surrounded by a high, embattled wall, built, for the most part, of the common stone of the country, which is a compact limestone. The site of the ancient city is so unequivocally marked by its natural boundaries on the three sides, where there are ravines, that there can be no difficulty, except with regard to its extent in a northern direction; and this may be ascertained with sufficient accuracy from the minute description given by Josephus. (Bell. Jud., 5, 4.)

HILLEVIONES, a people of Scandinavia. According to Pliny (4, 13), they occupied the only known part of this country. Among the various names of countries and people .reported by Jornandes, we still find, observes D'Anville, Hallin; and that which is contiguous to the province of Skane is still called Halland. Some erroneously place the Hilleviones in the country answering, at the present day, to Blekingen and Schonen. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 615.)

a bunch and these were hung up upon it; and so it was increasing continually.' The temple itself, excepting in the extension of the wings of the propylon, was probably the same in its dimensions and distribution with that of Solomon. It contained the same holy treasures, if not of equal magnificence, yet, by the zeal of successive ages, the frequent plunder to which it had been exposed was constantly replaced; and within, the golden candlestick spread out its flowering branches, the golden table supported the shew-bread, and the altar of incense flamed with its costly perfume. The roof of the temple had been set all over, on the outside, with sharp golden spikes, to prevent the birds from settling on and defiling the roof" (vid., however, remarks under the article Elicius), "and the gates were still sheeted with plates of the same splendid metal. At a distance the whole temple looked literally like a mount of snow, fretted with golden pinnacles." (Milman, History of the Jews, vol. 3, p. 22, seqq.)-Jerusalem, in more modern times, has not HIMERA, I. a river of Sicily, falling into the upper ceased to be an object of inviting interest to the trav- or Tuscan Sea, to the east of Panormus; now, accordeller. About the year 705 of our era, it was visiteding to Mannert, Fiume di S. Leonardo; but, according to others, Fiume Grande. The city of Himera stood a short distance to the west of its mouth.-II. Another river of Sicily, larger than the former. It rises in the same quarter with it, but pursues an opposite course, to the south, and falls into the Mediterranean near Phintia, and to the west of Gela. The modern name is Fiume Salso. This river separated, at one time, the Carthaginian from the Syracusan dependancies in Sicily.-III. A city of Sicily, near the mouth of a river of the same name, on the northern coast. It was founded, according to Thucydides (6,5) and Scymnus of Chios (v. 288, seqq.), by a colony of Chalcidians from Zankle. Strabo, however, ascribes its origin to the Zankleans at Myla. (Strab., 272.) In this he is wrong, as Mylee was not an independent place, but entirely under the control of Zankle as its parent city, and therefore not allowed to trade and colonize at pleasure. Strabo's error appears to have arisen from a misconception of a passage in Thucydides. That historian informs us (6, 5) that Himera had some Dorian inhabitants also from Syracuse, consisting of some of the expelled party of the Myletidə (Mvλnrida): Strabo, very probably, mistakes these, from their name, for inhabitants of Myla.-Himera came, we know not under what circumstances, into the power of Theron of Agrigentum. Subsequently, however, it attempted to shake off this yoke, and offered to surrender itself to Hiero of Syracuse. This latter apprized Theron of the fact, and the enraged tyrant caused many of the citizens to be executed. To prevent, however, the city's suffering from this loss of the inhabitants, he established in it a number of Dorians and other Greeks, and from this time the remark of Thucydides applies, who informs us that the inhabitants of Himera spoke a middle dialect between the Dorian and Chalcidian, but that the written institutions were in the Chalcidian dialect. Himera was destroyed by the Carthaginians, 240 years after its founding, and never recovered from the blow. (Diod. Sic., 11, 48.) The Carthaginians subsequently established a number of the old inhabitants in the new city of Thermæ, in the immediate vicinity of Himera. This spot was remarkable for its warm baths. The ruins of Thermæ are now called Termini. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, p. 403, seqq.)

