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of dwellings. Macrobius (Sat., 1, 7) informs us, that | ria, on the banks of the Tigris. The ten thousand it was Junius Brutus who, after the expulsion of the found it deserted and in ruins. Xenophon states that Tarquins, introduced a new form of sacrifice, by vir- it had been once inhabited by the Medes. (Anab., 3, tue of which, heads of garlic and poppies were offered 4, 7.) Bochart (Geogr. Sacr., 4, 23) considers it up in place of human heads, ut, pro capitibus, capit- identical with the city mentioned in Genesis (10, 12) ibus supplicaretur, in accordance with the oracle of under the name of Resen; but Michaelis opposes this. Apollo. Every family, during these festivals, brought (Spicileg. Geogr. Hebr., vol. 1, p. 247.)-VI. An ana cake for an offering; slaves enjoyed a perfect equal- cient and flourishing city of Thessaly, on the river ity with their masters, as on the Saturnalia; and it Peneus, to the northeast of Pharsalus. It is not menwas slaves, not free men, that assisted the priests in tioned by Homer, unless, indeed, the Argos Pelasgithe sacrifices offered up on this occasion to the tute- cum of the poet is to be identified with it (Il., 2, 681), lary genii of the ways. (Dion. Hal., 4-Cic., ad Att., and this notion would not be entirely groundless if, as 7, 7.-Horat., Od., 3, 17, 14, and Mitscherlich, ad Strabo (440) informs us, there was once a city named Horat., l. c.) In case of death in a family, a sacrifice Argos close to Larissa. The same geographer has of sheep was offered up to the family Lares. (Cic., de enumerated all the ancient towns of the latter name, Leg., 2, 22, 55, where we must read, with Görenz, and we may collect from his researches that it was pevervecibus.-Marini, Atti, &c., 1, p. 373.)-As re- culiar to the Pelasgi, since all the countries in which gards the forms under which the Lares were repre- it was found had at different periods been occupied by sented, it may be observed, that it differed often but that people. (Compare Dion. Hal., 1, 21.) This city little from that of the Penates. Thus, on the coins was placed in that most fertile part of the province of the Casian family, they are represented as two which had been occupied by the Perrhæbi, who were young men, seated, their heads covered with helmets, partly expelled by Larissæans, while the rest were and holding spears in their hands, while a dog watch-kept in close subjection, and rendered tributary. Aces at their feet. Sometimes, as we have already re- cording to Aristotle, the constitution of this city was marked, the heads of the Lares are represented as democratical. Its magistrates were elected by the covered with, or their mantle as formed of, the skin people, and considered themselves as dependant on of a dog. At other times we find the Lares resem- their favour. (Aristot., de Rep., 5, 6.) This fact bling naked children, with the bulla hanging from the will account for the support which the Athenians deneck, and always accompanied by the attribute of the rived from the republic of Larissa during the Pelopondog. (Creuzer, Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, pt.nesian war. (Thucyd., 2, 32.) The Aleuada, men1, p. 416, seqq.)

LARINUM, a town of Apulia, which appears to have belonged once to the Frentani, from the name of Larinates Frentani attached to its inhabitants by Pliny (3, 12). It was situate on the road which led from Picenum into Apulia. (Liv., 22, 18.) Its ruins, which are said to be considerable, occupy the site called Larina Vecchio. (Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 20.)

tioned by Herodotus as princes of Thessaly at the time
of the Persian invasion, were natives of this city.
(Herod., 9, 58.) Diodorus Siculus (16, 61) informs
us, that the citadel of Larissa was a place of great
strength. Though the territory of this city was rich
and fertile, it was subject to great losses, caused by
the inundations of the Peneus. (Strabo, 440.-Plin.,
4,8.-Hierocl., Synecdem., p. 642.) Dr. Clarke states
that he could discover no ruins at Larissa, which still
retains the ancient name; but that the inhabitants gave
the name of Old Larissa to a Palæo Castro, which is
situated upon some very high rocks, at four hours' dis-
tance towards the east (vol. 7, p. 339). Dr. Holland
and Mr. Dodwell are, however, of opinion, that the
modern Larissa stands upon the remains of the ancient
city. (Holland's Travels, p. 390.-Dodwell's Tour,
vol. 2, p. 100.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 385,
seqq.)-VII. Cremaste, so called from the steepness
of its situation, a city of Thessaly in the district Phthi-
otis, and south of Phthiotic Thebe. It lay in the do-
mains of Achilles, and it is probably from that circum-
stance that Virgil gives him the title of Larissæus,
unless this epithet is a general one for Thessalicus.
Dodwell thought he discovered the ruins of this place
at about three quarters of an hour's distance from the
village of Gradista (vol. 2, p. 81.-Compare Gell's
Itinerary of Greece, p. 252.)-VIII. An old town of
the Pelasgi in Attica, near Mount Hymettus. Some
ruins, indicative of the site of an ancient town near the
monastery of Syriani, at the foot of Mount Trelo Vou-
ni, have been thought to correspond with this ancient
Pelasgic settlement. (Strabo, 440.)-IX. A town on
the confines of Elis and Achaia. (Xen., Hist. Gr.,
3, 2, 17.)-X. The acropolis of Argos, deriving its
name, as was said, from Larissa, daughter of Pelas-
gus. It was also called Aspis. (Plut., Vit. Cleom.
-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 244.)

