the line of its direction. It is the same with the 'Apyearns of the Greeks, and was the most favourable wind for sailing from Brundisium towards the southern parts of Greece. (Hor., Od., 1, 3, 4.) part of the present Morlachia. In the interior, their | Iapygía, in Lower Italy, which country lay partly in territory was spread along Mount Albius, which forms the extremity of the great Alpine chain, and rises to a considerable elevation. On the other side of this mountain it stretched towards the Danube, on the confines of Pannonia. The Iapydes were a people of warlike spirit, and were not reduced until the time of Augustus. (Strab., 315.--App., Illyr., 18.) Their principal town was Metulum, which was taken by that emperor after an obstinate defence. (App., Illyr., 19.) Its site remains at present unknown. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 33.) IARBAS, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia. (Vid. Dido.) IASIDES, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Iasius. (Virg., En., 5, 843.) IASION or IASUS, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides (Hellanicus, ap. Schol. ad Od., 5, 125), while others made him a son of Minos or Kratos and the nymph Phronia. (Schol. ad Od., l. c.-Schol. ad Theocrit., Id., 3, 50.) He is said to have had by Ceres a son named Plutus (Wealth), whereupon Jupiter, offended at the connexion, struck the mortal siod makes Crete the scene of this event. (Theog, 969.) Iasion is also named as the father of the swiftfooted Atalanta (Vid. Atalanta.)-We have here an agricultural legend. Iasion is made the offspring of Force and Prudence. (Kpároc and povía.-Creuzer, Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 325.) In other words, strength, or courage in enduring labour, and prudence, or skill in the application of that strength, excite the instinctive powers of the earth, causing famine to disappear, nourishing the human race, and rendering them healthy and vigorous. Hence the name of Iasion, “he that saves” (lúoμai) from evil. (Compare remarks under the article Trophonius.) IAPYGIA, a division of Italy, forming what is called the heel. It was called also Messapia, and contained two nations, the Calabri on the northeast, and the Salentini on the southwest side. The name of Iapygia was not known to the Romans, except as an appellation borrowed from the Greeks, to whom it was famil-lover with his thunder. (Hom., Od., 5, 125.) Heiar. Among the many traditions current with the latter people may be reckoned their derivation of this name from Iapyx, the son of Dædalus. (Strab., 279. -Plin., 3, 11.) This story, however, belongs rather to fable than to history. We have no positive evidence regarding the origin of the Iapyges, but their existence on these shores prior to the arrival of any Grecian colony is recognised by the earliest writers of that nation, such as Herodotus (7, 170) and Hellanicus of Lesbos (ap. Dion. Hal., 1, 22). Thucydides evidently considered them as barbarians (7, 33), as well as Scylax, in his Periplus (p. 5), and Pausanias (10, 1); and this, in fact, is the idea which we must form of this people, whether we look upon them as descended from an Umbrían, Oscan, or Illyrian race, or from an intermixture of these earliest Italian tribes.-Very little is JASON, I. a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, daughknown of the language of this people; but, from a cu- ter of Phylacus, by Eson, the son of Cretheus, and rious old inscription found near Otranto, and first pub-Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her lished by Galateo, in his history of Iapygia, it appears union with Cretheus, the son of olus, had two sons, to have been a mixture of Greek and Oscan. (Lanzi, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Eson was king of vol. 3, p. 620. Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 51.) It may Iolcos, but was dethroned by Pelias. The latter also also be noticed, that the name of the Iapyges appears sought the life of Jason; and, to save him, his pain one of the Eugubian tables under the form lapus-rents gave out that he was dead, and, meantime, com; which might lead us to suppose that some connexion once existed between this people and the Umbri. (Lanzi, vol. 3, p. 663.-- Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 302.) Ixsis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter of Iasus. conveyed him by night to the cave of the centaur Chiron, to whose care they committed him. (Apollod., 1, 9, 16.