with scarcely any resistance. Leo was crowned of this ideal excellence. Did he reduce his passions emperor March 25, A.D. 717. The Saracens, whom and appetites under the dominion of reason? 'His life he had amused by false pretences, now advanced to was spent in the pomp of the palace, in the society of the capital, and besieged it by sea and land. In this his wives and concubines and even the clemency extremity Leo redoubled his exertions and courage, which he showed, and the peace which he strove to and, after long and obstinate conflicts, he succeeded in preserve, must be imputed to the softness and indorepelling his dangerous assailants. In 719, an attempt lence of his character. Did he subdue his prejudices on the part of Anastasius to regain the throne failed and those of his subjects? His mind was tinged through the activity of Leo, and the unsuccessful aspi- with the most puerile superstition; the influence of rant lost his head. He sustained also, with varied the clergy, and the errors of the people, were consesuccess, the repeated attacks of the Saracens in Sicily, crated by his laws, and the oracles of Leo, which reItaly, and Sardinia. So many services rendered to veal, in prophetic style, the fates of the empire, are the empire would have placed Leo in the rank of founded on the arts of astrology and divination. If great monarchs, had not his fondness for theological we still inquire the reason of his sage appellation, it quarrels, too common in those ages of ignorance, in- can only be replied, that the son of Basil was less igvolved him in long and dangerous collisions. He es- norant than the greater part of his contemporaries in poused the cause of the Iconoclasts, and his severity church and state; that his education had been directdrove many of the inhabitants into open rebellion.ed by the learned Photius; and that several books of After a stormy conflict, marked by the most cruel per- profane and ecclesiastical science were composed by secutions, Leo died, A.D. 741, leaving the throne to the pen or in the name of the imperial philosopher. his son Constantine Copronymus. (Biogr. Univ., But the reputation of his philosophy and religion was vol. 24, p. 136, seqq.)-VIII. The fourth, an emperor overthrown by a domestic vice, the repetition of his of the east, the son of Constantine Copronymus. He nuptials." (Decline and Fall, c. 48.) He was four ascended the throne A.D. 775, and died A.D. 780, times married, and had a son by each of these unions, after an unimportant reign.-IX. The fifth, surnamed but he lost three of his children successively at an the Armenian, an emperor of the East, who rose from early age. He left the empire to Constantine, his son an obscure station to the throne. He succeeded the by Zoe, his fourth wife.-We have remaining sevenemperor Michael Rhangabe, whom the soldiers re- teen predictions or oracles of this pretended prophet, jected in a mutiny secretly fomented by the ambi-written in iambic verse. Rutgersius published the tious Leo. His reign continued for seven years and first sixteen, to which Leunclavius added the sevena half, and was remarkable for the rigid military disci-teenth, up to that time unedited. Leo also retouchpline introduced by him into the civil government, ed and reduced to a better form the body of law comHe was an Iconoclast, but his religious inconstancy menced by Basil, and which took the name of Baoiλobtained for him, in fact, the name of Chameleon. He kai diarážeis, “ Imperial Constitutions" or "Basilwas slain by a band of conspirators at the very foot ice." He also promulgated various new ordinances, of the altar, during the morning celebration of the 'ExavoрowTikai kabáρσɛis, in which he corrected and festival of Christmas. (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c.modified the Justinian code. Of these 113 remain. 48.)-X. The sixth, surnamed the Philosopher, an We owe to his orders, likewise, the composition of an emperor of the East. He was the son of Eudoxia, 'Exλoyń, or abridgment of Roman law, promulgated wife of Basil I. The irregularities of his mother have in his name and that of Constantine his son, who left some doubt relative to his legitimacy; he was ac- was then associated with him in the empire. Leo's knowledged, however, by Basil, as his son and suc- principal work is that on Military Tactics, containcessor. Already at the age of 19 years, the younging the elements of this branch of the military art: prince had made himself beloved by all the empire. Τῶν ἐν πολέμοις τακτικῶν σύντομος παράδοσις, οι Santabaren, however, the favourite of Basil, an artful Пoλεμikův параokεvāv diáтağıç. It is a compilation and dangerous man, irritated at the contempt and ha- from the works of Arrian, Ælian, and especially Onetred which Leo testified for him, sought every means sander, and contains some curious illustrations of the to destroy him, and at last succeeded in having him state of military knowledge in his day. The best edicast into prison on suspicion of plotting against his tion is that of Meursius, Lugd. Bat., 1612, 4to. Is father's life. A cruel punishment at first threatened was translated into French by Maizeroi, Paris, 1771, him; but the parent relented, and his son, being al-2 vols. 8vo. The libraries of Florence and of the lowed to justify his conduct, was restored to all his Vatican are thought to contain many other military, former honours. A little while after, the death of and likewise some religious works, of this same em Basil left Leo master of the Eastern empire. He as-peror. (Biographie Universelle, vol. 24, p. 141, cended the throne with his brother Alexander in 886; but the latter, given up to his pleasures, abandoned to Leo the whole care of the government. Perhaps the effeminacy and licentiousness of Alexander obtained for Leo, by the mere force of flattering comparison, the title of Philosopher, which his life in no degree justified. Scarcely had he ascended the throne when he deposed Photius, the celebrated patriarch, who was secretly connected with Santabaren in the plot for his LEONĀTUS, one of the generals of Alexander. On destruction. Santabaren himself underwent a cruel the death of that monarch he was appointed to the Dunishment, and was then driven into exile. Leo charge of Phrygia Minor, which lay along the Helreigned weakly, and the ill success of his generals lespont. Not long after, on being directed by Pergainst the Bulgarians obliged him to submit to such diccas to establish Eumenes in the kingdom of Capterms of peace as those barbarians pleased to pro-padocia, he communicated to the latter a plan which pose. A total defeat of his fleet by the Saracens he had in view of seizing upon Macedonia. Eumealso took place a short time before his death, which nes immediately divulged this to Perdiccas. The happened A.D. 911, after a reign of 25 years. "The plan thus formed by Leonatus was based upon his asname of Leo VI. has been dignified," observes Gib-sisting Antipater in the Lamian war. Accordingly, bon," with the title of Philosopher, and the union of though both Eumenes and Perdiccas knew his real inthe prince and the sage, of the active and the specula-structions, he crossed over with a body of forces into tive virtues, would indeed constitute the perfection of Europe, and brought succour to Antipater against the human nature. But the claims of Leo are far short confederate Greeks; but his ambitious designs were

