on the Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca. On the summit of the promontory was a temple of Apollo. Strabo states a curious custom which prevailed, of casting down a criminal from this precipice every year, on the festival of the god; and adds, that, in order to break his fall, they attached to him birds of all kinds. If he reached the water alive, he was picked up by boats stationed there, and allowed to depart from the territories of Leucadia. (Strab., 452.-Cic., Tusc. Q., 4, 18.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 13, seqq.)

LEUCATE, a promontory at the southwestern extremity of Leucas. (Vid. Leucas.)

LEUCE, an island in the Euxine Sea, near the mouth of the Borysthenes. It is probable that it was the same with the westernmost extremity of the Dromos Achillis, which was formed into an island by a small arm of the sea, and lay facing the mouth of the Borysthenes; now named Tentra. It derived its name from its white sandy shores. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 235.) According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed here as in the Elysian fields, and enjoyed perpetual felicity. Here, too, the shade of Achilles is fabled to have been united to that of Helen. (Vid. Helena I.)

LEUCI, I. a people in the southeastern quarter of Gallia Belgica, and to the south of the Mediomatrici. Lucan speaks of them, in conjunction with the Remi, as very expert with the sling (1, 424). Their territory extended from the Matrona to the Mosella, and corresponds to the northeastern part of the department of the Upper Marne, and to the southern part of the department of the Meuse and Meurthe, or, in other words, to the country around Toul. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 14.— Tacit., Hist., 1, 64.—Plin., 4, 17.)-II. Montes (Aɛvкà opŋ), mountains in the western part of the island of Crete, to the south of Cydonia; now Alprovo(Strabo, 475.)

ana.

trine of Leucippus will exhibit the infant state of this system, and, at the same time, sufficiently expose its absurdities. The universe, which is infinite, is in part a plenum and in part a vacuum. The plenum contains innumerable corpuscles or atoms, of various figures, which, falling into the vacuum, struck against each other; and hence arose a variety of curvilinear motions, which continued till at length atoms of similar forms met together, and bodies were produced. The primary atoms being specifically of equal weight, and not being able, on account of their multitude, to move in circles, the smaller rose to the exterior parts of the vacuum, while the larger, entangling themselves, formed a spherical shell, which revolved about its centre, and which included within itself all kinds of bodies. This central mass was gradually increased by a perpetual accession of particles from the surrounding shell, till at last the earth was formed. (Diog. Laert., l. c.- - Theodoret, Serm., 4. - Cic., N. D., 1, 42.Plut., de Plac. Phil., 2, 7.-Id. ibid., 3, 12.) In the mean time, the spherical shell was continually supplied with new bodies, which, in its revolution, it gathered up from without. Of the particles thus collected in the spherical shell, some in their combination formed humid masses, which, by their circular motion, gradually became dry, and were at length ignited and became stars. The sun was formed in the same manner, in the exterior surface of the shell; and the moon in its interior surface. In this manner the world was formed, and, by an inversion of the process, it will at length be dissolved. (Diog. Laert., l. c.— Pseud Orig. Phil., 1 c. · Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 421, seqq. - Tennemann, Gesch. der Phil., vol. 1, p. 258, seqq.)-II. A brother of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, who married Philodice, daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phoebe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins, Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 701.—Apollod., 3, 10, &c.-Pausan., 3. 17.)

LEUCOPETRA, a cape of Italy, in the territory of the Brutii, and regarded by all ancient writers on the geography of that country as the termination of the Ap ennines. Strabo (259) asserts that it was distant fifty stadia from Rhegium; but this computation ill accords with that of Pliny (3, 10), who removes it twelve miles thence. (Compare Cic., Phil., 1, 3. — Mela, 2, 4.) The error probably lies in the text of the Greek geographer, as there is no cape which corresponds with the distance he specifies. Topographers are not a greed as to the modern point of land which answers to Leucopetra; some fixing it at Capo Pittaro (D'Anville, Anal. Geogr. de l'Ital., p. 261), others at the Punta della Saetta (Grimaldi, Annal. del. Regn. di Nap, vol. 1, Introd., c. 28.—Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 97), and others at the Capo dell' Armi. The latter opinion seems more compatible with the statement of Pliny, and is also the most generally credited. (Cluverius, Ital. Antiq., vol. 2, p. 1299.-Holsten., ad Steph. Byz., p. 302.-Cellar., Geogr. Ant., 1. 2, c. 9.— Notes to the French Strabo, l. c.- -Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 433.)

