ically examined both sides of the question, has pro- | ously suffered from the Arians, and especially to Athanounced the passage to be supposititious, and adds, nasius, who visited him at Antioch. Having been that the silence of the historian respecting our Saviour acknowledged over the whole empire, Jovian, after and the miracles which he wrought, affords a far more staying some months at Antioch, set off during the eloquent testimony in favour of the truth of our Re- winter to Constantinople, and, on his way, paid fudeemer's mission than the most laboured statement neral honours to Julian's remains at Tarsus. He concould have yielded, especially when we consider that tinued his journey in very severe cold, of which sevthe father of Josephus, one of the priests of Jerusalem, eral of his attendants died. At Ancyra he assumed could not but have known our Saviour, and since Jo- the consular dignity; but, a few days after, being at a sephus himself lived in the midst of the apostles. place called Dadastana, in Galatia, he was found dead Had the latter been able, he would have refuted the in his bed, having been suffocated, as some say, by whole history of our Saviour's mission and works. the vapour of charcoal burning in his room; according His silence is conclusive in their favour. The efforts to others, by the steam of the plaster with which it of deistical writers, therefore, to invalidate the authen- had been newly laid; while others, again, suspected him ticity of this remarkable passage, have literally recoiled of having been poisoned or killed by some of his upon themselves, and Christianity has achieved a tri-guards. He died on the 16th of February, A.D. 364, umph with the very arms of infidelity. (Disputatio being 33 years of age, after a reign of only seven super Josephi de Christo Testimon., Gött., 1781, 4to. months. The army proclaimed Valentinianus as his -Compare Olshausen, Historiæ Eccles. Vet. præcip. successor. (Amm. Marcell., 25, 5, seqq.—Le Beau, monumenta, Berol., 1820, 8vo, and Paulus, in the Hist. du Bas-Empire, vol. 2, p. 186, seqq.) Heidelb. Jahrb., 1820, p. 733, as also Bohmert, Ueber des Flav. Joseph. Zeugniss von Christo, Leipz., 1823, 8vo.) The best editions of the works of Josephus are Hudson's, 2 vols. fol., Oxon., 1720, and Havercamp's, 2 vols. fol., Amst., 1726. A new edition, however, is much wanted. Oberthür commenced one, of which three volumes appeared, embracing the text of Havercamp with the Latin version, in the 8vo form. The editor had promised a commentary, in which was to be contained the result of his own researches, and of those of others made at his request in the principal libraries of Europe. The edition was to be accompanied also by a Lexicon of Josephus, in which the language of this writer would be compared with that of Philo, of the Alexandrean school, and of the writers of the IPHICLES, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born New Testament. His death prevented the comple- at the same birth with Hercules. The children were ting of his design, and the edition still remains imper-but eight months old, when Juno sent two huge serfect. In 1825-1827, a 12mo edition, in 6 vols., ap- pents into the chamber to devour them. Iphicles peared from the Leipsic press, under the editorial care alarmed the house by his cries, but Hercules raised of Richter. The text, however, is merely a reprint of himself up on his feet, caught the two monsters by the that of Hudson and Havercamp. (Hoffmann, Lex. throat, and strangled them. (Pind., Nem., 1, 49, seq. Bibliogr., vol. 2. p. 588.—Schöll, Gesch. der Griech. |--Theocr., Idyll., 24.—Apollod., 2, 4.) Iphicles, on Lit., vol. 2, p. 383, seqq.) attaining to manhood, was slain in battle during the expedition against the sons of Hippocoon, who had beaten to death Eonus, the son of Licymnius. (Pausan., 3, 15, 4.) JOVIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, born A.D. 331, was the son of Veronianus, of an illustrious family of Masia, who had filled important offices under Constantine. Jovianus served in the army of Julian, in his unlucky expedition against the Persians; and when that emperor was killed, A.D. 363, the soldiers proclaimed him his successor. His first task was to save the army, which was surrounded by the Persians, and in great distress for provisions. After repelling repeated attacks of the enemy, he willingly listened to proposals for peace, which were, that the Romans should give up the conquests of former emperors westward of the Tigris, and as far as the city of Nisibis, which was still in their hands, but was included in the territory to be given up to Persia, and that, moreover, they should render no assistance to the king of Armenia, then at war with the Persians. These conditions, however offensive to Roman