name which he bears doubtless attaches great respect- | ans, Carians, and Mysians, and were much interability to his testimony; but as we have no opportu- mingled with the Pelasgi. Leleges, Caucones, and nity of weighing his authenticity on this particular sub- other primitive tribes. We now come to a period ject, from being unacquainted with the sources whence when the records of Lydia are more sure and faithful. he drew his information, and also from having no par- Candaules, whom the Greeks named Myrsilus, was allel historian with whom to compare his account, it is the last sovereign of the Heraclid dynasty. He was evident we cannot place such dependance on his Lydi- assassinated, as Herodotus relates, by his queen and an history as on that of Egypt, Babylon, and Persia. Gyges. The latter succeeded to the vacant throne, Our suspicions, of course, will be increased, if we find and became the founder of a new line of kings. Unthat the circumstances he relates are incredible in der his reign it is probable that the mines of Tmolus themselves, and at variance also with other authorities. and other parts of Lydia were first brought into acTime has unfortunately deprived us of the Lydian an- tivity. This would account for the fabulous stories nals of Xanthus, a native of the country, somewhat an- which are related respecting him and his extraordinary terior to Herodotus, and whose accounts were held in wealth. (Cic., Off., 3, 9.) Under this sovereign, the great estimation for accuracy and fidelity by sound Lydian empire had already made considerable progress judges (Dion. Hal., Rom. Ant., 1, 30.-Strab., 579, in several districts of Asia Minor. Its sway extended 628, 680, &c.); but from incidental fragments pre-over a great part of Mysia, Troas, and the shores of served by later writers we are led to infer, that he the Hellespont (Strabo, 590), and before his death had frequently adopted traditions materially differing Gyges had succeeded in annexing to his dominions from those which Herodotus followed, and that his the cities of Colophon and Magnesia. (Herod., 1, 14. history also, as might be expected, contained several-Nic. Damasc., Excerpt.) After Gyges came, in important facts unknown to the latter, or which it did succession, Ardys, Sadyattes, Alyattes, and Croesus. not enter into the plan of his work to insert.-The With Croesus ended the line of the Mermnadæ, and general account which we gather from Herodotus re- Lydia became, on his dethronement, annexed by Cyspecting the origin of the Lydian nation, is this: herus to the Persian empire. (Vid. Croesus.) The Lydstates that the country known in his time, by the name ians had previously been a warlike people, but from of Lydia, was previously called Mæonia, and the peo- this time they degenerated totally, and became the ple Mæones. (Herodotus, 1, 7.—Id., 7, 74.) This most voluptuous and effeminate of men. (Herod., 1, seems confirmed by Homer, who nowhere mentions 79.-Id., 1, 155, seqq.- Athenæus, 2, p. 515, seq.) the Lydians, but numbers the Mæonian forces among They were celebrated for their skill in music and other the allies of Priam, and assigns to them a country arts, and are said to have invented games, and to have which is plainly the Lydia of subsequent writers. (Il., been the first to coin money. (Athenæus, 14, p. 617, 2,864, seqq.) Herodotus further states, that the name 634.-Id., 10, p. 432.-Herod., 1, 94.) The conof the Lydians was derived from Lydus, a son of Atys, quest of Lydia, so far from really increasing the power one of the earliest sovereigns of the country, and in of the Persians, tended rather to weaken it, by softenthis particular he closely agrees with Dionysius of Hali-ing their manners, and rendering them as effeminate carnassus, however he may differ from him in other as the subjects of Croesus; a contagion from which considerable points. But the period to be assigned to the Ionians had already suffered. The great wealth this Lydus is a subject likely to baffle for ever the re- and fertility of the country have always caused it to be searches of the ablest chronologist. Herodotus in- considered the most valuable portion of Asia Miner, forms us, that, after a number of generations, which and its government was probably the highest mark of he does not pretend to reckon, the crown passed from distinction and trust which the King of Persia could the line of Lydus, son of Atys, to that of Hercules. bestow upon a subject. In the division of the empire This hero, it is said, had a son by a slave of Iardanus, made by Darius, the Lydians and some small tribes, who was then apparently sovereign of Lydia; and apparently of Mæonian origin, together with the Mysithis son, succeeding to the throne by the command of ans, formed the second satrapy, and paid into the royal an oracle, became the author of a new dynasty, which treasury the