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the modern Liria, five leagues from Valentia. It was this city of which Sertorius made himself master in the face of Pompey's army; and in its vicinity, at a subsequent period, Cneius Pompeius, son of Pompey the Great, was slain after the battle of Munda. (Plut., Vit. Sert.-Oros., 5, 23.-Florus, 4, 2.—Cas., Bell. Hisp., c. 37.)

LAUS, I. a river of Lucania, now Lao, running into the Sinus Las, or Gulf of Policastro, at the southern extremity of the province. At its mouth stood the city of Laus.-II. A city at the southern extremity of Lucania, at the mouth of the river Laus, and on the gulf of the same name. It was a colony of Sybarites (Herod., 6, 20.-Strab., 253), but beyond this fact we are very little acquainted with its history. Strabo reports, that the allied Greeks met with a signal defeat in the neighbourhood of this place from the Lucanians. These were probably the Posidoniate, and the other colonists on this coast, and we may conjecture that this disaster led to the downfall of their several towns. In Pliny's time Laüs no longer existed. (Plin., 3, 5.—Ptol., p. 67.) Cluverius identified its site with the present Laino (Ital. Ant., 2, p. 1262); but later topographers have justly observed, that this town is fourteen miles from the sea, whereas the Table Itinerary evidently marks the position of Laüs near the coast. It is more probable, therefore, that Scalea represents this ancient city. (Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 383.)

ged to have recourse to a similar plan, in order to take advantage of the current. Leander, therefore, had a perilous adventure to perform, who swam at least four miles to meet Hero, and returned the same distance the same night. It is very possible, however, to swim across the Hellespont without being the rival or having the motive of Leander. My fellow-traveller (Lord Byron) was determined to attempt it." (Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 2, p. 218, Am. ed.) It appears, from what follows, that Lord Byron failed in his first attempt, owing to the strength of the current, after he and the friend who accompanied him had been in the water an hour, and found themselves in the middle of the strait, about a mile and a half below the castles. A second attempt was more successful; Lord Byron was in the water one hour and ten minutes, his companion, Mr. Ekenhead, five minutes less. Lord Byron represents the current as very strong and the water cold; he states, however, that they were not fatigued, though a little chilled, and performed the feat with little difficulty. The strait between the castles Mr. Hobhouse makes a mile and a quarter, and yet it took four boatmen five minutes to pull them from point to point. All this tends to throw a great deal of doubt upon the feat of Leander, who could hardly have been a more expert swimmer than Lord Byron, and who, besides, had a longer course to pursue. Consult Lord Byron's own account (Moore's Life of Byron, vol. 2, p. 308, seqq.), and Mr. Turner's remarks appended to the volume just cited, p. 560.

LEBADEA, a city of Boeotia, west of Coronea, built on a plain adjacent to the small river Hercyne. It derived its name from Lebadus, an Athenian, having previously been called Midea. This city was celebrated in antiquity for the oracle of Trophonius, situated in a cave above the town, into which those who consulted the Fates were obliged to descend, after per

LAUS POMPEIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, next in importance to Mediolanum, and situate to the southeast of that place, near the river Lambrus. It was founded, as Pliny reports, by the Boii (3, 17), and afterward probably colonized by Pompeius Strabo, father of the great Pompey. In a letter of Cicero to his brother, it is simply called Laus (2, 15). Its position answers to that of Lodi Vecchio, which, having been destroyed by the Milanese, the Emperor Barba-forming various ceremonies, which are accurately derossa caused the new town of Lodi to be built at the distance of three miles from the ancient site. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 53.)

LAUTUMIE OF LATOMIE, a name properly denoting a quarry, and derived from the Greek 2uaç, a stone,' and reμvw, "to cut” or “quarry." This appellation was particularly applied to certain quarries near Syracuse, one of which still bears the name of "The Ear of Dionysius," because it is said to have been used by that tyrant for a prison, and to have been so constructed that all the sounds uttered in it converged to and united in one particular point, termed, in consequence, the tympanum. This point communicated with an apartment, where Dionysius placed himself, and thus overheard all that was said by his unsuspecting captives. Such is the popular opinion respecting this place, an opinion which has no other support save the narratives of travellers and the accounts of some modern historians, who have been equally misled by vulgar tradition. There is no doubt, however, but that these quarries actually served as places of imprisonment, and Cicero reproaches Verres with having employed them for this purpose in the case of Roman citizens. (Cic. in Verr., 5, 27.) Ælian informs us, that some of the workmen in the quarries near Syracuse remained so long there as to marry and rear families in them, and that some of their children, having never before seen a city, were terrified on their coming to Syracuse, and beholding for the first time horses and oxen. (Elian, V. H., 12, 44.)