pride, Jovian was obliged to submit to, as his soldiers were in the utmost destitution. It is a remarkable instance of the Roman notions of political honesty, that Eutropius reproaches Jovian, not so much with having given up the territory of the empire, as with having observed so humiliating a treaty after he had come out of his dangerous position, instead of renewing the war, as the Romans had constantly done on former occasions. Jovian delivered Nisibis to the Persians, the inhabitants withdrawing to Amida, which became, after this, the chief Roman town in Mesopotamia. On his arrival at Antioch, Jovian, who was of the Christian faith, revoked the edicts of Julian against the Christians. He also supported the orthodox or Nicene creed against the Arians, and he showed his favour to the bishops who had previ Jovinus, born of an illustrious family of Gaul, assumed the imperial title under the weak reign of Ho norius, and, placing himself at the head of a mixed army of Burgundians, Alemanni, Alani, &c., took possession of part of Gaul, A.D. 411. Ataulphus, king of the Visigoths, offered to join Jovinus, and share Gaul between them; but the latter having declined his alliance, Ataulphus made peace with Honorius, attacked and defeated Jovinus, and, having taken him prisoner, delivered him to Dardanus, prefect of Gaul, who had him put to death at Narbo (Narbonne), A.D. 412. (Jornand., de Reb. Get., c. 32, seqq.-Olym piod.-Idac. fast. Chron.-Greg. Tur., 2, 9.-Tillem., Honor., art. 48.) IPHĬCLUS, a king of Phylace in Phthiotis, whose name is connected with one of the legends relative to Melampus. (Vid. Melampus.) IPHICRATES, an Athenian general, of low origin, but distinguished abilities. He was most remarkable for a happy innovation upon the ancient routine of Greek tactics, which he introduced in the course of that general war which was ended B.C. 387, by the peace of Antalcidas. This, like most improvements upon the earlier mode of warfare, consisted in looking, for each individual soldier, rather to the means of offence than protection. Iphicrates laid aside the very weighty panoply which the regular infantry, composed of Greek citizens, had always worn, and substituted a light target for the large buckler, and a quilted jacket for the coat of mail; at the same time he doubled the length of the sword, usually worn thick and short, and increased in the same, or, by some accounts, in a greater proportion, the length of the spear. It appears that the troops whom he thus armed and disciplined (not Athenian citizens, who would hardly have submitted to the necessary discipline, but mercenaries following his standard, like the Free Companions of the middle ages) also carried missile javelins; and that their favourite mode of attack was to venture within throw of the heavy column, the weight of whose charge they could not have resisted, trusting in their individual agility to baffle pursuit. When once the close order of the column was broken, its individual soldiers were overmatched by the longer weapons and unencum first institution, or B.C. 884. It was not, however, until 108 years after this (B.C. 776) that the custom was introduced of inscribing in the gymnasium at Olympia the names of those who had borne off the prize in the stadium. The first whose name was thus inscribed was Corbus. (L'Art de vérifier les Dates, vol. 3, p. 167.-Picot, Tabl. Chronol., vol. 1, p. 322.) IPSUs, a city of Phrygia, near Synnada, in the plains adjacent to which was fought the great battle between Antigonus and his son Demetrius on the one side, and the combined forces of Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus, on the other. We have no detailed account of this decisive conflict, in which Antigonus lost all his conquests and his life. The reader may consult Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus, Appian in his history of Syria, and the mutilated narrative of Diodorus, as the best authorities to be procured. Little, however, is to be gained from them respecting the position of Ipsus. Hierocles (p. 677) and the Acts of Councils afford evidence of its having been the see of a Christian bishop in the seventh and eighth centuries." The site of Ipsus," observes Ren bered movements of the lighter infantry. In this way | established the Olympic games 470 years after their Iphicrates and his targeteers (peltastæ), as they were called, gained so many successes, that the Peloponnesian infantry dared not encounter them, except the Lacedæmonians, who said, in scoff, that their allies feared the targeteers as children fear hobgoblins. They were themselves, however, taught the value of this new force, B.C. 392, when Iphicrates waylaid and cut off nearly the whole of a Lacedæmonian battalion. The loss in men was of no great amount; but that heavy-armed Lacedæmonians should be defeated by light-arined mercenaries was a marvel to Greece, and a severe blow to the national reputation and vanity of Sparta. Accordingly, this action raised the credit of Iphicrates extremely high. He commanded afterward in the Hellespont, B.C. 389; in Egypt, at the request of the Persians, B.C. 374; relieved Corcyra in 373, and served with reputation on other less important occasions. We have a life of this commander by Cornelius Nepos. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 5, 13.-Id. ib., 4, 8, 34, seqq.-Id. ib., 6, 2, 13.—Diod. Sic., 15, 41.Id., 15, 44.-Id.; 16, 85.-Corn. Nep., Vit. Iphicr.) IPHIGENIA, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. The Grecian fleet against Troy had assem-nell, “is unknown. It is said to have been near Synbled at Aulis; but Agamemnon, having killed a deer nada, and there are certainly the remains of several in the chase, boasted that he was superior in skill to ancient towns and cities on the great road leading Diana, and the offended goddess sent adverse winds to from Synnada towards the Bosporus, and one of them detain the fleet. According to another account, the within a few miles of Synnada, to the N.W.; but it stag itself had been a favourite one of Diana's. Cal- may be doubted whether Ipsus lay on that side of chas thereupon announced, that the wrath of the god- Synnada. The contending armies approached each dess could only be appeased by the sacrifice of Iphige- other along the great road that led from Syria and Cilinia, the daughter of the offender, and the father, cia, through the centre of Asia Minor, towards Synnathough most reluctant, was compelled to obey. The da; but whether they met to the north or south of that maiden was accordingly obtained from her mother Cly-city is not known. A town named Sakli, and also temnestra, under the pretence of being wanted for a Selcukter (probably from its ancient name of Seleucia), union with Achilles; and, having reached the Grecian is situated on the continuation of the great road, at camp, was on the point of being sacrificed, when Di- about 25 miles from Synnada, to the southward, and ana, moved with pity, snatched her away, leaving a precisely at the point of separation of the roads leading hind in her place. The goddess carried her to Tauris, to Ephesus and to Byzantium, in coming from Syria. where she became a priestess in her temple. It was If Seleucus founded any city on occasion of his victhe custom at Tauris to sacrifice all strangers to Di-tory, one might suspect that the field of battle was ana; and many had been thus immolated under the near, or at, Sakli, from the above circumstance. No ministration of Iphigenia, when Orestes and his friend point was more likely for the opposing army from the Pylades chanced to come thither, in obedience to the west to have taken post at, than at the meeting of oracle at Delphi, which had enjoined upon the son of these roads, by which they commanded the passage Agamemnon to convey to Argos the statue of the through a plentiful valley, shut up by ridges of hills Tauric Diana. When Orestes and Pylades were on both sides; the line of communication as well in brought as victims to the altar, Iphigenia, perceiving modern as in ancient times." (Geography of Western them to be Greeks, offered to spare the life of one of Asia, vol. 2, p. 145, seqq.) them, provided he would convey a letter for her to IRA, I. a city of Messenia, in the north, towards the Greece. This occasioned a contest between them, confines of Elis, and near the river Cyparissus, comwhich should sacrifice himself for the other, and it was monly supposed by some to have been one of the ended in Pylades' yielding to Orestes, and agreeing to cities promised by Agamemnon to Achilles, if the latbe the bearer of the letter: a discovery was the con- ter would become reconciled to him. This is incorsequence; and Iphigenia accordingly contrived to carry rect, as Homer names the place to which Agamemnon off the statue of Diana, and to accompany her brother alludes Ton, and not Eipa. Agamemnon promised and Pylades into Greece.-The story of Iphigenia has Achilles seven cities of Messenia, of which Ire (not been made by Euripides the subject of two plays, in Ira) was one, and the poet describes all seven as lying which, of course, several variations from the common near the sea, whereas Ira was inland. (Hom., Il., 9, legend are introduced.—The name and story of Iphi-150.) This place is famous in history as having supgenia are unnoticed by Homer. Iphigenia is probably a mere epithet of Diana. She is the same with the Diana-Orthia of Sparta, at whose altars the boys were scourged. It was probably this rite that caused Iphigenia to be identified with the "Virgin," to whom human victims were offered by the Tauri. (Herod., 4, 103.) The story of Iphigenia would seem to have been then invented to account for the similarity. Müller thinks that Lemnos was the original mythic Tauris, whence the name was transferred to the Euxine. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 397, seqq.) The Homeric name of Iphigenia is Iphianassa. (Hom., Il., 9, 144, seq. Heyne, ad loc.-Compare Lucretius, 1, 86.) IPHITUS, I. a son of Eurytus, king of Echalia. (Vid. Hercules, p. 598, col. 2.)-II. A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re ported a siege of eleven years against the Lacedæmo- IRENEUS, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons, in France. The time of his birth, and the precise place of his nativity, cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. Dodwell refers his birth to the reign of Nerva, A.D. 97, and thinks that he did not outlive the year 190. Grabe dates his birth about ward of north, from Amasea to the Sinus Amisenus, Ptolemy allows N. 20° E. and 64 miles in distance. Dr. Howell allows northeast-by-north in his map; D'Anville north exactly." The same writer has the following ingenious conjecture respecting the origin of its ancient name. "M. D'Anville says that its name is Jekil-Ermak, or the Green River. Tournefort tells us that the Carmili River (the same with the Lycus, the larger branch) was of a deep red colour, from that of the soil. May it not be, that, if the river was red at some seasons, and green (or fancied to be so) at others, this may have occasioned the name of Iris, from the Greeks?" (Geography of Western Asia, vol. 1, p. 356.) the year 108. Dupin says that he was born a little before the year 140, and died a martyr in 202. On the martyrdom of Photinus, his predecessor in the see of Lyons, Irenæus, who had been a distinguished member of the church in that quarter, was appointed his successor in the diocese, A.D. 174, and presided in that capacity at two councils held at Lyons, in one of which the Gnostic heresy was condemned, and in another the Quartodecimani. He also went to Rome, and disputed there publicly with Valentinus, Florinus, and Blastus, against whose opinions he afterward wrote with much zeal and ability. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some supposed he composed in that language, and not in Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom about A.D. 202. From the silence of Tertullian, Eusebius, and others, concerning the manner of his death, Cave, Basnage, and Dodwell have inferred that he did not die by martyrdom, but in the ordinary course of nature. With these Lardher coincides. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxon., fol., 1702. Dodwell published a series of six essays on the writings of this father of the church, which he illustrates by many historical references and remarks. IRESUS, a beautiful country in Libya, not far from Cyrene. When Battus, in obedience to the oracle, was seeking a place for a settlement, the Libyans, who were his guides, managed so as to lead him through it by night. Milton calls the name Irassa, for which he has the authority of Pindar. (Pind., Pyth., 9, 185.—the Euphrates, about 128 miles above Hillah, reckonHerod., 4, 158, seqq.) IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, remarkable for his large stature and his excessive gluttony. His original name was Arnæus, but he received that of Irus, as being the messenger of the suiters of Penelope. ("Ipoç, KATⱭ TÒV 1 ποιητὴν, παρὰ τὸ εἴρω, τὸ λέγω καὶ ἀπαγγέλλω. Eustath. ad Od., 18, 6.) Irus attempted to obstruct the entrance of Ulysses into the palace, under the mean disguise assumed by the latter on his return home, and in presence of the whole court challenged him to fight. Ulysses immediately brought him to the ground with a single blow. (Od., 18, 1, seqq.) Is, a city about eight days' journey from Babylon, according to Herodotus, near which flows a river of the same name, which empties into the Euphrates. With the current of this river, adds the historian, particles of bitumen descended towards Babylon, by means of which its walls were constructed. There are some curious fountains, says Rennell, near Hit, a town on ing the distance along the banks of the Euphrates. This distance answers to eight ordinary journeys of a caravan of 16 miles direct. There can be no doubt that this Hit is the Is of Herodotus, which should have been written It. (Rennell, Geography of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 461, ed. 1830.) forth from his dwelling in a state of nudity, and newly IsÆUS, an orator of Chalcis, in Euboea, who came IRIS, I. the goddess of the rainbow. Homer gives not the slightest hint of who her parents were; Hesiod, however, makes her the daughter of Thaumas (Wonder), by the ocean-nymph Electra (Brightness), no unapt