words, entitled Philetarus. The treatise published | avoids saying in express terms that he was at a place, by Valckenaer, at the end of his Ammonius, on barbarisms and solecisms, and the name of the author of which that scholar did not know, was discovered by Villoison to have been written by this same Herodian. Other minor productions of his are given by the last-person in a particular place (2, 28); or he uses other mentioned scholar, in his Anecdota, and by Hermann in his treatise De Emendanda ratione G. G.-Consult the remarks of Hase, as given by Schöll (Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 25).

but he uses words which are as conclusive as any positive statement. He describes a thing as standing behind the door (2, 182), or on the right hand as you enter a temple (1, 51); or he was told something by a words equally significant. In Africa he visited Egypt, from the coast of the Mediterranean to Elephantine, the southern extremity of the country (2, 29); and he travelled westward as far as Cyrene (2, 32, 181), and HERODOTUS, I. a celebrated Greek historian, born probably farther. In Asia he visited Tyre, Babylon, at Halicarnassus, B.C. 484. (Larcher, Vie d'Herod., Ecbatana (1, 98), and probably Susa (5, 52, seqq.; 6, p. 1.-Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. 1, p. 29, 2d ed.) 119). He also travelled to various parts of Asia MiHe was of Dorian extraction, and of a distinguished nor, and probably went as far as Colchis (2, 104). In family. (Suidas, s. v. 'Hpód.) Panyasis, an eminent Europe he visited a large part of the country along the poet, whom some ranked next to Homer (Suidas, s. Black Sea, between the mouths of the Danube and the v. Ilavvúo.), while others place him after Hesiod and Crimea, and went some distance into the interior. He Antimachus, was his uncle either by the mother's or seems to have examined the line of the march of Xerxes father's side. Herodotus is regarded by many as the from the Hellespont to Attica, and certainly had seen father of profane history, and Cicero (Leg., 1, 1) calls numerous places on this route. He was well achim "historia patrem" by this, however, nothing quainted with Athens (1, 98; 5, 77), and also with more must be meant, than that he is the first profane Delphi, Dodona, Olympia, Delos, and many other historian whose work is distinguished for its finished places in Greece. That he had visited some parts of form, and has come down to us entire. Thus Cicero Southern Italy is clear from his work (4, 99; 5, 44). himself, on another occasion, speaks of him as the The mention of these places is sufficient to show first " qui princeps genus hoc (scribendi) ornavit" that he must have seen many more. So wide and (De Orat., 2, 13); while Dionysius of Halicarnassus varied a field of observation has rarely been presenthas given us a list of many historical writers who pre-ed to a traveller, and still more rarely to any historiceded him. (Consult Creuzer, Fragm. Hist. Antiq. an, either of ancient or modern times; and, if we canHeidelh., 1826, 8vo.) The facts of his life are few and not affirm that the author undertook his travels with doubtful, except so far as we can collect them from a view to collect materials for his great work, a suphis own works. Not liking the government of Lyg-position which is far from improbable, it is certain that, damis, who was tyrant of Halicarnassus, Herodotus without such advantages, he could never have written retired for a season to the island of Samos, where he it, and that his travels must have suggested much inis said to have cultivated the Ionic dialect of the Greek, quiry, and supplied many valuable facts, which afterwhich was the language there prevalent. Before he ward found a place in his History. The nine books of was thirty years of age he joined in an attempt, which Herodotus contain a great variety of matter, the unity proved successful, to expel Lygdamis. But the ban- of which is not perceived till the whole work has been ishment of the