tailed by Pausanias, who also gives a minute description of the sacred cavern (9, 39). The oracle was already in considerable repute in the time of Croesus, who consulted it (Herod., 1, 46), as did also Mardonius. (Id., 8, 134.) The victory of Leuctra was said to have been predicted by Trophonius, and a solemn assembly was in consequence held at Lebadea, after the action, to return thanks. This was known, however, to have been an artifice of Epaminondas. (Diod. Sic., 15, 53.) Strabo calls the presiding deity Jupiter Trophonius (Strab., 413), and so does Livy (45, 28), who says the shrine was visited by Paulus Æmilius after his victory over Perseus. The geographer Dicæarchus, as we are informed by Athenæus (13, p. 594, e), wrote a full account of the oracle. The modern town of Libadea stands near the site of the ancient city: the castle occupies the site of the Acropolis. (Dodwell, vol. 1, p. 217.-Gell's Itin., p. 178.

Clarke's Travels, vol. 7, p. 168, Lond. ed. — Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 240.)

LEBEDUS (Aéбedoç), one of the twelve cities of Io nia, northwest of Colophon, on the coast. It was at first a flourishing city, but upon the removal of a large portion of its inhabitants to Ephesus by Lysimachus, it sank greatly in importance. (Pausan., 1,9.-Stra bo, 632.) In the time of Horace it was deserted and in ruins. It would seem to have been subsequently restored, as Hierocles, in the seventh century, speaks of it as a place then in existence. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 316.)

LEANDER, a youth of Abydos, beloved by Hero. LECHEUM, that part of Corinth which was situated The story of his fate will be found under the latter on the Sinus Corinthiacus, being distant from the city article. (Vid. Hero.)-The following remarks relate about 12 stadia, and connected with it by means of to his alleged feat of swimming across the Hellespont two long_walls. (Strabo, 380.-Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, and returning the same night. "It was the custom," 5, 11.) It was the great emporium of Corinthian trafobserves Hobhouse, "for those who would cross from fic with the western parts of Greece, as well as with Abydos to Sestos to incline a mile out of the direct Italy and Sicily. (Strab., 1. c.-Polyb., 5, 24.-Id., line, and those making the contrary voyage were obli-5, 24, 12.-Liv., 32, 23.) According to Sir W. Gell,

LEDA, a daughter of King Thestius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king of Sparta. According to the common account, she became, by Jupiter (who assumed for that purpose the form of a swan), the mother of Pollux and Helen, and by her own husband, the parent of Castor and Clytemnestra. Two eggs, it seems, were brought forth by her, from which, respectively, came the children just named, Pollux and Helen being in one, and Castor and Clytemnestra in the other. Other versions, however, are given of the legend, for which consult the articles Castor and Helena. LEDEA, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda. (Virg., Æn., 3, 328.) LEDUS, now Lez, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. (Mela, 2, 5.)

LEGIO septima gemina, a Roman military colony in Spain among the Astures, northeast of Asturica. It is now Leon. (Itin. Ant., p. 395.-Ptolemy, 2, 6.) Ptolemy calls it Legio Septima Germanorum. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 441.)

