cessor Vithimir endeavoured in vain to make head against the victors; he was slain in battle, and the Ostrogoths were dispersed. The Visigoths, to the number of 200,000 combatants, retreated before them, and obtained permission of the Emperor Valens to cross the Danube and retire into Thrace. In 380 Balamir or Balamber desolated the Roman provinces and destroyed numerous cities. Their farther ravages, however, were bought off by an annual tribute until 442, when, under Attila and Bleda, sons of Moundzoukh, they ravaged Thrace and Illyria, and Theodosius II. was compelled to fly for refuge into Asia, and to conclude from that country a shameful peace with the invaders. In 444 Attila became sole monarch, and in 447 entered at the head of an immense army into the countries subject to the Eastern empire, and advanced to the very gates of Constantinople. The armies of Theodosius II. were everywhere defeated, and a fresh tribute alone saved the capital of the East. The death of Theodosius, which happened in 450, appeared to Attila to offer a new opportunity for farther exactions; but Marcian, the new emperor, refused to listen to his demands; and Attila, finding menaces ineffectual, began to seek various pretexts for carrying the war into the West. He penetrated into Gaul and ravaged various parts of the country, but was defeated in the battle of Chalons-sur-Marne. Notwithstanding, however, this overthrow, he soon made an irruption into Italy, ravaged Cisalpine Gaul, took Aquileia, and pillaged Milan and Pavia. He died this same year (453), on the night of his nuptials. The power of the Huns fell with Attila, and the nation was soon after dispersed. A portion of them settled in the country which from them was called Hungary. Some authors state, that the race of the ancient Huns were all cut off in the long war waged against them by Charlemagne, and that the country was afterward peopled by the neighbouring nations, to whom the present Hungarians owe their origin. But other and more ac- | curate authors make the Hungarians of the present day to be descended from the ancient Huns mingled with other races. The personal appearance of the Huns does not, it is true, favour this idea; but the Finnic tribe, which formed the germe of the Hungarian nation, becoming intermingled in the course of time with Turkish, Slavonic, and Germanic races, may be said to have almost totally changed its external characteristics. The language of the present Hungarians, too, is composed of Finnic, Turkish, Slavonic, and German elements. (Klaproth, Tableaux Historiques, &c., p. 247, seqq.)