LARISSA, I. a town of Syria, on the western side of the Orontes, southeast of Apamea. It was either founded or else re-established by Seleucus Nicator. (Appian, B. Syr., c. 57.) Pliny calls the inhabitants Larissæi (5, 23). The city appears to have made no figure in history. Its true Oriental name would seem to have been Sizara, or something closely resembling it. Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v.) gives Sizara (Eiapa) as the Syriac name of the place, and Abulfeda (Tab. Syr., p. 110) and other Arabian writers speak of a fortress in this quarter named Schaizar or Sjaizar. (Compare Schultens, Index ad Vitam Saladini, s. v. Siajzarum.)-II. A town of Lydia, in the Caystrian field, and territory of Ephesus. It had a famous temple of Apollo. Larissa was situate near Mount Tmofus, 180 stadia from Ephesus, and 30 stadia from Tralles, on the northern side of the Messogis. The adjacent country produced very good wine. (Strabo, 620.) -III. A town on the coast of Troas, north of Colona and Alexandrea Troas. Whether it is the same with the place assigned by Homer to the Pelasgi (Il., 2, 841) is uncertain. Strabo, however, decides in favour of the Larissa below Cuma. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 465.)-IV. A town of Æolis, in Asia Minor, to the southeast of Cyme, and on the northern bank of the Hermus. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 394.) It is supposed by Strabo to have been the same with the Larissa mentioned by Homer (ll., 2, 841), and was called by the Eolians, after it was taken by them from the Pelasgi, Phriconis, for distinction' sake from the other Larissas. Cyme was also named Phriconis. (Strabo, 621.) Another appellation given to the place was Larissa Ægyptiaca, because it was said to have been one of the towns which Cyrus the elder gave to the Egyptians who had come over to him from the army of Croesus. (Xen., Cyrop., LARISSUS, a river of Achaia, forming the line of sep7, 1, 45.-Compare Hist. Gr., 3, 1, 7.) In Strabo's aration between that country and Elis. (Pausan., 7, time the place was uninhabited.-V. A city of Assy-17.-Plin., 4, 5.) Strabo informs us that it flowed

LARISSAEUS, an epithet applied by Virgil (En., 2, 197; 11, 404) to Achilles, either with reference to the town of Larissa Cremaste, which lay within his dominions (vid. Larissa VII.), or as equivalent generally to Thessalicus. Heyne prefers the latter interpretation (ad En., 2, 197).

from Mount Scollis, which Homer (I., 11, 757) designates by the name of "Olenian rock." (Strabo, 387.) The modern name of this river is Risso or Mana. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 73.)

in the temple of Diana on the Aventine, for themselves and the Latins. Tarquinius Priscus assumed the presidency on the Alban Mount, as it was subsequently exercised by the chief magistrates of Rome, after the dissolution of the Latin state; but the opinion that Tarquinius instituted the festival is quite erroneous, as its antiquity is proved to have been far higher. Like the Greek festivals, this Latin one ensured a sacred truce. It lasted four days. The consuls always celebrated the Latin Holy days before they set out to their provinces; and if they had not been rightly performed, or if anything had been omitted, it was necessary that they should be repeated. (Consult on this whole subject Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 16, seqq., Eng. transl.)

