lachmann, Lips., 1836. It is given also among the Latin grammarians, ed. Putsch., p. 2383, seqq., and in the Corpus Poetarum of Maittaire.

MAURUSII, a poetical name for the people of Mauritania.

MATRONALIA, a festival celebrated at Rome on the Calends, or first of March, and on this same occasion presents used to be given by husbands to their wives. The day is said to have been kept sacred in remem- MAUSOLUS, a prince of Caria, the brother and husbrance chiefly of the reconciliation between the Ro-band of Artemisia. His death was deeply lamented mans and the Sabines. On this same day, also, a by the latter, who caused a splendid monument to be temple had been dedicated by the Roman ladies to erected to his memory. (Vid. Artemisia I., HalicarJuno Lucina, on the Esquiline Hill, and here they nassus, and Mausoleum.) presented their annual offerings. (Ovid, Fast., 3, 170, seqq.) From this last-mentioned circumstance, and particularly from a part of the passage last referred to (v. 235, seqq.), the true reason of the celebration may perhaps be inferred. Ovid speaks of offerings of flowers made on this occasion to Juno.

MATTIACI, a nation in the western quarter of Germany according to Wilhelm (Germanien und seine Bewohner, Weimar, 1823), a branch of the Catti, between the Lahn and Maine, in the country between Mayence and Coblenz; but, according to Kruse, lying between the Maine, the Taunus, and the Rhine (Archiv. für alle Geogr.). The Aqua Mattiacæ correspond to the modern Wiesbaden. (Ammian. Marcell., 29, 20.)

MATUTA, a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoë of the Greeks. (Vid. Ino and Leucothoi.)

MAVORS, a name of Mars. (Vid. Mars.)

MAURI, the inhabitants of Mauritania. Bochart derives the name from Mahur, or, as an elision of gutturals is very common in the Oriental languages, from Maur, i. e., one from the west, or an occidentalist,

MAUSOLEUM, I. (Μαυσωλεῖον, scil. μνημεῖον, “the tomb of Mausolus”), a magnificent monumental structure, raised by Artemisia in memory of her husband Mausolus, king of Caria, in the city of Halicarnassus, B.C. 352. Of this monument, once reckoned among the wonders of the world, no remains now exist; but, from Pliny's description (36, 5), it appears to have been nearly square in its plan, measuring 113 feet on its sides, and 93 on each of its ends or fronts, and to have been decorated with a peristyle of 36 columns (supposed by Hardouin to have been 60 feet high or more), above which the structure was carried up in a pyramidal form, and surmounted at its apex by a marble quadriga executed by Pythis, who, according to Vitruvius, was joint architect with Satyrus in the building. It was farther decorated with sculptures and reliefs by Scopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and Leochares. The entire height was 140 feet.-II. The Mausoleum erected at Babylon by Alexander the Great, in honour of Hephæstion, appears to have been still more magnificent, and somewhat extravagant in its decorations, as far as can be gathered from the account given of it by Diodorus Siculus (17, 115). It

entius possessed Italy and Africa; but Africa revolted, and the soldiers proclaimed as emperor an adventurer of the name of Alexander, who reigned at Carthage for three years. In the year 311, Maxentius sent an expedition to Africa, defeated and killed Alexander, and burned Carthage. Proud of his success, for which he enjoyed a triumph, Maxentius made great preparations to attack Constantine, with whom he had till then preserved the appearance of friendship. Constantine moved from Gaul into Italy, advanced to Rome, and defeated Maxentius, who was drowned in attempting to swim his horse across the Tiber, A.D. 312. (Encycl. Us. Knowledge, vol. 15, p. 22.)