unto whom Jupiter confided the nurture of Bacchus. (Consult Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 68.) Pherecydes gives their names as Ambrosia, Coronis, Eudora, Dione, sula, and Polyxo. (Pherecyd., ap. Schol., I., 18, 486.) Hesiod, on the other hand, calls them Phæsula, Coronis, Cleea, Phæo, and Eudora. (Ap. Schol. ad Arat., Phan., 172.) The Hyades went about with their divine charge, communicating his discovery to mankind, until, being chased with him into the sea by Lycurgus, Jupiter, in compassion, raised them to the skies and transformed them into stars. (Pherecyd., 1. c.) According to the more common legend, however, the Hyades, having lost their brother Hyas, who was killed by a bear or lion, or, as Timæus says, by an asp, were so disconsolate at his death, that they pined away and died; and after death they were changed into stars. (Hygin., fab., 192.-Muncker, ad loc.)-The stars called Hyades (Yadeç) derived their name from bw, "to make wet," "to rain," because their setting, at both the evening and morning twilight, was for the Greeks and Romans a sure presage of wet and stormy weather, these two periods falling respectively in the latter half of April and November. (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 139.) On this basis, therefore, both the above legends respecting the Hyades were erected by the poets. In the case of the nymphs of Dodona, the Hyades become the type of the humid principle, the nur turer of vegetation; while in the later fable, the raindrops that accompany the setting of the Hyades are the tears of the dying daughters of Atlas. Hence Horace, with a double allusion to both fable and physical phenomena, calls the stars in question "tristes Hyadas." |(Od., 1, 3, 14.)—The Roman writers sometimes call these stars by the name of Suculæ, "little swine," for which singularly inelegant epithet Pliny assigns as singular a derivation. According to this writer, the Roman farmers mistook the etymology of the Greek name Hyades, and deduced it, not from vev, "to rain," but from úç, gen. vós, “a sow." (Plin., 18, 26.) The reason for this amusing derivation appears to have been, because the continual rains at the setting of the Hyades made the roads so miry, that these stars seemed to delight in dirt like swine! Isidorus derives the term Sucule from succus, in the sense of "moisture" or "wet" ("a succo et pluviis."-Isid., Orig., 3, 70), an etymology which has found its way into many modern works. Some grammarians, again, sought to derive the name Hyades from the Greek T (upsilon), in consequence of the resemblance which the cluster of stars bears to that letter. (Schol. ad Il., l. c.)—The Hyades, in the celestial sphere, are at the head of the Bull (¿πì roù Bovкpávov). The number of the stars composing the constellation are variously given. Thales comprehended under this name only the two stars a and e; Euripides, in his Phaethon, made the number to be three; Achæus gave four; Hesiod five; and Pherecydes, who must have incluHYACINTHUS, a beautiful youth of Amycle, beloved ded the horns of the Bull, numbered seven. (Schol. by Apollo. He was playing one day at discus-throw- ad Arat., l. c.) The scholiast on the Iliad, however, ing with the god, when the latter made a great cast, gives only the names of six Hyades, when quoting and Hyacinthus running too eagerly to take up the from the same Pherecydes, the name of one having discus, it rebounded and struck him in the face. The probably been dropped by him; for the Atlantides god, unable to save his life, changed him into the flow- were commonly reckoned as amounting to fourteen, er which was named from him, and on whose petals namely, seven Pleiades and seven Hyades. —The Grecian fancy saw traced al, ai, the notes of grief. names of the Hyades, as given by Hyginus, are evi(Ovid, Met., 10, 162, seqq.—Apollod., 1, 3, 3.—Id., 3, dently in some degree corrupted, and in emending the 10, 3-Eurip., Hel., 1489, seq.)-Other versions of text we ought to employ the scholia on Homer (Il., the legend say that Zephyrus (the West Wind), en- 18, 486), especially those from the Venetian MS., toraged at Hyacinthus' having preferred Apollo to him-gether with the remarks of Valckenaer (ad Ammon., self, blew the discus, when flung by Apollo, against p. 207, seqq.-Buttmann, Bemerk. zu Ideler, p. 315.) the head of the youth, and so killed him. (Eudocia, 408.--Nonnus, 10, 253, seq.—Id., 29, 95, seq.—Lucian, D. D., 14.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 120.)

HYACINTHIA, a festival, celebrated for three days in the summer of each year, at Amyclæ, in honour of Apollo and his unhappy favourite Hyacinthus. (Vid. Hyacinthus.) Müller gives strong reasons for supposing that the Hyacinthia were originally a festival of Ceres. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 373.)

HYADES, according to some, the daughters of Atlas and sisters of the Pleiades. The best accounts, however, make them to have been the nymphs of Dodona,

HYAMPEIA, one of the two lofty rocks which rose perpendicularly from behind Delphi, and obtained for Parnassus the epithet of dikópvoos, or the two-headed. (Eurip., Phan., 234.-Herodot., 8, 39.) The other was called Naupleia. It was from these elevated crags that culprits and sacrilegious criminals were

hurled by the Delphians, and in this manner the un- | pomp., ap. Schol. ad Arist., Acharn., 1075.) There fortunate Æsop was barbarously murdered. (Plut., was also another festival of the same name, which is de Ser. Num. Vind.-Diod. Sic., 16, 523.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 170.)

HYGEIA, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. She was commonly worshipped in the same temple with Esculapius. Her statue, moreover, was often placed by the side of that of Apollo, who then derived from her a surname. So also, on the Acropolis at Athens, her statue stood near that of Minerva, who HYAS, the son of Atlas, and brother of the Atlanti-was hence called Minerva-Hygeia. (Pausan., 1, 23.) des. He was extremely fond of hunting, and lost his-Hygeia was usually represented holding a cup in one life in an encounter with a bear or lion, or, as Timæus relates, from the bite of an asp. (Hygin., fab., 192.Munck., ad loc.-Vid. Hyades.)

