Marius always appears to have been of a fierce and unrelenting temper; and the sufferings he had lately undergone, which at his time of life must have greatly impaired his health, tended to exasperate him more than ever against the party which had opposed and thwarted him during the whole of his life. All the leaders of the patrician party who were unable to escape from Rome, were put to death. Lutatius Catulus, who had been the colleague of Marius in the war with the Cimbri, destroyed himself to avoid assassination; and among the numerous illustrious patricians that fell were C. and L. Julius Cæsar, and the celebrated orator M. Antonius, who is so frequently praised by Cicero, and is one of the principal speakers in the dialogue "De Oratore." Marius and Cinna declared themselves consuls for the ensuing year (B.C. 86), without even holding the comitia; but Marius died of a fever in the beginning of the year, on the 17th day of his consulship according to Plutarch (Vit. Mar., c. 46), or the 13th according to Livy (Epit. 80).-The character of Marius is chiefly known to us from his life by Plutarch, who appears to have taken his account from the "Memoirs of Sylla," the inveterate enemy of Marius. It cannot be denied, that, after his return from exile, Marius was

ninus, the tribune, who is described as a man that | patrician party. Shortly afterward, Marius and Cinscrupled at the commission of no crime to accom- na entered the city at the head of a large army, and plish his object. The events of the sixth consulship a general massacre of the opposite party ensued.— of Marius, which are some of the most important in this period of Roman history, are imperfectly narrated by historians. It appears that an agrarian law, proposed by Saturninus, and supported by Marius and one of the prætors named Glaucia, was carried, notwithstanding the most violent opposition of the patrician party; and that Metellus Numidicus was driven into exile, in consequence of refusing to take the oath of conforming to the law. When the election of consuls for the ensuing year came on, Memmius, who opposed Glaucia as a candidate for the office, was murdered by order of Saturninus; and the senate, perceiving the city to be in a state of anarchy, passed the usual decree, "that the consuls should take care that the republic received no injury," by which almost absolute power was vested in those magistrates. Marius, unable or unwilling to protect his old friends, besieged Saturninus and Glaucia, who had seized upon the Capitol. They surrendered to Marius on the promise that their lives should be spared, but they were all immediately put to death. It appears probable that Marius, after the blow which had been given to the popular party by the surrender of Saturninus and Glaucia, would not have been able to save their lives, even if he had made the attempt. At the expiration of his consulship, Marius left Rome, to avoid witness-guilty of the greatest cruelties; but even these were ing the triumph of the patrician party in the return surpassed by the atrocities of Sylla; and we should of his old enemy Metellus, whose sentence of ban- not be doing justice to Marius if we ascribed to him ishment was repealed after the death of Saturninus. during the whole of his life the character which he According to Plutarch, he went to Cappadocia and displayed in his seventh consulship. "I have seen," Galatia, under the pretence of offering a sacrifice says Plutarch, "the statue of Marius at Ravenna, in which he had vowed to Cybele, but with the real Gaul, which expresses in a remarkable manner his object of exciting Mithradates to war, in order that sternness and severity. Since he was naturally rohe might be again employed in military affairs, since bust and warlike, and more acquainted with the arts he did not obtain much distinction in peace. In B.C. of war than those of peace, he was fierce and haughty 90 the Marsian or Social war broke out, in which when in authority. It is said that he never learned both Marius and Sylla were employed as legati to the Greek, and that he would not make use of that lantwo consuls. Marius gained several victories over guage on any serious occasion; as if it were ridicuthe enemy, but he no longer possessed that activity lous to learn the language of a people who were suband energy which had distinguished him in his earlier ject to others. If he could have been persuaded to years; and disgusted, it is said, with the increasing pay his court to the Grecian Muses and Graces, he reputation of Sylla, he resigned his command before would not, after bearing so many honourable offices, the conclusion of the war. The Marsian war had and performing so many glorious exploits, have crownscarcely been brought to an end, before the civil war ed the whole by a most savage and infamous old age, broke out between Marius and Sylla. The command in consequence of his yielding to anger, ill-timed amof the Mithradatic war had been assigned to the latter, bition, and insatiable avarice." (Plut., Vit. Mar.who was now consul (B.C. 88); but Marius used ev- Sall., Bell. Jug.—Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 420, ery effort to wrest it from him, and is said by Plu- seq.)-II. Son of the preceding, resembled his father tarch to have gone every day to the Campus Martius, in private character, and was equally fierce and vinand to have performed his exercises with the young dictive. He seized upon the consulship at the age men, although he was now in his 70th year, and very of 27, and put to death numbers of his political oppocorpulent, in order to show that he was not incapaci- nents. Defeated subsequently by Sylla, he fled to tated by age. He was warmly supported by P. Sul- Præneste, where he slew himself. (Plut., Vit. Mar.) picius, the tribune, who possessed great property and III. Mercator, an ecclesiastical writer, the antaginfluence; and a law was eventually passed, that the onist of Celestius and Nestorius, who flourished becommand should be taken from Sylla and given to tween 425 and 450 A.D. His country is not exactly Marius. Sylla was with the army at the time, besie-known: some believe him to have been a native of ging Nola; but, as soon as he heard of the law which Apulia; others, of some other province of Lower Itahad been passed, he marched to Rome, and Marius ly; and others, again, of Africa. It appears that he and his adherents were obliged to flee from the city. was not a priest. He has left behind him a number After wandering through many parts of Italy, Marius of works, or, rather, translations from the Greek, conescaped with the greatest difficulty to Africa; but he sisting of pieces relative to the heresies of Pelagius had no sooner landed at Carthage than Sextilius, the and Nestorius, of extracts from the works of the latgovernor of the province, sent word to him, that, unless ter, refutations of his doctrine, errors of Theodorus he quitted Africa, he should treat him as a public ene- and Mopsuestus, acts of synods held against heretics, my. "Go and tell him," replied the wanderer, "that &c. Marius Mercator was the disciple and friend of you have seen the exile Marius sitting on the ruins of St. Augustine. His works were edited by Garner, Carthage." But, in the following year (B.C. 87), du- Paris, 1673, 2 vols. fol., and by Baluze, Paris, 1684. ring the absence of Sylla, who had gone to Greece-IV. Marcus Aurelius Marius Augustus, was orito oppose Archelaus, Marius returned to Italy in order to join the consul Cinna, who, in his attempt to abrogate the laws of Sylla, had been driven from Rome by his colleague Octavius, supported by the