by Arculfus, from whose report Adamnam composed a narrative, which was received with considerable approbation. Eighty years later, Willibald, a Saxon, undertook the same journey. In Jerusalem he saw all that Arculfus had seen; but he previously visited the tomb of the seven sleepers, and the cave in which St. John wrote the Apocalypse. Bernard proceeded to Palestine in the year 878. The crusades, however, threw open the holy places to the eyes of all Europe; and, accordingly, so long as a Christian king swayed the sceptre in the capital of Judæa, the merit of individual pilgrimage was greatly diminished. But no sooner had the warlike Saracens recovered possession of Jerusalem, than the wonted difficulty and danger returned. In 1331, William de Bouldesell ventured on an expedition into Arabia and Palestine, of which some account has been published. A hundred years afterward, Bertrandon de la Broquiere sailed from Venice to Jaffa. At Jerusalem he found the Christians reduced to a state of the most cruel thraldom. At Damascus they were treated with equal severity. The beginning of the 17th century witnessed a higher order of travellers, who, from such a mixture of motives as might actuate either a pilgrim or an antiquary, undertook the perilous tour of the Holy Land. Among these, one of the most distinguished was George Sandys, who commenced his peregrinations in the year 1610. He was succeeded by Doubdan, Cheron, Thevenot, Gonzales, Morison, Maundrell, and Pococke. Of the more recent travellers, however, the most interesting and intelligent is Dr. Clarke. "We had not been prepared," remarks this writer, describing his approach to the ancient capital of Judæa, "for the grandeur of the spectacle which the city alone exhibited. Instead of a wretched and ruined town, by some described as the desolated remnant of Jerusalem, we beheld, as it were, a flourishing and stately metropolis; presenting a magnificent assemblage of domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries; all of which, glittering in the sun's rays, shone with inconceivable splendour." Dr. Clarke entered, however, by the Damascus gate. He confesses that there is no other point of view in which the city is seen to so much advantage, as the one from which he beheld it, the summit of a hill at about an hour's distance. In the celebrated prospect from the Mount of Olives, the city lies too low, and has too much the character of a bird's-eye view, with the formality of a topographical plan. Travellers of a still later date consider Dr. Clarke's description as overcharged. But it must be remembered that he was fortunate in catching his first view of Jerusalem under the illusion of a brilliant evening sunshine. Jerusalem is said to be of an irregular shape, approaching to a square; and to be

HIMILCO (equivalent in Punic to gratia Milcaris, "the favour of Milcar"), the name of several Carthaginians. I. A Carthaginian commander, who is said by Pliny (2, 67) to have been contemporary with Han no the navigator. He was sent by his government to explore the northwestern coast of Europe. A few fragments of this voyage are preserved by Avienus (Ora Marit., 1, 90), in which the Hiberni and Albioni are mentioned, and also a promontory, Oestrymnis,

and islands called Oestrymnides, which are usually | 1817, 2 tom. 4to.) The bias of Delambre appears to considered to be Cornwall and the Scilly Islands. be, to add to Hipparchus some of the fame which has (Gossellin, Recherches, vol. 4, p. 162, seqq.)-II. A been generally considered due to Ptolemy, and in supCarthaginian, who commanded in the wars with Dio- port of this opinion he advances some forcible argunysius I., tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 405-368. Himil-ments.-The titles of the writings attributed to Hipco was an able and successful general. He took Gela, parchus, on whom Ptolemy has fixed the epithets of Messana, and many other cities in Sicily, and at length piλónovoç kaì piλaññons ("a lover of labour and of besieged Syracuse by sea and land, but he was de- truth"), have been collected by Fabricius, and are to feated by Dionysius, who burned most of the Cartha- be found in Weidler, as follows: 1. πɛpì tŵv úñλαginian vessels. Diod. Sic., lib. 13 et 14.)—II. Α νῶν ἀναγραφαί; 2. περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ ἀποστημάτων; supporter of the Barca party at Carthage. (Liv., 13, 3. De XII. signorum ascensione; 4. TEрi Tηs KaTà 12.) He was sent by the Carthaginian government πλάτος μηνιαίας τῆς σελήνης κινήσεως; 5. περί μηνιαί to oppose Marcellus in Sicily. (Liv., 24, 35, seqq.— ου χρόνου; 6. περὶ ἐνιαυσίου μεγέθους; 7. περὶ τῆς Id., 25, 23, seqq.) μεταπτώσεως τῶν τροπικῶν καὶ ἰσημερινῶν σημείων ; 8. Adversus Eratosthenis Geographiam; 9. Tüv 'Apáτου καὶ Εὐδόξου φαινομένων ἐξηγήσεων βιβλία γ'.The only one of these which has come down to us, is the last and least important, of which we have already spoken. Hipparchus also wrote a work, according to Achilles Tatius, on eclipses of the sun; and there is also recorded a work with the following title: 'H Tv ovvavarоλv прауμатεíа. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 12, p. 240, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 376, seqq.)-III. A Pythagorean philosopher, an extract from a work of whose on "Tranquillity of Soul” (περì ev0vuíaç) has been preserved for us by Stobæus. It may be found in the Opuscula Mythologica, Ethica, et Physica, edited by Gale, Cantab., 1670, 12mo.