-Apoll. Rh., 1, 10.—Hygin., fab., 12, 13.) An oracle had told Pelias to beware of the "oneIAPYGIUM, or SALLENTINUM, PROMONTORIUM (Sal- sandaled man," but during many years none such aplust, ap. Serv. ad En., 3, 400), a famous promontory of peared to disturb his repose. At length, when JaItaly, at the southern extremity of Iapygia, now Capo son had attained the age of twenty, he proceeded, di Leuca. When the art of navigation was yet in its unknown to Chiron, to Iolcos, in order to claim the infancy, this great headland presented a conspicuous rights of his family. He bore, says the Theban polandmark to mariners bound from the ports of Greece et, two spears; he wore the close-fitting Magnesian to Sicily, of which they always availed themselves. dress, and a pard skin to throw off the rain, and his The fleets of Athens, after having circumnavigated the long unshorn locks waved on his back. In his jourPeloponnesus, are represented on this passage as usu-ney he was stopped by the inundation of the river ally making for Corcyra, whence they steered straight across to the promontory, and then coasted along the south of Italy for the remainder of their voyage. (Thucyd., 6, 30.) There seems, indeed, to have been a sort of haven here, capable of affording shelter to vessels in tempestuous weather. (Thucyd., 6, 44.) Strabo describes this promontory as defining, together with the Ceraunian Mountains, the line of separation between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, while it formed, with the opposite Cape of Lacinium, the entrance to the Tarentine Gulf; the distance in both cases being 700 stadia. (Strab., 281.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 315.) Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and on his arrival at Iolcos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolcos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. He asked him who he was, and Jason mildly answered his question, telling him he was come to demand the kingdom of his fathers. He then went into the house of his parent Eson, by whom he was joyfully recognised. On the TAPYGUM TRIA PROMONTORIA, three capes on the coast of Magna Græcia, to the south of the Lacinian promontory. They are now called Capo delle Cas-intelligence of the arrival of Jason, his uncles Pheres tello, Capo Rizzuto, and Capo della Nave. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 397.) IAPYX, I. a son of Daedalus, who was fabled to have given name to Iapygia in Lower Italy. (Consult remarks under the article Iapygia.)-II. A name given to the west-northwest wind. It was so called from and Amythaon, with their sons Admetus and Melampus, hastened to Ioleos. Five days they feasted and enjoyed themselves; on the sixth Jason disclosed to them his wishes, and went, accompanied by them, to the dwelling of Pelias, who at once proposed to resign the kingdom, retaining the herds and pastures, at the on the whole Argonautic legend, consult the article same time stimulating Jason to the expedition of the or, as another account has it, when the Argo was fallgolden fleece. (Pind., Pyth., 4, 193, seqq.)-Another ing to pieces with time, Medea persuaded him to sleep account is, that Pelias, being about to offer a sacrifice under the prow, and it fell on him and killed him. lern on the seashore to his father Neptune, invited all his (Arg. Eurip., Med.) Medea herself, we are told, besubjects. Jason, who was ploughing on the other side came the bride of Achilles in the Elysian fields. (Ibof the Anaurus, crossed that stream to come to it, and ycus et Simonides, ap. Schol. ad Apoll. Rh., 4, 815. in so doing lost one of his sandals. It is said that Ju-Keightley's Mythology, p. 307, seqq.-For remarks no, out of enmity to Pelias, who had neglected to sacrifice to her, took the form of an old woman, and asked Jason to carry her over, which caused him to leave one of his sandals in the mud. Her object was to give occasion for Medea's coming to Iolcos and destroying Pelias. When Pelias perceived Jason with but one sandal, he saw the accomplishment of the oracle, and, sending for him next day, asked him what he would do, if he had the power, had it been predicted to him that he should be slain by one of his citizens. Jason replied, that he would order him to go and fetch the golden fleece. Pelias took him at his word, and imposed the task upon Jason himself. (Pherecydes, ap. Schol. ad Pind., Pyth., 4, 133.)