ginally an armourer or blacksmith in Gaul. He afterward turned his attention to a military life, and soon raised himself, by his merit, to the highest sta tions. After the death of Victorinus the younger, the

2

1

the elegant and classic character of those of Cyrene, being ruder, and more in the Egyptian style. (Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 63, seqq.) The inhabitants of this region are entirely Bedouins, chiefly of the great tribe of Welled Ali, and are supposed by M. Pacho not to exceed 38,000. (Modern Traveller, pt. 50, p. 182, seqq.)

MARMARIDE, the inhabitants of Marmarica.

army elected Marius emperor. It is generally sup-| posed that the Empress Victorina contributed to his elevation, with the hope of preserving her own authority; but this is denied by some modern writers, who maintain that she took part in the conspiracy which deprived Marius of his crown and life. (De Boze, Dissertation sur un médaillon de Tetricus.Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. 26.) He reigned only three days, and was slain by a soldier to whom MARMARIUM, a place in the immediate vicinity of he had refused some favour, and who, in stabbing Carystus, in Euboea, which furnished the valuable him, exclaimed, "Take it-it was thou thyself that marble for which Carystus was famed. A temple was forged it." Marius was remarkable for personal erected here to Apollo Marmarus. Marmarium was strength, of which historians give some accounts that exactly opposite to Hale Araphenides in Attica. (Straare evidently fabulous. (Treb. Pollio, Trigint. Ty-bo, 446.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 142.) rann.-Vit. Marii.)

MARO. Vid. Virgilius.

MARON, I. a priest of Apollo in Thrace, near Maronea. (Hom., Od., 9, 197.)-II. A follower of Osiris, well acquainted with the art of rearing the vine. (Diod. Sic., 1, 18.) Athenæus (1, 25) makes him a follower of Bacchus. He was fabled to have been the founder of Maronea in Thrace. (Consult Wesseling's note, ad Diod., l. c.)