HIPPARCHUS, I. a son of Pisistratus, who, together with his brother Hippias, succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens. An account of their government will be found under the article Hippias. Hipparchus was assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton, for an account of which affair, consult remarks under the article Harmodius.-II. The first astronomer on record who really made systematic observations, and left behind him a digested body of astronomical science. He was a native of Nicea in Bithynia, and flourished between the 154th and 163d Olympiads, or between 160 and 125 B.C., as appears from his having made astronomical observations during that interval. He resided some time in the island of Rhodes, where he continued the astronomical observations which he had probably commenced in Bithynia; and hence he has been called by some authors the Bithynian, and by others the Rhodian, and some even suppose two astronomers of the same name, which is certainly incorrect. Hipparchus is also supposed to have made observations at Alexandrea; but Delambre, comparing together such passages as Ptolemy has preserved on the subject, is of opinion that Hipparchus never speaks of Alexandrea as of the place in which he resided, and this conclusion of the French astronomer is probably correct. The period of his death is not known. He was the author of a commentary on the Phænomena of Aratus, published by Peter Victorius at Florence, in 1567; and also by Petavius, with a Latin version and notes, in his Uranologia. He also wrote treatises on the nature of the fixed stars; on the motion of the moon and others no longer extant. Hipparchus has been highly praised both by the ancients and moderns. Pliny the Elder styles him "the confidant of nature,' on account of the importance of his discoveries; and M. Bailly has bestowed on him the title of the "patriarch of astronomy." He treated that science with a philosophical spirit, of which there are no traces before his time. He considered the subject in a general point of view; examined the received opinions; passed in review the truths previously ascertained, and exhibited the method of reducing them so far into a system as to connect them with each other. He was the first who noticed the precession of the equinoxes, or that very slow motion of the fixed stars from west to east, by which they perform an apparent revolution in a great number of years. He observed and calculated eclipses; discovered the equation of time, the parallax, and the geometrical mensuration of distances; and he thus laid the solid foundations of geographical and trigonometrical science. The result of his labours in the observation of the fixed stars, has been preserved by Ptolemy, who has inserted the catalogue of Hipparchus in his Almagest. As regards the general merits of Hipparchus, consult the work of Marcoz, Astronomie Solaire d'Hipparque, Paris, 1828, 8vo; the account given by Delambre, in the Biographie Universelle (vol. 20, p. 398, seqq.), and the preface of the same writer to his History of Ancient Astronomy," in which work will be found the most complete account of the labours of Hipparchus. (Histoire de l'Astronomie Ancienne, par M. Delambre, Paris,

HIPPASUS, a native of Metapontum, and follower of the Pythagorean doctrine. He is said to have excelled in the application of mathematical principles to music, statics, and mensuration. In common with others of the same sect, he held that fire was the originating cause of all things. He taught also that the universe is finite, is always changing, and undergoes a periodical conflagration. (Diog. Laert., 8.)