yearly sum of 500 talents. (Herod., 3, reigned through two-and-twenty generations, and du- 90.) Sardis was the residence of the satrap, who apring the space of 505 years. (Herod., 1, 7.) The pears rather to have been the king's lieutenant in introduction of the name of Hercules indicates at once lower Asia, and superior to the other governors. Lydthat we have shifted our ground from history to my-ia, somewhat later, became the principal seat of the thology and fiction. The doubts and suspicions which power usurped by the younger Cyrus, and, after his now arise are rather increased than lessened on in- overthrow, was committed to the government of his specting the list of the lineal descendants of Hercules | enemy Tissaphernes. (Xen., Anab., 1, 1.—Id., Hist. who reigned at Sardis. Well might Scaliger exclaim | Gr., 1, 5.—İd. ib., 3, 1.) After the death of Alexanwith astonishment when he saw the names of Ninus and Belus following almost immediately after that of Hercules their ancestor. (Scal., Can. Isagog., lib. 3, p. 327.) It has been supposed that these names imply some distant connexion between the Lydian dynasty of the Heraclidæ and the Assyrian empire; and there are some curious traditions preserved, apparently by Xanthus, in his history of Lydia, which go some way towards supporting this hypothesis. It is probable that the original population of Lydia came from Syria and Palestine, and the Scriptural name of Lud or Ludim may have some connexion with this. In such a case we shall be no longer surprised to find Ninus and Belus among the sovereigns of the country. But whatever connexion may have existed between the Lydians and the nations to the east of the Euphrates, and from whatever quarter the original population may have come, it is evident that the Lydians in the time of Herodotus were no longer the earlier inhabitants of the ancient Mæonia. They had come from Thrace and Macedon with the Phrygi der we find it subject for a time to Antigonus; then to Achæus, who caused himself to be declared king at Sardis, but was subsequently conquered and put to death by Antiochus. (Polyb., 5, 57, 4.) Lydia, after the defeat of the latter sovereign by the Romans at Magnesia, was annexed by them to the dominions of Eumenes. (Liv., 38, 39.) At a later period it formed a principal part of the pro-consular province of Asia (Plin., 5, 29), and still retained its name through all the vicissitudes of the Byzantine empire, when it finally passed under the dominion of the Turks, who now call its northern portion Saroukhan, and the southern Aidin. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 413, seqq.)-As regards the question respecting the Lydian origin of the Etrurian civilization, consult the article Hetruria. LYDUS, I. a son of Atys, from whom Lydia is said by Herodotus to have derived its name. (Vid. Lydia.) II. Johannes Laurentius, a native of Philadelphia in Lydia (whence his name Lydus), was born A.D. 490. He filled various civil offices in the palace of the Greek with a lamp, he thus saw things under the ground. emperors at Constantinople, and under Justinian he | attained to the rank of Cornicularius. He was regarded as a man of erudition, and a good writer both in prose and verse. Among other productions, he composed a work on the Roman Magistrates, Пepi apxov Ths Pouaiwv ToλTεíaç. This work, important for the light which it throws on Roman antiquities, was re- | garded as lost, until Choiseul-Gouffier, French ambassador at Constantinople, and the celebrated Villoison, discovered, in 1784, a manuscript of it in the library of Prince Constantine Morusi. This manuscript, which LYRNESSUS, I. a city of Troas, mentioned by Hois of the 10th century, belongs to the King of France, mer, and situate to the south of Adrainyttium. It disMorusi having presented it to Choiseul-Gouffier, who, appeared along with Thebe, and left no trace of its exafter the death of Villoison, directed Fuss and Hase istence beyond the celebrity which the Iliad has conto edit it. Their edition appeared in 1812, with a ferred upon it. Pliny asserts, that it stood on the learned commentary on the life and writings of Lydus banks of the little river Evenus, whence, as we learn by Hase. To this must be added the critical epistle from Strabo (614), the Adramytteni derived their supof Fuss to Hase, Bonne, 1821. Niebuhr calls the ply of water. (Compare Plin., 5, 32.) In Strabo's work of Lydus a new and rich source of Roman his-time, the vestiges of both Thebe and Lyrnessus were tory. Another work of Lydus's was entitled Пepi dio- still pointed out to travellers; the one at a distance onμeliv, “On Prodigies." In this he has collected of sixty stadia to the north, the other eighty stadia to together all that was known in the days of Justinian of the south of Adramyttium. (Strab., 612.