seqq.)

LEOCHARES, an Athenian statuary and sculptor, mentioned by Pliny (34, 8, 19) as having flourished in the 102d Olympiad. He built the Mausoleum, in connexion with Scopas, Bryaxes, and Timotheus, to whom some add Praxiteles. (Plin., 36, 5, 4.— Vitruv., VII., Præf., s. 13.) A list of his works is given by Sillig, from ancient authorities. (Dict. Art., s. v.)

frustrated by his being slain in battle. (Plut., Vit. | Philos., vol. 3, p. 402). Of the other hetarists who Alex.-Id., Vit. Phoc.-Id., Vit. Eum.)

frequented the garden of Epicurus, it may be supposed LEONIDAS, I. a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of that they were only brought to the common meals in the family of the Eurysthenida, sent by his countrymen accordance with the custom of the day. (Ritter, l. c.) to maintain the pass of Thermopylae against the inva- LEOSTHENES, I. one of the last successful generals ding army of Xerxes, B. 480. A full narrative of of Athens. He was of the party of Demosthenes, and the whole affair, together with an examination of the the violence of his harangues in favour of democracy ancient statements on this subject, will be found under drew the well-known reproof from Phocion: " Young the article Thermopyla.-II. Šon of Cleonymus, of the man, thy words are like the cypress, tall and large, line of the Agidæ, succeeded Areus II. on the throne but they bear no fruit." He had, however, gained of Sparta, B.C. 257. Agis, his colleague in the reputation enough to be chosen leader of a large body sovereignty, having resolved to restore the institutions of mercenary soldiers, returned from Asia shortly beof Lycurgus to their former vigour, Leonidas opposed fore the death of Alexander, who, on that event being his views, and became the main support of those who known, were taken openly into the pay of the republic. were inclined to a relaxation of ancient strictness. His first exploit was the defeat of the Baotians near He was convicted, however, of having transgressed Platea. After this he took post at Pylæ, to prevent the laws, and was obliged to yield the supreme power the entrance of Antipater into Greece, defeated him, to Cleombrotus, his son-in-law. Not long after he and shut him up in Lamia, a town of Thessaly, to was re-established on the Spartan throne, and avenged which he laid siege; and from that siege the Lamian the affront which he had received at the hands of Agis, war has its name. Leosthenes, however, was killed by impeaching him and effecting his condemnation. in the course of it; and after his death success de(Pausan., 2, 9.-Id., 3, 6.)—III. A native of Alexan- serted the Athenian arms. He left a high reputation: drea, who flourished at Rome as a grammarian to- and his picture, painted by Arcesilaus, is mentioned by wards the close of the first century of the Christian Pausanias (1, 1) as one of the objects in the Piræus era. He wrote, among other things, epigrams denom-worthy of notice. (Diod. Sic., 18, 9. — Id., 18, 11, inated loównoa, arranged in such a manner, that the numerical value of all the letters composing any one distich is equal to that of the letters of any other. He was very probably the inventor of this learned species of trifling. (Schöll, Hist. Lit., vol. 4, p. 50.-Compare Jacobs, Catal. Poet. Epigramm., s. v.)—IV. A native of Tarentum, who flourished about 275 B.C. He has left behind a hundred epigrams in the Doric dialect, and which belong to the best of those that have been preserved for us. (Jacobs, Catal. Poet. Epigramm., 8. v.)