parentage for the brilliant and wonder-exciting bow of the skies. (Theog., 265.) The office of ISADAS, a young Spartan, who, when Epaminondas Iris in the Iliad is to act as the messenger of the king and the Thebans had attacked Lacedæmon, and the and queen of Olympus; a duty which Mercury per-city was in danger of falling into their hands, rushed forms in the Odyssey, in which poem there is not any mention made of Iris. There is little mention, also, of the goddess in the subsequent Greek poets; but, whenever she is spoken of, she appears quite distinct from the celestial phenomenon of the same name. In Callimachus (H. in Del., 216, seq.) and the Latin poets, Iris is appropriated to the service of Juno; and by these last she is invariably (and we may even say clumsily) confounded with the rainbow. According to the lyric poet Alcæus, who is followed by Nonnus, Iris was by Zephyrus the mother of Love. (Alcæus, ap. Plut., Amator., 20.-Nonnus, 31, 110, seq.) Ho-to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and mer styles Iris "gold-winged" (Il., 8, 398.—Ib., 9, soon after the master of Demosthenes. (Clinton, Fasti 185), the only line in the poet which makes against Hellenici, 2d ed., p. 117.) Dionysius of Halicarnassus Voss's theory, that none of Homer's gods were winged. could not ascertain the time of his birth or death. So (Mytholog. Briefe, vol. 1, Br. 12, seqq.) The name much as this, however, appears certain, that the vigIris ("Iptc) is usually derived from eipw, ¿pw, “to say," our of his talent belonged to the period after the Peloan etymology which suits the office of the goddess, ponnesian war, and that he lived to see the time of and which accords with the view taken of the rainbow King Philip. His style bears a great resemblance to in the Book of Genesis. Hermann, however, renders that of Lysias. He is elegant and vigorous; but DioIris by the Latin term Sertia, from elpw, "to unite," nysius of Halicarnassus does not find in him the simthe rainbow being formed of seven united or blended plicity of the other. He understands better than Lyscolours: "Ipis, Sertia, quod ex septem coloribus con- ias the art of arranging the several parts of a díscourse, serta est." (Opusc., vol. 2, p. 179.-Keightley's but he is less natural. When we read the exposition Mythology, p. 200.)-II. A river of Pontus, rising on of a speech of Lysias, nothing appears artificial therein; the confines of Armenia Minor, and flowing into the on the contrary, everything is studied in the orations sea southeast of Amisus. It receives many tributa- of Isæus. "One would believe Lysias," adds Dionysries, and near the end of its course passes through the ius, "though he were stating what was false; one district of Phanarea. The Turks call it the Tokatlu, cannot, without some feeling of distrust, assent to Isæand near its mouth it is more usually styled Jekil-Er- us, even when he speaks the truth." Again: "Lysias mak, or the Green River. "It has been a prevalent seems to aim at truth, but Iseus to follow art the opinion among geographers, both ancient and modern," one strives to please, the other to produce effect." observes Rennell (Geography of Western Asia, vol. Dionysius farther remarks, that, in his opinion, with 1, p. 269), "that the Iris made a course to the east-Isæus originated that vigour and energy of style (del vórns) which his pupil Demosthenes carried to perfec-| Bei-Shehri. New Isaura he places on another lake tion. (Dion. Hal., de Isao judicium.-Op., ed Reiske, southeast of the former, and terms it Sidi-Shehri. vol. 5, p. 613, seqq.)-So far as the extant specimens Mannert opposes this position of the last, and is in faof Isæus enable us to form an opinion, this judgment vour of Seri-Serail, a small village east-northeast of appears to be just. The perspicuity and artless sim- Iconium. (Mannert, Anc. Geogr., vol. 6, part 2, p. plicity of the style of Lysias are admirable; but, on 188.) reading Isæus, we feel that we have to do with a subtle disputant and a close reasoner, whose arguments are strong and pointed, but have too much the appearance of studied effect, and for that reason often fail to convince.—The author of the life of Isæus, attributed to Plutarch, mentions sixty-four orations of his, fifty of which were allowed to be genuine. At present there are only eleven extant, all of which are of the forensic class, and all treat of matters relating to wills, and the succession to the property of testators or persons intestate, or to disputes originating in such matters. These orations are valuable for the insight they give us into the laws of Athens as to the disposition of property by will and in cases of intestacy, and also as to many of the forms of procedure.-The best edition of the text of Isæus is by Bekker, forming part of the Oratores Attici (1822-1823, 8vo, Berol.