LEUCIPPUS, I. a celebrated philosopher, of whose native country and preceptor little is known with certainty. Diogenes Laertius (9, 30) makes him to have been a native of Elea, and a disciple of Zeno, the Eleatic philosopher: he refers, however, at the same time, to other opinions, which assigned, respectively, Abdera and Miletus as his birthplace. (Compare Tennemann, Gesch. der Phil., vol. 1, p. 257.) He wrote a treatise concerning nature, now lost (Pseud. Orig. Phil., c. 12, p. 88.-Fabr., Bibl. Gr., vol. 1, p. 778), from which the ancients probably collected what they relate concerning his tenets. Dissatisfied with the metaphysical subtleties by which the former philosophers of the Eleatic school had confounded all evidence from the senses, Leucippus and his follower Democritus determined, if possible, to discover a system more consonant to nature and reason. Leaving behind them the whole train of fanciful conceptions, numbers, ideas, proportions, qualities, and elementary forms, in which philosophers had hitherto taken refuge, as the asylum of ignorance, they resolved to examine the real constitutions of the material world, and to inquire into the mechanical properties of bodies, that from these they might, if possible, deduce some certain knowledge of natural causes, and hence be able to account for natural appearances. Their great object was, to restore the alliance between reason and the senses, which metaphysical subtleties had dissolved. For this purpose they introduced the doctrine of indivisible atoms, possessing within themselves a principle of motion. LEUCOSIA, a small island in the Sinus Pæstanus. Several other philosophers before this time had indeed It was said to have derived its name from one of the considered matter as divisible into indefinitely small Sirens. (Lycophron, v. 722, seqq. Strabo, 252.) particles, particularly Anaxagoras, Empedocles, and Dionysius (1, 53) calls it Leucasia. It is now known Heraclitus; but Leucippus and Democritus were the by the name of Licosa (Cluv., Ital. Antiq., vol. 2. p. first who taught, that these particles were originally 1259), and sometimes by that of Isola piana. (Vid. destitute of all qualities except figure and motion, and Zannoni's Map of the Kingdom of Naples.) It was therefore may justly be reckoned the authors of the once probably inhabited, as several vestiges of buildatomic philosophy. The following summary of the doc-ings were discovered there in 1696. (Antonin., della

LEUCOPHRYS, an ancient name of Tenedos, given to it probably from the appearance made by the summits of its chalk-hills. (Pausan., 10, 14.—Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pl. 3, p. 510.)

Lucan., p. 2, disc. 8.- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 369.)

LEUCOSYRII, the Greek form of a name applied by the Persians to the Cappadocians, and signifying White Syrians. (Herod., 1, 72.-Id., 5, 45.—Id., 7, 72.Strabo, 543.) The Persians called the Cappadocians by this appellation, because they considered them to be a branch of the great Syrian nation, from the resemblance of their language, customs, and religion, and because they found that they possessed a fairer complexion than their swarthy brethren of the south. The Greek colonies on the coast of Pontus received this name from the Persians, and expressed it by the forms of their own language, but, in its application, restricted it to the inhabitants of the mountainous country lying along the coast, from the Promontorium Jasonium in the east, to the mouth of the Halys in the west, while they called the people in the interior of the country by the name of Cappadocians. The Leucosyrii became in time blended into one people with the Paphlagonians. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 329, seqq.)

LEUCOTHEA, I. the name given to Ino after she had been transformed into a sea-goddess. Both she and her son Palamon were held powerful to save from shipwreck, and were invoked by mariners. The name Leucothea is supposed to be derived from the white waves running rapidly on (2ɛvkós, white, and véw, to run).—II. A daughter of Orchamus, dishonoured by Apollo, and buried alive by her incensed father. The god caused the frankincense shrub to spring up from her grave. (Ovid, Met., 4, 196, seqq.)

of dispute between the Messenians and Laconians. Philip, the son of Amyntas, who acted as umpire, awarded the place to the Messenians. (Strab., 361.) It is called Leuctra by Thucydides (5, 54) and Xenophon. The latter informs us it was situated above the promontory of Malea. (Hist. Gr., 6, 5.) It was said to have been founded by Pelops. (Strab., 360.) The ancient site is still distinguished by the name of Leutro. II. A small town of Achaia, on the Sinus Corinthiacus, above Ægium, and in the vicinity of Rhype, on which latter place it was dependant. (Pau san., 7, 24.)-III. A town of Arcadia, below Megalopolis. (Pausan., 8, 27.) It is perhaps Leontari, near which Sir W. Gell remarked the site of a small ancient city. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 138.)