—An account of the celebrated expedition which Jason in consequence undertook, will be found under a different article. (Vid. Argonautæ)-During the absence of Jason, Pelias had driven the father and mother of the hero to self-destruction, and had put to death their remaining child. Desirous of revenge, Jason, after he had delivered the fleece to Pelias, entreated Medea to exercise her art in his behalf. He sailed with his companions to the Isthmus of Corinth, and there dedicated the Argo to Neptune; and Medea, shortly afterward, ingratiated herself with the daughters of Pelias, and, by vaunting her art of restoring youth, and proving it by cutting up an old ram, and putting the pieces into a pot, whence issued a bleating lamb, she persuaded them to treat their father in the same manner, and then refused to restore him to youth. Acastus, son of Pelias, thereupon drove Jason and Medea from Iolcos, and they retired to Corinth, where they lived happily for ten years, till Jason, wishing to marry Glauce or Creusa, the daughter of Creon, king of that place, put away Medea. The Colchian princess, enraged at the ingratitude of her husband, sent a poisoned robe and crown as gifts to the bride, by which the latter, together with her father Creon, miserably perished. Medea then killed her own children, mounted a chariot drawn by winged serpents, and fled to Athens, where she married King Egeus, by whom she had a son named Medus. But, being detected in an attempt to destroy Theseus, she fled from Athens with her son. Medus conquered several barbarous tribes, and also the country which he named Media after himself, and finally fell in battle against the Indians. Medea, returning unknown to Colchis, found that her father Eetes had been robbed of his throne by her brother Perses. She restored him, and deprived the usurper of life.-The narrative here given is taken from Apollodorus, who seems to have adhered closely to the versions of the legend found in the Attic tragedians. The accounts of others will now be stated. In the Theogony, Medea is classed with the goddesses who honoured mortal men with their love. Jason made her his spouse, and she bore to "the shepherd of the people" a son named Medus, whom Chiron reared in the mountains, and | "the will of great Jove was accomplished." (Theog., 992, seqq.) It is evident, therefore, that this poet supposed Jason to have reigned at Iolcos after his return from his great adventure.-According to the poem of the Nostoi, Medea restored Æson to youth (Argum. Eurip, Medea-Ovid, Met., 7, 159, seqq.), while Simonides and Pherecydes say that she effected this change in Jason himself (Arg. Eur., Med.); and Æschylus, that she thus renewed the Hyades, the nurses of Bacchus, and their husbands. (Arg. Eur., Med.Ovid, Met., 7, 294, scqq.)-Jason is said to have put an end to his life after the tragic fate of his children; ÍASONIUM PROMONTORIUM, a promontory of Pontus, IASSICUS SINUS, a gulf of Caria, deriving its name IASSUS, a city of Asia Minor, situate on a small island very near the coast of Caria, and giving to the adjacent bay the name of Sinus Iassicus. It was a rich and flourishing city, and the inhabitants were chiefly occupied with fisheries along the adjacent coasts. It is now in ruins, though many vestiges remain of it. The name of the place is Assem. (Plin., 5, 28.-Liv., 32, 33; 37, 17.) IAXARTES, a large river of Asia, rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, after a course of 1682 English miles. It is now the Sir, or Sir Darjah. Ptolemy makes it flow into the Caspian, as he was unacquainted with the existence of the Sea of Aral. Herodotus, long before, had called the Iax 659 IBERIA, I. a country of Asia, bounded on the west by Colchis, on the north by Mount Caucasus, on the east by Albania, and on the south by Armenia. It answers now to Imeriti, Georgia, the country of the Gurians, &c. The name of Imeriti is an evident derivation from the ancient one. The Cyrus, or Kur, flowed through Iberia. Ptolemy enumerates several towns of this country, such as Agiuna, Vasada, Varica, &c. The Iberians were allies of Mithradates, and were therefore attacked by Pompey, who defeated them in a great battle, and took many prisoners. Plutarch makes the number of slain to have been not less than nine thousand, and that of the prisoners ten thousand. (Vit. Pomp.) The same writer states, that the Iberians had never been subject to the Medes or to the Persians; they had escaped even the Macedonian yoke, because Alexander was obliged to quit Hyrcania in haste. (Plin., 6, 4.