—Orat. Att., vol. 3.) The most useful edition, however, is that of Schömann, Gryphisw., 1831, 8vo. Sir W. Jones has given a valuable translation of Isæus. It appeared in 1779. His version, however, extends only to ten of the orations, the eleventh having been discovered since. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 215.)-II. A native of Assyria, likewise an orator, who came to Rome A.D. 17. He is greatly commended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and that his language was marked by elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness. (Plin., Ep., 2, 3.) ISAPIS, a river of Umbria. Its ordinary name was the Sapis. (Strab., 216.-Ptol., p. 64.) Its modern appellation is the Savio. It rose not far from Sarsina, and fell into the Adriatic to the northwest of the Rubicon. (Lucan, 2, 406.) ISAURIA, a country of Asia Minor, north of, and adjacent to, Pisidia. The inhabitants were a wild race, remarkable for the violence and rapine which they exercised against their neighbours. P. Servilius derived from his reduction of this people the surname of Isauricus. A conformity in the aspect of the country, which was rough and mountainous, caused Cilicia Trachea, in a subsequent age, to have the name of Isauria extended to it, and it is thus denominated in the notices of the eastern empire. "With respect to Isauria," observes Rennell, "Strabo is not so explicit as might have been wished; but the subject, perhaps, was not well known to him. He no doubt regards Isauria as a province or a part of Pisidia at large and mentions its two capitals, the old and the new. But then he speaks of the expedition of Servilius, which was sent to one of those cities, as a transaction connected with the modern or maritime Isauria; that is, Cilicia Trachea. This may, perhaps, be explained by the circumstance of Servilius being at the time proconsul of Cilicia, and the expedition being prepared and sent forth from Caycus, in that country, as a convenient point of outset. But Strabo describes Cilicia Trachea under its proper name, and fixes its boundary westward at Coracesium, on the seacoast; and therefore seems to have had no idea of any other Isauria than that which lay inland. The Isauria of Pliny includes both the original province of that name, lying north of Taurus, and also Cilicia Trachea, which had been added to the other; possibly from the date of the above-mentioned expedition of Servilius. About a century and a half had elapsed between the time of Servilius and Pliny; and great changes had probably taken place in the arrangement of boundaries of countries so lately acquired. In later times, the name of Isauria seems to have become appropriate to Cilicia Trachea. Ammianus Marcellinus wrote at so much later a period, that one can hardly allow his description to apply to ancient geography. He describes Isauria as a maritime country absolutely; and perISAURA (@ or orum), the capital of Isauria, near the haps the original Isauria was not known by that name, confines of Phrygia. Strabo and Stephanus of Byzan- but merged into the larger province of Pisidia." (Getium use the term as a plural one (rà 'loavpa); Am-ography of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 73, seqq.) mianus Marcellinus, however, makes it of the first declension (14, 8). It was a strong and rich place, and its inhabitants appear to have acquired their wealth, in a great degree, by plundering the neighbouring regions. ISIDORUS, I. a native of Charax, near the mouth of The city was attacked by the Macedonians under Per- the Tigris, who published in the reign of Caligula a diccas, the inhabitants having put to death the govern- Description of Parthia.” (Παρθίας περιηγητικόν.) or set over the province by Alexander. After a brave It no longer exists; but we have a work remaining, resistance, the Isaurians destroyed themselves and their which appears to be an extract from it, and is entitled city by fire. The conquerors are said to have obtain-Erabμoi Пapotkoí, “Parthian Halting-places." This ed much gold and silver from the ruins of the place. work gives a list of the eighteen provinces into which (Diod. Sic., 18, 22.) During the contentions between the Parthian empire was divided, with the principal Alexander's successors, the neighbouring mountain-places in each province, and the distances between eers rebuilt the capital, and commenced plundering each town. The list was probably taken from official anew until they were reduced by Servilius, hence styled Isauricus, and the city was again destroyed. A new Isaura was afterward built by Amyntas, king of Galatia, in the vicinity of the old city, and the stones of this last were employed in its construction. (Strab., 591.) This new Isaura appears to have existed until the third century, when Trebellianus made it his residence, and raised here the standard of revolt. He was slain, and Isaura was probably again destroyed, since, according to Ammianus, its remains were in his time scarcely perceptible. (Amm. Marcell., l. c. — Treb. Pollio, 30 Tyranni, c. 25.) D'Anville places the old capital near a lake, about whose existence, however, the ancients are silent; the modern name he makes ISAR and ISARA, I. now the Isère, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rose in the Graian Alps, and fell into the Rhodanus near Valentia, the modern Valence.