tyrant did not give tranquillity to Hali- thoroughly examined; and for this reason, on a first pecarnassus, and Herodotus, who himself had become rusal, the History is seldom well understood. But the an object of dislike, again left his native country, and subject of his History was conceived by the author both joined, as it is said, a colony which the Athenians sent clearly and comprehensively. His aim was to comto Thurium in Southern Italy, B.C. 443. He is said bine a general history of the Greeks and the barbarito have died in Thurium, and to have been buried in ans (that is, those not Greeks) with the history of the the Agora.-Herodotus presents himself to our con- wars between the Greeks and Persians. Accordingsideration in two points; as a traveller and observer, ly, in the execution of his main task, he traces the and as an historian. The extent of his travels may course of events from the time when the Lydian kingbe ascertained pretty clearly from his History; but the dom of Croesus fell before the arms of Cyrus, the foundorder in which he visited each place, and the time of er of the Persian monarchy (B.C. 546), to the capture visiting, cannot be determined. The story of his read- of Sestus (B.C. 478), an event which crowned the triing his work at the Olympic games, on which occasion umph of the Greeks over the Persians. The great he is said to have received universal applause, and to subject of his work, which is comprised within the have had the names of the nine Muses given to the space of 68 years, not more than the ordinary term of nine books of his History, has been well discussed by human life, advances, with a regular progress and truDahlmann, and we may perhaps say disproved. (He-ly dramatic development, from the first weak and dirodot., aus seinem Buche, sein Leben, Altona, 1823.) vided efforts of the Greeks to resist Asiatic numbers, The story is founded upon a small piece by Lucian, to their union as a nation, and their final triumph in entitled "Herodotus or Aetion," which apparently was the memorable battles of Thermopylæ, Salamis, and not intended by the writer himself as an historical Platea. But with this subject, which has a complete truth; and, in addition to this, Herodotus was only unity, well maintained from its commencement to its about twenty-eight years old (Suid., s. v. Oovкvdidns) close, the author has interwoven, conformably to his when he is said to have read to the assembled Greeks general purpose, and by way of occasional digression, at Olympia a work which was the result of most ex- sketches of the various people and countries which he tensive travelling and research, and which bears in had visited in his wide-extended travels. The more every part of it evident marks of the hand of a man of we contemplate the difficulty of thus combining a kind mature age. The Olympic recitation is not even al- of universal history with a substantial and distinct narluded to by Plutarch, in his treatise on the "Malignity rative, the more we admire, not the art of the historian of Herodotus." At a later period Herodotus read his (for such, in the proper sense of the term, he could not History, as we are informed by Plutarch and Eusebius, well possess), but that happy power of bringing togethat the Panathenaan festival at Athens, and the Athe-er and arranging his materials, which was the result of nians are said to have presented him with the sum of the fulness of his information, the distinctness of his ten talents for the manner in which he had spoken of knowledge, and the clear conception of his subject the deeds of their nation. The account of this sec- These numerous digressions are among the most valuaond recitation may be true.—With a simplicity which able parts of his work; and, if they had been omitted or characterizes his whole work, Herodotus makes no dis-lost, barren indeed would have been our investigation play of the great extent of his travels. He frequently into the field of ancient history, over which the labour

