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eral subdivisions and periods, that the ordinances f
the earliest social state were based. In maintaining
this sacred order, they only imitated the god of the
year, at once the author of it and of their race. It is
for these reasons that we find, throughout all antiquity,
a solar hero at the head of royal dynasties. This so-
lar hero is Hercules, who is everywhere found to be
the same personage, though under different appella-
tions.-In Greece, the painful and protracted delivery
of Alcmena, the mother of Hercules, already announces
the god of light, destined to struggle painfully against
the powers of darkness. Ilithyia herself, the light
coming forth from the bosom of night, sits with folded
arms before the door of Amphitryon, and the coura-
of her anguish is removed by the artifice of Galan-
this. (Vid. Alcmena.) Long did Juno, according to
the early traditions, put every obstacle in the way of
the birth of the hero. (Il., 19, 119.) This hostile
power persecutes the son after the mother, and her ob-
stinate hatred becomes the means that enable him to
develop in all its splendour the divine power with
which he is endowed. Thus the oracle gave him the
name of Herakles ('Нpaкλñç), because by means of
Juno ("Hpa) he was destined to gain immortal glory
(khéoç), and live in the praises of posterity. (Diod.
Sic., 4, 10.-Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 6, 115.-Compare
Macrobius, Sat., 1, 20, who makes Hercules the glory
of Hera, or the lower air, the native darkness of
which is illumined by the sun.) False as this etymol-
ogy undoubtedly is, it still proves that the Greeks
themselves attached to their Hercules the fundamental
idea of a hero constantly at variance with a contrary
power. As regards the name itself, may be re-
marked, that it is most probably of Oriental origin,
though various attempts have been made by different
scholars to trace it to a Grecian source. The Latin
Hercules, (Hercole, Ercle) is, to all appearance, a more
ancient form than the Greek 'Hpakλns. (Lennep,
Etymol. L. G., p. 245.- Lanzi, Saggio di Ling.
Etrusca, vol. 2, p. 206, seqq.) Hermann considers
Hercules as virtue personified, and carrying off glory
and praise ('Нpakλñç, ôç žparo khéoç. Briefe über
Homer und Hesiod, p. 20), while Knight gives to the
fable of the hero a physical basis, borrowed from the
worship of the sun ("the glorifier of the earth," from
pa and kλéoç.- Enquiry into Symb. Lang., 130).
For other theories relative to Hercules, consult Mül-
ler, Dorians, b. 2, c. 11, seq., and Bultmann, Mytho
logus, vol. 1, p. 246, seqq.