LEXOVII, a people of Gaul in Lugdunensis Secunda, near the mouth of the Sequana, and on its left banks. Their capital was Noviomagus, now Lisieux. (Cæs., B. G., 3, 9.-Ilin. Ant., 385.)

LIBANIUS, a celebrated sophist of Antioch, in the age of the Emperor Julian, born A.D. 314, of a good family. At the age of fifteen he frequented a school of certain sophists, of whom he speaks with great contempt in his Biography, calling them etowha oooorv. Brought back to the true path of learning by a more intelligent preceptor, he studied with ardour the finest models of antiquity. He continued his studies during four months at Athens, and afterward at Constantinople, where the grammarian Nicocles, one of the instructers of Julian, and the sophist Bemarchius, were his teachers. Having failed in his expectation of obtaining a chair at Athens, he began LEUCTRA, a small town of Boeotia, southeast of to profess eloquence, or the sophistic art, at ConstanThespiæ, and west of Platea, famous for the victory tinople. His success was brilliant, but excited th which Epaminondas, the Theban general, obtained envy of his contemporaries. Bemarchius, in particu. over the superior force of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, lar, having been worsted by him in an oratorical con on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. (Pausan., 9, 13.) In test, to which he had challenged his former pupil, bad this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed, with recourse to a vile calumny for the purpose of effect. their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 The- ing his destruction. He charged him with sorcery, bans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire and represented him as a man covered with vices. of Greece, which they had held for so many years. The prefect of the city lent a favourable ear to the The Theban army consisted at most of 6000 men, charge, and Libanius was in consequence compelled whereas that of the enemy was at least thrice that to leave Constantinople (A.D. 346). He retired to number, including the allies. But Epaminondas trust-Nicæa, and from this place he went to Nicomedia, ed most to his cavalry, in which he had much ad- where he obtained great celebrity as an instructer. He vantage both as to quality and good management; the calls the five years which he spent there in the society wealthy Lacedæmonians alone keeping horses at that of his friend Aristænetus, the spring time of his life. time, which made their cavalry most wretched, both Recalled at length to Constantinople, he found a new as to ill-fed, undisciplined steeds and unskilful riders. prefect there, who became the protector of his eneOther deficiencies he endeavoured to supply by the mies and the persecutor of himself. Disgusted at this disposition of his men, who were drawn up fifty deep, state of things, and not daring to accept a chair at while the Spartans were but twelve. When the The- Athens, which had been offered him, he obtained perbans had gained the victory and killed Cleombro-mission from Cæsar Gallus to return for four months tus, the Spartans renewed the fight to recover their to his native city. This prince having been slain in king's body, and in this object the Theban general 354, Libanius passed the rest of his days at Antioch, wisely chose to gratify them rather than hazard the where he had numerous disciples. The Emperor Jusuccess of another onset.-According to Strabo (414), lian, who, before his expedition into Persia, knew himLeuctra was situate on the road from Thespia to Pla- only by his writings, was his constant admirer. He tææ, and, according to Xenophon (Hist. Gr., 6, 4), in named him quæstor, and addressed many letters to the territory of the former. An oracle had predicted him, the last of which, written during his expedition that the Spartans would sustain a severe loss in this against the Persians, has come down to us. place, because some of their youths had violated two death of Julian was a double loss for Libanius; it took maidens of Leuctra, who afterward destroyed them-away a protector, who had shielded him from the atselves. (Pausan., 9, 13, seqq.-Plutarch, Vit. Epam. tacks of calumny; and it caused to vanish the hopes -Xen., Hist. Gr., l. c.) The spot still retains in some which he had entertained of witnessing the re-estabdegree its ancient name, Leuca, pronounced Lefka. lishment of paganism. Under the reign of Valens, Dr. Clarke noticed here several tombs and the remains Libanius was exposed anew to the persecution of his of an ancient fortress upon a lofty conical hill. The enemies, and was charged with being engaged in a ground in the plain is for a considerable space cov-plot against the tranquillity of the state. He succeedered with immense fragments of marble and stone.ed, however, in establishing his innocence. He would (Clarke's Travels, vol. 7, p. 110, Lond. ed.-Com-even appear to have gained the good-will of the monpare Dodwell, vol. 1, p. 261.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 212.)