"Lechæum is thirty-five minutes distant from Corinth, | cape presents a high and bold cliff, on whose steep and consists of about six houses, magazines, and a acclivity the little town of Baba appears, as though custom-house. East of it, the remains of the port are stuck within a nook. It is famous for the manufacyet visible at a place where the sea runs up a channel ture of knives and poniards: their blades are distininto the fields. Near it are the remains of a modern guished in Turkey by the name of Baba Leeks." Venetian fort." (Itin. of the Morea, p. 205.) (Travels, vol. 3, p. 224, seqq., Lond. ed.) A very LECTONIA. Ancient traditions, as well as physical accurate view of the promontory is given in Gell's Toobservations, point out the former existence of the land pography of Troy, p. 21. The place was called Baba of Lectonia, which would seem to have occupied a from a dervish (Baba) buried there, who always gave part of the space now filled by the Grecian Sea. An the Turks intelligence when any rovers were in the earthquake probably broke down its foundations, and neighbouring seas. (Clarke, l. c., in notis.-Egmont the whole was finally submerged under the waves. and Heyman's Travels, vol. 1, p. 162.) Perhaps this event happened when the sea, which was formerly extended over the Scythian plains, forced its way through the Bosporus, and precipitated itself into the basin of the Mediterranean. (Compare remarks under the articles Cyanea and Mediterraneum Mare.) The numerous islands of the Archipelago appear to be the remains of Lectonia, and this tract of land probably facilitated the passage of the first colonists out of Asia into our part of the world. It was the opinion of Pallas that the Euxine and Caspian Seas, as well as the Lake Aral and several others, are the remains of an extensive sea, which covered a great part of the north of Asia. This conjecture of Pallas, which was drawn from his observations in Siberia, has been confirmed by Klaproth's survey of the country northward of Mount Caucasus. Lastly, M. de Choiseul Gouffier adds, that a great part of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Besarabia bears evident traces of having been formed by the sea. It has often been conjectured that the opening of the Bosporus was the occasion of the draining of this ocean in the midst of Europe and Asia. The memory of this disruption of the two continents was preserved in the traditions of Greece. Strabo (49), Pliny (2, 90), and Diodorus Siculus (5, 47), have collected the ancient memorials which existed of so striking a catastrophe. The truth of the story, however, has been placed on more secure grounds by physical observations on the districts in the vicinity of the Bosporus. (Consult Dr. Clarke's Travels, and particularly a Mémoire by M. de Choiseul Gouffier in the Mems. de l'Institut. Royal de France, 1815, in which the author has collected much curious information on this subject.) It appears that the catastrophe was produced by the operation of volcanoes, the fires of which were still burning in the era of the Argonautic voyage, and enter into the poetical descriptions of Apollonius and Valerius Flaccus. According to the false Orpheus, Neptune, being angry with Jupiter, struck the land of Lectonia with his golden trident, and submerged it in the sea, forming islands of many of its scattered fragments. There seems to be some resemblance between the name Lectonia and Lycaonia, but then we must refer the latter term, not to a portion of Asia Minor, but to the northern regions of the globe. Thus we have in Ovid (Fast., 3, 793) the expression Lycaonia Arctos," in the same poet (Trist., 32, 2) " Lycaonia sub axe," and in Claudian (Cons. Mall. Theod., 299) "Lycaonia astra." By the northern regions of the globe, however, Italy and Greece can easily be meant, since they were both referred by the ancients to the countries of the North. (Müller's Univer. History, vol. 1, p. 32, in notis.Ukert, Geographie der Griechen und Römer, vol. 1, p. 346.-Hermann in Orph., Arg., 1274.)

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LELAPS or LÆLAPS, I. a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal it was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with this valuable animal. According to some, Procris had received it from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured him. (Hygın., fab., 28.-Ovid, Met., 7, 771.)-II. One of Acteon's dogs.

LELEGEIS, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. (Plin., 5, 29.)

LELEGES, an ancient race, whose history is involved in great obscurity, in consequence of the various and almost contradictory traditions which exist concerning them; according to which, they are on the one hand represented as among the earliest inhabitants of Greece, while on the other they are said to be the same people as the Carians. Herodotus states (1, 171) that the Carians, who originally inhabited the islands of the Egean Sea, were known by the name of Leleges before they emigrated to Asia Minor; and according to Pausanias (7, 2, 4), the Leleges formed only a part of the Carian nation. The Leleges appear, from numerous traditions, to have inhabited the islands of the Ægean Sea and the western coasts of Asia Minor from a very early period. In Homer they are represented as the allies of the Trojans; and their king Altes is said to have been the father-in-law of Priam. (I., 20, 96.-Ib., 21, 86.) They are said to have founded the temple of Juno in Samos (Athenæus, 15, p. 672), and Strabo informs us that they once inhabited, together with the Carians, the whole of Ionia. (Strab., 331.)—On the other hand, in the numerous traditions respecting them in the north of LECTUM, a promontory of Troas, below the island Greece, we find no connexion between them and the of Tenedos, now Cape Baba. It formed the northern Carians. According to Aristotle (quoted by Strabo, limit, in the time of the eastern empire, of the prov-332), they inhabited parts of Acarnania, Ætolia, Opunince of Asia, as it was termed, which commenced near tian Locris, Leucas, and Boeotia. In the south of the Meander, and extended along the coast upward to Greece we again meet with the same confusion in the Lectum. Dr. Clarke speaks of this promontory as traditions of Megara respecting the Leleges and the Cafollows: "Thence we sailed to the promontory of rians. Car is said to have been one of the most anLectum, now Capo Baba, at the mouth of the Adra-cient kings of Megara, and to have been succeeded in myttian Gulf: the southwestern extremity of that chain the royal power, after the lapse of twelve generations, by of mountains of which Gargarus is the summit. This Lelex, a foreigner from Egypt. (Pausan.. 1.39, 4, seq.)