LEONTINI, a town of Sicily, situate about five miles from the seashore, on the south of Catana, between two small streams, the Lissus and Terias. The place is sometimes called by modern writers Leontium; this, however, is not only a deviation from Thucydides, who always uses the form Aɛovrīvot, but, in fact, is employed by no ancient author except Ptolemy; and Cluverius there suspects the reading to be a corruption for Acovrivov. (Bloomfield, ad Thucyd., 6, 3.) It was founded by a colony of Chalcideans from Euboea, who had come to the island but six years before, and had then settled Naxos, near Mount Taurus, where Tauromenium was afterward founded. That they should have settled Leontini only six years after their own colonization may indeed seem strange; but it may be accounted for from the superior fertility of the plain of Leontini, which has ever been accounted the richest tract in Sicily; for the very same reason they soon afterward settled Catana. (Thucyd., l. c.-Bloomf., ad loc.) The Siculi were in possession of the territory where Leontini was founded prior to the arrival of the colony, and were driven out by force of arms. Leontini for a time continued flourishing and powerful, but eventually sank under the superior power and prosperity of Syracuse. Its quarrel with this last-mentioned city led to the unfortunate expedition of the Athenians, whose aid Leontini had solicited. The city ultimately fell under the Syracusan power. The celebrated Gorgias was a native of this place. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 301, seqq.)

seqq.)-II. An Athenian commander, condemned to death, B.C. 361, for being defeated by Alexander of Phera. (Diod. Sic., 15, 95.)

LEOTYCHIDES, I. a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the line of the Proclida. He ascended the throne B.C. 491, a few years before the invasion of Greece by the Persians, and succeeded to Demaratus. Having been appointed, along with Xanthippus the Athenian, to the command of the Grecian fleet, he gained, in conjunction with his colleague, the celebrated victory of Mycale. He afterward sailed along the coast of Asia Minor, causing the inhabitants to revolt, and received into alliance with the Greeks the Ionians and Samians, who, in the battle of Mycale, had been the first to declare in favour of their ancient allies. Some years after this, Leotychides having been sent into Thessaly against the Aleuada, suffered himself to be influenced by their presents, and retired without having gained any advantage. He was accused on his return, and, not deeming himself safe at Lacedæ mon, he took refuge at Tegea, in the temple of Minerva Alea (499 B.C.). Zeuxidamus, his son, being dead, Archidamus, his grandson, was placed on the throne. Leotychides died at Tegea 467 B.C. (Herod., 6, 65.-Id., 8, 131.-Id., 9, 197.)-II. Son of Agis, King of Sparta. He passed, however, most commonly for the son of Alcibiades, whom Agis had received into his abode when exiled from Athens. Although Agis had formally recognised his legitimacy, it was nevertheless disputed, and Lysander eventually succeeded in having Agesilaus his brother appointed king in his place. (Corn. Nep., Vit. Ages.—Pausan., 3, 8.)