LEUCTRUM, I. a town of Messenia, on the coast, sixty stadia from Cardamyle. (Pausan., 4, 26.) In consequence of its frontier situation, it became a source

The

arch, for he composed a panegyric upon him, and adI dressed to him an harangue, in which he requested a confirmation of the law that awarded to natural children a share of the father's property at his death. This law interested him personally, from the circumstance

of his having natural children of his own. If it be Chrysostom, &c. As to the subjects of these letters, true that he lived to the time of Arcadius, he must there are many, it must be confessed, of a very uninhave attained to more than 90 years of age.-Besides teresting nature, containing, for example, mere comhis Progymnasmata, Libanius has left harangues, dec-pliments, recommendations, or the recital of domestic lamations, Meλéraι (discourses on imaginary sub- affairs. A large number, however, have claims on jects), stories, and letters on various points of morali- our attention by the beauty of the ideas and sententy, politics, and literature. All these pieces are well ces, the importance of the subject matter, and the written, and though the style of Libanius is open to historical illustrations which they have preserved for the charge of too much study and elaborate care, we us.- -We have also from his pen Arguments to the may notwithstanding pronounce him the greatest ora- Speeches of Demosthenes.--There is no complete editor that Constantinople ever produced. Gibbon, there- tion of the works of Libanius. The best edition of fore, would seem to have judged him altogether too the Discourses and Declamations is that of Reiske, harshly, when he characterizes his writings as, for the published by his widow ("prafata est Ernestina most part, "the vain and idle compositions of an ora- Christina Reiske"), Lips., 1791-1797, 4 vols. 8vo. tor who cultivated the science of words; and the pro- A quarto edition, put forth by Reiske himself in 1784, ductions of a recluse student, whose mind, regardless was interrupted by his death, after only the first volof his contemporaries, was incessantly fixed on the ume had appeared. Still, however, a good edition is Trojan war and the Athenian commonwealth." (De- much wanted, as Reiske's has neither historical introcline and Fall, c. 24.) It is no little glory for this ductions, commentary, nor even tables, and is, moresophist to have been the preceptor of St. Basil and St. over, burdened with the inaccurate version of Morell. Chrysostom, and of having been connected in intimate The most numerous collection of the Letters will be friendship, notwithstanding the opposition of their re- found in the edition of J. C. Wolf, Amst., 1738, fol. ligious sentiments, with these two pillars of the church. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 159, seqq.) -Libanius, as we have already remarked, was a pa- LIBANUS, a chain of mountains in Syria, deriving gan, and attached to the religion of his fathers. His their name from their white colour (Relandi, Palæstina, tolerance forms a singular contrast with the persecu- p. 311), the eastern part in particular being covered with ting zeal of the Christians of his time; and a remark- continual snow. (Jer., 18, 14.) Some make the range able proof of this may be seen in one of his epistles. commence from Mons Amanus, on the confines of Ci(Ep., 730, p. 349, ed. Wolf.)—Among the writings licia, and give the general name of Libanus to the enof Libanius may be mentioned his Progymnasmata tire chain of mountains running thence to the south; (Praexercitationes), or Examples of Rhetorical Exer- it is more accurate, however, to make it begin near cises (Пpoyvuvaoμúтwv паpadɛiyμаra), divided into Aradus in Phoenicia, and, after forming the northern thirteen sections, and each one containing a model of boundary of that country, run to the south, and end one particular kind. Among the Discourses or Ha- near Sidon. There are, however, several parallel rangues of Libanius are many which were never pro- chains, four of which, towards the west, have the gennounced, and which were not even intended to be de- eral name of Libanus applied to them, while another livered in public: they partake less of the nature of parallel chain to the east was called by the Greeks discourses than of memoirs, or, rather, moral disserta- Antilibanus. Between Libanus and Antilibanus is a tions. One of them is a biographical sketch of Liba- long valley called Cole Syria, or the hollow Syria. Libnius, written by himself, at the age of 60 years, unless anus, then, is composed of four chains or enclosures of there be some mistake in the number, and retouched mountains, which rise one upon the other; the first is by him when about 70 years. It forms the most in- very rich in grain and fruits; the second is barren; teresting production of his pen. Another of these the third, though higher than this, enjoys perpetual pieces is entitled Movodiá, and is a Lament on the spring, the trees being always green, and the orchards death of Julian. Libanius does not pretend to con- full of fruit. It is so beautiful that some have called ceal, in this discourse, that one ground of his deplo- it a terrestrial paradise. The fourth is very high, so ring the death of the monarch, is the triumph of Chris-that it is almost always covered with snow, and is untianity which would result therefrom. A third is a discourse addressed to Theodosius on the preservation of the temples and idols of paganism. A fragment of this discourse was discovered by Mai, in 1823, in some of the Vatican MSS. A fourth is entitled 'Trèp Twv 'Iɛpwv, "Respecting the Temples." In this discourse, pronounced or written about A.D. 390, Libanius entreats the Emperor Theodosius to set bounds to the fanaticism of the monks, who were destroying the temples of paganism, especially those in the country, and to order the bishops not to connive at these excesses.-The Declamations, or exercises on imaginary subjects, exceed forty in number. Some idea may be formed of their nature by the titles of a few "Discourse of Menelaus, addressed to the Trojans, and demanding back his spouse." "Discourse of Achilles, in answer to Ulysses, when the latter was sent by Agamemnon to propose a reconciliation." Discourse of a parasite who deplores the loss of a dinner," &c.-A very interesting part of the works of Libanius is his epistolary correspondence. There are more than 2000 letters written by him, and the number of persons to whom they are addressed exceeds 550. There are among these some illustrious names, such as the Emperor Julian, and his uncle, who bore the same name, governors of provinces, generals, literary men, &c. There are also among his correspondents some fathers of the church, such as St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. John