II. A river of Lydia, which falls into the Hermus. It is mentioned by Homer (Il., 20, 392). Strabo states that it was named in his time the Phrygius. Pliny, however, distinguishes between the Hyllus and the Phryx or Phrygius (5, 29); and, if he is correct, it is probable that, in his opinion, the Hyllus was the river of Thyatira; but the Phrygius, the larger branch, which comes from the northeast, and rises in the hills of the ancient Phrygia Epictetus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 428.)

tend to recognise Q. Fabius Quintilianus. This work | Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception also is written in a careless and inferior manner, and to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched yet is very important for obtaining a knowledge of an- against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over cient astronomy, and for a correct understanding of his enemies, killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and the poets. The principal source, whence the writer sent his head to Alcmena, his grandmother. Some obtained his materials, was, according to Salmasius time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus (de Ann. Climact., p. 594), the Greek Sphæra (Zoaipa) with the other Heraclidæ, but was killed in single comof Nigidius; but, according to Scaliger (Jos. Scal. ad bat by Echemus, king of Arcadia. (Vid. Heraclidæ, Manil., 1, p. 33.-Id., ad Euseb., p. 10), he drew them Hercules.-Herodot., 7, 204, &c.-Ovid, Met., 9, 279. from Eratosthenes and others.-An examination of the style and character of these two works will leave no doubt on our mind that the author of them was not the celebrated grammarian of the Augustan age; but that these were written at a later period. Many regard the Fables as a selection made from several earlier works, by a grammarian of a later day, probably Avianus, whose name Barth thought he had discovered in one of the MSS. (Barth, Advers., 10, 12.—Id., 10, 20.) Scheffer places the writer, about whose name, Hyginus, there cannot well be any doubt, in the age of the An- HYMEN US and HYMEN, the god of marriage, was tonines. (De Hygini Script. fabul. ætate atque sty-said to be the offspring of the muse Urania, but the lo.) Muncker thinks that many parts are taken from name of his sire was unknown. (Catullus, 61, 2.the earlier Hyginus, and that the rest is the produc- Nonnus, 33, 67.) Those who take a less sublime tion of a very inferior writer. (Munck., Præf. ad Hy-view of the sanctity of marriage, give him Bacchus gin., tttt, seqq.) N. Heinsius makes the compiler and Venus for parents. (Servius, ad Æn., 4, 127.) of the work to have lived under Theodosius the young. He was invoked at marriage festivals. (Eurip., Troer; and Van Staveren regards the collection as hav-ad., 310.—Catull., l. c.) By the Latin poets he is ing been made at a late period, with the name of an ancient grammarian prefixed to it. (Præf. ad Auct. Mythogr., sub fin.) Niebuhr, finally, thinks that a mythological fragment found by him (Fragmentum de rebus Thebanis mythologicis) formed part of the work out of which, by the aid of numerous additions, the two productions that now go by the name of Hyginus appear to have originated. (Cic., Orat. pro Rabir., &c., Fragm., p. 105, seqq., Rom., 1820, 8vo.) The best editions of Hyginus are: that of Muncker, Amst., 1681, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Van Staveren, Lugd. Bat., et Amst., 1742, 4to. (Bähr, Gesch. Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 712, seqq.)

HYLACTOR, one of Acteon's dogs, named from his barking (vλakт, “to bark”).

presented to us arrayed in a yellow robe, his temples wreathed with the fragrant plant amaracus, his locks dropping perfume, and the nuptial torch in his hand. (Catull., i. c.— -Ovid, Her., 20, 157, seqq.—Id., Met., 10, 1, seq.)