-Cramer's the science of augury, as practised by the Tuscans and | Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 129.)—II. A town of PamRomans. The work is only known by an abridgment phylia, between Phaselis and Attalea, on the coast. in Latin, made by the "Venerable Bede," and by two It was founded, as Callisthenes affirmed, by the Cilifragments in Greek, published, the one under the title cians of Troas, who quitted their country and settled of 'Eonuepos ẞpovтоσкоría, "Thunder for each day," on the Pamphylian coast. (Strab., 667.) The Staand the other under that of Пepì σeloμāv, “ Concern- diasmus has a place in the same interval, named Lyring Earthquakes." The first of these is merely a trans-nas, which is probably the Lyrnessus of Strabo. It is lation of a passage extracted from the work of P. Ni- said to retain the name of Ernatia. (Cramer's Asia gidius Figulus, the contemporary of Cicero. The Minor, vol. 2, p. 278.) treatise on prodigies itself, however, is not lost, but exists, though in a mutilated state, in the same manuscript of Choiseul-Gouffier from which the work on magistrates was made known to the learned world. We have also a third fragment, a species of Calendar, but only in a Latin translation.-The fragment 'Eonuɛpos Вроvтоσкоníα was published among the Varia Lectiones of Rutgersius, Lugd. Bat., 1618, 4to, p. 247, and that Пepi σeloμav by Schow, in his edition of Lydus's work Ilepi unvwv. The Calendar is given in the Uranologium of Petavius, Paris, 1630, fol., p. 94. In 1823, Hase published the work itself on Prodigies, from the manuscript just mentioned. Lastly, we have a work by Lydus," On the Months," IIɛpì unvav. The main work itself is lost, but there exist two abridgments, one by an unknown hand, the other by Maximus Planudes. It contains many particulars relative to the mythology and antiquities of the Greeks and Romans. It was originally published by Schow, Lips., 1794, and has since been edited by Rother, Lips., 1827. The best edition of Lydus is by Bekker, Bonn, 1837, and forms part of the "Corpus Scriptorum Historia Byzantine." LYSANDER, I. a Spartan, who rose to eminence towards the end of the Peloponnesian war, and was placed in command of the Lacedæmonian troops, on the coast of Asia Minor, B.C. 407. Having about him little of the old Spartan severity, and being ready to sacrifice that personal and national pride and inflexibility, which were the peculiar characteristics of the Spartan institutions, to personal or national interests, he gained in an unusual degree the regard and confidence of his Persian allies. This he used to the best advantage, by seizing a favourable moment to obtain from the younger Cyrus, the Persian viceroy in Asia Minor, in place of any personal advantage, the addition of an obolus daily (somewhat more than two cents of our money) to every seaman in the Peloponnesian fleet. During his year's command he defeated the Athenian fleet commanded by Antiochus, as lieutenant of Alcibiades, at Notium. In September, B.C. 406, he was superseded by Callicratidas, who was defeated and slain in the memorable battle of Arginusæ. The allies then petitioned that Lysander might be reappointed. It was contrary to Spartan law to intrust a fleet twice to the same person; but this difficulty LYGDAMIS OF LYGDAMUS, I. a Naxian, who aided was evaded, by nominating another individual as comPisistratus in recovering his authority at Athens, and mander-in-chief, and sending Lysander as lieutenant received as a recompense the government of his native with the command in Asia. He soon justified the island. (Herod., 1, 61, 64.)-II. The father of Ar- preference by gaining the decisive victory of Egostemisia, the celebrated Queen of Halicarnassus. (He-potamos, in the Hellespont, where 170 Athenian ships rod., 7, 99.)-III. A tyrant of Caria, son of Pisinde- were taken. This, in effect, finished the war. Relis, who reigned in the time of Herodotus at Halicar-ceiving, as he went, the submission of her allies, Lynassus. He put to death the poet Panyasis. Herodotus fled from his native city in order to avoid his tyranny, and afterward aided in deposing him. (Vid. Herodotus.) LYGYES. Vid. Liguria. sander proceeded leisurely to Athens, and blockaded her ports, while the Spartan kings marched into Attica and invested the city, which, unassaulted, was reduced by the sure process of famine. The capitulation being settled, B. C. 404, Lysander had the proud satisLYNCEUS, I. (two syllables), son of Aphareus, was faction of entering as victor the Piraeus or harbour of among the hunters of the Caledonian boar, and was also Athens, which had been unviolated by the presence of one of the Argonauts. According to the old legend, an enemy since the Persian invasion. His services he was so sharp-sighted as to have been able to see and reputation gained for him corresponding weight at through the earth, and also to distinguish objects at Sparta; and, on occasion of the contested succession, the distance of many miles. He was slain by Pollux. his influence was powerful in raising Agesilaus to the (Vid. Castor.)