Лень

Pylus, the grandson of this Lelex, is said to have led
a colony of Megarian Leleges into Messenia, where
he founded the city of Pylus. (Pausan., 4, 36, 1.)
The Lacedæmonian traditions, on the contrary, repre-
sent the Leleges as the original inhabitants of Laco-
nia. (Pausan., 3, 1, 1.)-It can scarcely be doubted,
from the numerous traditions on the subject, that the
Leleges were in some manner closely connected with
the Carians. (Vid. Caria.) The most probable sup-
position is, that the Leleges were a people of Pelas-
gian race, a portion of whom emigrated at a very ear-
y period from the continent of Greece to the islands
of the Ægean Sea, where they became connected with
the Carians (who were a portion, probably, of the same
great family), and subsequently joined them in their
descent upon Asia Minor. (Thirlwall's History of
Greece, vol. 1, p. 44.-Philological Museum, No. 1,
8. v. Ancæus. Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 13, p. 417.)
LELEX, an Egyptian, said to have come with a col-
ony to Megara, and to have attained to kingly power
there. (Pausan., 1, 39, 4:-Vid. Leleges.)

LEMANIS PORTUs, or Lymne, a harbour of Britain,
a little below Dover, where Cæsar is thought to have
landed on his first expedition to that island, having set
out from the Portus Itius in Gaul, a little south of
Calais. (Vid. Itius Portus.)

LEMANNUS LACUs, a lake of Gaul, in the southwest angle of the territory of the Helvetii, and separating them in this quarter from the Allobroges. It is now the Lake of Geneva. This is a most beautiful expanse of water in the form of a crescent, the concave side of which is upward of 45 miles long. Its greatest breadth is about 12 miles. It never wholly freezes over in the severest winters, and it rises about ten feet in summer, by the melting of the snows on the Alps. Besides the Rhone, which traverses its whole length, it receives the waters of forty other streams. (Lucan, 1, 396.—Mela, 2, 5.—Cæs., B. G., 1, 2.—Id. ib., 1, 8.-ld. ib., 3, 1.)

| the Peloponnesian war Lemnos remained in the possession of Athens, and furnished that state with its best light-armed troops. (Thucyd., 4, 28.—Id., 7,57.) Pliny speaks of a remarkable labyrinth which existed in this island, and of which some vestiges were still to be seen in his time. He says it had massive gates, so well poised that a child could throw them open, and one hundred and fifty columns, and was adorned with numerous statues, being even more extensive and splendid than those of Crete or Egypt (36, 13). Modern travellers have in vain attempted to discover any trace of this great work. Dr. Hunt says (1, p. 61), "we could only hear a confused account of a subterranean staircase in an uninhabited part of the island called Pouniah." This spot the Dr. visited but he was of opinion that those ruins have no relation to the labyrinth mentioned by Pliny. He conceives them rather to belong to Hephaestia.-Lemnos contained a remarkable volcano, called Mosychlus, from which fire was seen to blaze forth, according to a fragment of the poet Antimachus, preserved by the scholiast on Nicander (ad. Ther., 472). This volcanic appearance will account for the ancient name of

naces."