HYMETTUS, a mountain of Attica, southeast of Athens, and celebrated for its excellent honey. According to Hobhouse, Hymettus approaches to within three miles of Athens, and is divided into two ranges; the first running from east-northeast to southwest, and the second forming an obtuse angle with the first, and having a direction from west-northwest to eastsoutheast. One of these summits was named Hymettus, the other Anydros, or the dry Hymettus. (Theophr., de Sign. Pl., p. 419, Heins.) The first is HYLAS, I. a son of Theodamas, king of Mysia, and now called Trelo Vouni, the second Lambra Vouni. of Menodice, who accompanied Hercules in the Argo. The modern name of Hymettus (Trelo Vouni) means On the coast of Mysia the Argonauts stopped to ob- "the Mad Mountain." This singular appellation is actain a supply of water, and Hylas having gone for counted for, from the circumstance of its having been some, was seized and kept by the nymphs of the translated from the Italian Monte Matto, which is nostream into which he dipped his urn. Hercules went thing else than an unmeaning corruption of Mons Hyin quest of him, and in the midst of his unavailing mettus. The same writer states, that Hymettus is search was left behind by the Argo. (Apollod., 1, 9, neither a high nor a picturesque mountain, but a flat 19.-Apoll. Rh., 1, 1207, seq.-Munck., ad Anton. ridge of bare rocks. The sides about half way up are Lib., 26.-Sturz, ad Hellanic. fragm., p. 111.)—It was covered with brown shrubs and heath, whose flowers an ancient custom of the Bithynians to lament in the scent the air with delicious perfume. The honey of burning days of midsummer, and call out of the well, Hymettus is still held in high repute at Athens, being into which they fabled he had fallen, a god named distinguished by a superior flavour and a peculiar aroHylas. The Maryandinians lamented and sought Bor-matic odour, which plants in this vicinity also possess. mos, and the Phrygians Lityorses, with dirges, in a (Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 1, p. 320.) Herodotus afsimilar manner. This usage of the Bithynians was firms that the Pelasgi, who, in the course of their adopted into their mythology by the Greek inhabitants wanderings, had settled in Attica, occupied a district of Cius, near which the scene of the fable was laid, situated under Mount Hymettus: from this, however, and it was connected in the manner just narrated with they were expelled in consequence, as Hecatæus afthe Argonautic expeditions, and the history of Hercu- firmed, of the jealousy entertained by the Athenians les. (Müller, Orchom., p. 293.-Id., Dorians, vol. 1, of the superior skill exhibited by these strangers in p. 367, 457.)-II. A river of Bithynia, flowing into the culture of land (6, 137). Some ruins, indicative the Sinus Cianus, near the town of Cius, and to the of the site of an ancient town near the monastery of southwest of the lake Ascanius and the city of Nicæa. Syriani, at the foot of Trelo Vouni, have been thought The inhabitants of Cius celebrated yearly a festival in to correspond with this old settlement of the Pelasgi, honour of Hylas, who was carried off by the nymphs, as apparently called Larissa. (Strabo, p. 440.-Gell's is above mentioned, in the neighbourhood of this river. Itinerary, p. 94. - Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 294. —. The river was named after him. At this celebration it Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 391.) was usual to call with loud cries upon Hylas. (Plin., 5, 32.) Consult remarks under the article Hylas, I. HYLLUS, I. a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, after his father's death, married Iole. According to the common legend, he was persecuted, as his father had been, by Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the

HYPANIS, I. a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, after a southeast course of about 400 miles, and with it into the Euxine. (Herod., 4, 52.)-II. A river of Asia, rising in Mount Caucasus, and falling into the Palus Mæn tis. (Vid. Vardanus.)

HYPATA, the principal town of the Enianes, in Thessaly, on the river Sperchius. Livy mentions as being in the possession of the Etolians, and as a place where their national council was frequently convened (36, 14). Its women were celebrated for their skill in magic. (Apul., Met., 1, p. 104.-Theophr., Hist. Plant., 9, 2.) Hypata was still a city of note in the time of Hierocles (p. 642). Its ruins are to be seen on the site called Castritza, near the modern Patragick, which represents probably the Neæ Patra of the Byzantine historians. (Nicephorus Gregor., 4, p. 67.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 447.)

published by Petavius (1633, fol.), are found seven of the letters written by that prelate to Hypatia; but we have to regret the loss of her answers, which would have thrown much light on the subject matter of the epistles in question. The Greek Anthology contains an epigram in praise of Hypatia, attributed to Paulus Silentiarius. For farther information relative to this celebrated female, consult Menage, Hist. Mulier. Philosophor., p. 52, seqq. ; a Dissertation of Desvignoles, in the Bibl. German., vol. 3; and a Letter of the Abbé Goujet, in the fifth and sixth volumes of the Continuation des Memoires de Literature, by Desmolets. Socrates Scholasticus also gives us some account of her method of instruction. (Hist. Eccles., 7, 15.)