-Palæphatus (de Incred., c. 10) has ex- throne. He accompanied that eminent statesman and plained the fable of Lynceus' seeing objects beneath the soldier during his first campaign in Asia, where his popearth, by supposing him to have been the first who car-ularity and renown threw his superior into the shade; ried on the operation of mining, and that, descending and an estrangement resulted, in which Lysander con ing distinct, probable, and persuasive; but, at the same time, admits that his composition is better adapted to private litigation than to important causes. The text of his harangues, as we now have it, is extremely corrupt. His masterpiece is the funeral oration in honour of those Athenians, who, having been sent to the aid of the Corinthians under the command of Iphicrates, perished in battle. Lysias is said to have deliver ing to Suidas and other ancient writers, he also wrote some treatises on the art of Oratory, which art he is said by Cicero (Brut., 12) to have taught, and also discourses on love. There is still extant a treatise on love which bears the name of Lysias, and which has been edited by Haenish, Lips., 1827; but this work evidently belongs to a much later period in Greek literature. The best edition of Lysias, for the text, is that of Bekker, in his Oratores Attici. Useful editions have also been published by Taylor, 8vo, Cantab., 1740; Auger, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1783; Reiske, in the Corpus Oratorum Græcorum, Lips., 1772, 2 vols. 8vo; and Dobson, in the Oratores Attici, Lond., 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 228.Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 207.) LYSIMACHIA, I. a city in the Thracian Chersonese, founded by Lysimachus, near the site of Cardia, then fast declining in prosperity, and the inhabitants of which latter place were transferred hither by him. (Diod. Sic., 20, 29-Scymn., Ch., 702.) Ön his death Lysimachia fell successively into the hands of Seleucus, and Ptolemy, and Philip of Macedon. (Polyb., 18, 34.) It afterward suffered considerably from the attacks of the Thracians, and was nearly in ruins when it was restored by Antiochus, king of Syria. (Liv., 33, 38.-Polyb., 23, 34.) On the defeat of that monarch by the Romans, it was bestowed by them on Eumenes, king of Pergamus. (Polyb., 22, 5.) Lysimachia continued to exist in the time of Pliny (4, 11), and still later, in the time of Justinian. (Amm. Marcell., 22, 8.-Procop., de adif., 4, 10.) But in the middle ages the name was lost in that of Hexamilion, a fortress constructed probably out of its ruins, and so called, doubtless, from the width of the isthmus on which Lysimachia had stood. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, 202.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p 326.)—IL. A town of Ætolia, near a lake named Hydra, and between Arsinoe and Pleuron. (Strabo, 460.) ducted himself with temper and wisdom. About B.C. | carnassus considers him superior to all orators in be 396 he returned to Sparta. In the following year, on occasion of a quarrel with Thebes, he was sent into Phocis to collect contingents from the northern allies, a task for which his name and popularity rendered him peculiarly fit. Having done this, and being on his way to join the Lacedæmonian army, he was surprised and slain by the Thebans at Haliartus in Boeotia. The force which he had collected was dispersed, and the war at once came to an end, with no credit to the Lacedæmo-ed only one of the orations which he wrote. Accordnians, B.C. 395.-It is said that, urged by ambitious hopes, he meditated a scheme for abolishing the hereditary right of the descendants of Hercules, and rendering the Spartan throne elective, and that he had tampered largely with different oracles to promote his scheme. Xenophon, however, a contemporary historian, makes no mention of this rumour. The subject has been discussed by Thirlwall, in an Appendix to the fourth volume of his History of Greece. This writer thinks that Lysander actually formed such a project; and that the same motive which induced the Spartan government to hush up the affair, would certainly have led Xenophon carefully to avoid all allusion to it. (Hist. of Gr., vol. 4, p. 461.)-We have a Life of Lysander from Plutarch, and another from Nepos. (Plut., Vit. Lys.. Nep., Vit. Lys.-Xen., Hist. Gr.—Enc. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 227.)-II. One of the ephori in the reign of Agis.