inhabitable by reason of the great cold. Volney states that the snow remains on Libanus all the year round towards the northeast, where it is sheltered from the sea-winds and the rays of the sun. Maundrell found that part of the mountain-range which he crossed, and which, in all probability, was by no means the highest, covered with deep snow in the month of May. Dr. Clarke, in the month of July, saw some of the eastern summits of Lebanon, or Antilibanus, near Damascus, covered with snow, not lying in patches, as is common in the summer season with mountains which border on the line of perpetual congelation, but do not quite reach it, but with "that perfect, white, smooth, and velvet-like appearance which snow only exhibits when it is very deep; a striking spectacle in such a climate, where the beholder, seeking protection from a burning sun, almost considers the firmament to be on fire." At the time this observation was made, the thermometer, in an elevated situation near the Sea of Tiberias, stood at 102 in the shade. Sir Frederic Henniker passed over snow in July; and Ali Bey describes the same eastern ridge as covered with snow in September. We know little of the absolute height, and less of the mineralogy, of these mountains. Burckhardt describes Lebanon as composed of primitive limestone; but, as he found fossil-shells on the summit, it more probably consists either of transition or mountain limestone. If so, it must be considered as one of the highest points at which either of these sub

that mountain attested the former existence of the Thracians of Pieria in the Boeotian districts. (Strab., 409.—Id., 471.) From these passages it would seem that the name of Libethrius was given to the summit of Olympus which stood above the town. Hence the muses were surnamed Libethrides as well as Pierides. (Virg., Eclog., 7, 21.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 210.)-II. A fountain of Thessaly, on Mount Homole, in the district of Magnesia, at the northern extremity. (Plin., 4, 9.—Mela, 2, 3.)