was adorned below by gilded rostra or beaks of 240 | Maximianus put him to death. The latter then proships, and every successive tier or story was enriched ceeded to Gaul, to form an alliance with Constantius, with a profusion of sculpture, representing various an- leaving Maxentius at Rome. Galerius soon after arimals, fighting centaurs, and other figures, all of which rived in Italy with an army; but, not finding himself were gilded; and on the summit were statues of si- strong enough to attack Maxentius in Rome, and rens, made hollow, in order that the singers who fearing the same fate as that of Severus, he made a chanted the funeral dirge might be concealed within precipitate retreat. Maximianus, returning to Rome, them.-III. The Mausoleum of Augustus at Rome reigned for some months together with his son, but was a structure of great magnitude and grandeur, and afterward quarrelled with him, and took refuge with circular in plan. It stood in the Campus Martius, Galerius, who acknowledged him as emperor. There where remains of it yet exist in the two concentric were then no less than six emperors; Galerius, Maxcircles forming the first and second stories of the imianus, Constantine, Maxentius, Licinius, and Maxbuilding, and the vaulted chambers between, which iminus Daza. In the following year, A.D. 309, Maxsupported the first or lowest terrace. Of these terra-entius was proclaimed consul at Rome, together with ces there were three; consequently, four stages in the his son, M. Aurelius Romulus, who, in the ensuing building, gradually decreasing in diameter, the upper-year, was accidentally drowned in the Tiber. Maxmost of which was crowned with a colossal statue of the emperor. The terraces themselves were planted with trees. From traces of something of the kind that yet remain, it is conjectured that there was originally an advanced portico attached to the building, in the same manner as that of the Pantheon, though considerably smaller in proportion to the rest of the plan, as it could not have been carried up higher than the first stage of the building. According to Hirt's representation of it, in his “ Baukunst bei den Alten," it was a Corinthian hexastyle, advanced one intercolumn before the side-walls connecting it with the circular edifice behind it.-IV. The Mausoleum of Hadrian was also of great magnitude and grandeur, and, like the preceding, circular in plan. It is now converted into the Castle of St. Angelo, in which shape it is familiar to almost every one. This is a work of most massy construction, and originally presented an unbroken circular mass of building, erected upon a larger square basement, lofty in itself, yet of moderate height in proportion to the superstructure, the latter being about twice as high as the former. This nearly solid rotunda, which was originally coated with white marble, had on its summit numerous fine statues, which were broken to pieces and the fragments hurled down by the soldiers of Belisarius upon the Goths, who attempted to take the building by storm. Neither are any remains now left of the uppermost stage of the edifice, which assumed the form of a circular peripteral temple, whose diameter was about one third of the larger circle. According to tradition, its peristyle consisted of the twenty-four beautiful marble Corinthian columns which afterward decorated the Basilica of San Paolo fuori delle Mura (partially destroyed some few years ago by fire, but now nearly restored); and its tholus or dome was surmounted by a colossal pine-apple in bronze, now placed in the gardens of the Vatican. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 15, p. 21.)

MAXIMIANUS I., MARCUS VALERIUS, a native of Pannonia, born of obscure parents. He served in the Roman armies with distinction, and was named by Dioclesian his colleague in the empire, A.D. 286. The remainder of his life is given under Diocletianus, Constantinus, and Maxentius. He was put to death by Constantine, at Massilia, for having conspired against his life (A.D. 310.)—II. GALERIUS VALERIUS, was surnamed Armentarius on account of his having been a herdsman in his youth. The events of his life are narrated under Diocletianus, Constantius, and Constantinus. According to historians, he died A.D. 311, of a loathsome disease, which was considered by his contemporaries and himself as a punishment from heaven for his persecution of the Christians. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 15, p. 23.)