given by Megasthenes (ap. Arrian, Ind., c. 8, seqq.), | them. Besides, it was on the solar year, and its sev is in many respects so very similar to that which has already been stated with regard to the Lydian Hercules, as to lead to the belief that the legends of Lower Asia had emanated in some degree from the plains of the Indian peninsula. The Rama of Hindustan, with his warlike apes, reminds us, under various striking aspects, of Hercules and the Cercopes.-The religion of Hercules, passing from the East like the god whom it was intended to commemorate, made its way to the farthest limits of the then known West. The Phoenicians, and after them the Carthaginians, extended on every side the worship of Melkarth, the divine protector of their colonies. It was from them that the nations of Spain, after those of Africa, learned to revere his name; and, not content with placing his col-geous mother is a prey to cruel pangs until the cause umns at the entrance of the Atlantic, the Phoenician Hercules undertook, on this vast extent of ocean, long and perilous expeditions. Pursuing also another direction, he crossed the barriers of the Pyrenees and the Alps he and his descendants founded numerous cities, both in Gaul and in the countries adjacent to it. He was here styled Deusoniensis, an appellation which again recalls that of Desanaus. Indeed, the occidental mythology seems here to correspond in every par ticular with that of the East. The cup of the sun, in which Hercules traverses the ocean for the purpose of reaching the isle of Erythea, represents the marvellous cup of the Persian Dschemschid. Under the empire of the latter, no corruption or decay of any kind prevailed; and the columns of wood in the temple of Hercules at Gades were never carious. The Dschemschid of Persia and the Sem of Egypt gave health to their votaries; the Romans recognised the same power in their victorious Hercules. (I. Lyd. de Mens., p. 92.) Rome herself counted among her citizens certain individuals who claimed to be his descendants. The heroic family of the Fabii, for example, traced their origin to the son of Alcmena. (Plut., Vit. Fab. Max., c. 1.) The Latins, as well as the Lydians, assigned various concubines to this powerful deity, among whom are mentioned Fauna, and Acca Larentia, the nurse of Romulus. (Macer, ap. Macrob., Sat., 1, 10.—August., de Civ. Dei, 6, 7.) Thus, then, at the same time that we find even in the West the traces of a sensual worship rendered to Hercules, we see reproduced that peculiar tendency, so prevalent in the East, of making heroes and kings the descendants of the divine sun; the children of that victorious and beneficent star, which continually brings us both the day and the year as the prizes of his glorious combats. And, indeed, what idea can be more natural than this? Is not the sun himself a powerful king, a hero, placed in a situation of continual combat with the shades of darkness and with the evil spirits to which they give birth? His numerous adversaries, in the career of the zodiac which he traverses, are principally the signs of winter. The solemn rites offered to him, such as the games celebrated at Chemmis and Olympia; the HERCULIS, I. Columnæ, or Columns of Hercules, a chains with which the statue of the Tyrian Hercules name given to Calpe and Abila, or Gibraltar on the was loaded; the circle of female figures surrounding Spanish, and Cape Serra on the African, shore of the his statue at Sardis, were intended to represent the straits. Hercules was fabled to have placed them there alternations of strength and weakness, of victory and as monuments of his progress westward, and beyond defeat, which mark the course of this courageous which no mortal could pass. (Vid. Calpe, Abila, and wrestler of the year, whose very death is a triumph. Mediterraneum Mare.)--II. Monaci Portus, or Arx Hence, among the numerous incarnations of the star Herculis Monaci, a town and harbour of Liguria, near of day, the warlike spirit of the earlier nations of an- Nicæa. The surname of Monacus, given to Hercules, tiquity would, in order to propose it as an example to who was worshipped here, shows, as Strabo observes, chiefs and monarchs, give a preference to that one the Greek origin of this place. Fabulous accounts atwhich represented the sun under the character that we tributed its foundation to Hercules himself. (Am. Marhave just been considering. Nor could the heads of cell., 15.) The harbour is well described by Lucan communities have a nobler model. If their origin was (1, 405). It is now Monaco.-III. Liburni Portus, regarded as divine, it imposed upon them the obliga-now Livorno or Leghorn, a part of Etruria, below the tion of a continual struggle, in order to render manifest to all eyes the principle of light, of strength, and of goodness, which they were supposed to have within

HERCULEUM, I. Promontorium, a promontory in the Bruttiorum Ager, forming the most southern angle of Italy to the east, now Capo Spartivento. (Strabo, 259.-Cluver., Ital. Antiq., 2, p. 1300.-Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 140.)-II. Fretum, the strait which forms the communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. (Vid. Abila, Calpe, and Herculis Columnæ.)

mouth of the Arnus. Cicero calls it Portus Herculis Labronis (ad Quint. Fratr., 2, 6).-IV. Portus, a harbour of Etruria, now Porto d'Ercole. It was situate

between Arminia and Incitaria, and served as a port to the city of Cosa. It was one of the principal stations for the Roman fleets on the lower sea. (Liv., 22, 11. -Id., 30, 39.)

HERMAPHRODITUs, a son of Mercury ('Epuns) and Venus ('Aopodirŋ), the fable relative to whom and the nymph Salmacis may be found in Ovid (Met., 4, 285, seqq.). It is evidently copied after some Eastern legend, although the Grecian spirit has moulded it into a more pleasing form, perhaps, than was possessed by its original. The doctrine of androgynous divinities lies at the very foundation of the earliest pagan worship. The union of the two sexes was regarded by the early priesthoods as a symbol of the generation of the universe, and hence originated those strange types and still stranger ceremonies, which, conceived at first in a pure and simple spirit, became eventually the source of so much licentiousness and indecency. The early believer was taught by his religious instructer, that, before the creation, the productive power existed alone in the immensity of space. When the process of creation commenced, this power divided itself into two portions, and discharged the functions of an active and a passive being, a male and a female. Hence arose the beauteous frame of the universe. This is the doctrine, in particular, of the Hindu Vedas, and it is explicitly established in the Manara-Dharma-Sastra, and also in the laws of Menou. The Adonis of Syria (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 12); the Adagoüs of Phrygia (Herodotus, 1, 105.-Creuzer, 1, 150); the Phtha and Neith of Egypt; the Mithras of Persia (Jul. Firmicus, p. 1, seqq.-Goerres, vol. 1, p. 254); the Freya of Scandinavia (Goerres, vol. 2, p. 574); the Cenrezi of Thibet (Wagner, p. 199); the Brama, Schiva, Vishnou, and Krishna, of India (Roger, Pa