LIBETHRIDES, a name given to the Muses. (Consult remarks under Libethra, I., towards the end of the article. Vid. also Libethrius.)

stances is found.—Of the noble cedars which once | Mount Helicon, and remarks, that several places around adorned the upper part of this mountain, but few now remain, and those much decayed. Burckhardt, who crossed Mount Libanus in 1810, counted about 36 large ones, 50 of middle size, and about 300 smaller and young ones; but more might exist in other parts of the mountain. The wine, especially that made about the convent of Canobin, still preserves its ancient celebrity; and is reported by travellers, more particularly by Rouwolff, Le Bruyn, and De la Roque, to be of the most exquisite kind for flavour and fragrance. The rains which fall in the lower regions of Lebanon, and the melting of the snows in the upper ones, furnish an abundance of perennial streams, which are alluded to by Solomon. (Song, 4, 15.) LIBETHRIUS, I. a mountain of Boeotia, forty stadia On the declivities of the mountain grew the vines that to the south of Coronea, and forming one of the sumfurnished the rich and fragrant wines which Hosea mits of Helicon. It was dedicated to the Muses, and (14, 7) celebrated, and which may still be obtained by the nymphs called Libethrides. (Pausan., 9, 34.proper culture. The snow of Lebanon was probably | Strabo, 409.)—II. A fountain on Mount Libethrius. transported to a distance, for the purpose of cooling LIBITINA, a goddess at Rome presiding over funerwine and other liquors. Solomon speaks of the cold als. In her temple were sold all things requisite for of snow in the time of harvest (Prov., 25, 13), which them. By an institution ascribed to Servius Tullius, could be obtained nowhere in Judæa nearer than a piece of money was paid her for every one who died, Lebanon. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 341.- and the name of the deceased entered in a book called Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 314, seqq.) Libitina ratio. (Dion. Hal., 4, 15.-Sueton., Vit. Ner., 39.) The object of this custom was to ascertain the number of deaths annually. Libitina and Venus were regarded as one and the same deity, because, says Plutarch, the same goddess superintends birth and death. It would be more correct, however, to say that we have here a union of the power which creates with that which destroys. (Plut., Quæst. Rom., 23.)

LIBER, the name of an ancient Italian deity, identified with the Grecian Dionysus or Bacchus. His festival, named Liberalia, was celebrated on the 17th March, when the young men assumed the toga virilis or libera. (Varro, L. L., 5, p. 55.- Ovid, Fast., 3, 713, seqq.) When the worship of Ceres and Proserpina was introduced at Rome, Proserpina was named Libera, and the conjoined deities were honoured as Ceres, Liber, and Libera. The name Liber is commonly derived from liber, "free," and is referred to the influence of wine in freeing from care. Others, however, prefer deducing it from libo, "to pour forth," and make Liber to be the god of productiveness effected by moisture. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 517.) LIBERA, a name given to Proserpina among the Romans. (Vid. Liber.)

LIBERALIA, a festival celebrated annually in honour of Liber, the Roman Bacchus. It took place on the 17th of March. (Vid. Liber.)

LIBON, an architect of Elis, who built the temple of Olympian Jove, in the sacred grove Altis, out of the proceeds of the spoil taken from the Pisæans and some other people. (Pausan., 5, 10, 2.) This temple was built in the Doric style; and it must have been erected about Olymp. 84 (B.C. 444-440), since in Olymp. 85, 4, Phidias commenced his statue of the Olympian Jupiter, and it can scarcely be maintained that the temple was built long before the statue was undertaken. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

LIBOPHOENICES, the inhabitants of the district ByzaLIBERTAS, the Goddess of Freedom, the same with cium, in Africa Propria. Their name indicates that the Eleutheria of the Greeks. Hyginus makes her they were a mixture of Libyans and Phoenicians. the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. (Præf., p. 10, ed. The Libophonices are a proof of the policy pursued by Munck.) Tiberius Gracchus is said to have erected the Phoenician and Carthaginian settlers, in admitting the first temple to her at Rome, on the Aventine Hill, the natives to a participation in some of the rights of and it was here that the archives of the state were de- citizenship. Carthage itself was in this sense a Liposited. The goddess was represented as a Roman bophoenician city. Polybius often speaks of the Limatron, arrayed in white, holding in one hand a broken bophonices. Diodorus Siculus, however, gives a sceptre, and in the other a pike surmounted by a pileus more particular account of them, as well as the inforor cap at her feet lay a cat, an animal that is an en-mation that the cities on the coast were alone strictly emy to all restraint. The cap alluded to the Roman included in this denomination. (Diod. Sic., 20, 55.) custom of putting one on the heads of slaves when Pliny limits the appellation to the cities on the coast manumitted. (Liv., 24, 16.-Id., 25, 7.-Ovid, of Byzacium (5, 4). It ought to be extended, howevTrist., 3, 1, 72.-Plut., Vit. Gracch.) er, to other parts also of the African coast.