MAXIMINUS, I. CAIUS JULIUS VERUS, was originally a Thracian shepherd. He was of gigantic size and great bodily strength, and, having entered the Roman army under Septimius Severus, was rapidly advanced for his bravery. Alexander Severus gave him the command of a new legion raised in Pannonia, at the head of which he followed Alexander in his campaign against the Germans, when, the army being encamped on the banks of the Rhine, he conspired against his sovereign, and induced some of his companions to murder him in his tent, as well as his mother Mammæa, A.D. 235. Maximinus, being proclaimed emperor, named his son, also called Maximinus, Cæsar and his colleague in the empire. He continued the war against the Germans, and devastated a large tract of country beyond the Rhine; after which he repaired to Illyricum to fight the Dacians and Sarmatians. But his cruelty and rapacity raised enemies against him in various parts of the empire. The province of Africa revolted, and proclaimed Gordianus, who was soon after acknowledged by the senate and people of Rome, A.D. In the mean time, Maximianus, who lived in re- 237. But Capellianus, governor of Mauritania for tirement in Campania, came to Rome, and was pro- Maximinus, defeated Gordianus and his son, who both claimed emperor and colleague with his son, A.D. 307. fell in the struggle, after a nominal reign of little more Severus, on arriving with his troops near Rome, was than a month. Rome was in consternation at the deserted by most of his officers and soldiers, who had news, expecting the vengeance of Maximinus. The formerly served under Maximianus, and were still at- senate proclaimed as emperors Clodius Pupienus Maxitached to their old general. Upon this he retired to mus and Decimus Cælius Albinus; but the people in Ravenna, which he soon after surrendered to Maxim-sisted upon a nephew of the younger Gordianus, a boy ianus, on being promised his life and liberty; but twelve years of age, being associated with them.

MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS, son of Maximianus, the colleague of Dioclesian in the empire, was living in obscurity, when, after his father's abdication, and the elevation of Constantine to the rank of Cæsar, he became envious of the latter, and dissatisfied with the neglect which he experienced from Galerius. Accordingly, he stirred up a revolt among the prætorian soldiers at Rome, and was proclaimed emperor A.D. 306. Galerius, who was then in the East, sent orders to Severus Caesar, who had the command of Italy, to march from Mediolanum to Rome with all his forces, and put down the insurrection.