MARONEA, a town of Thrace, southeast of the Bistonis Palus, on the coast. It was a place of some note, and is mentioned by Herodotus (7, 109), Scylax (p. 27), Strabo (Epit., 7, p. 331), and several other writers. Diodorus Siculus (1, 18) reports that it was founded by Maron, a follower of Osiris (vid. Maron), but Scymnus affirms (v. 675) that it was a colony of Chios. Pliny states that the more ancient name was Ortagurea (4, 11). The same writer extols the excellence of its wine (14, 4), whence a comic writer, quoted by Athenæus (8, 44), styled it a tavern. Maronea, taken in the first Macedonian war by Philip, king of Macedon (Liv., 31, 16), and his retaining possession of it, was subsequently made a cause of complaint against him at Rome (39, 24). According to Mela, it was situated near a small river named Schonus. Its ruins are still called Marogna. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 313.)

MARMARICA, a country of Africa, to the east of Cyrenaica, lying along the Mediterranean shore. It forms at present a part of the district of Barca. The inhabitants were a roving race, and remarkable for their skill in taming serpents. (Sil. Ital., 3, 300.) The ancient Marmarica was a region much less highly favoured by nature than Cyrenaica. According to Della Cella (p. 182, seqq.), the general features of the country, however, are similar to those of the region last mentioned. "We wound our way," says this traveller, "among wild and rugged mountains, frequently enlivened by groups of evergreens; among which the cypress, arbutus, Phoenician juniper, gigantic myrtle, carob, and laurel, were most abundant; and as they form no long and uniform woods, but are scattered about in a variety of forms and groups among the rocks, they are very picturesque ornaments of the scenery. The ground is throughout broken and irregular, and does not slope down into pastures, as in Cyrenaica; but the privation of that agreeable feature has its compensation, for the want of grasslands secures this district from the incursions of the vagabond hordes in its neighbourhood. The woody and elevated nature of this country affords frequent and copious springs of clear and most delicious water. This tract of border country is, as in former times, the resort of all the thieves, miscreants, and malcontents of the two governments of Tripoli and Egypt. Pitching their tents in the neighbourhood of the Bay of Bomba, they make incursions into the adjacent districts, and pillage all who have the misfortune to fall in their way. They are ever on the watch for the caravans and pilgrims who traverse this country on their way to Mecca; and this is the only route used by the people of Morocco, above all others the most fervently devoted to their prophet."M. Pacho speaks of the general aspect of Marmarica in still less favourable terms. The soil, he says, is rocky, of a yellowish-gray colour, and depends for its fertility solely on the copious rains. The country presents none of those verdant groves of laurel and myrtle which crown the mountains and overshadow MARPESUS, I. a town of Troas, to the north of the the valleys of the Pentapolis. The singing-birds, vain- Scamander, and to the west of Troja Vetus. (Tibull., ly seeking foliage and shelter, flee from this naked re-2, 5, 67)-II. or Marpessa (Mápaŋσσɑ), a mountain gion; only birds of prey, the eagle, the hawk, and the vulture, appear in numerous flights, their sinister screams rendering the solitude more frightful. The jackal, the hyena, the jerboa, the hare, and the gazelle, are the wild animals which chiefly abound; and the existence of man is indicated merely by the bleating of distant flocks, and the dark tent of the Arab. Yet this country also exhibits traces of having once been occupied by a civilized and even numerous population, and there are marks of the extraordinary exertions which were made to supply the deficiency of water. Canals of irrigation cross the plain in every direction, and even wind up the sides of the hills. The ancient cisterns are numerous; they are frequently divided into several chambers, adorned with pillars, and coated with a cement harder than stone. But the monuments of Marmarica possess none of

MARPESSA, daughter of Evenus, was beloved by Apollo, whose suit was favoured by her father. Idas, another applicant for her hand, having obtained a winged chariot from Neptune, carried off the apparently not reluctant maid. Her father pursued the fugitives, but, coming to the river Lycormas, and finding his progress stopped by it, he slew his horses and cast himself into the stream, which from him derived its name Evenus. Meantime Apollo met and took the fair prize from Idas. The matter being referred to Jupiter, he allowed the maiden to choose for herself; whereupon, fearing that when she grew old Apollo would desert her, she wisely chose to match with her equal, and gave her hand to her mortal lover. (Apollod., 1, 1, 7.-Schol. ad Il., 9, 557.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 119, seq.)

in the island of Paros, containing the quarries whence the famous Parian marble was obtained. Hence the expresssion of Virgil, Marpesia cautes (En., 6, 471.— Compare Plin., 36, 4.-Jornand., de Reb. Get., p. 88). This mountain was situate to the west of the harbour of Marmora. Dr. Clarke gives Capresso as the modern name. (Travels, vol. 6, p. 134, Lond. ed.)