—Id., 10, 3.-Strab., 499.-Ptol., 5, 11-Socrat., Hist., 1, 26.-Sozom., 2, 7.)-II. One of the ancient names of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. Consult remarks under the article Hispania. IBERI, a powerful nation of Spain, situate along the Iberus, and who, mingling with Celtic tribes, took the name of Celtiberi. (Consult remarks under the article Hispania.) artes by the name of Araxes, and confounded it with the Oxus (1,204, seqq.). Rennell, after quoting the passage just referred to, remarks as follows: In this description the Iaxartes and Oxus appear to be confounded together (Herodotus had perhaps heard certain particulars of both rivers, but might refer them to one only), for there are circumstances that may be applied to each respectively, although most of them are applicable only to the former. It may be observed, that Herodotus mentions only one large river in this part of the empire of Cyrus; that is, the river which separates it from the Massagetæ, and which was undoubtedly the laxartes; for there is no question that Sogdia was included in the empire of Cyrus, and it lay between the Oxus and Iaxartes. The Oxus, therefore, has no distinct place in the geography of our author, although a river of much greater bulk and importance than the laxartes. But that the Oxus was intended, when he says that the larger stream continued its even course to the Caspian, appears probable; although the numerous branches that formed the large islands, and were afterward lost in bogs and marshes, agrees rather with the description of the Aral lake, and lower part of the Sir." (Geography of Herodotus, vol. 1, p. 270, seqq., ed. 1830.)-With regard to the tribe of the Iaxarta, and the origin of the name Iaxartes, the same writer observes as follows: "Ptolemy mentions the laxarta: placing them along the northern bank of the laxartes, throughout the lower half of its course. These, consequently, occupy the place of the Massagete of Herodotus and Arrian, and of the Sace of Strabo. Ptolemy may possibly have named them arbitrarily; but as there is a remnant of a tribe named Sartes, now existing between the Oxus and laxartes, and which are reported to be the re-runs for a great part of its course, prevents it from mains of the ancient inhabitants of the country, it is taking a western course along with the other rivers of possible that this was one of the tribes of the Massa- Spain. It is now the Ebro, and is in general very getæ or Sacæ; while laxartæ may have been the true rapid and unfit for navigation, being full of rocks and name in the country itself, and very probably gave shoals, and hence the Spanish government have been name to the river laxartes at that period; of which compelled to cut a canal parallel to the river from TuSir and Sirt, which are in use at present, may be the dela to Sastaga. The deposites which the river carries remains. Ammianus speaks of the laxartæ as a tribe, to the Mediterranean have formed a considerable delta and of good account, in lib. xxiii." (Geogr. of He- at its embouchure, and it has been necessary to cut a rod., vol. 2, p. 295, seqq.)-It is generally supposed canal, in order that vessels may ascend to the small that the Greeks in the time of Alexander were guilty town of Amposta, below Tortosa. (Malte-Brun, vol. of an error in confounding this river with the Tanaïs. 8, p. 10, Am. ed.) This river was made the boundary Klaproth, however, shows that the name Tanaïs was between the Carthaginian and Roman possessions in common to both the laxartes and the modern Don, a Spain after the close of the first Punic war. (Lupeople of the same race occupying at that time the can, 4, 335.-Plin., 3, 3.-Mela, 2, 6.-Liv., 21, 5.) banks of both streams, and using for both an appella--II. A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from Mount tion, the root of which (dan, tan, or don) has a gener- Caucasus into the Cyrus, probably the modern Iora. al reference to water. (Consult remarks under the article Tanais. Klaproth, Tableaux Historiques de l'Asie, p. 181.) IAZYGES, a people of Scythia. Of these there were the lazyges Mæote, who occupied the northern coast of the Palus Mæotis; the Iazyges Metanasta (Ptol., -Compare Cellarius, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 83), who inhabited the angular territory formed by the Tibiscus, the Danube, and Dacia; they lived in the vicinity of Dacia, and are called by Pliny Sarmates. The lazyges Basilii, or Royal (Ovid, Ep. ex. Pont., 1, 2, 79.Id., Trist., 2, 191), were a people of Sarmatia, joined by Strabo to the Iazyges on the coast of the Euxine, between the Tyras and the Borysthenes. Ptolemy speaks only of the Metanasta, who were probably the most considerable of the three. The territory of this latter people was, towards the decline of the empire, occupied by the Vandals, and afterward became a part of the empire of the Goths. About the year 350 they were expelled by the Huns. It has since formed a part of Hungary, and of the Bannat of Temeswar. According to some writers, the lazyges were the ancestors of the Iatwinges, whom the Polish authors call also Polleriani. (Balbi, Introduction a l'Atlas Ethnogr., &c., vol. 1, p. 188.) IBERUS, I. one of the largest rivers in Spain. It rises in what was once the country of the Cantabri, from the ancient Fons Iberus, in the valley of Reynosa, near the town of Juliobriga, and flows with a southeastern course into the Mediterranean Sea, a little distance above the Tenebrium Promontorium, passing, not far from its mouth, the city of Dertosa, now Tortosa. The chain of Mons Idubeda, by which it IBIS, a lost poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. (Vid. Callimachus.) Ovid also wrote a poem under the same title, in imitation of Callimachus. This latter has come down to us, and is thought to be directed against Hyginus, a false friend of the poet's. (Vid. Ovidius.) IBYCUS, a lyric poet, a native of Rhegium, who flourished about B.C. 528. Rhegium was peopled partly by Ionians from Chalcis, partly by Dorians from the Peloponnesus, the latter of whom were a superior class. The peculiar dialect formed in Rhegium had some influence on the poems of Ibycus, although these were in general written in an epic dialect with a Doric tinge, like the poems of Stesichorus. Ibycus was a wandering poet, as is intimated by the story of his death, which will be given below; but his travels were not, like those of Stesichorus, confined to Sicily. He passed a part of his time in Samos with Polycrates, whence the flourishing period of this bard may be fixed as we have already given it. In consequence of the peculiar style of poetry which was admired at the court of Polycrates, Ibycus could not here compose solemn hymns to the gods, but had to accommodate his Dorian cithara, as he was best able, to the strains rus. ICARIUM MARE, a part of the Egean Sea near the of Anacreon. Accordingly, it is probable that the poetry of Ibycus was first turned mainly to erotic sub-islands of Myconus and Gyarus. The ancient myjects during his residence in the court of the tyrant of thologists deduce the name from Icarus, who fell into Samos; and that his glowing love-songs, which formed it and was drowned. But compare remarks under the his chief title to fame in antiquity, were composed at article Icaria. this period. But that the poetical style of Ibycus re- ICARIUS, I. an Athenian, father of Erigone. Havsembled that of Stesichorus, is proved by the fact, that ing been taught by Bacchus the culture of the vine, the ancient critics often doubted to which of the two he gave some of the juice of the grape to certain shepa particular idea or expression belonged. (Compare herds, who, thinking themselves poisoned, killed him. Athenæus, 4, p. 172, d.-Schol. Ven. ad Il., 24, 259. When they came to their senses they buried him; and Hesych., s. v. βρυαλίκται. - Schol. ad Aristoph. his daughter Erigone, being shown the spot by his Av., 1302.-Schol. Vratislav. ad Pind., Ol. 9, 128. faithful dog Mæra, hung herself through grief. (Apol-Etymol. Gud., s. v. úтepπvos, p. 98, 31.) The lod., 3, 14, 7.-Hygin., fab., 130.) Icarius was fametres of Ibycus also resemble those of Stesichorus, bled to have been changed after death into the conbeing in general dactylic series, connected together stellation Bootes, Erigone into Virgo, while Mæra beinto verses of different lengths, but sometimes so long came the star Canis. (Vid. Erigone.)