LARIUS, Lacus, a lake of Cisalpine Gaul, north of the Padus, and east of the Lacus Verbanus. The name Larius is supposed to have been of Etrurian origin. Whatever truth, however, there may have been in this conjecture, there is no mention of the name prior to the time of Polybius, who, as Strabo (209) reports, estimated its length at 300 stadia and its breadth at 30, or 38 miles by 4. Servius says that Cato reckoned 60 miles from one extremity to the other, and the real distance, including the Lake of Chiavenna, is not short of that measurement; so that Virgil (Georg., 2, 159) seems justified in saying, " Anne lacus tantos? LATINI, the inhabitants of Latium. (Vid. Latium.) te Lari maxime-" The younger Pliny had two vil- LATINUS, I. a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the las on this lake, which he describes (Epist., 9, 7). Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. The one which he calls his Tragedy stood probably He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughat Bellagio, as from thence the view extends over ter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, both arms of the lake. The intermitting fountain, of called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by which he gives an account (4, 20), still exists under her mother to Turnus, king of the Rutuli, one of her the name of Pliniana. This lake receives the Addua most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, or Adda, which again emerges from it, and pursues its and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the course to the Po. The modern name is Lago di Co-wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Itmo, from the modern Como, the ancient Comum. The aly seemed favourable to the realization of this predic surrounding country is highly picturesque, being cov- tion, and Latinus was prompted to become the friend ered with vineyards, interspersed with beautiful villas, and ally of the Trojan prince, and to offer him his and skirted by lofty mountains. A headland, run-daughter in marriage. Turnus, upon this, declared ning boldly into the lake at its southern end, causes it to branch off into two arms, at the extremity of the western one of which the town of Como is situate. LARS OF LARTES TOLUMNIUS, a king of the Veientes, slain in battle by Cornelius Cossus. (Vid. Spolia Opima.-Liv., 4, 17.—Id., 4, 19.)

war against the king and Æneas, but lost his life in battle by the hand of the latter, who thereupon received Lavinia as his spouse. Latinus died soon after, and Eneas succeeded him on the throne of Latium. So says the fabulous legend. (Vid. Eneas.-Virg., Æn., 9, &c.-Ovid, Met., 13, &c.; Fast., 2, &c.-Dion. Hal., 1, 13. — Liv., 1, 1, &c.—Justin, 43, 1.)— II. A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded his father. (Dion. Hal., 1, 15.)

LARTIUS FLORUS, I. T., a consul, who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B.C. 498. (Liv., 2, 18.)-II. Spurius, one of the three Romans who with stood the fury of Porsenna's army at the head of a LATIUM, a country of Italy, lying south of Etruria, bridge while the communication was cutting down be- from which it was separated by the Tiber.-The earhind them. His companions were Cocles and Her-liest records of Italian history, as we are assured by minius. (Vid. Cocles.-Liv., 2, 10, 18.-Dionys. H. -Val. Max., 3, 2.)

LARVE, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night, and came to terrify the world. (Consult remarks under the article Lares.)

Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1, 9), represented the plains of Latium as first inhabited by the Siculi, a people of obscure origin, but who would be entitled to our notice from the circumstance above mentioned, even had they not acquired additional historical importance from their subsequent migration to the celebrated island from them named Sicily. (Vid. Siculi.) Ancient writers do not seem agreed as to the name of the people who compelled the Siculi to abandon Latium. Dionysius informs us, that Philistus ascribed their expulsion to the Umbri and Pelasgi. Thucydi des refers the same event to the Opici; while Antiochus of Syracuse, a still more ancient writer, represents the Siculi as flying from the Enotri. Notwithstanding this apparent discrepance, it is pretty evident, that under these different names of Umbri, Opici, and

LASUS, a celebrated dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione in Argolis, and, according to some authorities, the instructer of Pindar. (Thom. Mag., Vit. Pind.) He was contemporary with Simonides (Aristoph., Vesp., 1401-Schol., Vesp., 1402), and flourished in the reign of Hipparchus at Athens (Herod., 7, 6), and in the reign of Darius. (Schol., Vesp., 1401.) He was the first that introduced the dithyrambic measure into the celebrations at the Olympic games. The poet Archilochus, however, who was much older than notri, the same people are designated whom DionysLasus, uses the word Dithyrambus in two verses cited ius and the Roman historians usually term Aborigi by Athenæus (p. 628), so that Lasus could not have nes. (Ant. Rom., 1, 10.) The Aborigines, interbeen the inventor of this species of measure. (Bent-mixing with several Pelasgic colonies, occupied Laley, Diss. on Phalaris, p. 254, ed. 1816.)