HIPPIAS, a son of Pisistratus, who, together with his two brothers, Hipparchus and Thessalus, succeeded their father, without any opposition, in the government of Athens. The authority of Thucydides (6, 54) seems sufficient to prove, that Hippias was the eldest, though his reasons are not of themselves convincing, and the current opinion, in his own day, gave the priority to Hipparchus. As the eldest, Hippias would take his father's place at the head of affairs; but the three brothers appear to have lived in great unanimity together, and to have co-operated with little outward distinction in the administration of the state. Their characters are described as very different from each other. Hippias seems to have possessed the largest share of the qualities of a statesman. Hipparchus inherited his father's literary taste; but he was addicted to pleasure, and perhaps to amusements not becoming the dignity of his station. (Athenæus, 12, p. 533.) Indeed, Hippias also would seem to have been open to the same charge. (Athen., l. c.) Thessalus, the youngest brother, is said to have been a high-spirited youth, which is all the information that we possess concerning him. The successors of Pisistratus for some years trod in his steps and prosecuted his plans. They seem to have directed their attention to promote the internal prosperity of the country, and the cultivation of letters and the arts. One of their expedients for the latter purpose, the credit of which seems to have belonged principally to Hipparchus, was to erect a number of Herma, or stone busts of Mercury, along the side of the roads leading from the capital, inscribed on one side with an account of the distance which it marked, on the other with a moral sentence in verse, probably the composition of Hipparchus himself, though he often received the first poets of the age under his roof. To him also is ascribed the establishment of the order in which the Homeric poems continued in after times to be publicly recited at the Panathenaic festival. The brothers imitated the sage policy of their father, in dropping the show of power as much as was

the same idea is endeavoured to be expressed. The modern name is Beni-Zert, which, according to Shaw, signifies "the son of the canal." (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt, 2, p. 298.)

HIPPOCENTAURI ('Iππokévτavpot), fabulous animals,

HIPPOCRATES, a celebrated physician, born in the island of Cos. The particulars of his life, as far as they have reached us, are few in number. His contemporaries have commended him in the highest terms for his consummate skill and his profound acquaintance with the medical art; but they have left us little information relative to the man himself. Hippocrates, too, in those of his writings, the authenticity of which no one contests, enters into very few details respecting his long and honourable career. The Greek wri

consistent with a prudent regard to securing the sub- to have reference to its situation among artificial castance. They kept up a standing force of foreign nals, which afforded the sea an entrance to a navigable mercenaries, but they made no change in the laws or lagune adjacent. Some of the Greek writers corruptthe forms of the constitution, only taking care to filled the appellation Zarytus into Auúppuros, in which the most important offices with their own friends. They even reduced the tax imposed by Pisistratus to a twentieth, and, without laying on any fresh burdens, provided for the exigences of the state, and continued the great works which their father had begun. The language of a later writer (the author of the Hippar-partly human, partly resembling the horse. They are chus, p. 229), who speaks of their dominion as hav- the same with the Centauri. (Vid. Centauri.) ing recalled the happiness of the golden age, seems almost justified by the sober praise of Thucydides, when he says that these tyrants most diligently cultiIvated virtue and wisdom. The country was flourishing, the people, if not perfectly contented, were certainly not impatient of the yoke, and their rule seemed likely to last for at least another generation, when an event occurred which changed at once the whole aspect of the government, and led to its premature overthrow. This was the affair of Harmodius and Aristogiton, in which Hipparchus lost his life, and the par-ter, who, under the name of Soranus, has transmitted ticulars of which have been given under a different article. (Vid. Harmodius.) Previous to this occurrence, Hippias had shown himself a mild, affable, and beneficent ruler, but he now became a suspicious, stern, and cruel tyrant, who regarded all his subjects as secret enemies, and, instead of attempting to conciliate them, aimed only at cowing them by rigour. He was now threatened not only by the discontent of the people at home, but by the machinations of powerful enemies from without. The banished Alcmeonidæ, with the aid of the oracle at Delphi, induced the Lacedæmonians to espouse their cause, and Hippias was compelled to leave Attica in the fourth year after his brother's death. Having set sail for Asia, he fixed his residence for a time in his hereditary principality of Sigeum. The Spartans, subsequently repenting of what they had done, sent for Hippias, and, on his arrival, summoned a congress of deputies from their Peloponnesian allies, and proposed, as the only means of curbing the growing insolence of the Athenian people, to unite their forces and compel Athens to receive her former ruler. All, however, with one accord, loudly exclaimed against the proposition of Sparta, and Hippias soon after returned to Sigeum, whence he proceeded to the court of Darius Hystaspis. Here he remained for many years; and when the expedition of Datis and Artaphernes took place, an expedition which he himself had strenuously urged, he guided the barbarian armament against his country, and the Persian fleet, by his advice, came to anchor in the bay of Marathon. The subsequent history of Hippias is involved in uncertainty. Thucydides (6, 59) merely says that he was present at the battle of Marathon, without informing us whether he lost his life there or not. (Compare Herodotus, 6, 107.) Justin (2, 9) states that he was killed in the fight, and Cicero (Ep. ad Att., 9, 10) confirms this. Suidas, however, informs us, that Hippias fled to Lemnos, where, falling sick, he died, the blood issuing from his eyes. (Consult Larcher, ad Herod., 6, 117.)