-II. A son of that they are to be called systems rather than verses. Ebalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter PeBesides these, Ibycus frequently used logaœdic verses nelope in marriage to Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but he of a soft or languid character; and, in general, his was so tenderly attached to her that he wished her rhythms are less stately and dignified, and more suited husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused; to the expression of passion, than those of Stesicho- and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he Hence the effeminate poet Agathon is repre- told Penelope, as they were going to embark, that she sented by Aristophanes as appealing to Ibycus with might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca or Anacreon and Alcæus, who had made music more to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in sisweet, and had worn many-coloured fillets (in the Ori-lence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius, ental fashion), and led the Ionic dance. The subjects upon this, permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and of the poems of Ibycus appear also to have had a immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modstrong affinity with those of Stesichorus; and so many esty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her particular accounts of mythological stories, especially blushes with her veil. relating to the heroic period, are cited from his poems, that it seems as if he too had written long poems on the Trojan war, the expedition of the Argonauts, and other similar subjects. The erotic poetry, however, of Ibycus is most celebrated, and those productions breathed a fervour of passion far exceeding that expressed in any similar pieces throughout the whole range of Grecian literature. The death of the poet is said to have been as follows: he was assailed and murdered by robbers, and at the moment of his death, he implored some cranes that were flying over head to avenge his fate. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and remarked to his companions, αἱ Ιβύκου ἔκδικοι πάρεισιν! "Here are the avengers of Ibycus!" These words and the recent murder of Ibycus excited suspicion; the assas-jection. They again revolted under the command of sins were seized, aud, being put to the torture, confessed their guilt. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 205, seqq.) ICĂRUS, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, fled with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high proved fatal to him; for the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean Sea which was called after his name. (Vid. Icarium Mare; and consult also remarks under the article Dædalus.) ICENI, a people of Britain, north of the Trinobantes. They inhabited what answers now to the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. This nation is called by several different names, as Simeni by Ptolemy, Cenimagni by Cæsar, &c. They at first submitted to the Roman power, but afterward revolting in the reign of Claudius, were defeated in a great battle by Ostorius Scapula, the second Roman governor of Britain, A.D. 50, and reduced to a state of sub the famous Boadicea, but were entirely defeated with great slaughter by Suetonius Paulinus, A.D. 61, and totally subjugated. Their capital was Venta Icenorum, now Caister, about three miles from Norwich. (Tacit., 12, 31.-Cæs., B. G., 5, 21.-Cellarii, Geogr. Ant., vol. 2, p. 339.) ICARIA, an island of the Egean, near Samos, and, according to Strabo, eighty stadia due west from Ampelos, the western promontory of the latter. Pliny (4, 12) makes the distance greater, but he probably ICHNE, I. a town of Macedonia, placed by Herodomeasures from the harbour at the western extremity. tus in Botiæa, and situated probably at the mouth of Mythology deduced the name of this island from Ica- the Ludias. (Herod., 7, 123.-Compare Mela, 2, 3. rus, son of Dædalus, whose body was washed upon its -Plin., 4, 10.) From other authors, cited by Steshores after the unfortunate termination of his flight. phanus, it appears that the name was sometimes writBochart, however, inclines towards a Phoenician der-ten Achne.-II. A city of Thessaly, near Phyllus, and ivation, and assigns, as the etymology of the name, in the district of Phthiotis. The goddess Themis was I-caure, i. e., “insula piscium," the island of fish. In especially revered here. (Strab., 435.—Hom., Hymn. support of this explanation, he refers to Athenæus in Apoll., 94.) (1, 24), Stephanus Byzantinus, and others, according to whom one of the early Greek names of the island was Ichthyoessa_('IxOvóɛσσa), i. e., "abounding in fish." (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 8, sub fin.)