LATINE FERIE, or Latin Holydays, a festival among the Romans. It was originally the solemn meeting of the cantons of Latium, and afterward, on the overthrow of the Latin republic, was converted into a Roman celebration. At first the Romans took part in it, as members of the Latin confederacy, into which they had entered by virtue of an old treaty, made A.U C. 261, which placed the thirty cities of Latium on a perfect equality with the Romans. The place for holding the festival was the Alban Mount; and, so long as Latium had a dictator, none but he could offer a sacrifice there, and preside at the holydays. He sacrificed on behalf of the Romans likewise, as they did

tium, and soon formed themselves into the several communities of Latini, Rutuli, Hernici, and Volsci, even prior to the Trojan war and the supposed arrival of Æneas.-The name of Prisci Latini was first given to certain cities of Latium, supposed to have been colonized by Latinus Sylvius, one of the kings of Alba, but most of which were afterward conquered and destroyed by Ancus Marcius and Tarquinius Priscus. (Liv., 1, 3.) In the reign of Tarquinius Superbus we find the Latin nation united under the form of a confederate republic, and acknowledging that ambitious prince as the protector of their league. (Liv., 1, 50.) After the expulsion of the tyrant from Rome, we are told that the Latins, who favoured his cause,

experienced a total defeat near the Lake Regillus, and | which will be found near the commencement of the were obliged to sue for peace. (Dion. Hal., 6, 18.) article Apollo. Her children by Jupiter were Apollo According to this historian, the Latins received the and Diana.-While wandering from place to place thanks of the Roman senate, some years afterward, with her offspring, Latona, says a legend most prettifor having taken no advantage of the disturbances at ly told by Ovid (Metamorph., 6, 313, seqq.), arrived in Rome, which finally led to the secession of the people Lycia. The sun was shining fiercely, and the godto Mons Sacer, and for having, on the contrary, offered dess was parched with thirst. She saw a pool and every assistance in their power on that occasion; he knelt down at it to drink. Some clowns, who were adds also that a perpetual league was formed at that time there cutting sedge and rushes, refused to allow her between the Romans and the Latins. However, about to slake her thirst. In vain the goddess entreated, 143 years afterward, we find the latter openly rebell-representing that water was common to all, and aping, and refusing to supply the usual quota of troops pealing to their compassion for her babes. The brutes which they had agreed to furnish as allies of Rome. were insensible: they not only mocked at her distress, Their bold demand, which was urged through L. An- but jumped into and muddied the water. The godnius Setinus, in the Roman senate, that one of the dess, though the most gentle of her race, was roused consuls at least should be chosen out of their nation, to indignation: she raised her hand to heaven, and led to an open rupture. A war followed, which was cried, "May you live for ever in that pool!" Her rendered remarkable from the circumstances of the wish was instantly accomplished, and the churis were execution of the young Manlius by order of his father, turned into frogs.-Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus and the devotion of Decius. After having been de- and wife of Amphion, proud of her numerous offspring, feated in several encounters, the Latins were reduced ventured to set herself before Latona; the offended to subjection, with the exception of a few towns, goddess called upon her children, Apollo and Diana, which experienced greater lenity, and Latium thence- and soon Niobe was, by the arrows of those deities, forth ceased to be an independent state. (Liv., 8, made a childless mother, and became stiffened into 14.-Plin, 34, 5.) At that time the rights of Roman stone with grief. (Vid. Niobe.)-Tityus, the son of citizens had been granted to a few only of the Latin Earth, or of Jupiter and Elara, happened to see Latocities; but at a later period the Gracchi sought to na one time as she was going to Delphi (Pytho). level all such distinctions between the Latins and the Inflamed with love, he attempted to offer her violence. Romans. This measure, however, was not carried. The goddess called her children to her aid, and he The Social war followed; and though the confederates soon lay slain by their arrows. His punishment did were finally conquered, after a long and desperate not cease with life, but vultures preyed upon his liver contest, the senate thought it advisable to decree, in Erebus. (Vid. Tityus.) The Greeks personified that all the Latin cities which had not taken part with night under the title of AHT or Latona, and BAYBQ; the allies should enjoy the rights of Roman citizens. the one signifying oblivion, and the other sleep or Many of these towns were, however, deprived of their quietude (Plutarch, ap. Euseb., Præp. Evang., 3, 1. privileges by Sylla; and it was not till the close of the Hesych., s. v. Bavbw); both of which were meant republic that the Latins were admitted generally to par- to express the unmoved tranquillity prevailing through ticipate in all the rights and immunities enjoyed by the the infinite variety of unknown darkness that preceded Quirites. (Suet., Vit. Jul., 8.-Ascon., Ped. in Pis., the creation or first emanation of light. Hence she p. 490.—On the Jus Latii and Jus Italicum, consult was said to have been the first wife of Jupiter (Odyss., Lipsius, ad Tacit., Ann., 11, 24.- Panvin., Comm. 11, 579), the mother of Apollo and Diana, or the sun Reip. Rom., 3, p. 329.-Spanheim, Orb. Rom., 1, and moon, and the nurse of the earth and the stars. 16.)-The name of Latium was at first given to that The Egyptians differed a little from the Greeks, and portion of Italy only which extends from the mouth of supposed her to be the nurse and grandmother of Hothe Tiber to the Circæan promontory, a distance of rus and Bubastis, their Apollo and Diana (Herod., 2, about 50 miles along the coast; but subsequently this 156), in which they agree more exactly with the anlatter boundary was removed to the river Liris, whence cient naturalists, who held that heat was nourished by arose the distinction of Latium Antiquum and Novum. the humidity of night. (Macrob., Sat., 1, 23.) Her (Strabo, 231.-Plin., 3, 5.) At a still later period, symbol was the Mygale or Mus Araneus, anciently the southern boundary of Latium was extended from supposed to be blind (Plut., Sympos., 4, p. 670. — the Liris to the mouth of the river Vulturnus and the Anton., Liberal. Fab., 28); but she is usually repreMassic hills. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 1, seqq.) sented upon the monuments of ancient art under the LATMUS, a mountain of Caria, near Miletus. It was form of a large and comely woman, with a veil upon famous as having been the scene of the fable of En- her head. This veil, in painting, was always black; dymion. (Vid. Endymion.) In the vicinity of this and in gems the artists generally availed themselves of a mountain stood the city of Heraclea, commonly termed dark-coloured vein in the stone to express it; it being 'Hρákλeια ý vπò Aarμov, "Heraclea below, or at the the same as that which was usually thrown over the foot of, Latmus." The mountain gave to the adja-symbol of the generative attribute to signify the nutricent bay the name of Latmicus Sinus. (Mela, 1, 17.-Plin., 5, 29.)