nell's and Niebuhr's respective dissertations on the geography of Herodotus. A reprint of the former appeared from the London press in 1830, 2 vols. 8vo; and a translation of the latter from the German was published at Oxford, 1830, 8vo. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 12, p. 163, seqq.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 140, seqq.)-II. The author of an ancient glossary on Hippocrates, supposed by some to have been the same with Herodotus of Tarsus (No. III.). Others think that the glossary in question is merely intended as a collection of words found in the history of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, and that it has been incorporated with the works of Hippocrates for no other reason than because this physician wrote in the Ionic dialect, and many terms occur both in his works and in the history of Herodotus. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 6.)-III. A physician of Tarsus, of the empiric school, and successor to Menodotus of Nicomedia. A work of his, entitled "The Physician," is mentioned by Galen (Sect. 2, Comment. in vi. Epid. Hippocr. text., 42).

of one man now throws a clear and steady light.-The | edition from the Oxford press, in 1824; but the result style of Herodotus is simple, pleasing, and generally of the collation has added nothing of any value to perspicuous; often highly poetical both in expression Schweighaeuser's text. The edition of Bahr is, perand sentiment. But it bears evident marks of belong-haps, the most useful of the three. It contains an ex ing to a period when prose composition had not yet cellent body of notes, many of them selected from the become a subject of art. His sentences are often ill-writings of Creuzer, especially from his "Commentaconstructed and hang loosely together; but his clear tiones Herodoteæ," and refers constantly to the most comprehension of his own meaning, and the sterling recent speculations of the German scholars on the difworth of his matter, have saved him from the reproach ferent topics discussed by Herodotus. There is also of diffuseness and incoherence. His acquirements a French translation of the history by Larcher, Paris, were apparently the result of his own experience. In 1802, 9 vols. 8vo, of great fidelity, and highly esteemphysical knowledge he was certainly behind the sci- ed for its very valuable commentary. Very important ence of his day. He had, no doubt, reflected on politi-aid may likewise be obtained by the student from Rencal questions; but he seems to have formed his opinions mainly from what he himself had observed. To pure philosophical speculations he had no inclination, and there is not a trace of such in his writings. He had a strong religious feeling bordering on superstition, though even here he could clearly distinguish the gross and absurd from that which was decorous. He seems to have viewed the manners and customs of all nations in a more truly philosophical way than many so-called philosophers, considering them as various forms of social existence under which happiness might be found. He treats with decent respect the religious observances of every nation; a decisive proof, if any were wanting, of his great good sense.-' -That Herodotus was not duly appreciated by all his countrymen, and that in modern times his wonderful stories have been the subject of merriment to the half-learned, who measure his experience by their own ignorance, we merely notice, without thinking it necessary to say more. The incidental confirmations of his veracity, which have been accumulating of late years on all sides, and our more exact knowledge of the coun- HEROES ("Howεç), the plural of HEROS ("Hpws), a tries which he visited, enable us to appreciate him bet-name given by the Greeks to a class of persons sup ter than many of the Greeks themselves could do; and posed to be intermediate between gods and men, and it cannot now be denied, that a sound and comprehen- usually of divine descent on at least one side. Such sive study of antiquity must be based upon a thorough were worshipped with divine honours by those cities knowledge of the work of Herodotus.-Plutarch ac- and races of men which claimed them as their fathers cused Herodotus of partiality, and composed a treatise or ancestors. This divine origin, however, was not on what he termed the "malignity" of this writer essential: thus Philippus of Crotona, who fell in the (πεрì Tηs 'Hрodóтov Kaкonlɛíaç), taxing him with in- battle against the Phoenicians and Egestaans, was justice towards the Thebans, Corinthians, and Greeks made a hero for his beauty; a herōum or shrine was in general; but the whole affair is a weak and frivo- built on the spot where he was buried, and sacrifices lous one. The historian has also found two new an- were offered to him. (Herod., 5, 47.) At a later age, tagonists in more recent times. MM. Chahan de Cir- Aratus and Brasidas were worshipped as heroes at bied and F. Martin, authors of a work entitled "Re-Sicyon and Amphipolis respectively; and the Athenicherches Curieuses sur l'historie ancienne de l'Asie," ans slain at Marathon received similar honours. Condrawn from Oriental manuscripts in the "Bibliothèque cerning these last, legends were current, which show du Roi" (Paris, 1806), oppose to him the testimony of that a supernatural and mythological character was Mar-Ibas-Cadina, a Syrian, and the secretary of Vala- really ascribed to them, and they, probably, were the sarces, king of Armenia. This writer pretends to have latest of the Greeks to whom such a character was atfound in the archives of Nineveh a Greek translation, tributed. The Heroic Age, properly so called, appears, made by order of Alexander the Great, of a Chaldean however, to have terminated with the immediate dework of very remote antiquity. The history of Mar- scendants of the Greeks who returned from Troy, and Ibas-Cadina no longer exists, but it was the source to have extended backward for an uncertain length of whence Moses of Chorene in the fifth century, and time, estimated by Thirlwall at six generations, or John Catholicos in the tenth, drew the materials for about 200 years. This is the fourth or Heroic Age their respective works. This attack, however, on the of Hesiod, in which Jupier "made the divine brood of credibility of the Greek writer, is undeserving of any heroes, better and braver than the third or brazen race." serious consideration, more especially as the French (Op., et D., 157.) These were the princes and wareditors themselves, just mentioned, confess that Mar-riors of mythological history, such as Theseus, Perseus, Ibas-Cadina deals largely in fable.-A life of Homer is commonly ascribed to Herodotus, and appears in most editions of his history; but it is now deemed supposititious. The three best editions of Herodotus are, that of Wesseling, Amst., 1763, fol.; that of Schweighaeuser, Argent, 1816, 6 vols. 8vo; and that of Bahr, Lips., 1830-35, 4 vols. 8vo. The edition of Schweighaeuser has a "Lexicon Herodoteum," forming a seventh volume, which is a useful aid to students, though far from being complete. Some time after the appearance of Schweighaeuser's Herodotus, Gaisford collated anew the Sancroft MS. (one of the best manuscripts of the historian), and published an