LEPIDA, I. Æmilia, daughter of Manius Lepidus, and wife of Drusus Cæsar. She was engaged in an adulterous intercourse with Sejanus, and was suborned by that ambitious and profligate minister to become the accuser of her own husband to Tiberius. Notwithstanding her crimes, she was protected during her father's life, but, being afterward made a subject of attack by the informers of the day, she put an end to LEONTIUM, an Athenian female, originally an hetærist, her own existence. (Tacit., Ann., 4, 20.—Id., 6, 40.) although afterward, as Gassendi maintains, the wife-II. A Roman female, who reckoned among her anof Metrodorus, the most eminent friend and disciple of Epicurus. Many slanders were circulated respect ing her intercourse with the philosopher and his followers. She herself composed works on philosophy. (Diog. Laert., 10, 7.—Plut., non posse suav. v. Sec. Epic., 4, 16.-Cic., N. D., 1, 33.) A detailed biography of Leontium may be found in the Biographie Universelle (vol. 24, p. 170.—Compare Ritter, Hist.

cestors Pompey and Sylla. She was accused by her husband Sulpicius of adultery, poisoning, and treasonable conduct, and was condemned to exile, notwithstanding the interest which the people testified in her behalf. (Tacit., Ann., 3, 22.)—III. Domitia, daugh ter of Drusus and Antonia. She was grand-niece of Augustus, and aunt of Nero, who destroyed her by poison. (Tacit., Ann., 13, 19.)—IV. Domitia, daugh

ter of Antonia the younger, by Lucius Domitius Ænobarbus. She was the wife of Valerius Messala, and mother of Messalina, and is described as having been a woman of debauched and profligate manners, and of a violent and impetuous spirit. In point of beauty and vice, she was the rival of Agrippina, Nero's mother. She was condemned to death through the influence of the same Agrippina. (Tacit., Ann., 11, 37. -Id., Ann., 12, 64.-Sueton., Vit. Claud., 26.-Id., Vit. Ner., 7.)

ficiently powerful to act contrary to the advice and wishes of Lepidus; and, in the new division of the provinces which was made after the battle of Philippi, Spain and Gallia Narbonensis were taken from Lepidus, and Africa was given to him in their stead. Lepidus had now lost all real authority in the management of public affairs; but he was again included in the triumvirate, when it was renewed B.C. 37. In the following year he was summoned from Africa to assist Augustus in Sicily against Sextus Pompeius; LEPIDI, the name of one of the most distinguished and he landed with a large army, by means of which families of the patrician gens, or house, of the Emilii. he endeavoured to regain his lost power, and make The individuals most worthy of notice in this family himself independent of Augustus. But in this atare the following: I. M. EMILIUS LEPIDUS, was sent tempt he completely failed. Being deserted by his as an ambassador to Ptolemy, king of Egypt, at the own troops, he was obliged to implore the mercy of close of the second Punic war, B.C. 201. (Polyb., | Augustus, who spared his life, and allowed him to 16, 34.-Liv., 31, 2.-Compare Tacitus, Ann., 2, 67.) retain his private property and the dignity of Pontifex He obtained the consulship B.C. 187 (Liv., 39, 5. Maximus, which he had obtained on the death of Ju-Polyb., 23, 1), and again in B.C. 175. In B.C. lius Cæsar, but deprived him of his province and tri179 he was elected Pontifex Maximus and Censor. umvirate, and banished him, according to Suetonius, (Liv., 40, 42.-Aul. Gell., 12, 8.) He was also Prin- to Circeii. (Sueton., Vit. Aug., 16.) After the batceps Senatus six times. (Liv., Epit., 48.) He died tle of Actium, his son formed a conspiracy for the asB.C. 150.-II, M. EMILIUS LEPIDUS, was prætor sassination of Augustus on his return from the East, B.C. 81; after which he obtained the province of which was discovered by Mæcenas; and Lepidus, Sicily. (Cic. in Verr., 3, 91.) In his consulship, having incurred the suspicion of his former colleague, B.C. 78, he endeavoured to rescind the measures of repaired to Rome, where he was treated, according Sylla, but was driven out of Italy by his colleague to Dio Cassius, with studied insult and contempt. Quintus Catulus and by Pompey, and retired to Sar- (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 13, p. 438.)-IV. A comdinia, where he died the following year, while making panion of Caligula in his career of debauchery. The preparations for a renewal of the war. (Appian, Bell. prince made him marry his sister Drusilla, and gave Civ., 1, 105.-Liv., Epit., 90.-Plut., Vit. Pomp., him hopes of being named as successor to the empire. 16.)—III. M. ÆMILIUS LEPIDUS, the triumvir, son Lepidus, however, who would seem to have reckoned of the preceding, was ædile B.C. 52, and prætor B.C. but little, after all, on the promises of the emperor, 49, in which year Cæsar came to an open rupture conspired against him. The conspiracy was detected, with the senatorian party. Lepidus, from his first and cost its author his life. He is supposed by some entrance into public life, opposed the party of the to have been the son of Julia, grand-daughter of Ausenate; and though he does not appear to have pos-gustus, and consequently cousin-german to Caligula. sessed any of the talent and energy of character by which Antony was distinguished, yet his great riches and extensive family connexions made him an important accession to the popular cause. On the first expedition of Cæsar into Spain, Lepidus was left in charge of the city, though the military command of Italy was intrusted to Antony. During Cæsar's absence, Lepidus proposed the law by which the former was created dictator. In the following year, B.C. 48, he obtained the province of Hispania Citerior, with-Strabo, 204.) the title of proconsul; and in B.C. 46 was made consul along with Cæsar, and at the same time his master of the horse, an appointment which again gave him the chief power in Rome during the absence of the dictator in the African war. In B.C. 44 he was again made master of the horse, and appointed to the provinces of Gallia Narbonensis and Hispania Citerior; but he did not immediately leave Rome, and was probably in the senate house when Cæsar was assassinated. After the death of Cæsar, Lepidus was courted by both parties; and the senate, on the motion of Cicero, decreed that an equestrian statue should be erected to him, in any part of the city he might fix upon. Lepidus promised to assist the senate; but, at the same time, carried on a secret negotiation with Antony. On his arrival in his province, being ordered by the senate to join Decimus Brutus, he at length found it necessary to throw off the mask; and, instead of obeying their commands, united his forces with those of Antony. In the autumn of this year, B.C. 43, the celebrated triumvirate was established between Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius (Augustus); and in the division of the provinces, Lepidus received the whole of Spain and Gallia Narbonensis. The conduct of the war against Brutus and Cassius was assigned to Antony and Augustus; while the charge of the city was intrusted to Lepidus, who was again elected consul (B.C. 43). After the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, Antony and Augustus found themselves suf