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tive power of night fostering the productive power of the pervading spirit; whence Priapus is called in the poets black-cloaked. (Mosch., Epitaph. Bion., 27.) The veil is often stellated. (Knight, Inquiry into the Symb. Lang., &c., § 87.—Class. Journ., vol. 24, p. 214.)

LATOBRIGI, a people of Belgic Gaul, in the vicinity of the Tulingi, Rauraci, and Helvetii, whose country lay on the banks of the Rhine, about 90 miles to the west of the Lacus Brigantinus, or Lake of Constance. If they are the nation called by Ptolemy Latobici, they LATOPOLIS, a city of Egypt in the Thebaïd, between must have changed their settlements before that geog- Thebes and Apollinopolis Magna. It derived its Greek rapher wrote, as he includes their territories in Pan-name from the fish Latos worshipped there, which nonia near Noricum. (Cæs., B. G., 1, 2.—Id. ib., 3, 1.)

LATOMIE. Vid. Lautumiæ.

LATONA (in Greek Leto), was the daughter of the Titans Cous and Phoebe. In Homer she appears as one of the wives of Jupiter, and there occur no traces of enmity between her and Juno. (П., 21, 499.) Later poets, however, fable much about the persecution she underwent from that goddess, an account of

was regarded as the largest of all the fishes of the Nile. (Athenæus, 7, 17.-Strabo, 816.) The later writers drop the term oɩ (polis), and call the place merely Laton (Aárov, Hierocles), and therefore, in the Itin. Anton. and Notitia Imperii, the ablative form Lato occurs. The modern Esne occupies the site of Latopolis, and is an important place in the caravan trade from Darfur and the more southern regions. (Man nert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 331.)

LAVERNA, a Roman divinity, the patron-goddess of thieves, who were anciently called Laverniones (Festus, s. v.), and of all, in general, who practised artifice and fraud. (Horat., Epist., 1, 16, 60.) At Rome she had an altar by the temple of Tellus, near the gate which was called from her the gate of Laverna. (Varro, L. L., 4, p. 45.) There was also a temple of this goddess near Famiæ. (Cic., Ep: ad Att., 7, 8.) Her name is probably derived from lateo, significatory of darkness or obscurity. (Compare the change of t and v in riλ and vello; enw and volo; Khirus and clivus, &c. - Keightley's Mythology, p. 529.Consult Mem. Acad. des Inscript., &c., vol. 7, p. 77, "De la Deesse Laverne.")

LAVERNIUM, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. (Cic., Att., 7, 8.)

