Homer enumerates among the allies of the Trojans. Rochette, Col. Gr., vol. 2, p. 26, calls this "un canton ENUS. Vid. nus. ÆŎLES, or Æolii, one of the main branches of the great Hellenic race (vid. Hellenes), who are said to have derived their name from Eolus, the eldest son of Hellen. The father reigned over Phthiotis, and particularly over the city and district then called Hellas. To these dominions Eolus succeeded, and his brothers Dorus and Xuthus were compelled to look for settlements elsewhere. (Strabo, 383.-Conon, Nar-(Serv., ad Virg., 6, 585.) Among his posterity we may rat., 27.--Pausan., 7, 1.-Herod., 1, 56.) According to name Neleus, who founded Pylos in the adjacent reApollodorus (1, 7, 2), Æolus ruled over all Thessaly; gion of Messenia (Apollod., 1, 9, 9.—Parsan., 4, 36), this, however, is contradicted by the authority of He- and is said to have renewed, in conjunction with his rodotus, from whom it appears (1, 56) that the Dori- brother Pelias, the Olympic games. (Pausan., 5, 1, 8.) ans held Histiæotis under their sway. From Eolus, So also Perieres, king of Messenia, is made a son of the Hellenes, in Hellas properly so called, and the Eolus (Hesiod, fragm., v. 75.-Apollod., 1, 9, 3), alPhthiotic Pelasgi, who became blended with them into though the Spartans claimed him as a descendant of one common race, received the appellation of Æolians. the royal line of Laconia, and a son of Cynortas. (Apol(Compare Herod., 1, 57.-Id., 7, 95.) The sons and lod., 1, 9, 3.) Besides these sons of Eolus, respectlater descendants of Eolus spread the name of Eo-ing whose origin the ancient mythographers in generlia beyond these primitive seats of the Eolic tribe. al agree, and who spread the Eolic race over middle Cretheus, the eldest son of Æolus, reigned at first over Greece, there are also mentioned, as sons of Eothe territories of his parents, Phthiotis and Hellas; lus, Cercaphus (Demetrius Sceps., ap. Strab., 9, subsequently, however, he led a colony to Iolcos p. 438), whose son founded Ormenium, on the Si(Apollod., 1, 9, 11), and from this latter place, Pheres, nus Pagasæus (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Iwλkóç), and Macedhis son, colonized Pheræ, on the Anaurus. (Apollod., nus or Macedo (Hellanicus, ap. Const. Porph. Them., 1, 9, 14.) Magnes, the second son of Æolus, found-2, 2.-Eustath., ad Dionys. Perieg., v. 427), whose ed Magnesia (Apollod., 1, 9, 6), and his own sons Poly-descent from Thyia, a daughter of Deucalion, is alluded dectes and Dictys led a colony to Seriphus. Another to by Hesiod (Hes., ap. Const. Porph. Them., 2, 2). son, Pierus, settled in Pieria. (Apollod., l. c.) Sisy-The posterity of Æolus spread the dominion and name phus, the third son of Eolus, founded Corinth (Apol- of the Eolic race still farther. Etolus, who was lod., 1, 9, 13), whose Æolic population, previous to the compelled to fly from the court of his father Endymion irruption of the Dorians into the Peloponnesus, is ac- (a son-in-law of Eolus) at Elis, retired to the land of knowledged even by Thucydides (4, 42). Athamas the Curetes, and gave name to Ætolia. (Vid. Acarled an Æolic colony into Boeotia (Apollod., 1, 9, 1), and, nania.) His sons Pleuron and Calydon founded there as Pausanias informs us, to Orchomenus, and to the two cities, called after them, and established two petty district where Haliartus and Coronea were afterward principalities. (Apollod., 1, 7, 7.) Epeus, another son built. (Pausan., 9, 34.-Compare the scholiast on Apol- of Endymion, gave to the Eleans the name of Epei lonius Rhodius, 2, 1190, who calls the Orchomenians (Pausan., 5, 1, 1), while Pæon, the third son, settled, άTOLKOL TÜV Oɛoσaλv.) Hence Apollodorus calls with his Æolian followers, on the banks of the Axius, Orchomenus an Eolic city, although it existed long and gave to the united race of Æolians and Pelasgi in before this, in the time of Ogyges, under the name of this quarter, the name of Pæonians. In the Trojan war, Athenæ. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'A0йval.) Thucydides these Pæonians fought on the side of the Trojans (Hom. mentions the Eolic origin of the Boeotians (Thucyd., 3, Il., 2, 848); whence we may infer, that, although the 2.-Id., 7, 57), and we see from Pausanias (9, 22), that tribes around the Axius were Hellenized, yet the Pethe language of the Boeotians was more Eolic than Do- lasgic population still retained the numerical superiorric. The name of Athamas may be traced in that of ity. During this time Pelops had taken possession of the Athamantian field, between Mount Acræphnium Pisa, and had driven the Epei from Olympia. (Pauand the sea (Pausan., 9, 24), and which was called af- san., 5, 1, 1.) Eleus, however, the son-in-law of Enter the Athamantian field, in the primitive Eolic set- dymion, had received the kingdom in place of the fugitlements in Thessaly, where Athamas had killed his tive Etolus, and from him the Epei were now called own son. (Etym. Mag., s. v. 'A0aμávriov.-Raoul- | Elei, or, according to the Æolic mode of writing, Falei, FAAEIOI. (Compare Böckh, Corp. Inscript. Græc., became one of the twelve states of the league. But fasc. 1, p. 28.) Among the sons of tolus was Lo- this city having been wrested from them by the Ionicrus (Eustath., ad Hom. Il., 2, 531), from whom the ans, the number was reduced to eleven in the time of Locri Ozola, on the borders of Ætolia, are supposed to Herodotus. These, according to that historian (1,149), have derived their name. The Eolic branch of Sisy- were Cyme, Larissa, Neontichos, Temnus, Cilla, Nophus, in Corinth, spread itself through Ornythion tium, Egiroessa, Pitane, Egæ, Myrina, and Gry(Schol., ad Hom. Il., 2, 517, ed. Villois.), and his son nea. Æolis extended in the interior from the Hermus Phocus, over Phocis (Pausan., 2, 1), a name first ap-on the south, to the Caïcus, or perhaps, to speak more plied to the country around Delphi and Tithorea. The correctly, as far as the country around Mount Ida. On latter of these places was the primitive settlement of the coast it reached from Cyme to Pitane. All the Phocus (Pausan., 2, 4), while Hiampolis was the early Eolian cities were independent of each other, and had colony of Ornythion. (Schol., ad Eurip., cited by Kuhn, their own constitutions, which underwent many chanad Pausan., I. c.) The farther settling of Phocis is ges. An attempt was frequently made to restore quiet, ascribed by some to another Phocus, who is said to have by electing arbitrary rulers, with the title of symneled an Eolic colony to this quarter from the island of tæ, for a certain time, even for life, of whom Pittacus, Egina. (Compare Pausan., 2, 29.—Id., 10, 1.-Eus- in Mytilene, the contemporary of Sappho and Alcæus, is tath., ad II., 2, 522.-Schol., ad Apol. Rhod., 1, 507.) best known. The Eolians, in common with the othRaoul-Rochette, however, correctly remarks, that the er Greek colonies of Asia, excepting those established murder of the young Phocus by Telamon and Pe-in the islands, had become subject to Croesus; but, on leus contradicts this tradition. (Col. Gr., vol. 2, p. the overthrow of the Lydian monarch by Cyrus, they 56.) The Eolic branch of Cretheus finally spread it- submitted, along with many of the islanders, to the arms self through Amythaon, the son of Cretheus, over Mes- of the conqueror, and were thenceforth annexed to the senia (Apollod., 1, 9, 11), and through Melampus and Persian empire. They contributed sixty ships to the Bias, sons of Amythaon, over the territory of Argos, fleet of Xerxes. Herodotus observes of Eolis, that and also over Acarnania, through Acarnan, a descend-its soil was more fertile than that of Ionia, but the cliant of Melampus. From the enumeration through mate inferior (1, 149). In the time of Xenophon, which we have gone, it would appear that the Hellenic-olis formed part of the Hellespontine satrapy held by Eolic stem, before the Trojan war, was spread, in Pharnabazus, and it appears to have comprised a connorthern Greece, over almost all Thessaly, over