Maximus marched out of Rome with troops to oppose | quence, sufficiently appears from these elegant producMaximinus, who had laid siege to Aquileia. The lat- tions; but they are of little merit on the score of ideas. ter, however, experienced a brave resistance from the They are, for the most part, written upon Platonic pringarrison and people of that city, which excited still more ciples, but sometimes lean towards scepticism. The his natural cruelty, and the soldiers, becoming weary of following may serve as a specimen of the topics dishim, mutinied and killed both him and his son, A.D. cussed by this writer. Of God, according to Plato's 238. Maximinus, the father, then 65 years old, was idea.-If we must return Injury for Injury-How we a ferocious soldier and nothing else, and wonderful | may distinguish a Friend from a Flatterer.―That an tales are related of his voracity, and the quantity of Active is better than a Contemplative Life. (The confood and drink which he swallowed daily. His son is trary position is maintained in another discourse.)— said to have been a handsome but arrogant youth. That the Farmer is more useful to a State than the Sol(Jul. Capitol., Vit. Maxim.- Encycl. Us. Knowl., dier.-Whether the Liberal Arts contribute to Virtue. vol. 15, p. 23.)-II. Data or Daza, an Illyrian peas-Of the End of Philosophy.That there is no greater ant, served in the Roman armies, and was raised by Good than a good Man-Of the Demon of Socrates. Galerius, who was his relative, to the rank of military-Of the beneficial Effects of adverse Fortune.tribune, and lastly to the dignity of Cæsar, A.D. 303, Whether the Maladies of the Body or the Mind be at the time of the abdication of Dioclesian and Max-more severe.-The best edition of Maximus Tyrius is imian, when he had for his share the government of that of Davis, Lond., 1740, 4to, enriched with some Syria and Egypt. After the death of Galerius, A.D. excellent observations by Markland. It had been pre311, Maximinus and Licinius divided his dominions ceded by a smaller edition in 8vo, Cantab., 1703, also between them, and Maximinus obtained the whole of by Davis. The larger edition was reprinted at Leipthe Asiatic provinces. Both he and Licinius behaved sic in 1774, in 2 vols. 8vo, under the editorial care of ungratefully towards the family of Galerius, their Reiske. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 286, seqq.) common benefactor. Valeria, the daughter of Diocle-IV. A native of Ephesus, and philosopher of the sian and widow of Galerius, having escaped from Li- New-Platonic school. According to Eunapius (p. 86, cinius into the dominions of Maximinus, the latter of seqq.), he was, through the recommendation of his fered to marry her, and, on her refusal, banished her, master Edesius, appointed by Constantius preceptor with her mother, to the deserts of Syria. He perse- to Julian. According to the Christian historians, howcuted the Christians, and made war against the Ar- ever, he introduced himself to Julian, during his Asimenians. A new war having broken out between Li-atic expedition, at Nicomedia. By accommodating his cinius and Maximinus, the latter advanced as far as predictions to the wishes and hopes of the emperor, Adrianopolis, but was defeated, fled into Asia, and and by other parasitical arts, he gained entire possesdied of poison at Tarsus, A.D. 313. (Encycl. Us. sion of his confidence. The courtiers, as usual, folKnowl., vol. 15, p. 24.) lowed the example of their master, and Maximus was MAXIMUS, I. MAGNUS, a native of Spain, who pro- daily loaded with new honours. He accompanied Juclaimed himself emperor A.D. 383. The unpopular- lian in his expedition into Persia, and there, by the asity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and he was ac-sistance of divination and flattery, persuaded him that knowledged by the troops. Gratian marched against he would rival Alexander in the glory of conquest. him, but he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. The event, however, proved as unfortunate to the phiMaximus refused the honours of burial to the re-losopher as to the hero; for, Julian being slain by a mains of Gratian; and, when he had made himself wound received in battle, after the short reign of Jomaster of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassa- vian Maximus fell under the displeasure of the emperdors into the East, and demanded of the Emperor The-ors Valentinian and Valens, and, for the imaginary odosius to acknowledge him as his associate on the crime of magic, underwent a long course of confinethrone. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse and de- ment and suffering, which was not the less truly perselay him, but Maximus resolved to enforce his claim by cution because they were inflicted upon a pagan. At arms, and, crossing the Alps, made himself master of last Maximus was sent into his native country, and there Italy. Theodosius, however, marched against and be- fell a sacrifice to the cruelty of the proconsul Festus. sieged him in Aquileia, where he was betrayed by his (Ammian. Marcell., 29, 1.-Socr., Hist. Eccles., 3, own soldiers, and put to death, A.D. 383.—II. Pe- 1.—Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 70, tronius, a Roman senator, twice consul, and of pa-seqq.)-V. An ecclesiastical writer, at first chief sectrician origin. He caused the Emperor Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended the throne, but was stoned to death, and his body thrown into the Tiber by his own soldiers, A.D. 455, after a reign of only 77 days. (Procop., Bell. Vand.-Sidon., Apoll., 1, 23.)-III. Tyrius, a native of Tyre, distinguished for his eloquence, and who obtained some degree of celebrity also as a philosopher of the New-Platonic school. According to Suidas, he lived under Commodus; but, according to Eusebius and Syncellus, under Antoninus Pius. The accounts of these chronologers may be reconciled by supposing that Maximus flourished under Antoninus, and reached the time of Commodus. Joseph Scaliger believed that Maximus was one of the instructors of Marcus Aurelius; and that emperor, in fact, mentions a Maximus among his preceptors; but this individual was Claudius Maximus, as we learn from a passage in Capitolinus. (Vit. Anton., Phil., c. 3.) Although he was frequently at Rome, Maximus Tyrius probably spent the greater part of his time in Greece. We have from him, under the title of Discourses (or Dissertations), Aóyoɩ (or Alanéseis), forty-one treatises or essays on various subjects of a philosophical, moral, and literary nature. That he possessed the most captivating powers of elo- | Suet., Ner., c. 31.)