LAVINIA, a daughter of King Latinus and Amata, promised by her mother in marriage to Turnus, but given eventually to Eneas. (Vid. Latinus.) At her husband's death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of Ascanius, her step-son, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Eneas Sylvius. (Virg., Æn., 6, 7.--Ovid, Met., 14, 507.—Liv., 1, 1.) LAVINIUM, a city of Latium, situate on the river Numicius, near the coast, and to the west of Ardea. It was said to have been founded by Æneas, on his marriage with the daughter of Latinus (Dion. Hal., 1, 45.—Liv., 1, 1); this story, however, would go but little towards proving the existence of such a town, if it were not actually enumerated among the cities of Latium by Strabo and other authors, as well as by the Itineraries. Plutarch notices it as the place in which Tatius, the colleague of Romulus, was assassinated. (Vit. Rom.) Strabo mentions that Lavinium had a temple consecrated to Venus, which was common to all the Latins. (Strabo, 232.) The inhabitants are styled by Pliny (3, 5) Laviniates Ilionenses. Lavinium and Laurentum were latterly united under the name of Lauro-Lavinium. (Front. de Col. Symmachus, 1, 65.- Vulp., Vet. Lat., 10, 6.) Various opinions have been entertained by antiquaries relative to the site which ought to be assigned to Lavinium. Cluverius placed it near the church of St. Petronella (Ital. Ant., 2, p. 894); Holstenius on the hill called Monte di Livano (ad Steph. Byz., p. 175); but more recent topographers concur in fixing it at a place called Practica, about three miles from the coast. (Vulp., Vet. Lat., 10, 1.-Nibby, Viaggio Antiquario, vol. 2, p. 265.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 19.) LAUREACUM, a fortified town of Noricum Ripense, the station of a Roman fleet on the Danube, and the headquarters of the second legion. (Notit., Imp. Occident.) It lay to the east of the junction of the Enus and Danube. The modern village of Lohr stands near the site of this place, a short distance to the north of the present city of Ens. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 637.)

been firmly attached to the Roman interests. (Livy,
8, 9.) Of its subsequent history we know but little;
Lucan represents it as having fallen into ruins and be-
come deserted, in consequence of the civil wars (7,
394). At a later period, however, Laurentum appears
to have been restored under the name of Lauro-Lavin-
ium: a new city having been formed, as it is sup-
posed, by the union of Laurentum and Lavinium.
(Front., de Col.-Symmachus, 1, 65.-Vulp., Vet.
Lat., 10, 6.) The district of Laurentum must have
been of a very woody and marshy nature. The Silva
Laurentina is noticed by Julius Obsequens (de Prod.),
and by Herodian (1, 12), the latter of whom reports,
that the Emperor Commodus was ordered to this part
of the country by his physicians, on account of the
laurel-groves which grew there, the shade of which
was considered as particularly salutary. It is from
this tree that Laurentum is supposed to have derived
its name. The marshes of Laurentum were famous
for the number and size of the wild boars which they
bred in their reedy pastures. (Virg., En., 7, 59.
Id. ibid., 10, 707.-Hor., Sat., 2, 4.-Martial, 9,
49.) However unfavourable, as a place of residence,
Laurentum may be thought at the present day, on ac-
count of the malaria which prevails there, it appears
to have been considered as far from unhealthy by the
Romans. We are told that Scipio and Lælius, when
released from the cares of business, often resorted to
this neighbourhood, and amused themselves by gath-
ering shells on the shore. (Val. Max., 8, 8.-Cic.,
de Orat., 2, 22.) Pliny the Younger says Laurentum
was much frequented by the Roman nobles in winter;
and so numerous were their villas, that they presented
more the appearance of a city than detached dwellings.
Every lover of antiquity is acquainted with the elegant
and minute description he gives of his own retreat.
(Ep., 2, 17.) Hortensius, the celebrated orator, and the
rival of Cicero, had also a villa in this neighbourhood.
(Varro, R. R., 3, 13.—Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2,
p. 16, seqq.)