MARRUCINI, a people of Italy, occupying a narrow slip of territory on the right bank of the river Aternus, between the Vestini to the north and the Frentani to the south, and between the Peligni and the sea towards the east and west. Cato derived their origin from the Marsi (ap. Priscian., c. 8). Like that people, they were accounted a hardy and warlike race, and with them they made common cause against the tyranny of Rome. An idea may be formed of the population and force of the several petty nations in this quarter of

Italy, from a statement of Polybius (2, 24), where | spouse) he seems to have known nothing. In the Iliad that historian, in enumerating the different contingents which the allies of the Romans were able to furnish about the time of the second Punic war, estimates that of the Marsi, Marrucini, Vestini, and Frentani, at 20,000 foot and 4000 horse. The only city of note which we find ascribed to the Marrucini, is Teate, now Chieti, on the right bank of the Aternus. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 339.)

MARRUVIUM, I. a town of the Sabines, answering to the modern Morro Vecchio.-II. The capital of the Marsi, situate on the eastern shore of the Lacus Fucinus, and corresponding to the modern San Benedetto. (Strabo, 241.-Plin., 3, 12.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 328.)

we may observe that Mars and Venus are spoken of as brother and sister, much in the same manner as Apollo and Diana. (N., 5, 359, seq.—Ib., 21, 416, seqq.)~ The best known of the children of this god by mortal women were Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, Enomaus, king of Pisa, Diomedes of Thrace, Cycnus, Phlegyas, Dryas, Parthenopæus, and Tereus. He was also said to be the sire of Meleager and other hero-princes of Etolia. The temples and images of Mars were not numerous. He was represented as a warrior, of a severe and menacing air, dressed in the heroic style, with a cuirass on, and round Argive shield on his arm. His arms are sometimes borne by his attendants. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 104, seqq.)

MARS (in Greek Apns), the god of war, about MARSACI, a people of Gallia Belgica, of German whose parentage different accounts are given. Homer origin, and belonging to the great tribe of the Istæ(Il., 5, 892, seqq.) and Hesiod (Theog., 922) make vones. According to Wilhelm (Germanien und seine him to have been the offspring of Jupiter and Juno. Bewohner, Weimar, 1823), they occupied the islands Others say that he was the son of Enyo or Bellona. between the mouths of the Mase and Scheld. Wer(Schol. ad II., l. c.) Ovid, however, gives a different sebe, however (uber die Völker des Alten Teutschversion of the fable. According to this poet, Juno lands, Hannover, 1826), makes their territory correwished to become a mother by herself, just as Jupiter spond to the modern province of Utrecht. They are had become a father in the case of Minerva. On ap- mentioned by Tacitus (Hist., 4, 56) and Pliny (4, 29). plying to Flora for aid in the accomplishment of her MARSI, I. a people in the northwestern part of Gerdesign, the latter directed her to pluck a certain flower many, belonging to the great tribe of the Istævones. which grew near the city of Olenus, the touch of which They appear to have been originally settled on both would make her instantly a mother. Juno obeyed, banks of the Lippe, whence they spread south to the and straightway conceived the god Mars. (Ovid, Tenchtheri. Weakened by the Roman arms, they re Fast., 5, 227, seqq.)—The delight of Mars was in war tired into the interior of Germany, and from this period and strife; yet his wild fury was always forced to disappeared from history. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, yield to the skill and prudence of Minerva, guided by p. 168.)-II. A nation of Italy, whose territory lay to whom Diomede, in the Iliad, wounds and drives him the northeast of Latium, and southeast of the country from the battle (Il., 5, 855); and in the conflict of the of the Sabines. Though inconsiderable as a people, gods (Il., 21, 391), this goddess strikes him to the they are yet entitled to honourable notice in the page earth with a stone. To give an idea of his huge size of history, for their hardihood and warlike spirit. Their and strength, the poet says, in the former case, that origin, like that of many other Italian tribes, is envelhe roared as loud as nine or ten thousand men; and oped in obscurity and fiction. A certain Phrygian, in the latter, that he covered seven plethra of ground. named Marsyas, is said to have been the founder of Terror and Fear (Aɛuos and Þóbor), the sons of their race (Solin., 8); by others Marsus, the son of Mars, and Strife (Epic), his sister, accompany him to Circe (Plin., 7, 2), and hence they are represented as the field when he seeks the battle. (İl., 4, 440.) enchanters, whose potent spells deprived the viper of Another of his companions is Enyo ('Evvá), the daugh- its venom, or cured the hurt which it might have ter of Phorcys and Ceto, according to Hesiod (Theog., caused. (Virg., Æn., 7, 750.—Sil. Ital., 8, 497.)— 273), a war-goddess answering to the Bellona of the We do not find the Marsi engaged in war with Rome Romans. The name Enyalius, which is frequently before A.U.C. 445, when they were defeated and given to him in the Iliad, corresponds with hers.- forced to sue for peace. (Livy, 9, 41.) Six years The figurative language, which expresses origin and after they again assumed a hostile character, but with resemblance by terms of paternity, gave a mortal as little success; they were beaten in the field, and progeny to Mars. As a person who came by sea was lost several of their fortresses. (Liv., 10, 3.) From figuratively called a son of Neptune, so a valiant war-that time we find them the firm and stanch allies of rior was termed a son, or, as it is sometimes expressed by Homer, a branch or shoot of Mars (õ5os "Apnos). But the only tale of his amours related at any length by the poets, is that in the case of Venus. (Hom., Ód., 8, 266, seqq.-Ovid, A. A., 2, 561.) This tale is an evident interpolation in the Odyssey, where it occurs. Its date is uncertain; though the language, the ideas, and the state of society which it supposes, might almost lead us to assign its origin to a comparatively late period. It is generally supposed to be a physical myth, or, rather, a combination of two such myths; for beauty might naturally have been made the spouse of the god, from whose workshop proceeded so many elegant productions of art; and, as we are about to show, another physical view might have led to the union of Mars and Venus. Hesiod, for example, says (Theog., 937) that Harmonia (Order) was the daughter of Mars and Venus. This has evidently all the appearance of a physical myth, for from Love and Strife (i. e., attraction and repulsion), arises the order or harmony of the universe. (Plut., de Is. et Os., 48.— Aristot., Pol., 2, 6.- Welcker, Kret. Kol., 40.) Terror and Fear are also said by Hesiod (Theog., 934) to have been the offspring of Mars and Venus, of whose union with Vulcan (to whom he gives a different