(Tacit., Ann., 14, 2.)—V. A poet of an uncertain period, a poem of whose, entitled Philodexios, was published by Aldus Manutius at Lucca, 1588.

LEPONTII, a people of the Alps, near the source of the Rhone, on the south of that river. The Lepontine Alps separated Italy from the Helvetii. The Lepontii are known to have inhabited that part of the Alps which lies between the Great St. Bernard and St. Gothard. (Cæs., B. Gall., 4, 10.-Plin., 3, 20.

LEPTINES, I. a son of Hermocrates, and brother of Dionysius the Elder. He was sent against Mago, general of the Carthaginians, with the whole fleet of the tyrant, B.C. 396. At first he gained some advantages, but having separated himself too much from the main body of the fleet, he was surrounded by the enemy, and lost a large number of his vessels. After having remained for some time in a state of disgrace, he recovered the favour of the tyrant, and married his daughter. He commanded the left wing at the battle of Cronium (B.C. 383), where he fell fighting valiantly. His fall occasioned the defeat of the army. (Diod. Sic., 14, 48.-Id., 14, 60.-Id., 15, 17.)—II. A Syracusan, who, in conjunction with Callipus, took the city of Rhegium, occupied by the troops of Dionysius the Younger (351 B.C.). He was subsequently in the number of those who massacred this same Čallipus, to avenge the death of Dion. (Diod. Sic., 16, 45.)-III. A tyrant of Apollonia and other cities of Sicily, taken by Timoleon (B.C. 342), and exiled to Corinth. (Diod. Sic., 16, 72.)-IV. An Athenian orator, who proposed that certain immunities from the burdensome offices of choragus, gymnasiarch, and hestiator, which used to be allowed to meritorious citizens, should be taken away. A law was passed in accordance with this. Demosthenes attacked it and procured its abrogation.-V. A Syrian, general of Demetrius, who put to death at Laodicea, Octavius, a commissioner whom the Romans had sent into the

East to arrange the affairs of Syria. He was sent to Rome, to be delivered up along with Isocrates, who was also a party to the murder, but the senate refused to receive him. (Diod. Sic., fragm., lib. 31.-Op., ed. Bip., vol. 10, p. 29, seqq.)