HIPPO, I. REGIUS ('Iπñùν Baoiλikóç), a city of Africa, in that part of Numidia called the western province. It was situate near the sea, on a bay in the vicinity of the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hippo Regius, not only in opposition to Hippo Zarytus mentioned below, but also from its having been one of the royal cities of the Numidian kings. The place was of Tyrian origin. Of this city St. Augustine was bishop. The ruins are spread at the present day over the neck of land that lies between the rivers Boojemah and Seibouse. Near the ancient site is a town named Bona.-II. Zarytus, a town of Africa, on the coast to the west of Utica. It was thus termed to distinguish it from the one above mentioned, and the name is said

to us some biographical information concerning this eminent physician, relates, that the father of Hippocrates was named Heraclides, and deduced his descent, through a long line of progenitors, from Esculapius himself. On the side of his mother, who was named Praxithe, he was fabled to be a descendant of Hercules. In other words, he belonged to the race or family of the Asclepiades, who, from time immemorial, had devoted themselves exclusively to the service of the god of medicine and the cultivation of the medical art. It appears, from the table of Meibomius (Comment. in Hipp. jusjur.), that he was the seventeenth in order of the pretended descendants of Esculapius, his uncle Hippocrates I. being the fifteenth. The birth of Hippocrates II., or the Great, is fixed by Soranus in the first year of the eighteenth Olympiad, B.C. 460: consequently, he was contemporary with Socrates and Plato, a little younger than the former, and a little older than the latter. His name began to be illustrious during the Peloponnesian war.-After having received at Cos his first professional instruction from his father Heraclides, Hippocrates went to study at Athens under Herodicus of Selymbria. He had also for one of his masters the sophist Gorgias. Some authors pretend that he was also a disciple of Democritus; it is even said that he conceived so high an esteem for this philosopher, as to show it by writing his works in the Ionic dialect, though he himself was a Dorian. It would seem, however, from an examination of his writings, that Hippocrates preferred the doctrines of Heraclitus to those of Democritus.-After the death of his father he travelled over many countries, according to the custom of the physicians and philosophers of his time; and finally established himself in Thessaly, whence some have called him "the Thessalian." Soranus informs us, that Hippocrates lived at the court of Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, and that he cured this prince of a consumption caused by a violent passion which he had conceived for his mother-in-law Phila. This fact is not, indeed, in contradiction of chronology; but what gives it a suspicious appearance is, that a story almost similar is related by the ancient writers as having happened at the court of Seleucus Nicator. (Vid. Erasistratus.) It is possible, however, that Hippocrates may have passed some time with Perdiccas; for he states that he had observed many maladies in the cities of Pella, Olynthus, and Acanthus, situate in Macedonia. He appears also to have sojourned for a while in Thrace, for he frequently mentions, in his accounts of epidemic disorders, the Thracian cities of Abdera, Datus, Doriscus, nos, Cardia, and the isle of Thasos. It is equally probable that he travelled in Scythia and the countries immediately contiguous to the kingdom of Pontus and the