Rome, and contributing by their valour to her triumphs, till her haughty and domineering spirit compelled them and most of the other neighbouring people to seek, by force of arms, for that redress of their wrongs, and that concession of privileges and immunities, to which they were justly entitled, but which was not to be granted to their entreaties. In the war which ensued, and which, from that circumstance, is called the Marsic as well as Social War, the Marsi were the first to take the field under their leader Silus Pompædius, A.U.C. 661. Though often defeated, the perseverance of the allies was at last crowned with success, by the grant of those immunities which they may be said to have extorted from the Roman senate, A.U.C. 665. (Strabo, 241.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 16.—Appian, Bell. Civ., 1, 39.-Liv., Epit., 72.) The valour of the Marsi is sufficiently indicated by the proverbial saying which Appian records (Bell. Civ., 1, 46), "that there was no triumph to be obtained either over the Marsi or without their aid: ovre karà Mápowv, ovre ŭvev Mápσων, γενέσθαι θρίαμβον.” (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 325, seqq.)

MARSYAS, I. a satyr of Phrygia, son of rympus, who, having found the pipe which Minerva, for fear of injuring her beauty, had thrown away, contended with

hung up the skin of his vanquished antagonist in the cavern whence the river flowed. The following remarks of Mr. Leake appear worthy of insertion.