-III. A grandson of Lysander. (Pausan., 3, 6.) LYSIAS, one of the ten Athenian orators, was born at Athens B.C. 458. His father Cephalus was a native of Syracuse, who settled at Athens during the time of Pericles. Cephalus was a person of considerable wealth, and lived on intimate terms with Pericles and Socrates; and his house is the supposed scene of the celebrated dialogues relative to Plato's Republic. Lysias, at the age of fifteen, went to Thurii in Italy, with his brother Polemarchus, at the first foundation of the colony. Here he remained for thirty-two years; but, in consequence of his supporting the Athenian interests, he was obliged to leave Italy after the failure of the Athenian expedition to Sicily He returned to Athens B.C. 411, and carried on, in partnership with his brother Polemarchus, an extensive manufactory of shields, in which they employed as many as 120 slaves. Their wealth excited the cupidity of the thirty tyrants; their house was attacked one evening by an armed force while Lysias was entertaining a few friends at supper; their property was seized, and Polemarchus was taken to prison, where he was shortly after execu- LYSIMACHUS, one of the officers of Alexander the ted (B.C. 404). Lysias, by bribing some of the sol- Great, was horn of an illustrious Macedonian family. diers, escaped to the Piraus, and sailed thence to Me- (Justin, 15, 3.) In the general distribution of the gara. He has given us a graphic account of his es- provinces or satrapies among the chief Macedonian ofcape in his oration against Eratosthenes, who had been ficers after the death of Alexander, Lysimachus reone of the thirty tyrants. Lysias actively assisted ceived Thrace and the neighbouring countries. It was Thrasybulus in his enterprise against the Thirty; he not, however, without difficulty that he obtained possupplied him with a large sum of money from his own session of the province which had been assigned him: resources and those of his friends, and hired a consid- he was vigorously opposed by Seuthes, king of Thrace, erable body of soldiers at his own expense. In return and other native princes, and it was some time before for these services Thrasybulus proposed a decree, by his power was firmly established in that country. In which the rights of citizenship should be conferred B.C. 314 he joined Cassander, Ptolemy, and Seleucus, upon Lysias; but, in consequence of some informality, in their endeavour to check the power of Antigonus; this decree was never carried into effect. He was, but he does not appear to have been able to take an achowever, allowed the peculiar privileges which were tive part against Antigonus, in consequence of the revolt sometimes granted to resident aliens (namely, loo- of many Thracian tribes, who had been excited by the Téheta). Lysias appears to have died about B.C. latter to make war upon him. The peace which was 378.-The author of the Life of Lysias attributed to made between the contending parties, B.C. 311, lastPlutarch mentions 425 orations of his, 230 of which ed only for a short time; and the war was continued, were allowed to be genuine. There remain only 34, with various success, till the conquests of Demetrius, which are all forensic, and remarkable for the method the son of Antigonus, in Greece, roused the confederwhich reigns in them. The purity, the perspicuity, ates to make more vigorous exertions; and Lysimathe grace and simplicity which characterize the orations chus accordingly marched into Asia Minor, where he of Lysias, would have raised him to the highest rank took several places, and acquired immense plunder. in the art had they been coupled with the force and Antigonus hastened to meet him, but could not force energy of Demosthenes. His style is elegant without him to a battle. In the following year, Lysimachus, being overloaded with ornament, and always preserves having formed a junction with the forces of Seleucus its tone. In the art of narration, Dionysius of Hali- | and the other confederates, met Antigonus at Ipsus, in Phrygia, where a bloody battle was fought, in which | celebrated was Chares, who executed the Colossus at Antigonus was slain and his army totally defeated. Rhodes. (Junius, de Pict. Vet. Catal., p. 109, seqq. The dominions of Antigonus were divided among the Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.-. -Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. conquerors, and Lysimachus obtained the northwestern | 14, p. 228, seq.)—II. A painter, whose country is unpart of Asia Minor. He shortly after married Arsinoe, certain, but who appears to have been acquainted with the sister of Ptolemy, king of Egypt, although his el- the art of enamelling; for on one of his pictures kept dest son Agathocles had already married Lysandra, the at Egina, there was inscribed the word évékaer. half sister of Arsinoë. In B.C. 286 he obtained pos- (Plin., 35, 11.—Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) session of the throne of Macedon, and obliged Pyrrhus, Lysis, a native of Tarentum, and member of the king of Epirus, who had laid claims to that country, Pythagorean sect. He and Philolaus were the only to retire to his native dominions. Hitherto the ca- two disciples of Pythagoras who escaped the destrucreer of Lysimachus appears to have been a fortunate tion of the school of Crotona. Lysis upon this reone, but the latter part of his life was imbittered by tired to Thebes, where he ended his days, and where family dissensions and intestine commotions. Arsinoë, he is said to have had the illustrious Epaminondas for fearful lest her children should be exposed, after the a pupil. It is difficult, however, to reconcile this fact death of her husband, to the violence of Agathocles, with the established chronology, although it is vouched persuaded Lysimachus to put him to death. Agathocles for by the best writers. Epaminondas was born 412 had been an able and successful general; he was also B.C.; and, supposing that Lysis was only 20 years a great favourite with the people, who deeply resent-old at the death of Pythagoras, he must have been 120 ed his death; and Lysimachus found himself involved years of age when Epaminondas was first old enough in almost open war with his own subjects. Lysandra, to profit by his instruction. In making this calculathe widow of Agathocles, fled to Babylon, and entreated tion we suppose that Pythagoras died B.C. 496. The Seleucus to make war against Lysimachus. The Sy- anachronism, however, becomes still more glaring, if, rian king was willing enough to take advantage of the with Nauze and Freret, we fix the birth of Pythagoras troubled state of his rival's kingdom; but Lysimachus, at B.C. 460. Supposing, on the other hand, that this anticipating his intentions, marched into Asia, and fell philosopher was born B.C. 576, which is the other exin a battle with the forces of Seleucus, in the seventi- treme, Lysis must still have been 105 years old when eth year of his age according to Appian (Bell. Syr., Epaminondas was 16. It is better, therefore, to supc. 64), or in his seventy-fourth according to Justin pose that there were two Pythagoreans named Lysis, (17, 1.-Compare Plut., Vit. Demetr.-Justin.-Pau- who have been confounded by the ancient writers.— san., 1, 9, seq.). The town of Lysimachia was found- To Lysis are ascribed by some the "Golden Verses" ed by this monarch. (Vid. Lysimachia.—Encycl. Us. of Pythagoras. (Burette, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., Knowl., vol. 14, p. 228.) &c., vol. 13, p. 226.) He wrote a commentary on the doctrine of his master, and also a letter to Hipparchus of Tarentum, reproaching him for his indiscretion ter. This latter production has come down to us, and may be found among the Greek epistles collected by Aldus, and also among the Pythagorean fragments in Casaubon's edition of Diogenes Laertius. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 304.) Many of the MSS. and early editions of Nepos (Vit. Epam., c. 2), give the reading Lysiam instead of Lysim, on which variation consult the notes of Bos and Fischer. LYSISTRATUS, a statuary of Sicyon, who flourished in the 114th Olympiad. He was the brother of the celebrated Lysippus. (Plin., 35, 12, 44.) He is said to have been the first artist that made use of gypsum moulds for wax casts. (Plin., l. c.) LYSIPPUS, I. a celebrated sculptor and statuary, born at Sicyon, and placed by Pliny in the 114th Olympiad, B.C. 324. He was contemporary, therefore, with Al-in having divulged the secrets of their common masexander the Great. Lysippus was at first a worker in brass, and then applied himself to the art of painting, until his talent and inclinations led him to fix upon the profession of a sculptor. He was particularly distinguished for his statues in bronze, which are said to have been superior to all other works of a similar kind. He introduced great improvements into his art, by making the head smaller, and giving the body a more easy and natural position, than was usual in the works of his predecessors. Pliny informs us, that his statues were admired, among other things, for the beautiful manner in which the hair was always executed. (Plin., 34, 8.) Lysippus is said to have been self-taught, and to have attained his excellence by studying nature LYSTRA, a city of Asia Minor, placed by Ptolemy alone. His talents were appreciated by his contem-in Isauria; but, according to Pliny, Hierocles, and poraries; the different cities of Greece were anxious the Acts of the Apostles, it belonged to Lycaonia., It to obtain his works; and Alexander is reported to have was in the vicinity of Derbe. Leake has the following said, that no one should paint him but Apelles, and no remarks relative to its site, which go to confirm the one represent him in bronze except Lysippus. (Plin., opinion of Ptolemy: "Lystra appears to have been 7, 37-Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 5, 12.) His reputation nearer than Derbe to Iconium; for St. Paul, leaving survived his death; many of his most valuable works that city, proceeds first to Lystra and thence to Derbe, were brought to Rome, in which city they were held and in like manner returns to Lystra, to Iconium, and in so much esteem, that Tiberius is said to have al- to Antiochia of Pisidia. And this seems to agree with most excited an insurrection by removing a statue of the arrangement of Ptolemy, who places Lystra in Lysippus, called Apexyomenos, from the warm baths Isauria, and near Isaura, which seems evidently to of Agrippa to his own palace.