LAURION, a range of hills, extending from that part of the Attic coast which lay near Azenia, below the Astypalea Promontorium, to the promontory of Sunium, and from thence to the neighbourhood of Prasia on the eastern coast. This tract was celebrated for its silver mines. Herodotus informs us, that the produce of these mines was shared among the Athenians, each of whom received ten drachmæ ; but we are not informed whether this division took place annually. Themistocles, however, during the war with Ægina, advised them to apply this money to the construction of 200 galleys; a measure which contributed, in a great degree, to the naval ascendancy of the Athenians. (Herod., 7, 144.) Thucydides reports, that the Lacedæmonian army, in their second invasion of Attica, advanced in this direction as far as Laurium (2, 55). The produce of the mines had already much diminished in the time of Xenophon. (Mem., 3, 6, 5.) We collect from his account that they then were farmed by private persons, who paid a certain sum to LAURENTUM, the capital of Latium, about sixteen the republic in proportion to the quantity of ore they miles below Ostia, following the coast, and near the extracted; but he strongly urged the government to spot now called Paterno. (Vulp., Vet. Lat., 10, 1.— take the works into their own hands, conceiving that Nibby, Viaggio Antiq., vol. 2, p. 313.) Cluverius they would bring a great accession of revenue to the and Holstenius are both wrong in assigning to Lau- state. (De Prov., p. 293, ed. Steph.) These private rentum the position of San Lorenzo. Of the existence establishments were called pyaστýpia iv roîç boyʊof this city, whatever may be thought of Eneas and peios. (Eschin. in Timarch, p. 14.) Nicias is the Trojan colony, there can be no doubt without said to have employed at one time 1000 slaves in the going so far back as to Saturn and Picus, it may be mines. (Xen., 1. c.-Plut., Vit. Nic.-Andocid., de asserted, that the origin of Laurentum was most an- Myst.-Diod. Sic., 5, 37.) Strabo informs us, that cient, since it is mentioned among the maritime cities the metallic veins were nearly exhausted when be of Latium, in the first treaties between Rome and wrote: a considerable quantity of silver, however, Carthage, recorded by Polybius (3, 22). Though was extracted from the old scoria, as the ancient miners Laurentum joined the Latin league in behalf of Tar- were not much skilled in the art of smelting the ore. quin, and shared in the defeat at the Lake Regil-(Strabo, 399.)-The mines themselves were called lus (Dion. Hal., 5, 61), it seems afterward to have Laureia or Lauria; and the district Lauriotice. Hob

LAURENTES AGRI, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum. (Tibull., 2, 5, 41.) LAURENTIA. Vid. Acca.