Palla

Palus Mæotis, because the description he gives of the cities. The period of his death is unknown. Soranus manners and mode of life of the Scythians is extreme- affirms, that he ended his long and brilliant career in ly exact and faithful. According to Soranus, the cities his 85th or 90th year, according to some; in his hunof Athens and Abdera owed to Hippocrates the bene- dredth year, according to others: and some even give fit of having been delivered from a plague which had 109 years as the extent of his existence. The numcaused great ravages. It is uncertain whether the ber of works ascribed to Hippocrates is very considfrightful epidemic is here meant which desolated Ath-erable; they are made by some to amount to eighty : ens during the Peloponnesian war, and which Thucyd- those, however, about the authenticity of which there ides has so faithfully described, or some other malady; is no doubt, reduce themselves to a very few. for the historian, who was an eyewitness of the rav-dius, a physician of the 6th century of the present era, ages of the disease, makes no mention of Hippocrates. who wrote scholia on the treatise of Hippocrates reHowever this may be, the Athenians, grateful for the specting fractures, points out eleven works of this services which this distinguished physician had ren- physician as alone authentic. One thousand years dered, either in delivering them from a pestilential after, two learned men turned their attention to a critscourge, or in publishing valuable works on the art of ical review of the works of Hippocrates; these were preserving life, or in refusing the solicitations of the Hieronymus Mercurialis, a celebrated physician and enemies of Greece, decreed that he should be initiated philologist of the 16th century, and a native of Portuinto the mysteries of Ceres, should be gifted with a gal, Louis de Lemos. These two scholars conceived golden crown, should enjoy the rights of citizenship, the idea, at the same period, of classifying the works should be supported all his days at the public expense of Hippocrates. The Paduan professor established in the Prytaneum, and, finally, that all the children four categories of them: 1. Works in which the docborn in Cos, the native island of Hippocrates, might trine and style of this distinguished physician plainly come and pass their youth at Athens, where they would present themselves, and which are therefore manibe reated as if offspring of Athenian citizens. Ac-festly authentic. 2. Works written by Hippocrates, cording to Galen, it was by kindling large fires, and but published by his sons and disciples. 3. Works burning everywhere aromatic substances, that Hippoc- composed by the sons and disciples of Hippocrates, rates succeeded in arresting the pestilence at Athens. but which are in conformity with his doctrine. 4. The reputation of this eminent physician extended far Works, the very contents of which are not in accordand wide, and Artaxerxes Longimanus even sent for ance with his doctrine. (Censura Operum Hippocrahim to stop the progress of a malady which was com- tis, Venet., 1583, 4to.) Lemos, after having critimitting great ravages among the forces of that mon- cally examined all the works ascribed to Hippocrates, arch. Hippocrates declined the offer and the splendid acknowledges only nineteen as authentic. (De Optima presents that accompanied it; and Artaxerxes endeav- prædicandi ratione item judicii operum magni Hippocoured to accomplish his object by menacing the inhab-ratis liber unus, Salamanticæ, 1585, 12mo.) When, itants of Cos, but in vain. Though the correspond- in the 18th century, the critical art, long neglected, ence which took place on this point between Hippoc- was at last made to rest on sure principles, the works rates and the satrap Hystanes, and which has reached of Hippocrates were again subjected to rigorous inour days, must be regarded as altogether unauthentic, vestigation. The celebrated Haller, on reprinting a yet it appears that credit was given to the story by an- Latin translation of these works, discussed their aucient writers, two of whom, Galen and Plutarch, re-thenticity, and allowed only fifteen treatises to be genlate the circumstance. Stobæus also makes mention uine. Two other German physicians, MM. Gruner of it, but commits, at the same time, an anachronism and Grimm (Hippokrates Werke, aus dem Gr.—Cenin giving the name of the monarch as Xerxes, and sura librorum Hippocratensium, Vratislav, 1772, 8vo), not Artaxerxes. Certain Arabian authors affirm, that, of distinguished reputaton, employed themselves in the course of his travels, Hippocrates spent some in researches, the object of which was to distinguish time at Damascus; there is no authority, however, what was authentic from what was falsely ascribed to for this, and the assertion is altogether destitute of the father of medicine. In pursuing this examinaprobability. An individual named Andreas or An- tion, they combined the testimonies of ancient writers dron, who lived under Ptolemy Philopator, and who with the internal characters of the works themselves. was a disciple of Herophilus, undertook, nearly three The result is, that, according to Gruner, there exist centuries after the death of Hippocrates, to assign but ten authentic works of Hippocrates, while Grimm a very disgraceful motive for the travels of this phy- makes the number still less. Linck, a professor at sician. He says that Hippocrates was compelled to Berlin, comes to a bolder conclusion. He maintains, flee for having set fire to the library at Cnidus, that the works of Hippocrates, as they are called, are after having copied the best medical works con- a mere collection of pieces by different authors, who tained in it. Tzetzes, agreeing in this accusation, all lived before the period when the medical art flourstates that it was the library at Cos which became ished at Alexandrea. A full list of the works of Hipa prey to the flames; and Pliny, without charging pocrates is given by Schöll (Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. Hippocrates with the deed, and without speaking of 19, seqq.). The best edition of all the works is that any library, reduces the loss to that of a few votive of Fosius, Francof., 1595, fol., reprinted at several tablets, which were consumed together with the tem- subsequent periods, and, with the glossaries, at Geneple of Esculapius. The discrepance of these state- va, in 1657, fol. The edition of Kühn, in the Collecments alone is sufficient to show the falsity of the ac- tion of the Greek Medical Writers (Lips., 1825-1827, cusation. Besides, all contemporaneous history is si- 3 vols. 8vo), is also a good one. In 1815 M. de Merlent on the subject; nor would Plato have shown so cy commenced a valuable edition of select works of much esteem for the physician of Cos, nor Athens and Hippocrates, with a French translation and commentGreece, in general, have rendered him so many and so ary. The learned Coray also published a translation high honours, had he been guilty of the disgraceful in French of the treatise on Airs, Waters, and Places, crime alleged against him. The name of Hippocrates at Paris, 1801, in 2 vols. 8vo, enriched with critical, is still held in veneration by the natives of Cos (Stan- historical, and medical notes.-"Of all the medical Co), and they show a small building which they pre- authors," observes Dr. Adams, "of ancient, and, I betend was the house that he inhabited. Hippocrates lieve I may add, of modern times, no one deserves to passed the latter years of his life in Thessaly, at La- be so frequently in the hands of the student of medirissa in particular, as well as at Cranon, Phera, Tric- cine as Hippocrates; for his works not only contain ca, and Meliboa, as appears from many observations an invaluable treasure of practical facts, but likewise made by him relative to the maladies of these different abound in precepts inculcating propriety of conduct