-Lysippus is said to have occupied some part of the valley of Sidy Shehr have executed 610 statues, all of the greatest merit or Bey-Shehr. Under the Greek empire, Homonada, (Plin., 34, 7), many of which were colossal figures. Isaura, and Lystra, as well as Derbe and Laranda, Pliny, Pausanias, Strabo, and Vitruvius have preserved were all included in the consular province of Lyca long lists of his works; of which the most celebrated onia, and were bishoprics of the metropolitan see of appear to have been, various statues of Alexander, ex- Iconium. The similarity of names induced me first ecuted at different periods of his life; a group of eques-to believe that Lystra was situated at the modern Illitrian statues of those Greeks who fell at the battle of the Granicus; the Sun drawn in a chariot by four horses, at Rhodes; a colossal statue at Tarentum; a statue of Hercules, at Alyzia in Acarnania, which was afterward removed to Rome; and a statue of Opportunity (kapós), represented as a youth, with wings on his ankles, on the point of flying from the earth.Among the numerous pupils of Lysippus, the most sera; but we find, as well in the civil arrangement of the cities in Hierocles, as in two ecclesiastical lists in the Notitia Episcopatuum, that Lystra and Ilistra were distinct places. I am inclined to think that the vestiges of Lystra may be sought for, with the greatest probability of success, at or near Wiran Khatoun or Khatoun Serai, about 30 miles to the southward of Iconium." (Journal, p. 102.) M. from his narrative.-According to many ancient writers, Macedonia was anciently called Emathia (Plin., 4, 17.-Justin, 7, 1.-Aul. Gell., 14, 6); but we also find traces of the name Macedonians, from the earliest times, under the ancient forms of Maceta (Makéra), and Macedni (Makɛdvoć). They appear to have dwelt originally in the southwestern part of Macedonia, near Mount Pindus. Herodotus says that the Dorians dwelling under Pindus were called Macedonians (1, 56.—Compare 8, 43); and, although it may for many reasons be doubted whether the Macedonians had any particular connexion with the Dorians, it may be inferred, from the statement of Herodotus, that the Macedonians once dwelt at the foot of Pindus, whence they emigrated in a northeasterly direction.-The origin of the Macedonian dynasty is a subject of some intricacy and dispute. There is one point, however, MACE, I. a people of Africa who occupied the coast to the northwest of and near the Greater Syrtis. They are thought to have been the same with those named Syrtites by Pliny. Herodotus states that they had a curious custom of leaving only a tuft of hair in the centre of their head, carefully shaving the rest, and that, when they went to war, they used the skins of ostriches instead of shields (4, 175). The river Cinyps flowed through their territory. (Compare Diod. Sic., 3, 48.)-II. A people of Arabia Deserta, on a projection of land where the Sinus Persicus is narrowest. Ptolemy calls the promontory Assabo: its modern name, however, Cape Mussendon, bears some faint resemblance to that of the Maca. (Bischoff und Möl-on which all the ancient authorities agree; namely, ler, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.) that the royal family of that country was of the race of the Temenida of Argos. The difference of opinion principally regards the individual of that family to whom the honour of founding this monarchy is to be ascribed. The account of Herodotus seems most worthy of being received. According to this writer, three brothers named Gavanes, Aëropus, and Perdiccas, descended from Temenus, left Argos, their native place, in quest of fortune, and, arriving in Illyria, passed thence into Upper Macedonia, where, after experiencing some singular adventures, which Herodotus details, they at length succeeded in acquiring possession of a principality, which devolved on Perdiccas, the youngest of the brothers, who is therefore considered, both by Herodotus (8, 137) and Thucydides (2, 99), as the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. These writers have also recorded the names of the succes MACARIS, an ancient name of Crete. MACEDONIA, a country of Europe, lying to the west of Thrace, and north and northeast of Thessaly. The boundaries of this country varied at different