-II. Another, called the Oise, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The Celtic name of Briva Isare, a place on this river, has been translated into Pont-Oise. ISAURICUS, a surname of P. Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. (Ovid, Fast., 1, 594.— Cic., Att., 5, 21.-Vid. Isaura and Isauria.) records, such as appear, from the list of provinces, &c., in Herodotus, to have been kept in the ancient Persian empire. The production just referred to has been printed in the second volume of Hudson's "Geographia veteris Scriptores Græci Minores," with a dissertation by Dodwell. There is also a memoir on Isidorus by Sainte-Croix, in the 50th volume of the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c.-II. A native of Ege, an epigrammatic poet, some of whose productions are preserved in the Anthology. (Jacobs, Anthol. Gr., vol. 3, p. 177; vol. 10, p. 329.)—III. An epigrammatic poet, a native of Bolbitine in Egypt. (Jacobs, Anthol. Gr., vol. 10, p. 332.)-IV. A native of Miletus, a Greek architect of the sixth century, and men, of faith, of heresies, of pagan philosophers, of sibyls, of magicians, and of the gods of the heathen. The ninth book has for its subjects the different languages spoken among men, names of communities, official dignities, relationships, affinities, marriages. The last ten books explain and define a large number of words, the origin of which is not generally known. In these etymologies the author has no doubt committed a number of errors, neither has he displayed much critical acumen in many of his remarks; yet, notwith of the extracts from lost works which it contains, and because it serves to show to what state of advancement each of the sciences of which it treats had attained among the ancients. Isidorus was also the author of a work entitled "De Differentiis sive proprietate verborum," in three books. The first of these is taken from Agrotius and other ancient grammarians; the second treats "de differentis spiritualibus." The third, more complete than the first, is arranged in alphabetical order. We have also various glossaries ascribed to Isidorus, of which has been formed a liber glossarum. A small glossary, containing grammatical terms in Greek and Latin, was published for the first time by Heusinger, in his second edition of Mallius Theodorus.-We have to mention also a Chronicle by Isidorus, from the beginning of the world to the fifth year of the reign of Heraclius, A.D. 615. It is derived from ancient chronicles, and contains likewise some new details respecting the period in which it was composed. It is sometimes cited under the following titles: "De Temporibus ;" "Abbreviator Temporum; "De Sex mundi ætatibus;" "Imago Mundi." Isidorus wrote also two abridged histories of the Germanic tribes that settled in Spain during the fifth century; one entitled “De historia, sive Chronicon Gothorum ;" and the other, "Chronicon breve regum Visigothorum." The first is followed by an appendix on the Vandals and Suevi. Other works of Isidorus are as follows: "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Writers;" "Sentences;" "Commentaries on the Historical Books of the Old Testament;""Scriptural Allegories;" "A Book of Poems, or Prolegomena to the Scriptures;" "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Discipline," in which he mentions seven prayers of the sacrifice still to be found in the Mosarabic mass, which is the ancient Spanish liturgy, of which Isidorus was the principal author. A collection of canons, attributed to this Isidorus, were by a later priest of the same name, Isidore of Seville, who is more admired by later churchmen for learning than discrimination, and is frequently ranked among musical writers, much being said by him on the introduction of music into the church, in his divine offices. The best edition of the works of Isidorus is that of Arevali, Romæ, 17971803, 2 vols. fol. The best edition of the Origines is that of Otto, forming the third volume of Lindemann's Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum, Lips., 1833, 4to. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 180, seqq.