Pieria, siderable portion of the country, that was known at an Pæonia, and Athamania: in Middle Greece, over the earlier period by the name of Troas. (Hell., 3, 18.) greater part of Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Ætolia, and Wrested by the Romans from Antiochus, it was anAcarnania in southern Greece, or the Peloponnesus, nexed to the dominions of Eumenes. (Liv., 33, 38, &c.) over Argos, Elis, and Messenia. It would appear, also, For an account of the Eolic movements in Lesbos, that, during this period, Leleges, Curetes, Pelasgi, Hy- consult the description of that island, s. v. Lesbos. antes, and Lapitha became intermingled with the Hel- EOLIÆ, seven islands, situate off the northern coast lenic-Æolic tribes, and that a close union was formed of Sicily, and to the west of Italy. According to Mela likewise between the latter and the Phoenician Cad- (2, 7), their names were Lipara, Osteodes, Heraclea, means in Boeotia. The state of things which has here Didyme, Phanicusa, Hiera, and Strongyle. Pliny (3, been described, continued until the Trojan war and 9) and Diodorus (5, 7), however, give them as follows: the subsequent invasion of the Peloponnesus, by the Lipara, Didyme, Phanicusa, Hiera, Strongyle, EriDorians, produced an entire change of affairs, and sent cusa, and Euonymus. They are the same with Hoforth numerous colonies both to the eastern and west-mer's IIλaykтai, or "wandering islands.” (Od., 12, 68, ern quarters of the world. For some account of these movements, consult the following articles: Achaia, Eolia, Doris, Græcia, Hellenes, and Ionia. &c.) Other names for the group were Hephaestiades and Vulcanic Insula, from their volcanic character; and Liparea, from Lipara, the largest. The appellaÆOLIA, or EŎLIS, a region of Asia Minor, deriving tion of Eolice was given them from their having formits name from the Eolians who settled there. The ed the fabled domain of Eolus, god or ruler of the Eolians were the first great body of Grecian colo- wind. The island in which he resided is said by some nists that established themselves in Asia Minor, and, to have been Lipara, but the greater part of the ancient not long after the Trojan war, founded several towns authorities are in favour of Strongyle, the modern on different points of the Asiatic coast, from Cyzicus Stromboli. (Heyne, Excurs. ad En., 1,51.) A pasto the river Hermus. But it was more especially in sage in Pliny (3, 9, 14) contains the germe of the whole Lesbos, which has a right to be considered as the seat fable respecting Eolus, wherein it is stated that the of their power, and along the neighbouring shores of inhabitants of the adjacent islands could tell from the the Gulf of Elea, that they finally concentrated their smoke of Strongyle what winds were going to blow for principal cities, and formed a federal union, called the three days to come. (Vid. Lipara, Strongyle, and ÆoEolian league, consisting of twelve states, with sever-lus.) al inferior towns to the number of thirty. The Eo- EOLIDES, a patronymic applied to various individlian colonies, according to Strabo, were anterior to the uals. I. Athamas, son of Eolus. (Ov. Met., 4, 511.) Ionian migrations by four generations. He states, that II. Cephalus, grandson of Eolus. (Id. ibid., 6, Orestes had himself designed to lead the first; but his 681.)-III. Sisyphus, son of Eolus. (Id. ibid., 13, 26.) death preventing the execution of the measure, it was-IV. Ulysses, to whom this patronymic appellation prosecuted by his son Penthilus, who advanced with his followers as far as Thrace. This movement was contemporary with the return of the Heraclidæ into the Peloponnesus, and most probably was occasioned by it. After the decease of Penthilus, Archelaus, or Echelatus, his son, crossed over with the colonies into the territory of Cyzicus, and settled in the vicinity of Dascylium. Gras, his youngest son, subsequently advanced with a detachment as far as the Granicus, and not long after crossed over to the island of Lesbos and took possession of it. Some years after these events, another body of adventurers crossed over from Locris, and founded Cyme, and other towns on the Gulf of Elea. They also took possession of Smyrna, which was given, from the circumstance of his mother, Anticlea, having been pregnant by Sisyphus, son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. (Virg. Æn., 6, 529, and Heyne, in Var. Lect., ad loc.)