and those who fought at the sieges of Thebes and Troy. In Honer, the word Hero occurs frequently, but in quite a different sense: it is applied collectively to the whole body of fighters, Argeii, Danai, and Achæi, without rerence to individuals of peculiar merit; and, indeed, often appears to be used for little more than an expletive, when he, or the man, or the warrior, would have done equally well. Indeed, the application of the word is not even limited to warriors, but is extended to heralds, wise counsellors, kings, &c. It has been suggested, with considerable plausibility, that the word originally denoted the members of those roving bands who in the earliest times overran Greece, issuing from

Christian era, has left an extract, and of which a MS. exists in the Strasburg library. Other works of Hero, now lost, are mentioned by Pappus, Eutocius, Heliodorus, &c. (Schmidt, Hieronis Alexandrini Vita Scripta et quædam inventa, Helmstad., 1714, 4to.)— II. Commonly called the Younger, is supposed to have flourished during the reign of the Emperor Heraclius, which commenced A.D. 610. He also wrote on mechanical and mathematical subjects. His native country is uncertain. In a work attributed to him (On Geodesy), he states, that the precession of the equinoxes had produced seven degrees of effect since the time of Ptolemy, so that he must have been about 500 years later than Ptolemy. He is generally placed, however, as already remarked, under the reign of Heraclius. The writings of Hero the Younger are, 1. A book " On Machines of War" (IIoλiopkηtiká), ed2. A book of "Geodesy," a term then meaning practical geometry.-3. "On the Attack and Defence of Towns," printed in the Math. Vet.-4. A book “On Military Tactics," said by Lambecius to exist in MS. in the library at Vienna.-5. On the Terms in Geometry, printed at Strasburg, 1571, and also edited by Hasenbalg, Stralsund, 1826, 4to, with notes.-6. Geometrical Extracts, printed by the Benedictines, in the first volume of the Analecta Græca, Paris, 1688, from a copious MS. in the royal library at Paris.-7. A geometrical manuscript, stated by Lambecius to be in the library at Vienna.-III. A mathematician, who flourished about the middle of the 5th century, and was the teacher of Proclus. None of his works have reached us.