HERCYNIA, a very extensive forest of Germany, the breadth of which, according to Cæsar, was nine days' journey, while its length exceeded sixty. It extended from the territories of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rauraci, along the Danube to the country of the Daci and Anartes. Then turning to the north, it spread over many large tracts of land, and is said to have contained many animals unknown in other countries, of which Cæsar describes two or three kinds. Cæsar, following the Greek geographers (Arist., Meteor., 1, 13.-Compare Apoll. Rhod., 4, 140), confounds all the forests and all the mountains of Central Germany under the name of Hercynia Silva. This vague tradition was propagated among the Roman geographical writers, nor could either Pliny or Tacitus form a more exact idea of its extent. (Plin., 4, 12.—Tac., Germ., 28 and 30.) Ptolemy had obtained more positive information on the subject: besides his Mount Abnoba, he distinguished the Hartz Forest under the name of Melibocus, &c. On the country's becoming more inhabited, the grounds were gradually cleared, and but few vestiges of the ancient forest remain in modern times. These now go by particular names, as the Black Forest, which separates Alsace from Swabia; the Steyger in Franconia; the Spissard on the Mayn; the Thuringer in Thuringia; Hessewald in the duchy of Cleves; the Bohemerwald, which encompasses Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Her-gan. In., 2, 2.-Paulin., Syst. Brahman., p. 195.— cynia Silva; and the Hartz Forest in Lunenburgh. Some of the German writers at the present day derive the ancient name from the term hart, high; others suppose it to come from hartz, resin, and consider the old name as remaining in the present Hartz Forest. (Malte-Brun, Precis., &c., vol. 1, p. 108, Brussels ed. -Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 410.)

Porphyr., in Stob. Eclog. Phys., 1, 4.-Bagavadam. Wagner, p. 167.—Bhagavat Geta, &c.); the Moon among various nations of Asia (Spartian., Vit. Caracall., c. 7.-Casaubon, ad loc.); all these objects of adoration reunited the two sexes, and, by a consequence of this symbolical idea, the priests changed their ordinary vestments, and assumed those of the other sex in the ceremonies instituted in honour of these gods, for the purpose of expressing their double nature. How different from all this is the Grecian legend! and yet its origin is one and the same.

HERENNIUS, I. Senecio, a native of Spain, and a senator and quæstor at Rome under Domitian. His contempt for public honours, his virtuous character, and his admiration of Helvidius Priscus, whose life he wrote, rendered him odious to the emperor, and caused HERMATHENA, a sort of statue, raised on a square pedhim to be accused of high treason. He was condemn-estal, in which the attributes of Mercury ('Epμns) and ed to death, and his work burned by the public execu-Minerva ('A0ývŋ) were blended. (Consult the remarks tioner. (Tac., Vit. Agric., c. 3.-Plin., Ep., 3, 33.) under the preceding article; and Creuzer, Symbolik, -II. The father of Pontius the Samnite commander, vol. 2, p. 750.) M. Spon gives various figures of Herwho advised his son either to give freedom to the Ro- mathena. (Recherch. Curieuses de l'Antiq., p. 93.) mans ensnared at the Caudine Pass, or to exterminate them all. (Livy, 9, 1, seqq.)—III. Caius, a Roman, to whom the treatise on rhetoric, ascribed by some to Cicero, is addressed. The treatise in question is generally regarded as not having been written by the Roman orator, but either by Antonius Gnipho or Q. Cornificius. (Consult on this point the remarks of Schutz, in his edition of Cicero, vol. 1, p. lv., seqq., and those of Le Clerc, in his more recent edition, Paris, 1827, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 1, seqq.)

HERME, statues of Mercury, which the Athenians had in the vestibules of their dwellings. They were made like terminal figures of stones, of a cubical form, and surmounted with a head of Mercury. (Vid. Mercurius.) HERMA, a festival celebrated at Cydonia, in the island of Crete, at which the slaves enjoyed complete freedom, and were waited upon by their masters. (Ephorus, ap. Athen., 6, p. 263, f.-Carystius, ap. eund., 14, p. 639.-Höck, Kreta, vol. 3, p. 39.)

HERMES ('Epuns), I. the name of Mercury among the Greeks. (Vid. Mercurius I.)-II. Trismegistus. (Vid. Mercurius II.)