retary to the Emperor Heraclius, and afterward abbot of a monastery at Chrysopolis, near Constantinople. The Greek church has numbered him among the confessors, from his having resisted all the attempts that were made to draw him over to the Monothelites, for which he was banished to Colchis, where he died A.D. 662. Among other works, we have from him a species of Anthology, divided into 71 chapters, and entitled κεφάλαια Θεολογικά, ἤτοι έκλογαὶ ἐκ διαφόρων Bibhíwv Tüv Te Kal' hμās kaì тāv výpalev. It differs from the Anthology of Stobaæus in containing selec tions also from the scriptures and from ecclesiastical writers. The works of Maximus were edited by Combefis, Paris, 1675, 2 vols. fol.—VI. An ecclesiastical writer, a bishop of Turin (Augusta Taurinorum), who died subsequently to 465 A.D. He was one of the most eloquent speakers of the Western Church. Many of his homilies remain.

MAZACA. Vid. Cæsarea ad Argæum.

MAZACE, a people of Sarmatia, in the vicinity of the Palus Mæotis. (Plin., 6, 7.)

MAZICES, a people of Mauritania Cæsariensis, also called, by some writers, Mazyes, and Machmes. (Steph. Byz., s. v.—Ammian. Marcell., 29, 25.

MEATE, a people in the north of Britain, near the and resolved to put her children (seven of each sex) to Vallum Severi. They are the same with the Mæatæ. death. The children fled to the temple of Juno, but MEDEA, daughter of Eetes, king of Colchis, and were pursued and slain at the altar. The anger of famed for her skill in sorcery and enchantment. heaven was manifested by a plague, and, by the advice When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden of an oracle, the expiatory rite just mentioned was infleece, she aided him in obtaining it, and then fled stituted. (Parmeniscus, ap. Schol. ad Eurip., Med., with him in the Argo to Greece. (Vid. Argonautæ.) 9, 275.-Pausan., 2, 3, 7.) It was even said that Here she displayed her magic skill in the case of the Corinthians, by a bribe of five talents, induced Eson, whom she restored from the decrepitude of Euripides to lay the guilt of the murder of her children age to the bloom of early youth. In order to effect on Medea herself. (Schol., l. c.) There was also a this change, she is said by the poets to have drawn off tradition that Medea resided at Corinth, and that she all the blood from his veins, and then to have filled caused a famine to cease by sacrificing to Ceres and them with the juices of certain herbs. This sudden the Lemnian nymphs, and that Jupiter made love to renovation of the parent of Jason so wrought upon the her, but she would not hearken to his suit, fearing the daughters of Pelias, that they entreated Medea to per- anger of Juno, who therefore rewarded her by making form the same act for their aged father. The Colchian her children immortal; a thing she had vainly attemptprincess eagerly availed herself of this opportunity to ed to do herself, by hiding them in the temple of the avenge the wrongs which Pelias had done to Jason, and, goddess, whose priestess she probably was in this in order to pique still more the curiosity of his daugh- myth. (Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 13, 74.—Pausan., 2, 3, ters, she is said to have cut to pieces an old ram, and 11.) It is also remarkable, that the only place besides then, boiling the parts in a caldron, to have caused a Corinth in which there were legends of Medea was young lamb to come forth from it. The daughters of Corcyra, an island which had been colonized by the Pelias thereupon slew their father, and boiled his flesh Corinthians. Eetes himself was, according to Euin a caldron; but Medea refused to perform the requi- melus (ap. Schol. ad Pind., l. c.), the son of Helius site ceremonies; and, in order to avoid the punishment and Antiope, and born at Ephyra or Corinth, which she had a right to expect for this cruel deed, fled with his sire gave to him; but he committed it to the Jason to Corinth.-According to another account, how- charge of Bunus, and went to Colchis. It would ever, Medea did not restore son to youth, he having thus appear, that the whole myth of Eetes and Medea been driven by Pelias, before the return of Jason, to is derived from the worship of the Sun and Juno at the act of self-destruction. (Vid. Eson.)-After re- Corinth. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 310, seqq.) siding for some time at Corinth, Medea found herself MEDIA, a country of Upper Asia, the boundaries of deserted by Jason, who espoused the daughter of which are difficult to determine, as they differed at vaCreon, the Corinthian king. Taking, thereupon, sum-rious times. In the time of Strabo, it was divided mary vengeance on her rival, and having destroyed her into Great Media and Atropatene. Great Media, two sons whom she had by Jason (vid. Jason), Medea which is a high table-land, is said by all ancient writers mounted a chariot drawn by winged serpents and fled to have had a good climate and a fertile soil; an acto Athens, where she had by King Ægeus a son named count which is fully confirmed by modern travellers. Medus. Being detected, however, in an attempt to It was separated on the west and southwest from the destroy Theseus (vid. Theseus), she fled from Athens low country, watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, by with her son. Medus conquered several barbarous a range of mountains known to the ancients under the tribes, and also, say the poets, the country which he name of Zagros and Parachoatras. Xenophon, hownamed Media after himself; and he finally fell in bat-ever, appears to include in Media all the country betle with the Indians. Medea, returning unknown to tween the Tigris and Mount Zagrus. (Anab., 2, 4, Colchis, found that her father Æëtes had been robbed of 27.) On the east it was bounded by a desert and the his throne by her brother Perses. She restored him, and deprived the usurper of life.-Neither Jason nor Medea can be well regarded as a real historical personage. (Compare remarks at the close of the article Jason.) Whether the former, whose name is nearly identical with Iasion, Iasios, Iasos, is merely a personification of the Ionian race ('Iάovec), or, in reference to a myth to be noticed in the sequel, signifies the healing, ato-pear to have been included in the Media of Herodotus. ning god or hero, may be doubted. Medea, however, seems to be plainly only another form of Juno, and to have been separated from her in a way of which many instances occur in ancient legends. She is the counselling (undos) goddess; and in the history of Jason we find Juno always acting in this capacity towards him, who, as Homer says, "was very dear to her" (Od., 12, 72); an obscure hint, perhaps, of the love of Jason and Medea. Medea, also, always acts a friendly part; and it seems highly probable that the atrocities related of her are pure fictions of the Attic dramatists. (Müller, Orchom., p. 68.) The bringing of Jason and Medea to Corinth seems also to indicate a connexion between the latter and Juno, who was worshipped there under the title of Acræa, and the graves of the children of Medea were in the temple of this goddess. It was an annual custom at Corinth, that seven youths and as many maidens, children of the most distinguished citizens, clad in black, with their hair shorn, should go to this temple, and, singing mournful hymns, offer sacrifices to appease the deity. The cause assigned for this rite was as follows. Medea reigned at Corinth; but the people, disdaining to be governed by an enchantress, conspired against her,