the south of Thessaly, and giving extension to the | name, first of Achæans, and afterward of Hellenes, as we learn from the legends in Pausanias and Thucydides; so that in the same sense the Normans who colonized Italy, or the Saxons who settled in England, might justly be called heroes. The root of the word seems to be her, whence come the Latin and German forms of herus and herr ("master"); vir, virtus, &c. The Sanscrit word sura appears to contain the same element as "heros.""The promiscuous (or Homeric) use of the word "hero" disappeared in the age succeeding the Homeric poems. It seems probable that the Hellenic invasion, commonly called the return of the Heraclidæ, put an end to it. The new conquerors of Southern Greece do not seem themselves to have borne or used the title; and afterward, when they or their descendants looked back to the warlike legends of the earlier race who had borne the title, the lays, ex-ited in Latin by Barocius, Venice, 1572, together with, ploits, and legends were called heroic; and from the combined effect of poetical exaggeration, reverence for antiquity, and traditions of national descent, the more modern use of the word arose, carrying with it notions of mythical dignity, and of superiority to the later races of mankind. The custom of showing respect or affection by making precious offerings, and celebrating costly sacrifices at the tombs of the dead; the imaginative temper of the Greeks, which, as it loved to ascribe a divine genealogy to the great, was equally willing to admit them to a share of the divine nature and enjoyments after death; and the love of magnifying past ages, common to all nations, will sufficiently explain the change of earthly leaders into protecting genii or dæmons, who were believed to be immortal, invisible, though frequenting the earth, powerful to bestow good or evil, and therefore to be appeased or propitiated like the gods themselves. In the age of Hesiod, as is evident from the passage above referred to, the day of heroes was past, and they were already invested with their mythological character, which appears to furnish one among other reasons for believing him to have lived after the Homeric age. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 123, seqq.—Philological Museum, No. 4, p. 72, seqq.--Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 12, p. 160, seq.) HERON OF HERO, I. a native of Alexandrea, and disciple of Ctesibius flourished about 217 B.C. He was celebrated as a mechanician, and invented the hydraulic clock, and the machine called "the fountain of Hero." He must have enjoyed a high reputation, since he is mentioned by Gregory Nazianzen with Euclid and Ptolemy. He is now, however, principally known by some fragments of his writings on mechanics, which are to be found in the "Mathematici VeteTes," published at Paris in 1693. His extant writings are, 1. "On the Machine called the Chiroballistra" (Xεipobaλhiorpaç LATаokevǹ kai ovμueтpía). This is found in the "Mathematici Veteres" already cited. -2. Barulcus (Bapoi koç), a treatise on the raising of HEROPHILUS, a celebrated physician, a native of heavy weights, which mentioned by Pappus, and Chalcedon, of the family of the Asclepiades, and a was found by Golius in rabic. A translation of it disciple of Praxagoras. Galen, indeed, has called him into German, by Burgman, vas published in the Com- a Carthaginian; but in the book entitled "Introducment. Goett., 7, 77.-3. Berpoeica (Beλoroliká), a tion," which is ascribed to Galen, he is said to be of treatise on the manufacture darts, published by Chalcedon. Herophilus lived under Ptolemy Soter, Baldi, with an account of Hen, at Augsburg, in and was contemporary with the philosopher Diodorus, 1616, and also in the Math. Vet.--4. On Pneumatic and with the celebrated physician Erasistratus, with Machines (IIvevμATIKά). In this work is the first and whose name his own is commonly associated in the only notice among the ancient writers of the applica- history of anatomical science. As a physician, Hetion of steam as a moving power. (Stuart's History rophilus is mentioned with praise by both the ancient of the Steam-Engine, 4to.) It was published by and the early modern writers. Cicero, Plutarch, and Commandine at Urbino in 1575, and at Amsterdam Pliny, in particular, praise him. Galen says that he in 1680, and also in the Math. Vet., with the addi- carried anatomy to the highest degree of perfection. tions of Aleotti, who had previously published an Ital-(De dissec. matric., p. 211.-De dogm. Hipp. et Plat., ian version at Bologna in 1542, and at Ferrara in lib. 8, p. 318.) With such zeal, indeed, did Herophi1589.-5. On the Construction of Automata (Epìlus pursue this science, that he is said to have dissectAVTOμATоTOINTIKEv), contained in the Math. Vet.-6. ed 700 subjects, and it was against him and ErasistraOn Dioptrics, from which Heliodorus, a mathemati- tus that the very improbable charge was first made, of cian who flourished after the commencement of the having frequently opened living criminals, that they

HEROOPOLIS, a city of Egypt, about equidistant from Pelusium, the apex of the Delta, and the city of Arsinoe, on the extremity of the western branch of the Sinus Arabicus. It gave to that branch the name of Sinus Heroopolites, now Bahr-Assuez. It was a city of comparatively recent orgin, founded by the Greeks for commercial purposes; and its very name, which Pliny translates by Heroum Oppidum, shows the Grecian origin of the place. Stephanus of Byzantium, however, asserts that the previous name of the city was Hæmos (Aiuos), because Typhon was here wounded by lightning, and his blood gushed forth upon the ground. Hæmos is a Grecian name as well as Heroopolis, and the Egyptian fable must therefore have been invented after the foundation of the place by the Greeks. Heroöpolis remained a place of importance as long as the canal of Ptolemy formed one of the channels of communication in this quarter. It belonged, however, to no nome, but, like Arsinoë, was a separate establishment. It sunk with the canal, and the ruins are said to be no longer visible, being buried probably beneath the sand. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 516, seqq.)