-Icaria was of small extent, being long but narrow. In Strabo's time it was thinly inhabited, and the Samians used it principally for the pasturage of their cattle. The mod-ous speculations to prove that the name Ichnusa refers, ern name is Nicaria. The island at the present day is said to abound in timber, but to be otherwise steril; and to be inhabited by a few Greeks, very poor, and very proud of their pretended descent from the imperial line of Constantine. (Georgirenes, Descrip. de Samos, Nicaria, &c., p. 304.) ICARIS and ICARIOTIS, a name given to Penelope, as daughter of Icarius. ICHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. 'Ixvovca, from ixvos, vestigium. (Pausan., 10, 17.-Plin., 3, 7.-Sil. Ital., 12, 881.) It was also called Sandaliotis, from its resemblance to a sandal (oavdáλiov). Ritter, however, indulges in some very learned and curi not to the shape of the island, but to the establishment in it, at an early period, of the religion of the Sun. And, in support of this position, he avails himself very skilfully of the various accounts of the prints of human footsteps as found in different parts of the ancient world. (Vorhalle, p. 351, seqq.) ICHTHYOPHAGI, a name given by the Greek geographers to several tribes of barbarians in different parts 66 of the ancient world, and which indicates a people | fourteenth century. This place has been included in living on fish." I. A people of Gedrosia, on the the domains of the Grand Seignior, under the name of coast of the Mare Erythræum. (Plin., 6, 23.—Arrian, Konia, ever since the time of Bajazet, who finally ex6, 28.-Id., Ind., 26.)-II. A people in the northeast- tirpated the Ameers of Caramania. It is the residence ern part of Arabia Felix, along the coast of the Sinus of a pacha. Col. Leake gives the following account Persicus. III. A people of Trogloditica, according to of its present state: "The circumference of the walls Strabo, southwest of the island Tapozos; probably of Konia is between two and three miles, beyond which near the straits of Dire, or Bab-el-Mandeb. Accord- are suburbs not much less populous than the town iting to the Peutinger Table, they dwelt between Albus self. The walls, strong and lofty, and flanked with Portus and Berenice. square towers, which at the gates are built close to ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS, a bay on the northeast-gether, are of the time of the Seljukian kings, who ern coast of Arabia Felix. seem to have taken considerable pains to exhibit the ICONIUM, a very ancient city of Asia Minor, and Greek inscriptions, and the remains of architecture and during the Persian dominion the easternmost city of sculpture belonging to the ancient Iconium, which they Phrygia. (Xen., Anah., 1, 2.) At a later period it made use of in building the walls. The town, suburbs, became and continued the capital of Lycaonia. It was and gardens around are plentifully supplied with water never a very important place: Strabo (568) calls it a from streams which flow from some hills to the westToλixviov, small city." Pliny, it is true, gives it ward, and which to the northeast join a lake varying the appellation of urbs celeberrima, but this merely re- in size according to the season of the year. In the fers to its being the head of a tetrarchy of fourteen town carpets are manufactured, and they tan and dye cities. (Plin., 5, 27.) Strabo praises the activity of blue and yellow leather. Cotton, wool, hides, and a the inhabitants and the fruitfulness of the surrounding few of the other raw materials, which enrich the sucountry. The Greeks, according to their wonted cus-perior industry and skill of the manufacturers of Eutom, brought their own mythology to bear on the name rope, are sent to Smyrna by the caravans.' (Journal of this place, without at all caring for the fact that the of a Tour in Asia Minor, p. 48.) Col. Leake travcity was called Iconium long before any of their nation elled in this country in 1800. Mr. Browne, who passhad penetrated into inner Asia. They deduced the ed through in 1802, says, that "the scanty population appellation from eiкóviov ("a small image"), and then and shapeless mud-hovels of Konia, the abode of povno difficulty presented itself as to the mode of explain-erty and wretchedness, are strongly contrasted with ing it. According to some, Prometheus and Minerva what still remains of the spacious and lofty walls of were ordered by Jupiter, in order to replenish the earth the Greek city." (Walpole's Memoirs, &c., vol. 2, p. after the deluge of Deucalion, to make human forms 121.) "The modern city," says Capt. Kinneir, “has of clay, and to inspire them with the breath of life by an imposing appearance, from the number and size of calling in the aid of the winds. The scene of this was the mosques, colleges, and other public buildings; but the vicinity of Iconium, whence the place received its these stately edifices are crumbling into ruins, while name. (Steph. Byz., 8. v. 