HERMESIANAX, a poet of Colophon, who flourished in the time of Philip and his son Alexander. He composed three books of elegies, and entitled the collection Leontium (Aɛóvrov), in honour of his mistress, who is the same, perhaps, with the one connected with the history of Epicurus and his disciple Metrodorus. Athenæus has preserved for us a fragment of nearly a hundred verses of this poet, which makes us regret what we have lost. This fragment was published in 1782, by Ruhnken, in an appendix to his Epistola Critica, 2, p. 283. It was also edited by Weston, Lond., 1784, 8vo, and by Ilgen, in his Opuscula Varia, Erfort., 1797, 8vo, vol. 1, p. 248, seqq. The best edition, however, is that of Hermann, 1828, 4to, in his Program. Acad. in memoriam 1. A. Ernesti, Lips. (Consult Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 2, p. 353.) HERMÆUM, I. Promontorium, or Promontory of HERMIAS, a Christian writer towards the close of the Mercury (Epus, Mercurius), on the southern shore second century, and a native of Galatia, who has left of Crete, between the Promontory Criu Metopon and us a short but elegant discourse in ridicule of the pagan Phoenix.-II. A promontory of Sardinia, on the west-philosophers, entitled Aiaovpuòs twv lEw dihoσóOWV. ern shore, a little to the north of Bosa, now Capo della | It appears to be an imitation of a discourse of Tatian's, Cacca.-III. A promontory of Africa, in the district but it is an imitation by a man of spirit and ability. Zeugitana, now Cape Bon. (Polyb., 1, 29.-Plin., He ridicules the want of harmony that prevails among 5, 4.-Mela, 1, 7.-Liv., 29, 27.) the systems of the Greek philosophers, which is the

modorus, an Ephesian, the friend of the sage Heraclitus, whom his fellow-citizens had banished because he filled them with shame, and they desired to be all on an equality in profligacy of conduct. (Menag., ad Diog. Laert., 9, c. 2.) It cannot, indeed, be well ex

cause of all their speculations being crowned with no positive result. He is accused by some critics of putting nothing in the place of the edifice which he has destroyed by his sarcasms. Such, however, was not the end he had proposed to himself. It was sufficient for him to show that the systems of ancient phi-plained, how this story could have been invented, for losophy were untenable. The one which was to occupy its place they had only to seek for, and Hermas points it out to them without naming it. This treatise was published by Seiber, Basil, 1533, 8vo, and with the notes of Wolf in Morell's Compend. de Orig. Vet. Phil., Basil, 1580, 8vo. It is found also in the Auctar. Biblioth. Patrum, Paris, 1624; and in the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700. The best edition, how ever, is that of Dommerich, Hal., 1774, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 213.-Lardner, Credibility of Gospel History, pt. 2, vol. 2, p. 555.)

which nothing but a celebrated name could have given occasion, while that of Hermodorus appears to have been known to the Greeks themselves only by the saying of his friend. On this ground, the naming of the statue, which was inscribed as his at Rome, may pass for genuine. But if ever he lived there, honoured by, and useful to, his contemporaries, the legislators, it does not therefore follow, that, by his council, many of the Greek laws were transferred to the Twelve Tables, which are lost to us. The Romans adhered too tenaciously to their own hereditary laws, to exchange them for any foreign institution; and the difference between them and the Grecians was so great, that the sage Hermodorus could not have suggested an imitation." (Niebuhr's Roman History, vol. 2, p. 111, Walter's transl.)