out

might discover the secret springs of life. (Celsus, | lauros, Herse's sister, and entreated her good offices in Præf.) From the peculiar advantages which the his suit. These she promised on condition of receivschool of Alexandrea presented by this authorized dis- ing a large quantity of gold, and drove him out of the section of the human body, it gained, and for many palace until he should have given it. Minerva, incenturies preserved, the first reputation for medical censed at her cupidity, and provoked with her also for education, so that Ammianus Marcellinus, who lived other causes, sent Envy to fill her bosom with that about 650 years after its establishment, says, that it baneful passion. Unable thereupon to endure the was sufficient to secure credit to any physician if he idea of her sister's felicity, she sat down at the door, could say that he had studied at Alexandrea. (Amm. determined not to permit the god to enter. Mercury, Marc., 22, 16.) Herophilus made great discoveries provoked by her obstinacy, changed her into a black in anatomy, and Fallopius calls him the evangelist of stone. Herse became the mother of Cephalus. (Ovid, anatomists. (Fallop., Observ., p. 395.) He is to be Met., 2, 708, seqq.-Apollod., 3, 14.-Vid. Cecrops.) regarded as the inventor of pathological anatomy, hav- HERSILIA, one of the Sabine females carried away ing been the first that thought of opening the bodies by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. of men after death, in order to ascertain the nature of She was given to Romulus as a spouse, and, after his the malady which had caused their dissolution. His death, became herself a divinity, under the name of principal discoveries have reference to the nervous Hora (Youth). The common reading, Ora, is wrong. system, which he acknowledged as the seat of the sen- (Consult Gierig, ad Ovid, Met., 14, 851.) sations. (Galen, de loc. affect., lib. 3, p. 282.-Ruffus, de appellat part. corp. hum., lib. 2, p. 65.) He first determined that the nerves are not connected with the membranes that cover the brain, but with the brain itself, though as yet the distinction of the nerves from the tendons and other white tissues had not been made The description which Herophilus gave of the brain itself was far superior to those of previous authors. He discovered the arachnoid membrane, and showed that it lined the ventricles, which he supposed were the seat of the soul; and the chief meeting of the sinuses, into which the veins of the brain pour their blood, still bears the name of torcular Herophili. He noticed the lacteals, though he was not aware of their use. He pointed out that the first division of the intestinal canal is never more than the breadth of twelve fingers in length, and from this fact proposed for it a name, the Latin form of which (duodenum) is still applied to it. He described with great exactness the organ of sight, and gave to its various membranes the names which have still, in a great measure, remained to them. He operated on the cataract by extracting the crystalline humour. The ancient physicians praise his descriptions of the os hyoides, which he called Rapаorárns, of the liver, and of the parts of generation. (Ruffus, l. c., p. 37. Galen, de Administr. Anat., lib. 6, p. 172.) Herophilus was the first, also, that had just notions respecting the pulse, of which his master, Praxagoras, had taught him some of the value, as a means of discriminating diseases. (Galen, de diff. puls., lib. 2, p. 24.-Plin., 11, 37.-Id., 29, 1.) He does not appear to have drawn many pathological conclusions from his knowledge of the healthy structure. It was he, however, who first showed that paralysis is the result, not of a vitiated state of the humours, as was previously imagined, but of an affection of the nervous system. Herophilus seems to have founded a school which took its name from him. He is supposed to have been the first that commented on the aphorisms of Hippocrates. His commentary exists in manuscript in the Ambrosian library at Milan. All his other works, among which was one on respiration, are lost. (Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 1, p. 433, seqq.)

HEROSTRATUS, less correctly EROSTRATUS, the incendiary who set fire to the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus. When put to the torture, he confessed that his only object was to gain himself a name among posterity. The states-general of Asia endeavoured, very foolishly, to prevent this, by ordering that his name should never be mentioned; but the natural consequence was, that it is mentioned by all contemporary historians, and has reached even our own time, in full accordance with the wishes of the man who bore it. (Plut., Alex., c. 3. Cic., N. D., 2, 27.Val. Max., 8, 14.—Strab., 640.-Vid. Ephesus.)

HERSE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Ag

HERTHA, a goddess worshipped by the ancient Germans, and, according to Tacitus (Germ., c. 40), the same with the earth. (" Hertham, id est, Terram matrem, colunt.") She was supposed to take part in human affairs, and even sometimes to come among mortals. She had a sacred grove in an island of the ocean, and a chariot, covered with a veil, standing in the grove and consecrated to her service. Whenever it was known that the goddess had descended into this her sanctuary, her car was got ready, cows were yoked to it, and the deity was carried around in the covered vehicle. Festivity reigned in every place which the goddess honoured with her presence: wars ceased, arms were laid aside, and peace and harmony prevailed, until the priest declared that the goddess was sated with human converse, and once more enclosed her within the temple. (Tacit., ibid.) The very name Hertha, and its close resemblance to our English word Earth, proves Tacitus to be right in making Hertha and the Earth identical. (Compare the Anglo-Saxon Hearth, i. e., "Earth.") The island mentioned by Tacitus is supposed by many to have been that of Rugen, in the Baltic, while others have sought for it in the Northern Ocean. Certain traditions in the island of Rugen seem to favour the former opinion. (Consult Voyage dans l'isle de Rugen, par Zollner, and Panckoucke's Germany of Tacitus, p. 204, in notis.)