LIBETHRA, I. a city of Macedonia, situate, according to Pausanias (9, 30), on the declivity of Olympus, and not far from the tomb of Orpheus. An oracle declared, that when the sun beheld the bones of the poet, the city should be destroyed by a boar (vñò σvóc). The inhabitants of Libethra ridiculed the prophecy as a thing impossible; but the column of Orpheus's monument having been accidentally broken, a gap was made by which light broke in upon the tomb, when the same night the torrent named Sus, being prodigiously swollen, rushed down with violence from Mount Olympus upon Libethra, overthrowing the walls and all the public and private edifices, and every living creature in its furious course. Whether Libethra recovered from the devastation occasioned by this inundation is not stated in any writer, but its name occurs in Livy as a town in the vicinity of Dium before the battle of Pydna (44, 5). Strabo also alludes to Libethra when speaking of

LIBURNIA, a province of Illyricum, along the Adriatic, over against Italy, having Dalmatia on the south, and Istria on the north. Zara, anciently Iadera, and afterward Diodora, was once its capital. The ruins of Burnum, the Liburnia of Strabo, are to be seen on the right hand of the Titius or Kerka, in the desert of Bukoviza. The Liburnians were an Illyrian tribe, and their country now answers to part of Croatia. They appear to have been a maritime people from the earliest times; and the Greeks, who colonized Corcyra, are said, on their arrival in that island, to have found it in their possession. (Strabo, 270.) Scylax seems to distinguish the Libumi from the Illyrians, restricting probably the latter appellation to that part of the nation which was situate more to the south, and was better known to the Greeks. The same writer alludes to the sovereignty of the Liburni as not excluding females; a fact which appears to have reference to the

tory of Euboea, called so from Lichas. (Vid. Lichas.)
They were three in number, Caresa, Phocaria, and
Scarphia. They are thought to answer to the modern
Ponticonesi. (Ovid, Met., 9, 165, 217.)

LICINIA LEX. (Consult remarks under the article Licinius I.)

history of Teuta, and might serve to prove that this geographical compilation is not so ancient as many have supposed. (Scylax, p. 7.) Strabo asserts, that the Liburni extended along the coast for upward of 1500 stadia. (Strab., 315.) According to Pliny (3, LICHAS, the ill-fated bearer of the poisoned tunic from 13), they once occupied a considerable extent of terri- Deianira to Hercules. In the paroxysm of fury octory on the coast of Picenum, and he speaks of Tru-casioned by the venom of the hydra, the hero caught entum as the only remaining establishment of theirs, in Lichas by the foot and hurled him into the sea from his day, in this quarter of Italy. It is chiefly on this the summit of Eta. (Ovid, Met., 9, 165, 217.information of Pliny that Freret has grounded his sys- Compare Milton, P. L., 2, 545.) He was changed tem of the Illyrian colonies in Italy. He conceives by the compassion of the gods into one of a group of that these Liburni, as well as all the others, came small islands, which hence derived their name. (Vid. by land. But it would be more natural to suppose Lichades.) that the Liburni, as a maritime people, had crossed over from the opposite coast of Dalmatia. (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 18, p. 75.- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 285.) The galleys of the Liburnians were remarkable for their light construction and swiftness, and it was to ships of this kind that Augustus was in a great measure indebted for his vic tory over Antony at Actium. (Dio Cass., 29, 32.) Hence, after that time, the name of naves Liburna was given to all quick-sailing vessels, and few ships were built but of that construction. (Veget., 4, 33.) The Liburnians were a stout, able-bodied race, and were much employed at Rome as porters, and sedan or litter-carriers. Hence Martial, in describing the pleasures of a country-life (1, 50), exclaims, "procul horridus Liburnus." Compare Juvenal, 3, 240.Boettiger, Sabina, oder Morgenscenen, &c., Sc. 8, p.

193.

LICINIA, I. daughter of P. Licinius Crassus, and wife of Caius Gracchus. (Plut., Vit. Gracch.)—II. The wife of Mæcenas. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. She is thought to be alluded to by Horace (Od., 2, 12, 13) under the name of Licymnia. (Bentley, ad Horat., l. c.—Compare remarks under the article Mecenas.)