LEPTIS, the name of two cities in Africa, distinguished by the epithets of Meyáλn (Magna) and Mikpá (Parva or Minor).-I. The first was situate towards the great Syrtis, at the southeast extremity of the district of Tripolis. Leptis Magna was founded by the Phoenicians, and ranked next to Carthage and Utica among their maritime cities. Under the Romans it was signalized, as Sallust informs us, by its fidelity and obedience. On the occupation of Africa by the Vandals, its fortifications appear to have been destroyed; but they were probably restored under Justinian, when the city became the residence of the prefect Sergius. It was finally demolished by the Saracens; after which it appears to have been wholly Archipelago. abandoned, and its remains, according to Leo Afri-cities, for the canus, were employed in the construction of the modern Tripoli. The modern name is Lebida. An account of the remains of the ancient city will be found in Beechy's Travels, p. 74, seqq., and in the Modern Traveller, pt. 49, p. 61. Capt. Beechy describes the country around Lebida as beautiful and highly productive. (Mela, 1, 7.-Plin., 5, 4.-Strab., 574.)II. The latter was in the district of Byzacium or Emporiæ, about 18 miles below Hadrumetum, on the coast. It is now Lempta. It paid a talent a day to the Carthaginians as tribute. (Vid. Emporiæ.) The Phoenicians, according to Sallust, were its founders. (Lucan, 2, 251.-Plin., 5, 19.—Sallust, Jug., 77.Mela, 1, 8.)

Trojan war. Homer speaks of the island under the name of Lesbos, as being well inhabited. Other, and perhaps more accurate accounts, make the Æolians to have led colonies into the island for the first time, 130 years after the Trojan war. Herodotus makes five Eolian cities in Lesbos. Pliny mentions other names besides those already given, which seem, however, to have been merely general appellations, denoting some circumstance or feature in the island, as Himerte, the wished-for, Lasia, the woody, &c. The island contained forests of becch, cypress, and fir trees. It yielded marble of a common quality, and the plains abounded in grain. Warm springs were also found; agates and precious stones. (Pococke, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 20.) The most profitable production was wine, which was preferred in many countries to all the other Greek wines. To the present day, the oil and figs of Lesbos are accounted the best in the The island anciently contained nine most part in a flourishing condition; among them Mytilene, Pyrrha, Methymna, Arisba, Eressus, and Antissa: at present 120 villages are enumerated. From an insignificant monarchy, Lesbos first became a powerful democracy. The Lesbians then made great conquests on the Continent, and in the former territory of Troy, and even resisted the Athenians themselves. Lesbos was next disturbed by the Samians, and afterward by the Persians, to whom it was finally obliged to submit. After the battle of Mycale, it shook off the Persian yoke, and became the ally of Athens. During the Peloponnesian war, it separated more than once from Athens, but was always reduced to obedience. A distinguished citizen of Mytilene, exasperated that several rich LERINA OF PLANASŤA, a small island in the Med-inhabitants had refused his sons their daughters in iterranean, on the coast of Gallia Narbonensis, south of Niceæa. It is now St. Marguerite. Strabo gives it the name of Planasia, from its shape. (Tacit., Ann., 1, 8.)

LERNA, a small lake in Argolis, near the western coast of the Sinus Argolicus, rendered celebrated by the fable of the many-headed hydra slain by Hercules, and connected also with the legend of the Danaïdes, who flung into its waters the heads of their murdered husbands. (Vid. Hercules, Hydra, and Danaïdes.) The Lerman Lake was formed by several sources, which discharged themselves into its basin. Minerva is said to have purified the daughters of Danaus by means of its waters; which circumstance subsequently gave rise to certain mystic rites called Lernæa, instituted, as Pausanias affirms, by Philammon, son of Apollo and father of Thamyris, in honour of Ceres. (Pausan., 2, 37.-Strab., 371.- Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 237.)

LEROS, a small island off the coast of Caria, and forming one of the cluster called Sporades. (Plin., 5, 31.) It was peopled from Miletus, and very probably belonged to that city. Strabo gives its inhabitants a character for dishonesty. (Strab., 635.)

marriage, publicly accused the city of an intention to conclude a league with the Lacedæmonians, by which false accusation he induced the Athenians to send a fleet against Lesbos. (Aristot., de Rep., 5, 4.) The nearest cities, Methymna excepted, armed in defence of their capital, but were overpowered, the walls of Mytilene were demolished, and a thousand of the richest inhabitants put to death. The territory of Methymna alone was spared. The island itself was divided into 3000 parts, of which 300 were devoted to the service of the gods, and the rest divided among the Athenians, by whom they were rented to the ancient proprietors. (Thucyd., 3, 50.) The cities of Lesbos, nevertheless, soon rebelled again.-The Lesbians were notorious for their dissolute manners, and the whole island was regarded as the abode of pleasure and licentiousness. At the same time they had the reputation of the highest refinement, and of the most distinguished intellectual cultivation. Poetry and music made great progress here. The Lesbian school of music was highly celebrated, and is fabled to have had the following origin: When Orpheus was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes, his head and lyre were thrown into the Thracian river Hebrus, and both were