HERULI, a barbarian race, who attacked the Roman empire on its decline. Their first appearance was on the shores of the Black Sea. They were subsequently defeated by the Ostrogoths; but, after the death of Attila, they founded a powerful empire on the Danube. According to Jornandes (De Reb. Get.), they first dwelt in Scandinavia, and, being driven thence by the Danes, wandered eastward as far as the Palus Mæotis, and settled in that neighbourhood. They continued making frequent incursions into the empire until the reign of Anastasius, when great numbers of them were cut off by the Lombards, and the rest migrated to the West. They began to invade the empire about A.D. 526. (Paul. Warnef., de Gest. Longob., 1, 20.Procop., Bell. Goth., 2, 11.) The Heruli made themselves masters, at one time, of Rome itself, under their king Odoacer, and from this period, A.D. 476, is dated the fall of the Western Empire.

HESIODUS ('Hoíodos), a celebrated Grecian poet, commonly supposed to have been born at Cuma or Cyme, in Eolis, and to have been brought, at an early age, to Ascra in Boeotia. (Schöll, Gesch. Griech. Lit., vol. 1, p. 130.-Lil. Gyrald., Vit. Hes.) Göttling, however, has shown very clearly, from the poet's own words (Op. et D., 648, seq.), that he must have been born at Ascra. His father, it seems, had migrated from Cyme to Ascra in consequence of his poverty, and resided at the latter place for some time, though without obtaining the rights of a citizen. Still, however, he left at his death a considerable property to his two sons, Hesiod, and a younger brother named Per

ses.