thalia, which Lemnos is said to have borne in distant ages. (Polyb., ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. A¿Ðúλn.) "The whole island," says Dr. Hunt, "bears the strongest marks of the appearance of volcanic fire; the rocks in many parts are like burned and vitrified scoriæ of fur(Walpole's Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 59.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 338.) Sonnini, also, before this, remarked respecting this island, that internal fires were very probably still burning there, for he met with a spring of hot water which had been brought to supply baths, and with another of aluminous water. The priests of Lemnos were reckoned famous for the cure of wounds, and the efficacy of their skill depended, it is said, upon the quality of a species of red earth found in the island, called Lemnian earth. This the ancients thought a sovereign remedy against poisons and the bites of serpents, but it is now held in little or no esteem in Europe, although the Greeks and Turks still believe it to possess wonderful medicinal properties. It is dug out of a hill in the island with great ceremony and at particular times, in presence of the Turkish sandjack or governor, and of the Greek clergy, and is shaped into little balls and stamped with the governor's seal, whence it has derived the name of terra sigillata ("sealed earth"). The governor makes a traffic of it, and sends it to Constantinople and other places. It is also used for tanning leather. The modern name of Lemnos is Stalimene. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 338.)

LEMNOS, an island in the Egean Sea, between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. According to Pliny (4, 12) it was 87 miles from Mount Athos; but there must be an error in the MSS. of that author, for the distance is not forty miles from the extreme point of the Acrothoan Cape to the nearest headland of Lemnos. (Compare remarks under the article Athos.) Lemnos is known in ancient mythology as the spot on which Vulcan fell, after being hurled down from heaven, and where he established his forges. A volcano, which once was burning on the island, may have afforded ground for the fable. A story is also recorded by Herodotus and other ancient writers of the women of Lemnos having murdered all the men. (Vid. Hypsipyle.) Homer states that the LEMOVICES, I. a people of Celtic Gaul, subseearliest inhabitants of this island were the Sintians, quently incorporated into Aquitania. They were sita Thracian tribe (Il., 1, 593.—Strabo, Exc., 7, p. 331), uated to the south of the Bituriges Cubi and to the whence Apollonius Rhodius terms it Evrida Añuvov west of the Arverni. Their capital was Augustori(1, 608. — Compare Schol. Thucyd., 2, 98. — Steph. tum, afterward called Lemovices, now Limoges, in the Byz., s. v. Añμvos.) To these succeeded the Tyr-department de la Haute-Vienne. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 4.) rhenian Pelasgi, who had been driven out of Attica. They are said to have afterward stolen some Athenian women from Brauron, and carried them to Lemnos; and it is also said, that the children of these women having despised their half-brethren, born of Pelasgian women, the Pelasgi took the resolution of murdering both the Athenian women and their offspring. In consequence of these atrocities, Lemnos had a bad name among the ancient Greeks. (Consult Erasm., Chil. col., 297, s. v. Anμviov kakóν.) Lemnos was still in the possession of these Pelasgi when it was invaded and conquered by Otanes, a Persian general. (Herod., | 5, 26.) But on his death it is probable that the island again recovered its independence; for we know that, subsequent to this event, Miltiades conquered it for Athens, and expelled those Pelasgi who refused to submit to his authority. (Herod., 6, 140.) During

II. A people of Gaul, forming part of the Armoric nations, and lying to the east and northeast of the Osismii. (Cas., B. G., 7, 75.) Some scholars, however, with great probability, suppose that the text of Cæsar, where mention is made of them, requires correction, and that for Lemovices we ought to read Leonices. (Consult Lemaire, Ind. Geogr., ad Cæs., p. 295.)

LEMURES, a name given by the Romans to the spirits of the departed, also called Manes. If beneficent, they were termed Lares; if hurtful, Larvæ. (Vid. Lares, p. 721, col. 2, near the end.)— Solemn rites were celebrated in honour of the Lemures, called Lemuria. They began on the night of the 9th May, and were continued for three nights, not successively, but alternately during six days. Midnight was the time for their celebration. The master

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of the house then arose, and went barefoot, through the darkness, to a fountain, where he washed his hands. He proceeded to it in silence, making merely a slight noise with his fingers, to drive away the shades that might be gathering around. After he had washed his hands three times, he returned, casting behind him at the same time some black figs which he carried in his mouth, and uttering in a low tone the following words: "With these figs do I ransom myself and my family." He repeated these same words nine times, with the same formalities, and without looking behind. Then, after a short interval of silence, he exclaimed with a loud voice, striking at the same time on a brazen vessel, "Paternal Manes, Lemures, deities of the lower world, depart from this abode." Fires were immediately kindled in every part of the mansion, and the ceremony ended. During the time for celebrating these rites the temples were closed, and no one could be united in marriage. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 421, seqq.-Pers., Sat., 5, 185.– Horat., Epist., 2, 2, 209.)

LENEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from Anvóc, a wine-press. (Vid. Bacchus, and also Theatrum, § 2, Dramatic Contests.)

ter.

the boys, the player at tennis who missed his stroke
presented the calf of his leg, to receive as a punish-
ment a certain number of blows upon it. Lentulus,
in allusion to that game, acted in this manner, which
accounts for the surname, or, rather, nickname of Sura.
(Sall., Bell. Cat.-Plut., Vit. Cic.)-III. P. Corne-
lius, surnamed Spinther, held the office of curule
ædile B.C. 65, when Cicero and Antonius were
consuls. His great wealth enabled him to display a
magnificence in the celebration of the games which
surpassed what had ever before been seen at Rome.
In the year 59 B.C. he was proprætor of Hispania Ci-
terior. He was elected consul with Q. Cæcilius Me-
tellus Nepos, and procured, with others, the recall of
Cicero from banishment. In the civil war he attached
himself to the side of Pompey, and, having been taken
prisoner, was brought before Cæsar at Corfinium, and
set at liberty. He fought in the battle of Pharsalia,
and fled to Rhodes; but the Rhodians refused him pro-
tection. Nothing farther is known respecting him.
According to Valerius Maximus, he received the sur-
name of Spinther from his resemblance to a comedian
of that name. (Val. Max., 9, 14, 4.- Cic., Off., 2,
16.-Id., ad Quir. post. Red., 5.-Id., Ep. ad Fam.,
13, 48, &c.)-IV. Cn. Gætulicus, was consul A.D.
26, and was put to death by Caligula on a charge of
conspiracy. (Dio Cass., 59, 22.-Sueton., Vit. Claud.,
9.) He was distinguished as an historical and a po-
etical writer. (Voss., Hist. Lat., 1, 25.— Crus. ad
Sueton., Vit. Calig., 8.)

LEO, I. a philosopher or astronomer of Constantinople, in the first half of the ninth century. He is spoken of in high terms by the Byzantine writers. One of his numerous pupils having been taken prisoner by the Arabians and conducted to Bagdad, astonished, it is said, the Caliph Al-Mamoun by the extent of his astronomical knowledge. The surprise of the Mussulman prince was, however, greatly increased when he learned that his captive was merely a scholar; but it reached its height when he was informed that the preceptor from whom he imbibed his learning was living in obscurity at Constantinople. The caliph immediately invited Leo to leave a country where his merits found no reward, and come to a court where the sciences were honoured. Leo dared not, however, leave the capital of the East for such a purpose, with

LENTULUS, a family name of one of the most ancient and distinguished branches of the Gens Cornelia. The appellation is said to have been derived from the circumstance of one of the line having been born with a wart on his visage, shaped like a lentil (lens, gen. lentis). It is more probable, however, that the appellation arose from some peculiar skill displayed by the founder of the family in the culture of the lentil.-The most eminent or best known of the Lentuli were the following: I. L. Cornelius, was consul A.U.C. 427, B.C. 327, and cleared Umbria of the brigands that infested it. He was present, six years afterward, at the disastrous affair of the Furce Caudine, and was one of those who exhorted the Roman consuls to submit to the humiliating conditions offered by the Samnites, in order to save the whole army. (Liv., 8, 22, seqq. -Id., 9, 4.)—II. P. Cornelius, surnamed Sura, a Roman nobleman, grandson of P. Cornelius Lentulus, who had been Princeps Senatus. He married Julia, sister of L. Julius Cæsar, after the death of her first husband, M. Antonius Creticus, to whom she had borne M. Antonius the triumvir. Lentulus was a man of talents, but extremely corrupt in his private charac-out first obtaining the permission of the reigning emThe interest of his family and the affability of his manners, proceeding from a love of popularity, raised him through the usual gradations of public honours to the office of consul, which he obtained B.C. 73, in conjunction with Cn. Aufidius Orestis. pelled subsequently from the senate on account of his immoral conduct, he had procured the prætorship, the usual step for being restored to that body, when Catiline formed his design of subverting the government. Poverty, the natural consequence of excessive dissipation, added to immoderate vanity and extravagant ambition, induced him to join in the conspiracy. The soothsayers easily persuaded him that he was the third member of the Cornelian house, destined by the Fates to enjoy the supreme power at Rome, Cinna and Sylla having both attained to that elevation. His schemes, however, all proved abortive: he was arrested, along with others of the conspirators, by the orders of Cicero, who was then in the consulship, and having been brought before a full senate, was condemned to death, and strangled in prison. Plutarch informs us that he received the name of Sura from the following circumstance. He had wasted a large sum of money in his quæstorship under Sylla, and the latter, enraged at his conduct, demanded a statement of his accounts in the senate. Lentulus thereupon, with the utmost indifference, declared he had no accounts to produce, and contemptuously presented the calf (sura) of his leg. Among the Romans, and particularly among