'Ikóviov.) This etymolo- the houses of the inhabitants consist of a mixture of gy, however, had but few supporters; another and a small huts built of sun-dried brick, and wretched hovmore popular one prevailed, though of later date than els thatched with reeds." The same traveller also the former, since Strabo and his contemporaries knew gives an interesting description of the antiquities of the nothing of it. According to this last, Perseus here place. He makes the present number of inhabitants raised a column with an image of Medusa upon it, and about 80,000, principally Turks, with only a small prohence the name of the place. (Eustath., Schol. in portion of Christians. Dionys. Perieg., v. 856.) When Constantine the Great found statues of Perseus and Andromeda at Iconium, and caused them to be transported to Constantinople, this discovery only served to confirm the previous tradition in the minds, not only of the neighbouring communities, but also of the Byzantines themselves. (Antiq. Constant., 1. 2 et 6.-Bandurii, Imp. Orient., vol. 1, p. 24, 106.) It created no difficulty whatever that the name of Iconium commenced, not with the diphthong Et, but the single I. Stephanus (1. c.) asserts, that the name ought to be written with the initial diphthong, and it is, in fact, so written by Eustathius and the Byzantine historians. (Eikóviov -Chron. Alexandrin., Cedrenus.) Eckhel also cites medals on which this orthography is given; but other and earlier ones have the true form, and the grammarian Charoboscus observes, that the first syllable of the name was pronounced short by Menander. (Cod. Barocc., 50, f. 134.)-The most interesting circumstances connected with the history of Iconium, are those which relate to St. Paul's preaching there, towards the commencement of his apostolical mission to the Gentiles. (Acts, 13, 51, seqq.)-Under the Byzantine emperors frequent mention is made of this city; but it had been wrested from them, first by the Saracens, and afterward by the Turks, who made it the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which took the title of Sultans of Iconium. They were constantly engaged in hostilities with the Greek emperors and the crusaders, with various success; and they must be considered as having laid the foundation of the Ottoman power in Asia Minor, which commenced under Osman Oglou and his descendants, on the termination of the Iconian dynasty, towards the beginning of the IDA, I. a chain of mountains in Troas, or, more correctly speaking, a mountainous region, extending in its greatest length from the promontory of Lectum to Zelea, and in breadth from the Hellespont to the neighbourhood of Adramyttium; so that it occupied by its ridges and ramifications the whole of the tract anciently called Phrygia Minor. Among a number of ridges or ranges and irregular masses of mountains of which it is composed, there are three ridges that are superior in point of elevation to the rest, and one of them eminently so. From their relative positions to each other, they may be compared collectively, in point of form, to the Greek Delta; the head or northeastern angle of which approaches the Hellespont, near the site of the ancient Dardanus; and the two lower angles approach the promontory of Lectum on the one hand, and Adramyttium on the other. The loftiest of these ridges is that which forms the right or eastern side of the A; extending southeastward between the Hellespont and the head of the gulf of Adramyttium, and terminating in the lofty summit of Gargarus, which overtops, in every distant view, the great body of Ida, like a dome over the body of a temple. The second ridge, forming the left of the A, runs parallel to the coast of the Egean Sea, from north to south, at the distance of six or seven miles. Its commencement in the north is, like that of Ida, near the Hellespont, and it extends far on towards the promontory of Lectum. In a general view from the west it appears to extend to the promontory itself; although, in reality, it is separated from it by a wide valley, through which flows the Touzla or Salt River. The third ridge, forming the basis of the A, extends along the southern coast of the Lesser Phrygia, from the summit of Mount Gargarus |