HYPATIA, a female mathematician of Alexandrea, daughter of Theon, and still more celebrated than her HYPERBOREI, a name given by the ancient writers father. She was born about the end of the fourth cen- to a nation supposed to dwell in a remote quarter of tury. Endowed with a rare penetration of mind, she the world, beyond the wind Boreas, or the region where, joined to this so great a degree of ardour in the path in the popular belief, this wind was supposed to begin of self-instruction, as to consecrate to study her entire to blow. Hence they were thought to live in a dedays and a large portion of the night. She applied lightful climate, and in the enjoyment of every blessherself in particular to the philosophy of Plato, whose ing, and to attain also to an incredible age, even to a sentiments she preferred to those of Aristotle. Fol- thousand years. (Pind., Ol., 3, 55.—Pherenicus, ap. lowing the example of these great men, she resolved Schol. ad Pind., l. c.)-The term Hyperborean has to add to her information by travelling; and, having given rise to various opinions. Pelloutier makes the reached Athens, attended there the lectures of the people in question to have been the Celtic tribes near ablest instructers. On her return to her native city, the Alps and Danube. Pliny places them beyond the she was invited by the magistrates to give lessons in Rhipean mountains and the northeast wind, "ultra philosophy, and Alexandrea beheld a female succeed aquilonis initia." Mention is made of them in sevto that long line of illustrious teachers which had ren-eral passages of Pindar; and the scholiast on the 8th dered its school one of the most celebrated in the Olympiad, v. 63, observes, eiç "Yπɛрборéovs, ¿v0a "loworld. She was an Eclectic; but the exact sciences Tpoc Tàs Tпyàs ExEL, to the Hyperboreans, where the Isformed the basis of all her instructions, and she ap- ter has its rise. Protarchus, who is quoted by Stephaplied their demonstrations to the principles of the nus of Byzantium under the word 'Yeрbópɛot, states, speculative sciences. Hence she was the first who that the Alps and Rhipean Mountains were the same, introduced a rigorous method into the teaching of phi-and that all the nations dwelling at the foot of this losophy. She numbered among her disciples many chain were called Hyperboreans. It would appear celebrated men, among others Synesius, afterward from these and other authorities (an enumeration of bishop of Ptolemaïs, who preserved during his whole most of which is made by Spanheim, ad Callim., life the most friendly feelings towards her, although | Hymn. in Del., v. 281), that the term Hyperborean she constantly refused to become a convert to Chris- was applied by the ancient writers to every nation sittianity. Hypatia united to the endowments of mind uated much to the north. But whence arise the highly many of the attractions and all the virtues of her sex. coloured descriptions which the ancients have left us Her dress was remarkable for its extreme simplicity; of these same Hyperboreans? It surely could not be, her conduct was always above suspicion; and she that rude and barbarous tribes gave occasion to those knew well how to restrain within the bounds of re-beautiful pictures of human felicity on which the poets spect those of her auditors who felt the influence of of former days delighted to dwell. "On sweet and her personal charms. All idea of marriage was con- fragrant herbs they feed, amid verdant and grassy passtantly rejected by her as threatening to interfere with tures, and drink ambrosial dew, divine potation; all her devotion to her favourite studies. Merit so rare, resplendent alike in coeval youth, a placid serenity for and qualities of so high an order, could not fail to ex- ever smiles on their brows, and lightens in their eyes; cite jealousy. Orestes, governor of Alexandrea, ad- the consequence of a just temperament of mind and mired the talents of Hypatia, and frequently had re- disposition, both in the parents and in the sons, dispocourse to her for advice. He was desirous of repress-sing them to do what is just and to speak what is wise. ing the too ardent zeal of St. Cyrill, who saw in Hypatia one of the principal supports of paganism. The partisans of the bishop, on their side, beheld in the measures of the governor the result of the counsels of Hypatia; the most seditious of their number, having at their head an ecclesiastic named Peter, seized upon Hypatia as she was proceeding to her school, forced her to descend from her chariot, and dragged her into a neighbouring church, where, stripped of her vest-ilization, whence learning and the arts of social life diments, she was put to death by her brutal foes. Her verged over the world. Shall we place this seat of body was then torn to pieces, and the palpitating primitive refinement in the north? But, it may be remembers were dragged through the streets and finally plied, the earliest historical accounts which we have of consigned to the flames. This deplorable event took those regions represent them as plunged in the deepplace in the month of March, A.D. 415.-The works est barbarism. The answer is an easy one. Ages of of Hypatia were lost in the burning of the Alexandrean refinement may have rolled away, and been succeeded library. In the number of these were, a Commentary by ages of ignorance. Who will venture to say, that on Diophantus, an Astronomical Canon, and a Com- the northern regions of Europe must not, at an early pementary on the Conics of Apollonius of Perga. The riod, have enjoyed a milder climate, when the vast quanvery names of her other productions are lost. The tities of amber found in the environs of the Baltic clearletter published by Lupus, in his Collect. Var. Epist.,ly show that the forests, now imbedded in the earth, in is evidently supposititious, since it contains mention of which amber is produced, could not have yielded this the condemnation of Nestorius, which was posterior substance if a very elevated temperature had not preto the death of Hypatia. In the works of Synesius, vailed there. We will abandon, however, this argu