HERMIONE, I. more correctly Harmonia, daughter of Mars and Venus, and wife of Cadmus. (Vid. Harmonia.)-II. Daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately engaged to her cousin Orestes, the son of Agamemnon; but her father, on his return from Troy, being ignorant of this, gave her in marriage to HERMOGENES, a celebrated sophist, a native of TarPyrrhus, otherwise called Neoptolemus. After the sus, who flourished under M. Aurelius Antoninus. He murder of that prince (vid. Pyrrhus), she married Ores- was remarkable for the precocity of his intellect. At tes, and received the kingdom of Sparta as her dowry. the age of fifteen he openly professed his art in the (Virg., En., 3, 327, seqq.-Heyne, Excurs., 12, ad presence of the emperor, and excited his astonishment Virg., En., 3.-Eurip., Androm.)-III. A city of Ar- by the ability and eloquence which he displayed. This golis, on the southern coast, opposite Hydrea. It was rapid growth, however, of the mental powers, was sucfounded, according to Herodotus (8, 43), by the Dry-ceeded by as rapid a decline, and, at the age of twentyopes, whom Hercules and the Melians had expelled from the banks of the Sperchius and the valley of Eta. Pausanias describes this city as situate on a hill of moderate height, and surrounded by walls. It contained, among others, a temple of Ceres, the sanctuary of which afforded an inviolable refuge to supplicants, whence arose the proverb ave' 'Epulóvns, "as safe an asylum as that of Hermione." Not far from this structure was a cave, supposed to communicate with the infernal regions. It was probably owing to this speedy descent to Orcus, that the Hermionians, as Strabo informs us, omitted to put a piece of money in the mouths of their dead. (Strab., 373.-Callim., ap. Etym. Mag., s. v. Aavákns.) Lasus, an early poet of some note, said to have been the instructer of Pindar, was a native of Hermione. We are informed by Sir W. Gell, that the ruins of this place are to be seen on the promontory below Kastri, a town inhabited by Albanians, nearly opposite to the island of Hydra. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 199.) Pausanias affirms (2, 34), that Hermione originally stood at the distance of four stadia from the site it occupied in his day, and, though the inhabitants had long removed to the new city, there yet remained several edifices to mark the spot. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 258, seq.)

five, he lost his memory to such a degree as to be incapable of pursuing his usual avocations. In this sad condition he lingered to an advanced age. It is said that, on opening his body after death, his heart was found of an enormous size, and covered with hair. He left a work on Rhetoric, which was introduced into the Grecian schools, and continued to be a text-book in the rhetorical art until the decline of the latter. Two editions of the entire work were published, one in 1614, 8vo, by Laurentius, Colon. Allobrog.; the other in 1799, 4to, by an anonymous editor (E. B. A.). There have been several editions of parts of the work, for which consult Hoffmann (Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 2, p. 355, seqq.).-II. A lawyer in the age of Constantine, who, together with Gregorius or Gregorianus, made a collection of the constitutions or edicts of the emperor. Gregorius comprehended in his collection the laws published from Hadrian to Constantine; Hermogenes compiled a supplement to the work. This collection, though made without public authority, was yet cited in courts of law. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 215, seqq.)

HERMOLAUS, a young Macedonian nobleman, and one of the royal pages of Alexander the Great. In the heat of a boar-hunt on one occasion, he forgot his duty, and slew the animal, perhaps unfairly (for the laws of the chase have in all ages and climes been very arbitrary), certainly in such a way as to interfere with the royal sport. The page was, in consequence,

HERMIONES, one of the three great divisions of the Germanic tribes, according to Tacitus (Germ., c. 2), and occupying the central parts of the country. Mannert is of opinion, that a tribe or division of the name Hermiones never in fact existed, but that this appella-deprived of his horse, and ordered to be flogged. Intion originated from the early legend of Greece respecting the fabulous land Hermionia, remarkable for its productions, and placed by the early writers in the distant regions of the north. The Romans, borrowing this fable from the Greeks, imagined that they had found Hermionia in the regions of Germany. (Compare Mela, 3, 3.-Mannert, Geog., vol. 3, p. 146.)

HERMIONICUS SINUS, a bay on the coast of Argolis, near Hermione. (Strab., 335.) It is now the Gulf of Castri.

censed at the indignity thus offered him, he resolved to efface it in the blood of his sovereign, and for this purpose formed a conspiracy with some of his brotherpages, as well as other individuals. The plot, however, was discovered, and the culprits were stoned to death. Hermolaus, in his defence, insisted that the tyranny and drunken revelries of Alexander were more than could be tolerated by freemen. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 4, 13, seqq.)

HERMOPOLIS, or the city of Hermes (Mercury), the HERMODORUS, a philosopher of Ephesus, who is said name of two towns of Egypt. The first was in the to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs Delta, east of the Canopic branch of the Nile, and in the composition of the ten tables of laws which northeast of Andropolis. For distinction' sake, the ephad been collected in Greece. (Cic., Tusc., 5, 36.) ithet Mixpá (Parva) was added to its name. Ptolemy "An ancient tradition mentions," observes Niebuhr, makes it the chief city of the nome in which Alexanas an auxiliary to the Decemviri, in this code, Her-drea was situate. (Mannert, Geog., vol. 10, pt. 1, p.

598. Its position corresponds with that of the modern Demenhur. The second was termed Meyúλn (Magna), or the great, and was situate in the Heptanomis, on the western bank of the Nile, opposite Antinoopolis. It is spoken of as a large city by Ammianus Marcellinus (22, 16). The inhabitants worshipped the Cynocephalus, or dog-headed deity Anubis. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 397.) The name of the place is now Ashmuneim.