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house (Travels, vol. 1, p. 417, Lond. ed.) describes | this purpose, and were on that account called bag-carLaurium as a high and abrupt hill, covered with pine-riers (vλakopópor), is, to say the least, uncertain; for, trees and abounding with marble. Stewart also rec- according to the grammarians, these bags contained ognised in Legrina and Lagriona, near Sunium, the their food. (Pollux, 7, 100.-Id., 10, 149.-Hesych., name Laurion, which has also evidently been preserved s. v.) The stamping of the ore at the founderies, in in the names Lauronoris, Mauronoris, Mauronorise order to facilitate its separation from the useless parts (Aaúpiov špoç). According to his statement, it is an of the stone, was generally performed in stone mortars uneven range of hills full of exhausted mines and sco- with iron pestles. In this manner the Egyptians reriæ. (Antiq. of Attica, vol. 3, p. 13.) Mr. Hawkins, duced the gold ore to the size of a vetch, then ground in his survey of this part of the Attic coast, discovered it in handmills and washed it on separate planks, after many veins of the argentiferous lead ore, with which water had been poured over it; which is the account the country seems to abound; he observed traces of given by a Hippocratean writer of the treatment of the silver-mines not far beyond Keralia. The site of gold ore. (Diod. Sic., 13, 12.—Agatharch., ap. Phot., the smelting furnaces may be traced to the southward p. 1342.-Hippocrates, de victus rat., 1, 4.) In Spain of Thorico for some miles, immense quantities of sco- it was bruised in the same manner, and then, if Pliny riæ occurring there. These were probably placed near does not invert the proper order, first washed, and afthe seacoast for the convenience of fuel, which it soon terward calcined and pounded. Even the quicksilver became necessary to import. (Walpole's Memoirs, ore, from which cinnabar was prepared, was similarly vol. 1, p. 430.-Gell's Itinerary, p. 79.- Dodwell's treated; that is, first burned off, in which operation a Tour, vol. 1, p. 358.)-The mines at Laurium were part of the quicksilver flowed off, and then pounded worked either by shafts (opέara, putei) or adits (úñóv. with iron pestles, ground, and washed. (Plin., 33, 21.) quot, cunei); and by neither of these two modes of In Greece, the labourers in the founderies made use working did they, in the time of Xenophon, arrive at the of a sieve for washing the comminuted ore, and it is termination of the ore (Xen., de Vectig., 24, 6). For mentioned among the implements of the miners by the the chambering of the mines timber was probably im- appropriate name oúλağ. ` (Poll., 7, 97.) This method ported by sea (Demosth. in Mid., p. 568, 17), which, ac- of treating ore was not only in use in ancient times, cording to Pliny (33, 21), was the case also in Spain. but it was the only one employed either during the Hobhouse mentions (l. c.) that one or two shafts have middle ages or in more recent times, until the disbeen discovered in a small shrubby plain not far from covery of stamp works. (Beckman's History of Inthe sea, on the eastern coast; and he states also that ventions, vol. 1, pt. 5, num. 3.-Reitemeier, p. 121, a specimen of ore, lately found, was shown to him at seqq.) Of the art of smelting in the founderies of Athens. If the hole which Chandler (Travels, c. 30) Laurium, nothing definite is known. That the Athesaw upon Mount Hymettus was really, as he conjec- nians made use of the bellows and charcoal is not imtures, a shaft, it follows that some, at least, had a con- probable; the latter, indeed, may be fairly inferred, siderable width, for the circular opening was of more from the account of the charcoal-sellers, or, rather, than forty feet in diameter; at the bottom of the hole charcoal-burners, from which business a large portion two narrow passages led into the hill in opposite di- of the Acharnians in particular derived their livelihood. rections. It was also the practice, according to Vi- The art of smelting among the ancients was so impertruvius, to make large hollows in the silver mines (7, | fect, that even in the time of Strabo, when it had re7). The pillars which were left standing for the sup-ceived considerable improvements, there was still no port of the overlying mountain were called öpuot, and profit to be gained by extracting silver from lead ore, more commonly uɛookрivɛiç (Plut., Vit. X., Orat.-in which it was present in small proportions; and the Op., vol. 6, p. 256, ed. Hutt.-Pollux, 3, 87.-Id., early Athenians had, in comparison with their suc7, 98), as they, at the same time, served for the di-cessors (who were themselves not the most perfect visions between the different compartments, or, as masters of chymistry), so slight a knowledge of the they were called, workshops. As these pillars con- management of ore, that, according to the same writer, tained ore, the proprietors were tempted by their ava- not only was that which had been thrown away as rice to remove them, although by law they were strictly stone subsequently used, but the old scoria were prohibited from doing so; in the time of the orator again employed for the purpose of extracting silver. Lycurgus, the wealthy Diphilus was condemned to (Strab., 399.) According to Pliny (33, 31), the andeath for this offence. (Vit. X., Orat., l. c.) The cients could not smelt any silver without some mixopening of new mines was called kaivorouía, and on ture of lead (plumbum nigrum) or gray lead (gaaccount of the great risk and expense, no one would lena, molybdana); he appears, however, only to mean willingly undertake it. If the speculator was suc- ores in which the silver was combined with some cessful, he was amply remunerated for his undertaking; metal to which it has a less powerful affinity than to if unsuccessful, he lost all his trouble and expense; lead. At Laurium it was not necessary, at least in on which account Xenophon proposed to form compa- many places, to add any lead, it being already present nies for this purpose. The ancients speak in general in the ores. Pliny states in general terms the manner terms of the unwholesome evaporations from silver-in which argentiferous lead ores were treated (34, 47), mines (Casaub., ad Strab., 101), and the noxious at- and there can be no doubt that this was the method mosphere of those in Attica is particularly mentioned adopted in Attica. According to his account, the (Xen., Mem., 3, 6, 12.-Plut., Comp. Nic. et Crass.ore was first melted down to stannum, a composition init.), although the Greeks as well as the Romans of pure silver and lead; then this material was brought were acquainted with the use of shafts for ventilation, which the former called xayoyia. (Lex. Seg., p. 317.) In what manner the water was withdrawn from the mines we are not informed; is, however, probable that the Greeks made use of the same artificial means as the Romans. (Consult Reitemeier, Art of Mining, &c., among the Ancients, p. 114, of the German work.) The removal of the one appears to have been performed partly by machinery and partly by men, as was the case in Egypt and Spain, in which latter country the younger slaves brought the ore through the adits to the surface of the soil; whether, however, the miners in Attica used leather bags for

to the refining oven, where the silver was separated, and the lead appeared half glazed in the form of litharge, which, as well as gray lead, the ancients call galena and molybdena: this last substance was afterward cooled, and the lead (plumbum nigrum, póλvbdos, to distinguish it from tin, plumbum album, or candidum, kaoσíтeρoç) was produced. (Boeckh's Dissertation on the Mines of Laurium, Comment. Acad. Berol., an. 1814 et 1815, p. 89.-Boeckh's Public Economy of Athens, vol. 2, p. 415, seqq.)

LAURON, a town of Spain, towards the eastern limits of Bætica, and not far from the sea, probably among the Bastitani. It has been supposed by some to be

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