Neither diseases nor wasting old age infest this holy people; but, without labour, without war, they continue to live happily, and to escape the vengeance of the cruel Nemesis." Thus sang Orpheus and Pindar. If an opinion might be ventured, it would be this, that all the traditions respecting the Hyperborean race which are found scattered among the works of the ancient writers, point to an early and central seat of civ

ment, strong as it is, and pursue the inquiry on other | Achaia. Pausanias (7, 26) relates a story which ac and clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean means counts for the subsequent change of name. The Ioa nation or people who dwell beyond the wind Boreas. nians, who had colonized the city, being attacked by a The name Boreas is properly applied by the Greeks to superior number of Sicyonians, collected a great many the wind which blows from the north-northeast (Pas-goats, and, having tied fagots to their horns, set them sow, Lex., s. v.), and is the same with the Aquilo of on fire, when the enemy, conceiving the besieged to the Latins. Of this latter wind Pliny remarks, "flat have received re-enforcements, hastily withdrew. From inter Septentrionem et Ortum solstitialem;" and For- these goats, anò Tv aiywv, Hyperesia took the name cellini (Lex. Tot. Lat.) observes, that it is often con- of Egira, though its former appellation, as Pausanias founded with, and mistaken for, the north. The term remarks, never fell into total disuse. (Pausan., l. c. ; Hyperborei, then, if we consider its true meaning, re- -Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 57, seq.) fers to a people dwelling far to the northeast of the HYPERIDES, a celebrated Athenian orator, contemGreeks, and will lead us at once to the plains of cen-porary with Demosthenes. After having completed tral Asia, the cradle of our race. Here it was that his education, he employed himself in writing orations man existed in primeval virtue and happiness, and here and pleadings for others, until he was of an age that were enjoyed those blessings of existence, the remem-qualified him for the practice of the bar. In entering brance of which was carried, by the various tribes that on his political career, he attached himself, like Desuccessively migrated from this common home, into mosthenes, to the party opposed to Philip, king of every quarter of the earth. Hence it is that, even Macedonia, and was sent, along with Ephialtes, on a among the Oriental nations, so many traces are found secret mission to the court of Persia, the territories of of their origin being derived from some country to the which were equally threatened by Philip, to procure north. Adelung has adopted the opinion which as- aid against that ambitious and powerful prince. When signs central Asia as the original seat of the human Euboea was in fear of an invasion by Philip, and while species, and has mentioned a variety of considerations the Athenians were wasting their time in idle deliberain support of it. He observes, that the central plains tions, Hyperides prevailed upon the richer citizens to of Asia being the highest region in the globe, must unite with him in immediately equipping forty vessels, have been the first to emerge from the universal ocean, two of which were armed at his own expense. He and, therefore, first became capable of affording a habit- was engaged also in the expedition which the Atheable dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the human nians sent to the aid of Byzantium, under the orders species: hence, as the subsiding waters gradually gave of Phocion. When news reached Athens of the disup the lower regions to be the abode of life, they may astrous battle of Charonea, Hyperides mounted the have descended, and spread themselves successively tribune, and proposed that their wives, children, and over their new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi, gods should be placed for safe keeping in the Piræus; which is the summit of the central steppe, is the most that the exiles should be recalled; that their rights elevated ridge in the globe. From its vicinity the should be restored to those citizens who had been degreat rivers of Asia take their rise, and flow