HERMUNDURI, the first of the Hermionic tribes in Germany. They were a great and powerful nation, and lay to the cast and northeast of the Allemanni. Tacitus says, that in process of time they became allies to the Romans, who distinguished them above the other Germans by peculiar privileges. (Germ., c. 41.) Mannert makes them a branch of the great Suevic race. (Geogr., vol. 3, p. 201.)

usual course, and Hero, in despair, threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea. Musæus, a Greek poet of the fifth century of our era, made this story the subject of a pleasing little poem that has come down to us. (Vid. Musæus III.) Ovid devotes two of his Heroïdes to this same theme. (Her., Ep., 18 et 19.) As regards the feat of Leander in swimming across the Hellespont nightly, consult remarks under the article Leander.-II. The name of two writers on mechanical subjects. (Vid. Heron.) HERODES, I. surnamed the Great and Ascalonita, second son of Antipater the Idumæan, was born B.C. 71, at Ascalon, in Judæa. At the age of twenty-five he was made by his father governor of Galilee, and distinguished himself by the suppression of a band of robbers, and the execution of their leader, with several of his comrades. He was summoned before the Sanhedrim for having done this by his own authority, and having put these men to death without a trial; but, through the strength of his party and the zeal of his friends, he escaped censure. He at first embraced the party of Brutus and Cassius; but, after their death, reconciled himself to Antony, who appointed him and Phasael tetrarchs of Judæa. In B.C. 40 the Parthians invaded Judæa, and placed Antigonus on the

od escaped to Rome, where, by the influence of Antony, he was appointed King of the Jews. But the Roman generals in Syria assisted him very feebly, and it was not till the end of the year 38 B.C. that

HERMUS, a considerable river of Asia Minor, rising, according to Strabo (626), in Mount Dindymus, in Phrygia, and flowing through the northern part of Lydia until it falls into the Ægæan. Pliny, however, makes its source to have been near Dorylæum in Phrygia. (Plin., 5, 31.) It received in its course the rivers Pactolus, Hyllus, called also Phrygius, and other less celebrated streams, and discharged itself into the sea between Phocæa and Smyrna. (Strab., l. c.—throne, making Hyrcanus and Phasael prisoners. HerHerod., 1, 80.-Arrian, Exp. Al., 5, 5.) The plains which this river watered were termed the plains of Hermus, and the gulf into which it discharged itself was anciently called the Hermæan Gulf; but when Theseus, according to some accounts, a person of dis-Jerusalem was taken by Sossius. The commencetinction in Thessaly, migrated hither, and founded a town on this gulf called Smyrna after his wife (Vit. Hom., c. 2), the gulf was termed Smyrnæus Sinus, or Gulf of Smyrna, a name which it still retains. The sands of the Hermus were said to be auriferous, a circumstance for which it was probably indebted to the Pactolus. (Virg., Georg., 2, 136.)-The modern name of this fine river is the Sarabat. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 336.)

HERNICI, a people of New Latium, bordering on the Equi and Marsi. (Strabo, 231.) It was maintained by some authors, that they derived their name from the rocky nature of their country; herna, in the Sabine language, signifying a rock. (Serv., ad Æn., 7, 682.) | Others were of opinion, that they were so called from Hernicus, a Pelasgic chief; and Macrobius (Sat., 5, 18) thinks that Virgil alluded to that origin when he described this people as going to battle with one leg bare. The former etymology, however, is more probable, and would also lead us to infer that the Hernici, as well as the Equi and Marsi, were descended from the Sabines, or generally from the Oscan race. There is nothing in the history of this petty nation which possesses any peculiar interest, or distinguishes them from their equally hardy and warlike neighbours. It is merely an account of the same ineffectual struggle to resist the systematic and overwhelming preponderance of Rome, and of the same final submission to her transcendent genius and fortune. It may be remarked, that it was upon the occasion of a debate on the division of some lands conquered from the Hernici, that the celebrated agrarian law was first brought forward (A.U.C. 268.Liv., 2, 41.-Dion. Hal., 8, 69). The last effort made by this people to assert their independence was about the year 447 A.U.C.; but it was neither long nor vigorous, though resolved upon unanimously by a general council of all their cities. (Liv., 9, 43.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 78, seqq.)