LESBOS, now Metelin, an island of the Egean, ly-cast by the waves on the shores of Lesbos, near Meing off the coast of Mysia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Adramyttium. It was first settled by a body of Pelasgi, who, under the conduct of Xanthus their king, having been driven from Argos, passed from Lycia into this island, then called Issa, and named by them Pelasgia. Seven generations after this, and a short time subsequent to the deluge of Deucalion, Macareus passed from Attica, then denominated Ionia, with a colony to this island. From him it received the name of Macarea. Lesbus, an Eolian, joined himself to this colony, married the daughter of Macareus, who was called Methymne, and gave his own name to the island after the death of his father-in-law. The elder daughter of Macareus was named Mytilene; her name was given to the capital of the whole island. This is said to have taken place two generations before the

thymna. Meanwhile harmonious sounds were emitted by the mouth of Orpheus, accompanied by the lyre, the strings of the latter being moved by the breath of the wind. The Methymneans, therefore, buried the head, and suspended the lyre in the temple of Apollo; and, as a recompense for this, the god be. stowed upon them a talent for music, and the successful culture of this and the sister art of poetry. (Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 7.) In reality, Lesbos produced musicians superior to all the other musicians of Greece. Among these the most distinguished were Arion and Terpander. Alcæus and Sappho, moreover, were esteemed among the first in lyric poetry. Pittacus, Theophrastus, Theophanes, Hellanicus, Myrtilus, &c., were also natives of this island.-A variety of hills, clad with vines and olive-trees, rise round the numer

ous bays of this island. The mountains of the interior are covered with mastic, turpentine-trees, pines of Aleppo, and the cistus. Rivulets flow under the shades of the plane-tree. The island contains at present about 25,000 inhabitants. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 433.- Barthelemy, Voyage d'Anacharsis, vol. 2, p. 59, seqq, 12mo ed. Encyclop. Americ., vol. 7, p. 516.-Malte-Brun, vol. 2, p. 85, seqq.)

LESBUS OF LESBOS, a son of Lapithus, grandson of Eolus, who married Methymna, daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned. (Vid. Lesbos.)

|lation of the Iapygian promontory, and also in the name of a church dedicated to the Virgin, under the title of S. Maria di Leuca. (D'Anville, Anal. Geogr., de l'Italie, p. 233.)

LEUCE, a town of Ionia, west of the mouth of the Hermus, at the entrance of the Smyrnæus Sinus. It was situate on a promontory, which, according to Pliny (5, 29), was anciently an island. Near this place, Andronicus, the pretender to the crown of Pergamus, was defeated by the Roman consul Crassus. (Mela, 1, 17.—Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 338.)