LICINIUS, I. C. Licinius Stolo, of a distinguished plebeian family at Rome, was made tribune of the commons, together with his friend L. Sextius Lateranus, in the year 375 B.C. These tribunes brought forward three "rogations," that is to say, bills or projects of laws, for the comitia or assembly of the tribes to decide upon: 1. That in future no more military tribunes should be appointed, but two annual consuls, as formerly, and that one of the two should always be LIBURNIDES, islands off the coast of Liburnia, said a plebeian. The occasional appointment of military to amount to the number of forty. The name origi- tribunes, part of whom might be chosen from the plenated with the Greek geographers. (Strab., 315.) beians, was a device of the senate to prevent the pleLIBURNUS, a chain of mountains near Apulia, cross-beians from obtaining access to the consulship.-2. To ed by Hannibal in his march from Samnium and the Peligni into Apulia. It is stated that, before he arrived in the latter province, he crossed this chain; which probably answers to the branch of the Apennines bordering on the valley of the Tifernus to the north, and known by the name of Monte della Serra. (Polyb., 3, 101.-Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 20.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 270.)

deduct from the capital of all existing debts, from one citizen to another, the sums which had been paid by the debtor as interest, and the remaining principal to be discharged in three years by three equal payments. This seems, according to our modern notions of moneytransactions, a very summary, and not very honest, way of settling standing engagements; but if we carry ourselves back to that remote period of Roman society, LIBYA, I. a daughter of Epaphus and Cassiopeia, and take into consideration the enormous rate of interwho became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. est demanded, the necessities of the poorer citizens, (Apollod., 2, 1; 3, 1. Pausan., 1, 44.)-II. The who were called from their homes and fields to fight name given by the Greek and Roman poets to what the battles of their country, and had no means of supwas otherwise called Africa. In a more restrict-porting their families during the interval except the ed sense, the name has been applied to that part of Africa which contained the two countries of Cyrenaïca and Marmarica, together with a very extensive region in the interior, of which little, if anything, was known, and which was generally styled Libya Interior. (Vid. Africa.)

ruinous one of borrowing money from the wealthy, who were mostly patricians, and also the fearful power which the law gave to the creditor over the debtor, and the atrocious manner in which that power was used, or abused, in many instances, such as those reported by Livy (2, 23; 6, 14; 8, 28), we shall judge more disLIBYCUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean passionately of the proposition of Licinius.-3. The which lies along the coast of Libya, extending east-third rogation has been a subject of much perplexity ward as far as the island of Crete. (Mela, 1, 4.- to modern inquirers. Its object, as briefly expressed Strab., 247.) by Livy, was, that no one should possess (possideret) more than 500 jugera (about 333 acres) of land; and until lately it has been literally understood, by most readers of Roman history, as fixing a maximum to pri vate property. But Beaufort, and more lately Heyne, Niebuhr, and Savigny, have shown, that the limitation

LIBYSSA, a small village of Bithynia, west of Nicomedia, and near the shores of the Sinus Astacenus. It is rendered memorable for containing the tomb of Hannibal, whence, no doubt, its name. (Plut., Vit. Flamin.-Ammian. Marcell., 22, 9.-Eutrop., 4, 11. -Plin., 5, 32.) It is thought to answer to the mod-referred to the holding of land belonging to the ager ern Gebisse or Dschebize. If, however, Pococke be correct (vol. 3, 1. 2, c. 18) in making Gebisse 24 English miles from Pontichium or Pantik, we ought rather to decide in favour of the Diacibe or Diacibiza of the middle ages (Sozom., Hist. Eccles., 6, 14), which lies on the same coast, nearer Pontichium. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 585, seqq.)

publicus, or public domain of the state. It appears that most of the large estates possessed by the patricians must have been portions of this public domain, which consisted of lands conquered at various times from the surrounding nations. This land the patricians had occupied, cultivated, and held as tenants at will, they and their descendants paying to the state a tenth of all grain, a fifth on the produce of plantations and vineyards, and a certain tax per head of cattle grazing on the public pasture. This was the kind of possession which the Licinian rogation proposed to limit and regLICHADES, small islands near Caneum, a promon-ulate. Licinius proposed, that all who had more than

LICATES, a people of Vindelicia, on the eastern bank of the Licus, in the modern Oberdonaukreis, to the northeast of Füssen. (Plin., 3, 20.—Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 698.)