The brothers divided the inheritance; but Per- sacred to Nemean Jupiter. He was here the guest of ses, by means of bribes to the judges, contrived to de- two brothers. It happened that their sister Ctemene fraud his elder brother. Hesiod thereupon migrated was violated in the night time by the person who had to Orchomenus, as Göttling supposes, and the harsh accompanied Hesiod, and hung herself in consequence epithets which he applies to his native village (Op. et of the outrage. This man they accordingly slew; D., 637, seq.) were, in all probability, prompted by re- and, suspecting the connivance of Hesiod, killed him sentment at the wrong which he had suffered from the also, and threw his body into the sea. The murder Ascrean judges, in relation to the division of his patri- is said to have been detected by the sagacity of Hemony. (Göttling, Præf. ad Hes., p. iv.) From a siod's dog; by some it is related that his corpse was passage in the proëm to the Theogony, it has been in- brought to the shore by a company of dolphins, at the ferred that Hesiod was literally a shepherd, and tended moment that the people were celebrating the festival his flocks on the side of Helicon; and this supposition, of Neptune. The body of Hesiod was recognised, the though directly at variance with the statement of Pau- houses of the murderers were razed to the founda. sanias, who makes him a priest of the Muses on Mount tion, and the murderers themselves cast into the sea. Helicon, seems decidedly the most rational one. He Another account states them to have been consumed by was evidently born in an humble station, and was him- lightning; a third, to have been overtaken by a temself engaged in rural pursuits; and this perfectly accords pest while escaping to Crete in a fishing-boat, and to with the subject of the poem which was unanimously have perished in the wreck. In truth, the summary ascribed to him, namely, the Works and Days, which justice which these brothers executed on the man is a collection of reflections and precepts relating to whom they honestly supposed to be the accomplice of husbandry, and the regulation of a rural household. their sister's dishonour, was not of a nature to call for The only additional fact that can be gathered from miraculous interference; but the fable displays the saHesiod's writings is, that he passed into the island of credness attached by Grecian enthusiasm to the poet's Euboea, on occasion of a poetical contest at Chalcis, character. The only works that remain under the name which formed part of the funeral games instituted in of Hesiod are, 1. 'Epya kaì 'Huέpai (“Works and honour of Amphidamas: that he obtained a tripod as Days"); 2. Oɛoyovía (A Theogony"); 3. 'Aonis the prize, and consecrated it to the Muses of Helicon. 'Hpakλéovs ("The Shield of Hercules").—The "Works This latter passage, however, is suspected by Guietus and Days" (which, according to Pausanias, the Booand Wolf; but it seems to have formed a part of the tians regarded as the only genuine production of Hepoem from time immemorial; and it may not be un- siod), is so entirely occupied with the events of comreasonable to infer its authenticity from the tradition mon life, that the author would not seem to have been respecting an imaginary contest between Homer and a poet by profession, as Homer was described by the Hesiod. That the passage should have been raised ancients, but some Boeotian husbandman, whose mind on the basis of the tradition is impossible, because, in had been so forcibly moved by peculiar circumstances that case, it is obvious that the name of Homer would as to give a poetical tone to the whole course of his have appeared in the verses; but it is highly probable thoughts and feelings. The poem consists of advice that the tradition was built on the passage. If the given by Hesiod to his brother Perses, on subjects repassage be a forgery, it is a forgery without any os-lating for the most part to agriculture and the general tensible purpose; it is a mere gratuitous imposture conduct of life. The object of the first portion of the which tends to nothing; and it seems impossible that poem is to improve the character and habits of Perses, any person should take the trouble of foisting suppos- to deter him from seeking riches by litigation, and to ititious lines into Hesiod's poem, for the barren object incite him to a life of labour, as the only source of of inducing a belief that he had won a poetical prize permanent prosperity. Mythical narratives, fables, defrom somebody. This nullity of purpose could not but scriptions, and moral apophthegms, partly of a proverstrike those who, being themselves willing to believe bial kind, are ingeniously chosen and combined, so as that Homer was the competitor at Chalcis, were anx- to illustrate and enforce the principal idea.-In the ious for proofs to convince others: and hence an in- second part Hesiod shows Perses the succession in terpolation of this very passage has been practised; which his labours must follow, if he determines to lead which alone shows that, if a forgery, it was an un- a life of industry. But as the poet's object was not to meaning and useless forgery. For the verse, "Vic- describe the charms of a country life, but to teach all tor in song a tripod bore away," it has been attempted the means of honest gain which were then open to the to substitute," Victor in song o'er Homer the divine." Ascræan countryman, he next proceeds, after having Connected with the same design of making Homer and completed the subject of husbandry, to treat with Hesiod contemporaries, is an imposture on a large equal detail that of navigation. Here we perceive scale, which professes to be an historical account of how, in the time of Hesiod, the Baotian farmer himthe contest between Homer and Hesiod, and which self shipped the overplus of his corn and wine, and appears to be erected on the above tradition as related transported it to countries where these products were by Plutarch; for it is evident, from a passage in the less abundant. All these precepts relating to the work itself, that it was not composed till the time of works of industry interrupt somewhat suddenly the the Emperor Hadrian. As to the tradition of this im- succession of economical rules for the management of a aginary meeting, for which not a shadow of evidence family. The poet now speaks of the time of life when appears in Hesiod's own writings, Robinson offers a a man should marry, and how he should look out for a very probable conjecture: that it originated in a coin- wife. He then especially recommends to all to bear cidence between this passage of the work and a pas-in mind that the immortal gods watch over the actions sage in one of Homer's hymns, where the writer supplicates Venus to grant him the victory in some approaching contest.-The following account is given as to the manner of Hesiod's death. Hesiod is said to have consulted the oracle of Delphi as to his future destinies, and the Pythia directed him, in reply, to shun the grove of Nemean Jupiter, since there death awaited him. There were at Argos a temple and a brazen statue of Nemean Jove; and Hesiod, believing this to be the fatal spot, directed his course to Enoë, a town of the Locri; but the ambiguity of the oracle had deceived him, for this place also, by obscure report, was

of men; in all intercourse with others to keep the tongue from idle and provoking words, and to preserve a certain purity and care in the commonest occurrences of every-day life. At the same time, he gives many curious precepts, which resemble sacerdotal rules, with respect to the decorum to be observed in acts of worship, and which, moreover, have much in common with the symbolic rules of the Pythagoreans, that ascribed a deep and spiritual import to many unimpor tant acts of ordinary life. Of a very similar nature is the last part of the poem, which treats of the days on which it is expedient or inexpedient to do this or that