HERO, I. a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, attached to Leander, a youth of Abydos, who every night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero, in Sestus, directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. Leander, however, was at last drowned in a tempestuous night, as he attempted his

ment of Herod's reign dates from the following year. In the year 38 he had married Mariamne, the granddaughter of Hyrcanus, hoping to strengthen his power by this match with the Asmonæan family, which was very popular in Judæa. On ascending the throne Herod appointed Ananel of Babylon high-priest, to the exclusion of Aristobulus, the brother of Mariamne. But he soon found himself compelled, by the entreaties of Mariamne and the artifices of her mother Alexandra, to depose Ananel, and appoint Aristobulus in his place. Not long after, however, Aristobulus was secretly put to death by the command of Herod. Alexandra having informed Cleopatra of the murder, Herod was summoned to answer the accusation before Antony, whom he pacified by liberal bribes. When setting out to meet Antony, he had commanded his brother Joseph to put Mariamne to death in case he should be condemned, that she might not fall into Antony's power. Finding, on his return, that his brother had revealed this order to Mariamne, Herod put him to death. In the civil war between Octavius and Antony, Herod joined the latter, and undertook, at his command, a campaign against the Arabians, whom he defeated. After the battle of Actium, he went to meet Octavius at Rhodes; having first put to death Hyrcanus, who had been released by the Parthians, and had placed himself under Herod's protection some years before. He also imprisoned Mariamne and Alexandra, commanding their keepers to kill them upon receiving intelligence of his death. Octavius, however, received him kindly, and reinstated him in his kingdom. On his return, Mariamue reproached him with his intentions towards her, which she had again discovered. This led to an estrangement between Herod and his queen, which was artfully increased by his sister Salome; till, on one occasion, enraged at a new affront he had received from Mariamne, Herod assembled some of his friends and accused her of adultery. She was condemned and executed. After her death Herod suffered the deepest remorse, and shut himself up in Samaria, where he was seized with a sickness which nearly proved fatal. In the year 26 B.C. he put to death the sons of Babas, the last princes of the Asmonean family. He now openly disregarded the Jewish law, and introduced Roman cus