peror. The monarch, who was Theophilus, refused to give his assent, but bestowed many appointments on the hitherto neglected astronomer, and gave him the use of a church for his public lectures, which had beEx-fore been delivered in a mere hut. The caliph then addressed a remarkable letter to Theophilus, requesting him to allow Leo to spend only a short time with him, and promising him, in return, a large sum of money, and a lasting peace and alliance. Theophilus persisted in his refusal, but opened, at the same time, a public school for Leo in one of the imperial palaces, assigned to him the instruction of the youth of the capital, and loaded him with honours and privileges. He was subsequently appointed to the archbishopric of Thessalonica; but, being a decided enemy to images, was compelled to abandon his see when the heresy of the Iconoclasts was condemned, A.D. 849. He returned upon this to Constantinople, and resumed his former station of professor of astronomy. As he has left no work behind him, we can form no opinion of his scientific merits; for the reputation which his pupil gained at the court of Bagdad, and the eulogiums bestowed on Leo himself by the Byzantine writers, ought not to carry any very great weight with them. It should be remarked, however, that Cæsar Bardas, wishing to revive the sciences at Constantinople, allowed himself to be directed in this enterprise by the advice of Leo. (Le Beau, Histoire du Bas-Empire, vol. 7, p. 69, seqq.-Vol. 7, p. 136.—Schöll, Hist.

Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 58.)-II. An historical writer, sur named the Carian, who published a continuation of Theophanes. His work, which extends from A.D. 813 to 949, is entitled Xpovoypapia rà rŵv véwv ßaochéwv mepiéxovoa, "Chronicle of the late emperors." We have an edition of this work by Combefis, Paris, 1655, fol.III. Surnamed the Deacon (Atáкovoç), born about A.D. 950, at Colæ, a village of Ionia at the foot of Mount Tmolus. He was attached, by virtue of his office of Alákovos, to the court of the Greek emperors, which is nearly all that we know of his personal history. He wrote, in ten books, a history of the emperors Romanus II. the younger, Nicephorus Phocas, and John Zimisces, that is, of the years included between 959 and 975. His object in composing this work was to give a histoire raisonnée of the events which took place under his own eyes. Such an undertaking, however, was beyond his strength. His style is neither elegant nor clear, and we are often startled at the introduction of Latin words in a Greek garb. His work abounds with specimens of false eloquence and bad taste: occasionally, however, we meet with agreeable and pleasing details. The best edition at present is that of Hase, Paris, 1819, folio. The work will form a part, however, of the new edítion of Byzantine writers now in a course of publication. IV. Magentenus or Magentinus, a metropolitan of Mytilene, flourished about 1340 A.D. He wrote commentaries on the works of Aristotle "On Interpretation," and the "first Analytics." The first of these commentaries is given in the Aldine collection of the Peripatetic writers, 1503; the second at the end of the Venice edition (1536) of John Philoponus. -V. The First, surnamed the Great, an emperor of the East, born in Thrace of an obscure family, and who owed his advancement through the various gradations of the Roman army to the powerful favour of Aspar, a Gothic chief who commanded the auxiliaries, and his son Ardaburius. Leo was in command of a body of troops encamped at Selymbria, when his ambitious protectors made him ascend the throne left vacant by the death of the virtuous Marcian. The senate confirmed this choice; and Leo was acknowledged as emperor at the head of the forces, Feb. 7, A.D. 457, and crowned by Anatolius, patriarch of Constantinople. It is believed to have been the first example given of this sacred sanction in the elevation of a monarch to the throne. Aspar soon perceived that Leo would not long support the yoke im- | posed upon him. A quarrel arose between them relative to the party of the Eutychians who had massacred their bishop and appointed another in his stead. Aspar espoused the cause of the latter, but Leo drove him from his see, and nominated an orthodox prelate to the vacant place. Leo had already before this obtained some signal successes over the barbarians, and had restored peace to the empire of the East. He wished also to put an end to the troubles of the Western Empire, torn by the ambition and fury of Ricimer, desolated by Genseric, and governed by mere phantoms of emperors. Genseric braved the menaces of Leo. The latter, whose armies had just repelled the Huns, and slain one of the sons of Attila, united all his forces, and sent them into Africa against the Vandal prince; but the inexperience, or, according to Procopius, the treachery of Basiliscus saved Genseric, and the Roman army returned ingloriously home. Aspar and his son were suspected of having contributed by their intrigues to bring about these reverses, and Leo, wearied out with their audacity, determined to put an end to it. Afraid, however, of their power, he spread a snare for them unworthy of a monarch; he flattered Aspar with the hope of a union between Patricola, a son of the latter, and Ariadne, daughter of the emperor. A report of this intended match, purposely circulated abroad, excited the indignation of the