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HIPPODAMIA, I. a daughter of Enomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops, son of Tantalus. (Vid. Pelops, where the full legend is given.)—II. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, who married Pirithoiis, king of the Lapithe. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the violent conduct of the Centaurs, which led to their conflict with the Lapithe. (Vid. Centauri, Lapitha.)

HIPPOLYTE, I. a queen of the Amazons. She was mistress of the belt of Mars, as a token of her exceeding all the Amazons in valour. This belt Eurystheus coveted for his daughter Admeta, and he ordered Hercules to bring it to him. The hero, having drawn together some volunteers, among whom were Theseus, Castor, and Pollux, reached, after some incidental adventures, the haven of Themiscyra, where Hippolyta came to inquire the cause of his arrival; and, on hearing it, promised to give him her girdle. But Juno, taking the form of an Amazon, went and persuaded the rest that the strangers were carrying off their queen. They instantly armed, mounted their horses, and came down to the ship. Hercules, thereupon, thinking that Hippolyta had acted treacherously, slew her, and, taking her belt, made sail homeward. (Apollod., 2, 5, 9.-Diod. Sic., 4, 16.) Another account made Theseus to have received Hippolyta in marriage from Hercules, and to have become, by her, the father of Hippolytus. (Compare Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.)— II. The wife of Acastus, who falsely accused Peleus, while at her husband's court, of dishonourable conduct. (Vid. Acastus.)