toms, a conduct which increased the hatred of the peo- of the emperors and n that of the state. (Compare ple towards him, and he particularly shocked their b. 1, c. 4 of his history.) The tone of moderation prejudices by erecting a stately theatre and an am- which everywhere shows itself in his writings, would phitheatre in Jerusalem, in the latter of which he cele- seem to indicate that his life had been as peaceful as brated games in honour of Augustus. Ten men con- his character; and we may conjecture, from a remark spired against his life, but were detected and executed which he makes at the commencement of his work, with the greatest cruelty. To secure himself against that it was at an advanced age, and in the bosom of a rebellion, he fortified Samaria, which he named Se-pleasing retreat, that, collecting together the reminisbaste (equivalent to the Latin Augusta), and he built cences of a long life, and the valuable fruits of his exCæsarea and other cities and fortresses. In the year perience, he wrote the history of those emperors whose 17 B.C. he began to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. reigns he had seen and whose persons he had apThe work was completed in eight years, but the deco-proached. This history, divided into eight books, rations were not finished for many years after. (John, commences with the death of Marcus Aurelius, and is 2, 20.) Herod's power and territories continued to carried down to the accession of Gordian III., embraincrease, but the latter part of his reign was disturbed cing, from A.D. 180 to 238, a period of fifty-eight by the most violent dissensions in his family, of which years, under seventeen princes who reigned either a minute account is given by Josephus. He died in successively or conjointly. This period, though short, March, B.C. 4, in the thirty-fourth year of his reign, was a most eventful one in the annals of the empire, and the seventieth of his age. Josephus relates, that, on account of the numerous and violent changes in the shortly before his death, he shut up many of the prin- persons who held the sovereign power, and also with cipal men of the Jewish nation in the Hippodrome, respect to the domestic and foreign wars, the depravity commanding his sister Salome to put them to death as of manners, and the public calarnities which charactersoon as he expired, that he might not want mourners. ized the age. The series of emperors which the hisThey were released, however, by Salome upon Her- tory of Herodian embraces, comprises Commodus, Perod's death. The birth of our Saviour took place in tinax, Julian, Niger and Albinus, Severus, Caracalla the last year of Herod's reign, four years earlier than and Geta, Macrinus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, the era from which the common system of chronology Maximinus, the two Gordiani, and Balbinus. We perdates the years A.D. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 14, 17, ceive from this the importance of Herodian's work, formseqq.-Id. ib., 15, 1, seqq.—Id. ib., 16, 1, seqq.-Id., ing, as it does, a grave and almost solitary chronicle of Bell. Jud., 1, 17, &c.-Noldius, de Vita et Gestis this portion of Roman history; for the writers of the Herodum, § 7.) It was Herod of whom Augustus Augustan history, who lived long after him, hardly do said, after he had heard of the former's having put to more than copy his narrative, and, when they deviate death his own sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, that from him, merit, in general, a far less degree of confihe would rather be Herod's hog (vv) than his son dence This is a testimony rendered in his favour even (vióv), punning upon the similarity of the two terms, by Julius Capitolinus himself, who (Vit. Albin., c. 12) inand alluding at the same time to the aversion with vites his readers, if desirous of more lengthened details, which the hog was regarded by the Jews. (Macrob., to seek for them in Marius Maximus or Herodian, Sat., 2, 4.)-II. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, who, adds he, are equally distinguished by their accuwhom his father, in his first will, declared his succes- racy and fidelity. And yet it is on the authority of sor in the kingdom, but to whom he afterward gave the same Capitolinus that many modern critics have merely the office of tetrarch over Galilee and Peræa, grounded their charge against Herodian, of having while he appointed his other son Archelaus king of Ju- been too partial to Maximinus, and too severe on Alexdæa. Antipas, after being confirmed in these terri- ander Severus. (Jul. Cap., Vit. Max., c. 13.) From tories by Augustus, married the daughter of Aretas, this charge, however, Herodian has been successfully king of Arabia. He divorced her, however, A.D. 33, defended by Isaac Casaubon and the Abbé de Monthat he might marry his sister-in-law Herodias, the gault.-The style of Herodian is plain and unaffected, wife of his brother Philip, who was still living. John and his narrative in general seems written in a spirit the Baptist, exclaiming against this incest, was seized, of sincerity, but it has no claims to philosophy or critand subsequently beheaded. Afterward, A.D. 39, He- ical art. The harangues which he has inserted in his rodias, being jealous of the prosperity of her brother narrative are elegant, but they want simplicity. His Agrippa, who, from a private person, had become King greatest fault is having neglected chronology.-Among of Judæa, persuaded her husband Herod Antipas to the editions of Herodian may be mentioned that of Irvisit Rome, and to desire the same dignity from Tibe-misch, Lips., 1789, 5 vols. 8vo, and that of Bekker, rius. Agrippa, being apprized of his design, wrote to Berol., 1826, 8vo. The former is remarkable for its the emperor, accusing Antipas of being implicated in excessive load of commentary; the latter, which conthe affair of Sejanus, upon which he was banished to tains merely the text and various readings, presents Lugdunum, in Gaul. This is that Antipas who, be- the latest and best text of the historian.-Politian gave ing at Jerusalem at the time of our Saviour's suffer- to the world in 1490 a Latin version of Herodian, reing, ridiculed Jesus, whom Pilate had sent to him, markable for its elegance rather than fidelity, and deddressed him in mock attire, and sent him back to the icated it to Innocent VIII. He was liberally rewarded Roman governor as a king whose ambition gave him by the pontiff. (Politian, Epist., 8, 1-5.) It is asno umbrage. The year of his death is unknown, certained, however, now, that he merely corrected the though it is certain that he and Herodias ended their version of Omnibonus Vincentius. (Consult Tire days in exile, according to Josephus, in Spain. (Nol- boschi, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 339.-Heeren, Gesch. der dius, de Vita et Gestis Herodum, § 37.)-III. Agrip- Class. Lit. in Mittelalter., vol. 2, p. 301, seq., Götpa, I. son of Aristobulus, and grandson of Herod the ting., 1822.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 192.— Great. (Vid. Agrippa V.)-IV. Agrippa, II. son of Biogr. Univ., vol. 20, p. 273, seqq.)-II. A grammathe preceding. (Vid. Agrippa VI.)-V. Atticus. (Vid. rian of Alexandrea, often confounded with the historiAtticus II.)

HERODIANUS, I. a Greek historian, who flourished during the first part of the third century of our era, and died about A.D. 240, at the age of seventy years. Few particulars of his life are known, and even his native place has not been clearly ascertained, though generally supposed to have been Alexandrea. He filled various honourable stations, both in the service

an above mentioned. He was a son of the celebrated Apollonius Dyscolus, and flourished in the second century of the Christian era. He dedicated to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius his general grammar, of which we have only some unpublished and abridged extracts remaining. We have also some fragments of other works; and Pierson has given in his edition of Moeris a treatise of the same writer on the choice of

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