populace, who hated the family of Aspar on account of their Arian principles. A sedition ensued. Aspar and his sons were compelled to fly for refuge to the church of St. Euphemia, and were only induced to quit this asylum on the urgent invitations of Leo, confirmed by oaths, for them to come to the royal palace. The moment they arrived there, Aspar and Ardaburius were beheaded. The Arians, enraged at the loss of their protector, incited Ricimer to trouble anew the repose of the West, and prevailed upon the Goths to attack Constantinople. The environs of the capital were in consequence laid waste for the space of two years by these barbarian invaders, until Leo succeeded in driving them off and concluding a peace. He died A.D. 474, leaving the empire to the young Leo, the son of his daughter Ariadne and of Zeno, an Isaurian, whom he had made a patrician and captain of his guards, in order to balance the power of Aspar. He had first vainly endeavoured to fix the succession upon Zeno himself. Leo has preserved the reputation of an active, enlightened, and vigilant monarch, who neglected nothing that had a tendency to promote the welfare of his subjects. He promulgated wise laws, and gave the example of moderation and economy which had been so long needed in the state. He is not exempt, however, from the charge of avarice, and of weakness also, in allowing the ambition of Aspar to go so long unpunished. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 24, p. 135.)-VI. The second, called also the Younger, grandson of Leo I., and son of Ariadne and Zeno. He was declared Augustus at the moment of his grandfather's death. Although scarcely four years old at the period of his elevation, this choice was, notwithstanding, very agreeable to the people, who detested Zeno on account of his Arian tenets and his Isaurian origin. Verina, however, the widow of the deceased emperor, and Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, neglected neither intrigues nor seductive arts to conciliate for Zeno the favour of the populace. When all difficulties were believed to be removed, Ariadne conducted the young Leo to the hippodrome, and placed him on an elevated throne. There the child, a feeble tool in the hands of two ambitious females, called Zeno to him, and, placing the crown on the head of the latter, named him his colleague in the empire. Leo died soon after, having been poisoned, as was supposed, by Zeno, his own father, after a reign of about ten months. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 24, p. 136.) —VII. The third, surnamed the Isaurian, born in Isauria of a mean family, and originally a dealer in cattle. His true name was Conon. A prediction made to him by some Jews, who declared that his fortune would be a brilliant one if he changed his name and took up the profession of arms, induced him to enter on a new career. He served at first as a private soldier in the army of Justinian II. Here his zeal, and some services which he had rendered, attracted the notice of the emperor, who received him into his guards, and raised him rapidly to the highest stations. Justinian having at length begun to entertain fears of his ambition, sent him on a dangerous expedition against the tribes of Caucasus. After having signalized his valour and military skill in the execution of this order, Leo returned to Constantinople, and Anastasius, who was now on the throne, appointed him to the command of the troops in Asia. On receiving intelligence of the deposition of Anastasius, Leo refused to acknowledge Theodosius III., whom the revolted fleet had proclaimed emperor. The Saracens, who were then ravaging the empire, excited Leo to seize upon the sceptre, having promised to aid him with all their forces. He had great need of prudence and address for managing these dangerous allies. Obliged alternately to deceive and to intimidate them, he found at last a fit moment for marching on Constantinople, where Theodosius yielded up the throne to him

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