"Ac

Apollo for the palm in musical skill. The Muses were | justice, both to indicate the punishment which such the umpires, and it was agreed that the victor might conduct merited, and to denote the omnipotence of do what he pleased with the vanquished. Marsyas the law. Servius (ad Virg., Æn., 4, 58) alludes to lost, and Apollo flayed him alive for his temerity. The the custom of which we have just made mention. His tears of the nymphs and rural deities for the fate of explanation, however, shows that he only half undertheir companion gave origin, it was fabled, to the stream stood the nature of the allegory: "Marsyas per civiwhich bore his name; and his skin was said to have tates in foro positus libertatis indicium est."-II. A been hung up in the cave whence the waters of the riv- river of Phrygia, rising, according to Xenophon, in a er flowed. (Apolled., 1, 4, 2. —Pausan., 2, 7, 9.- cavern under the Acropolis of Celænæ, and falling into Plut., de Fluv., 10.-Hygin., fab., 165.--Ovid, Met., the Maander. (Anab., 1, 2, 8.) Here, as the same 6, 382, seqq.-Xen., Anab., 1, 2, 8.)-It seems, ac-writer informs us, Apollo contended with Marsyas, and cording to the ancient mythological writers, that, in the contest above alluded to, Apollo played at first a simple air on his instrument; but Marsyas, taking up his pipe, struck the audience so much with the novel-cording to Xenophon, the Mæander rose in the palace ty of its tone and the art of his performance, that he of Cyrus, flowing thence through his park and the city seemed to be heard with more pleasure than his rival. of Celænæ: and the sources of the Marsyas were at Having agreed upon a second trial of skill, it is said the palace of the King of Persia, in a lofty situation that the performance of Apollo, by his accompanying under the Acropolis of Celana. From Arrian (1, 29) the lyre with his voice, was allowed greatly to excel and Quintius Curtius (3, 1) we learn, that the citadel that of Marsyas upon the pipe alone. Marsyas with in- was upon a high and precipitous hill, and that the Mardignation protested against the decision of his judges, syas fell from its fountains over the rocks with a great urging that he had not been fairly vanquished accord- noise: from Herodotus (7, 26) it appears, that the same ing to the rules stipulated, because the dispute was river was from this circumstance called Catarrhactes; concerning the excellence of their respective instru- and from Strabo (578), that a lake on the mountain ments, not their voices; and that it was unjust to em- above Celana was the reputed source both of the Marploy two arts against one. Apollo denied that he had syas, which rose in the ancient city, and of the Meander. taken any unfair advantage, since Marsyas had used Comparing these authorities with Livy (38, 38), who both his mouth and fingers in playing on his instrument, probably copied his account from Polybius; with Pliny so that if he was denied the use of his voice, he would (5, 29); with Maximus Tyrius (8, 8); and with the be still more disqualified for the contention. On a existing coins of Apamea, it may be inferred, that a third trial Marsyas was again vanquished, and met lake or pool on the summit of a mountain which rose with the fate already mentioned. (Diod. Sic., 3, 58.) above Celænæ, and which was called Celænæ or Sig-The whole fable, however, admits of a very rational nia, was the reputed source of the Marsyas and Mæanexplanation. The pipe as cast away by Minerva, and der; but that, in fact, the two rivers issued from difMarsyas as punished by Apollo, are intended merely ferent parts of the mountain below the lake; that the to denote the preference given, at some particular pe- lake was named Aulocrene, as producing reeds well riod, by some particular Grecian race, with whom the adapted for flutes, and that it gave the name of Aulomyth originated, to the music of the lyre over that of crenis to a valley extending for ten miles from the lake the pipe, or, in other words, to the Citharoedic over to the eastward; that the source of the Marsyas was the Auletic art. The double pipe was a Phrygian or in a cavern on the side of a mountain in the ancient Asiatic invention, and ascribed to a certain Marsyas. agora of Celænæ, and that the Marsyas and Mæander, (Diod. Sic., 3, 58.) The music of this instrument both of which flowed through Celænæ, united a little was generally used in celebrating the wild and enthu- below the ancient site." (Leake's Journal, p. 158, siastic rites of Cybele. Hence we may explain the re- seqq.)-III. A river of Caria, mentioned by Herodomark of Diodorus, that Marsyas was a companion and tus (5, 118) as flowing from the country of Idrias into follower of Cybele (ékovoíws avτý πaρakoλovbεiv Kai the Mæander. Idrias was one of the earlier names of ovμnλavãobai, 3, 58). Subsequently, the wildness the city which, under the Macedonians, assumed the of the Bacchanalian celebrations became intermingled name of Stratonicea. The Marsyas of Herodotus is with the phrensied delirium that characterized the pro- supposed, therefore, to be the same with the modern cession and the rites of Cybele. The double pipe Tshina. (Barbié du Bocage.-Voyage de Chandler, came now to be employed in the orgies of Bacchus. vol. 2, p. 252.-Leake's Journal, p. 234.)—IV. A naThe worship of this god spread over Greece, and with tive of Pella, brother of Antigonus. He wrote, in it was disseminated the knowledge of this instrument. ten books, a History of the Kings of Macedon, from To the new species of music thus introduced was op- the origin of the monarchy to the founding of Alexposed the old and national melody of the lyre; or, in andrea; and also a work on the Education of Alexthe language of mythology, Apollo, the inventor and im ander, with which prince he had been brought up. prover of the lyre, engaged in a stubborn conflict with The loss of both these works, but particularly the latMarsyas, the representative of the double pipe. Apol- ter, is much to be regretted. Marsyas is also named lo conquers; that is, the pipe was long regarded by among the grammarians, and Suidas calls him yрauthe Greeks as a barbarian instrument, and banished parodidácκaλos, "a master of a school." (Scholl, from the hyinns and festivals of the gods: it could only Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 207.) find admittance into the festivals of the vintage, in the Bacchanalian orgies, and in the chorus of the drama. (Wieland, Attisches Museum, vol. 1, p. 311, seqq.)A statue of Marsyas, representing him in the act of being flayed, stood in the Roman forum, in front of the rostra. The story of Marsyas, understood in its literal sense, presents a remarkable instance of well-merited punishment inflicted on reckless presumption; and as this feeling is nearly allied to, if not actually identified with, that arrogant and ungovernable spirit which formed the besetting sin of the ancient democracies, we need not wonder that, in many of the cities of antiquity, it was customary to erect a group of Apollo and Marsyas, in the vicinity of their courts of