towards prived of them; that the sojourners should be admitthe four cardinal points. The Selinga, the Ob, the ted to the rank of citizens; that liberty should be Irtish, the Lena, and the Jenisei, send their water to granted to the slaves; and that all classes should take the Frozen Ocean; the Iaik flows towards the setting up arms in defence of their country. These measures sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the Indus, Ganges, were adopted, and to them the republic owed the honand Burrampooter, towards the east and south. On the ourable peace which it subsequently obtained. When declivities of these high lands are the plains of Thibet, this danger was passed, Hyperides was attacked by lower than the frozen region of Kobi, where many fer- Aristogiton, who accused him of having violated, by tile tracts are well fitted to become the early seat of the decree just mentioned, all the fundamental laws of animated nature. Here are found not only the vine, the republic. Hyperides defended himself in a celethe olive, rice, the legumina, and other plants, on brated speech, in which he declared, that, dazzled by which man has in all ages depended, in a great meas- the Macedonian arms, he was unable to see the laws; ure, for his sustenance, but all those animals run wild and he gained his cause. He was one of the two oraupon these mountains, which he has tamed and led tors whom Alexander wished to have delivered into with him over the whole earth; as the ox, the horse, his hands after the destruction of Thebes; but the the ass, the sheep, the goat, the camel, the hog, the anger of the monarch was appeased by Demades, and dog, the cat, and even the gentle reindeer, which ac- Hyperides remained in his country. He was one of companies him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmere, the small number whom the gold of Harpalus could plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest physical not gain over; and hence it is that he became the acperfection. A number of arguments are suggested in cuser of Demosthenes, who had suffered himself to be favour of this opinion. Bailly has referred the origin corrupted. We find Hyperides subsequently pronounof the arts and sciences, of astronomy and of the old cing the funeral oration over Leosthenes, who fell in lunar zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the planets, the Lamiac war, and which the ancients considered to the most northerly tract of Asia. His attachment one of the best of its kind. After the defeat of his to Buffon's hypothesis of the central fire, and the grad- countrymen he was exiled from Athens. He retired ual refrigeration of the earth, has driven him, indeed, first to Egina, where he became reconciled to Demosto the banks of the Frozen Ocean; but his arguments thenes. Pursued, however, by the Macedonians, he apply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In our took refuge in the temple of Neptune at Hermione. Scriptures, moreover, the second origin of mankind is From this asylum he was torn by Archias, who was referred to a mountainous region eastward of Shinar, charged with the infamous mission of delivering up to and the ancient books of the Hindoos fix the cradle of Antipater the Athenian orators by whom his schemes our race in the same quarter. The Hindu paradise had been opposed. Antipater caused his tongue to be is on Mount Meru, which is on the confines of Cash-cut out, and put him to death, B.C. 322. His body, mere and Thibet. (Müller, Univ. Hist., vol. 4, p. 19, not.)

HYPEREA, a fountain of Thessaly, placed by some in the vicinity of Argos Pelasgicum, while others think that it was near Phera. (Strabo, 432.-Heyne, ad Hom., I., 6, 457.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 395.)

HYPERESIA, the more ancient name of Ægira in

which had been left without burial, was carried off by his relatives, and interred in Attica.-Hyperides is regarded as the third in order of the Athenian orators, or the first after Demosthenes and Eschines. Cicero, however, places him immediately after Demosthenes, and almost on the same level. Dionysius of Halicarnassus praises the strength, the simplicity, the order, and the method of his orations (ed. Reiske, vol. 2, p.