Caspian Mountains (the modern Elburz range), and on the north and northwest by the Cadusii, Atropatene, and the Matieni, thus answering, for the most part, to the modern Irak Ajemi. Atropatene, on the other hand, which corresponds to the modern Azerbijan, extended as far north as the Araxes (now Aras). It was much less fertile than Great Media, and does not ap

It derived its name from Atropates, who successfully opposed the Macedonians, and established an independent monarchy, which continued till the time of Strabo, notwithstanding its proximity to the Armenian and Parthian dominions. The principal town of Great Media was Agbatana or Ecbatana, the summer residence of the Persian kings. (Vid. Ecbatana.) In Great Media also was the Nisæan plain, celebrated for its breed of horses, which were considered in ancient times the best in Asia. Arrian informs us, that there were 50,000 horses reared in this plain in the time of Alexander, and that there were formerly as many as 150,000. (Herod., 3, 106.—Id., 7, 40.-Arrian, Exp. Al., 7, 13.-Strabo, 525.-Ammian. Marcell., 23, 6.) The mountainous country in the southwestern part of Great Media was inhabited by several warlike tribes, who maintained their independence against the Persian monarchy. Strabo mentions four tribes in particular; the Mardi, bordering on the northwest of Persis; the Uxii and Elymæi, east of Susiana; and the Cossæi, south of Great Media. The King of Persia was obliged to pass through the country of the latter whenever he visited Ecbatana, and could only obtain a free passage by the payment of a considerable sum of