MARTIA OF MARCIA AQUA, a name given to the water conveyed to the city by one of the Roman aqueducts. This water was considered the most wholesome of any brought to Rome. The history of the Marcian aqueduct is as follows: Previous to its erection, the Romans obtained their supply of water from the Aqua Appia and Anio Vetus. At the end, however, of 127 years after the erection of the two lastmentioned aqueducts, their channels had become de cayed, and much of their water was abstracted by the fraud of private individuals. The prætor Quintus Mar cius Rex was thereupon appointed by the senate to repair the injuries sustained by the old aqueducts; in addition to which, he also constructed a new one,

MARULLUS, a tribune of whom Plutarch makes mention in his life of Julius Cæsar. Marullus and another of his colleagues, named Flavius, when the statues of Cæsar were seen adorned with royal diadems, went and tore them off. They also found out the persons who had saluted Cæsar king, and committed them to prison. The people followed with joyful acclamations, calling the tribunes Brutuses; but Cæsar, highly irritated, deposed them from office. (Plut., Vit. Cæs.)

MASESYLII OF MASSÆSỸLI, a people in the western part of Numidia, on the coast, between the river Mulucha and the promontory Masylibum or Musulubium. (Polyb., 3, 33.-Dionys. Perieg., 187.-Sallust, Jugurth., c. 92.-Liv., 28, 17.) They were under the dominion of Syphax. The promontory of Tretum, now Scbda-Kuz, or the Seven Capes, separated this nation from the Massyli, or subjects of Masinissa.

MASCA OF MASCAS, a river of Mesopotamia, falling into the Euphrates, and having at its mouth the city Corsote, which it surrounded in a circular course. Mannert, after a review of the 'several authorities which have a hearing on the subject, charges D'Anville with an error in placing the Masca too far to the west of Anatho, and in fixing this latter place at too great a distance from the Chaboras, since Isidorus makes the intervening space only 29 miles, whereas, on D'Anville's chart, it is 35 geographical miles. D'Anville also is alleged to err in giving the Euphrates too large a bend to the southwest of Anatho. The river Masca is termed by Ptolemy the Saocoras. Mannert thinks that the Masca was nothing more than a canal from the Euphrates. (Mannert, Anc. Geogr., vol. 5, p. 323)