times. When Strabo wrote, Macedonia included a considerable part of Illyria and Thrace; but Macedonia Proper may be considered as separated from Thessaly, on the south, by the Cambunian Mountains; from Illyria, on the west, by the great mountain chain called Scardus and Bernus, and which, under the name of Pindus, also separates Thessaly from Epirus; from Mosia, on the north, by the mountains called Orbelus and Scomius, which run at right angles to Scardus; and from Thrace, on the east, by the river Strymon. The Macedonia of Herodotus, however, was still more limited, as is afterward mentioned. Macedonia Proper, as defined above, is watered by three rivers of considera-sors of this prince, though there is little to interest ble size, the Axius, Lydias, and Haliacmon, all which the reader in their history.-Before the time of Philip, flow into the Sinus Thermaicus, the modern Gulf of father of Alexander, all the country beyond the rivSaloniki. The whole of the district on the seacoast, er Strymon, and even the Macedonian peninsula from and to a considerable distance into the interior, be- Amphipolis to Thessalonica, belonged to Thrace, and tween the Axius and the Haliacmon, is very low and Pæonia likewise on the north. Philip conquered this marshy. The origin and early history of the Macedo- peninsula, and all the country to the river Nessus and nians are involved in much obscurity. Some moderns Mount Rhodope; as also Paonia and Illyria beyond have attempted, against all probability, to derive the Lake Lychnitis. Thus the widest limits of Macedoname from the Kittim mentioned in the old Testa-nia were from the Egean Sea to the Ionian, where ment (Gen. 10, 4.— Numb. 24, 24.-Jer. 2, 10. the Drino formed its boundary. The provinces of Ezek. 27, 6.-Dan. 11, 30). This opinion appears to have arisen, in part, from the description of the country inhabited by the Kittim, which is supposed to answer to Macedonia; but still more from the fact, that, in the book of Maccabees, Alexander the Great is said to have come from the land of Cheittieim (k TŪS Yûs Xelttiεip, 1 Macc. 1, 1), and Perses is called king of the Kittians (KITTLE, 1 Macc. 8, 5).-In inquiring into the early history of the Macedonians, two questions, which are frequently confounded, ought to be carefully kept distinct, namely, the origin of the Macedonian people, and that of the Macedonian monarchy under the Temenide; for, while there is abun- | dant reason for believing that the Macedonian princes were descended from an Hellenic race, it appears probable that the Macedonians themselves were an Illyrian people, though the country must also have been inhabited in very early times by many Hellenic tribes. The Greeks themselves always regarded the Macedonians as barbarians, that is, as a people not of Hellenic origin; and the similarity of the manners and customs, as well as the languages, as far as they are known, of the early Macedonians and Illyrians, appear to establish the identity of the two nations. In the time of Herodotus, the name of Macedonis comprehended only the country to the south and west of the Lydias, for he observes that Macedonis was separated from Bottiæis by the united mouth of the Lydias and Haliacmon (Herod., 7, 127). How far inland Herodotus conceived that Macedonia extended, does not appear Macedonia in the time of Philip amounted to nineteen. Macedonia first became powerful under this monarch, who, taking advantage of the strength of the country and the warlike disposition of the inhabitants, reduced Greece, which was distracted by intestine broils, in the battle of Charonea. His son Alexander subdued Asia, and by an uninterrupted series of victories for ten successive years, made Macedonia, in a short time, the mistress of half the world. After his death, this immense empire was divided. Macedonia received anew its ancient limits, and, after several battles, lost its dominion over Greece. The alliance of Philip II. with Carthage, during the second Punic war, gave occasion to this catastrophe. The Romans delayed their revenge for a season; but, Philip having laid siege to Athens, the Athenians called the Romans to their aid; the latter declared war against Macedonia; Philip was compelled to sue for peace, to surren der his vessels, to reduce his army to 500 men, and defray the expenses of the war. Perseus, the successor of Philip, having taken up arms against Rome, was totally defeated at Pydna by Paulus Æmilius, and the Romans took possession of the country. Indignant at their oppression, the Macedonian nobility and the whole nation rebelled under Andriscus; but, after a long struggle, they were overcome by Quintus Cæcilius, surnamed, from his conquest, Macedonicus; the nobility were exiled, and the country became a Roman province B.C. 148. It is very difficult, however, to determine the boundaries of this Roman province of |