LEUCAS OF LEUCADIA, an island in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Acarnania. It once formed part of LESCHES, a Cyclic bard, a native of Mytilene, or the continent, but was afterward separated from the Pyrrha, in the island of Lesbos, and considerably later mainland by a narrow cut, and became an island. than Arctinus. The best authorities concur in pla- The modern name is Santa Maura. In Homer's cing him in the time of Archilochus, or about the 18th time it was still joined to the mainland, since he calls Olympiad (B.C. 708-704). Hence the account which it 'AxTv'Hεipolo, in opposition to Ithaca and Cephwe find in ancient authors, of a contest between Arc- allenia. (Od., 24, 377.-- Compare Strabo, 451.)tinus and Lesches, can only mean that the latter com- Scylax also affirms "that it had been connected forpeted with the earlier poet in treating the same sub- merly with the continent of Acarnania." It was first jects. His poem, which was attributed by many to called Epileucadii, and extends towards the LeucaHomer, and, besides, to very different authors, was dian promontory. The Acarnanians being in a state called the Little Iliad ('12iàs Mɩkpú), and was clearly of faction, received a thousand colonists from Cointended as a supplement to the great Iliad. We rinth. These occupied the country which is now an learn from Aristotle (Poet., c. 23, ad fin., ed. Bekk.-island, the isthmus having been dug through. (Perc. 38, ed. Tyrwh.) that it comprised the events before ipl., p. 13.-Compare Scymnus, Ch., v. 464.—Plut., the fall of Troy, the fate of Ajax, the exploits of Vit. Themist.) Strabo informs us, that this CorinPhiloctetes, Neoptolemus, and Ulysses, which led to thian colony came from the settlements of Ambracia the taking of the city, as well as the account of the and Anactorium; and he ascribes to it the cutting of destruction of Troy itself; which statement is con- the channel of Dioryctus, as it is commonly called firmed by numerous fragments. The last part of this | (1. c.). This work, however, must have been poste(like the first part of the poem of Arctinus) was call- rior to the time of Thucydides, for he describes the ed the Destruction of Troy: from which Pausanias Peloponnesian fleet as having been conveyed across makes several quotations, with reference to the sack- the isthmus on more than one occasion (3, 80; 4, 8). ing of Troy, and the partition and carrying away of Livy, speaking of Leucas, says, that in his time it was the prisoners. It is evident, from his citations, that an island, but in the Macedonian war it had been a Lesches, in many important events (for example, the peninsula (33, 17). Pliny reports, that it was once a death of Priam, the end of Astyanax, and the fate of peninsula called Neritos; and, after it had been divided Eneas, whom he represents Neoptolemus as taking from the mainland, was reunited to it by means of the to Pharsalus), followed quite different traditions from sand which accumulated in the passage. The cut itthose of Arctinus, The connexion of the several self, three stadia in length, was, as we have already said, events was necessarily loose and superficial, and with- called Dioryctus (4, 2.-Polyb., 5, 5). Strabo says out any unity of subject. Hence, according to Aris- that in his time it was crossed by a bridge. (Strab., totle, while the Iliad and Odyssey only furnished ma- 452.) Dodwell states (vol. 1, p. 50), that the canal terials for one tragedy each, more than eight might of Santa Maura is fordable at the present day in still be formed out of the Little Hiad. (K. O. Muller, weather. The remains of a bridge are seen, which Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 66. — C. G. Müller, de Lesche Po- joined it to the continent, and which was built by the ëta.) Turks when they had possession of the island.-The capital of the island was Leucas. Livy (33, 17) describes it as situated on the strait itself. It rested, according to him, on a hill looking towards Acarnania and the east. Thucydides (3, 94) likewise states, that the town was situate within the isthmus, as also Strabo (l. c.), who adds, that the Corinthians removed it to its situation on the strait from Nericum. Dr. Holland (vol. 2, p. 91) speaks of the ruins of an ancient city about two miles to the south of the modern town.

LETHE, I. one of the rivers of the lower world, the waters of which possessed the property of causing a total forgetfulness of the past. Hence the name, from the Greek anon (lethe), signifying "forgetfulness" or "oblivion." The shades of the dead drank a draught of the waters of Lethe, when entering on the joys of Elysium, and ceased to remember the troubles and sorrows of life.-II. A river of Spain. Its true name, however, was the Limius, according to Ptolemy, or, according to Pliny (4, 34), the Limia. The island was famous for a promontory at its Strabo styles it the Belion. It was in the territory southwestern extremity, called Leucate. It was celof the Calliaci, a little below the Minius. Its name, ebrated in antiquity for being the lover's leap, and is Lethe (or, as it should be rather termed, ó rñs λýons, said by Strabo to have derived its name from the the river of forgetfulness), was given to it from the white colour of the rock. Sappho is said to have circumstance of the Celta and Turduli, who had gone been the first to try the remedy of the leap, when on an expedition with united forces, losing here their enamoured of Phaon. (Menand., ap. Strab., l. c.— common commander, becoming disunited, forgetting Ovid, Her., 15, 165.) Artemisia, queen of Caria, so the object of their expedition, and returning to their celebrated by Herodotus, perished, according to some respective homes. There was so much superstitious accounts, in this fatal trial. (Ptol., Hephaest., ap. dread attached to this stream, that Brutus, in his ex- Phot., p. 491.-Consult Hardion, Diss. sur le saut pedition against the Calliaci, could with great difficul-de Leucade. Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr., vol. 7, p. ty induce his soldiers to cross. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 254.) Virgil represents this cape as dangerous to 2, p. 297.) mariners. (En., 3, 274; 8, 676) Sir W. Gell deLEUCA, a town of Italy, in Messapia, near the Iapy-scribes it as a white and perpendicular cliff of considgian promontory. It was in the country of the Salen-erable elevation, and has given a beautiful representini. The ancient name remains in the modern appel- tation of it in one of the plates appended to his work