which was ever after called from him the Aqua Marcia. | vols. 8vo, Paris. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 2, Pliny, however, states that the Aqua Marcia was first p. 349.) conveyed to Rome by Ancus Marcius; and that Quintus Marcius Rex merely re-established the conduits. The same writer informs us that the earlier name of the water was Saufeia. (Plin., 31, 24.)-The Marcian water was obtained from the little river Pitonius, now Giovenco. This stream entered the Lacus Fucinus on the northeast side, and was said not to mix its waters, the coldest known, with those of the lake. According to the same popular account, it afterward emerged by a subterranean duct near Tibur, and became the Aqua Marcia. (Cramer's Anc. It., vol. 1, p. 327.-Burgess, Antiq. of Rome, vol. 2, p. 328.) MARTIALIS, MARCUS VALERIUS, a Latin epigrammatic poet, born at Bilbilis in Spain, about A.D. 40. Rader fixes his birth at A.D. 43; while Masson (Vit. Plin., p. 112) makes him not to have died before A.D. 101. Very few particulars of his life are ascertained, and even these are principally collected from his own writings. He was destined originally for the bar, but showed little disposition to apply himself to such a career. In order to complete his education, Martial was sent to Rome. It was at the age of about twentytwo years, and in the sixth year of Nero's reign, that he established himself in the capital. Here he gave himself up entirely to poetry, which he made a means of subsistence, for he was compelled to live by his own exertions. Titus and Domitian both favoured him, and the latter bestowed on him the rank of an eques and the office of a tribune, granting to him at the same time all the privileges connected with the Jus trium liberorum. After having passed thirty-five years at Rome, he felt desirous of visiting his native country. Pliny the younger supplied him with the necessary means for travelling. Having reached Spain, he there, according to some critics, married a rich fe- MASINISSA, king of Numidia, was the son of Gula, male named Marcella, who had possessions on the Bil- who reigned among the Massyli in the eastern portion bilis or Salon, and lived many years in the enjoyment of that country. (Liv., 24, 48, seq.) Masinissa was of conjugal happiness. The conclusion, however, to educated at Carthage, and became, though still quite be drawn from his writings rather favours the supposi- young, enamoured of Sophonisba, daughter of Hastion that such an union did not take place. Martial drubal, who promised him her hand. Urged on by was acquainted with most of his literary contempora- his passion, and wishing, moreover, to signalize himries, Juvenal, Quintilian, Pliny the younger, and others, self by some deed of renown, the young prince preas appears from his own writings. (Ep., 2, 90; 12, vailed upon his father to declare against Rome and in 18, &c.)-We have about 1200 epigrams from the favour of Carthage. This was at the commencement pen of Martial: they form fourteen books, of which of the second Punic war, and Masinissa was only the last two are entitled Xenia and Apophoreta re- seventeen years of age, but even then gave great spectively, from the circumstance of their containing promise of future eminence. (Liv., 24, 49.) Har. mottoes or devices to be affixed to presents offered to ing attacked Syphax, another monarch, reigning over his friends, or distributed at the Saturnalia and other the western part of Numidia, and then in alliance with festivals. These fourteen books are preceded by one the Romans, he gained over him two great victories, under the title of Spectacula, containing epigrams or and afterward, passing the straits, united his forces with small pieces on the spectacles given by Titus and those of the Carthaginians in Spain. Hannibal was Domitian. These are not all productions of Martial; at that time carrying all before him in Italy, while but it is very possible that he may have made and pub- Hasdrubal his brother was defending Spain. Not lished the collection. The greater part of Martial's long after his arrival, Masinissa contributed essentially epigrams are of a different kind from those of Catullus. to the entire defeat of Cneus and Publius Scipio, by They approach more nearly to the modern idea of charging the Roman army with his Numidian horse, epigram, for they terminate with a point for which the B.C. 212; but, after some other less successful camauthor reserves all the edge and bitterness of his sat-paigns, both he and his allies were compelled to yield ire. Among the numerous epigrams which Martial to the superior ability of the young Scipio, afterward has left behind him, there are some that are excellent; surnamed Africanus, and to abandon to him almost of the collection as a whole, however, we may say, in the words of the poet himself (1, 17): "Sunt bona, sunt quædam mediocria, sunt mala plura." Many of these epigrams have lost their point for us, who are ignorant of the circumstances to which they allude. A large portion, moreover, are disgustingly obscene. Besides the epigrams which form the collection here referred to, there are others ascribed to Martial, which Burmann has inserted in his Anthology, vol. 1, p. 237, 340, 470, 471.-The best editions of Martial are, that of Rader, Ingolst., 1602, 1611, fol., et Mogunt., 1627; that of Scriverius, Lugd. Bat., 12mo, 1619; that of Smidsius, Amst., 8vo, 1701; and that of Lemaire, 2

the whole of the peninsula. Having retreated towards the frontiers of Bætica, the Carthaginians were reduced to the greatest extremity, when Scipio made prisoner of Massiva, the nephew of Masinissa, and sent him back to his uncle loaded with presents. The hostility of Masinissa towards the Romans immediately changed into the warmest admiration: he had a secret conference with Scipio near Gades, which was eventually followed by his complete defection from the Carthaginian cause. It is more than probable that the Numidian prince was long before secretly disposed to this step, in consequence of the bad faith of Hasdrubal, who had offered his daughter Sophonisba in