and purity of morals. In his Oath, he exacts from | forth from the ground when Pegasus struck his hoof those who enter on the profession a solemn promise into the side of the mountain; and hence the name never to indulge in libertine practices, nor to degrade applied to it, 'Inπокρývη or 'Iππоvкрývŋ, i. e., “the their art by applying it to any criminal purposes. In horse's fountain," from inоç (genitive inяоV), his other works he is at great pains to inculcate the horse," and κрývп, "a fountain." (Strab., 410.— necessity of attention to address and apparel; and Pausan., 9, 31.) gives particular directions to assist in forming a correct prognostic. With regard to his descriptions of the phenomena of disease, one may venture to affirm, that even at the present day they are perfectly unrivalled. As a guide to practice, he may be followed with great confidence; for his indications are always derived from personal observation, and his principles are never founded on vague hypothesis. Indeed, as an intelligent American author, Dr. Hosack, remarks, his professional researches were conducted according to the true principles of the Baconian philosophy; and his late editor, Kühn, relates, that a zealot for the Brunonian theory of medicine was convinced of its being untenable by an attentive perusal of the works of Hippocrates. His treatment of acute diseases may be instanced as being so complete that the experience of more than two thousand years has scarcely improved upon it. Nay, in some instances, the correctness of his views outstripped those of succeeding ages, and we now only begin to recognise the propriety of them. Thus, in acute attacks of anasarca, he approved of bloodletting, which is a mode of practice now ascertained to be highly beneficial in such cases, but against which great and unfounded prejudices have existed, not only in modern times, but even as far back as the days of Galen, who found great difficulty in enforcing the treatment recommended by Hippocrates. In his work on Airs, Places, and Waters, he has treated of the effects of the seasons and of situation on the human form, with a degree of accuracy which has never been equalled. His Epidemics contain circumstantial reports of febrile cases highly calculated to illustrate the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these diseases. Though he has not treated of the capital operations of Surgery, which, if practised at all in his day, most probably did not come within his province, he has given an account of Fractures and Dislocations, to which little has been added by the experience of after ages. He has also left many important remarks upon the treatment of wounds and ulcers, and the American author alluded to above ventures to assert, that the surgeons of the present day might derive an important lesson from him on the use of the Actual Cautery. The following aphorism points out the class of diseases to which he considered this mode of prac-hate, on the return of her husband she accused his intice applicable. Those complaints which medicines nocent son of an attempt on her honour. Without will not cure, iron will cure; what iron will not cure, giving the youth an opportunity of clearing himself, fire will cure; what fire will not cure are utterly in- the blinded monarch, calling to mind that Neptune had curable.' In his treatise on the Sacred Disease, he promised him the accomplishment of any three wishes has shown himself superior to the superstition of his that he might form, cursed and implored destruction age; for he maintains that the epilepsy is not occa- on his son from the god. As Hippolytus, leaving Troesioned by demoniacal influence, but by actual disease zene, was driving his chariot along the seashore, a of the brain; and he mentions, what is now well monster, sent by Neptune from the deep, terrified his known to be the fact, that when the brains of sheep or horses; they burst away in fury, heedless of their drigoats that are affected with this complaint are opened, ver, dashed the chariot to pieces, and dragged along they are found to contain water. Of the anatomical Hippolytus, entangled in the reins, till life abandoned treatises attributed to him it is unnecessary to say any him. Phædra ended her days by her own hand; and thing, as it appears highly probable that all, or most of Theseus, when too late, learned the innocence of his them, at least, are not genuine. Dr. Alston counted, son. Euripides has founded a tragedy on this subject, in his Materia Medica, 36 mineral, 300 vegetable, and but the legend assumes a somewhat different shape 150 animal substances; in all 586, and he could not with him. According to the plot of the piece, Phæpretend to have overlooked none. Hippocrates ap- dra hangs herself in despair when she finds that she is pears to have been profoundly skilled in the principles slighted by her step-son, and Theseus, on his return of the Ionian philosophy, of which he has left several from abroad, finds, when taking down her corpse, a curious samples. He has treated likewise both of an- writing attached to it, in which Phædra accused Hipimal and vegetable physiology; and Aristotle and The-polytus of having attempted her honour-According ophrastus are said to have profited by his labours in this department of natural science."

HIPPOCRENE, a fountain of Boeotia, on Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses. It was fabled to have burst

HIPPOLYTUS, I. a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, or, according to others, of Theseus and Antiope. Theseus, after the death of his first wife, married Phædra, the daughter of Minos, and sister of Ariadne. This princess was seized with a violent affection for the son of the Amazon, an affection produced by the wrath of Venus against Hippolytus, for neglecting her divinity, and for devoting himself solely to the service of Diana; or else against Phædra as the daughter of Pasiphaë, During the absence of Theseus, the queen made advances to her step-son, which were indignantly rejected by the virtuous youth. Filled with fear and

to another legend, Esculapius restored Hippolytus to life, and Diana transported him, under the name of Virbius, to Italy, where he was worshipped in the grove of Aricia. (Vid. Virbius.-Apollod., 3, 10, 3.