-Id. ib., vol: 3, p. 333.) who, together, with Anthemius, was employed by Justinian, emperor of the cast, to erect the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople. Anthemius merely laid the foundation of the edifice, and was then arrested by the hand of death, A.D. 534. Isidorus was charged with the completion of this structure. This church is a square building, with a hemispherical cupola in the centre, and its summit 400 feet from the pavement below. This edifice, which was considered the most magnificent monument of the age, was scarcely finished before the cupola was thrown down by an earth-standing these defects, his work is valuable on account quake. But Justinian had it immediately rebuilt. On the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, the church of St. Sophia was appropriated to the worship of the Mohammedan conquerors.-V. A New Platonist, a native of Gaza, who succeeded Hegias in the chair of Athens, in the fifth century, or, rather, at the beginning of the sixth. He was a zealous follower of Proclus, but deficient in talent and erudition, and, consequently, soon made way for Zenodotus as his successor. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 116.) -VI. A native of Pelusium, a saint in the Roman Catholic calendar, and one of the most celebrated of the disciples of Chrysostom. He lived in the fifth century, professed the monastic life from his youth, and composed some thousand epistles, of which two thousand and twelve remain, in five books, and are deemed valuable, especially for the information which they contain in relation to points of discipline and for practical rules. The best edition is that of Schottus, Paris, 1638, fol. In 1738, Heumann attacked the authenticity of a part of these epistles, in a tract entitled "Epistola Isidori Pelusiota maximam partem confecta," &c.-VII. Another saint in the Roman Catholic calendar, and a distinguished Spanish prelate towards the beginning of the seventh century, when he succeeded his brother Leander in the see of Seville. Hence he is commonly called Isidorus Hispalensis, "Isidore of Seville." He was, however, a native of Carthago Nova (Carthagena), of which his father Severianus was governor. He presided in a council held in that city, A.D. 619; and at the fourth national council, A.D. 633, in which numerous regulations were by his influence adopted, in order to reform ecclesiastical discipline in Spain. He was well acquainted with Greek and Hebrew, and was considered by the council of Toledo as the most learned man of his age. The style of his works, however, is not very clear, and his judgment appears to have been very defective. He died A.D. 636.-Isidorus was the author of many works, chiefly, however, compilations. His principal production is entitled "Twenty Books of Origins and Etymologies" (Originum sive Etymologiarum Libri XX.). Death prevented him from finishing this, and it was completed by his friend Braulio, bishop of Saragossa. It contains far more than the title would seem to promise, and is, in fact, a species of encyclopædia, or a summary of all the sciences cultivated at that period. The first book is divided into forty-three chapters, of which the first thirty-eight explain terms connected with grammar. The remaining five have reference to matters connected with history. The second book is devoted principally to rhetorical subjects; it contains also an introduction to philosophy, and a system of Dialectics after Porphyry, Aristotle, and Victorinus. The third book treats of arithmetic, music, and astronomy. The fourth book is devoted to medicine. The fifth book contains jurisprudence and chronology; together with a species of historical summary, terminating at the sixth year of the reign of Heraclius. In the sixth book, the author occupies himself with the Bible, with libraries and manuscripts; he speaks of canons, of gospels, and councils; he then explains the paschal cycle, the calendar, and the festivals of the church. The seventh and eighth books treat of God, of angels Isis, one of the chief deities of the Egyptians, and the sister and spouse of Osiris. She was said to have first taught men the art of cultivating corn, and was regarded as the goddess of fecundity. Hence the cow was sacred to her. The annual festival of Isis in Egypt lasted eight days, during which a general purification took place. The priests of the goddess were bound to observe perpetual chastity; their heads were shaved, and they went barefoot. This deity was often represented as a woman with the horns of a cow. also appears with the lotus on her head and the sistrum in her hand; and in some instances her head is seen covered with a hood. Heads of Isis are frequent ornaments of Egyptian capitals on the pillars of the temples.-As the worship of Isis passed into foreign lands, it assumed a foreign character and many foreign She |