-V. Misenus, the trumpeter of Eneas, called Æolides, figuratively, from his skill in blowing on that instrument. Consult, however, Heyne, Excurs., ad En., 6, 162. EOLUS, I. the god or ruler of the winds, son of Hippotas and Melanippe daughter of Chiron. He reigned over the Æolian islands, and made his residence at Strongyle, the modern Stromboli. (Vid. Eoliæ.) Homer calls him "Eolus Hippotades (i. e., son of Hippotas), dear to the immortal gods," from which passage we might perhaps justly infer, that olus was not, properly speaking, himself a god. (Od., 10, 2.) His-III. A king of Arcadia, son of Hippothous, and island was entirely surrounded by a wall of brass, and contemporary with Orestes, son of Agamemnon, who, by smooth precipitous rocks; and here he dwelt in in obedience to the Delphic oracle, migrated into Arcontinual joy and festivity, with his wife and his six cadia from Mycena during this monarch's reign. Ep sons and as many daughters. The island had no oth-ytus having, on one occasion, boldly entered the temer tenants. The sons and daughters were married to ple of Neptune, near Mantinea, which no mortal was each other, after the fashion set by Jupiter (κa0' ô kai allowed to do, is said to have been deprived of Ó Zevs OvvýkεL Tĥ “Hpa, Eustath, ad loc.), and are no-sight by a sudden eruption of salt water from the sancthing more than a poetic type of the twelve months of tuary, and to have died soon after. (Pausan., 8, 10.) the year. (Compare Eustath., ad loc.) The office of This story, if true, points of course to some artifice on directing and ruling the winds had been conferred on the part of the priests of the temple. The "salt waEolus by Jupiter (Od., 10, 21, seqq.-Virg. Æn., 1, ter" was probably some strong acid. (Compare Sal65); but his great protectress was Juno (Viran, verte, Sciences Occultes, vol. 1, ch. 15.)—IV. A mon1, 78, seqq.), which accords very well with the ideas arch who ruled in the Southern part of Arcadia, and of the earlier poets, who made Juno merely a type of who brought up Evadne, daughter of Neptune and the the atmosphere, the movements of which produce the Laconian Pitane. (Pind. Ol., 6, 54.-Compare Bockh, winds.-Ulysses came in the course of his wanderings ad loc.) to the island of Æolus, and was hospitably entertained ÆQUI or ÆQUICULI, a people of Italy, distinguished there for an entire month. On his departure, he receiv-in history for their early and incessant hostility against ed from Æolus all the winds but Zephyrus, tied up in a Rome, more than for the extent of their territory or bag of ox-hide. Zephyrus was favourable for his passage their numbers. Livy himself (7, 12) expresses his homeward. During nine days and nights the ships ran surprise, that a nation, apparently so small and insigmerrily before the wind: on the tenth they were with- nificant, should have had a population adequate to the in sight of Ithaca; when Ulysses, who had hitherto calls of a constant and harassing warfare, which it carheld the helm himself, fell asleep: his comrades, who ried on against the city of Rome for so many years. fancied that Æolus had given him treasure in the bag, But it is plain, from the narrow limits which must be opened it the winds rushed out, and hurried them assigned this people, that their contests with Rome back to Æolia. Judging, from what had befallen them, cannot be viewed in the light of a regular war, but as that they were hated by the gods, the ruler of the winds a succession of marauding expeditions, made by these drove them with reproaches from his isle. (Keightley's hardy but lawless mountaineers on the territory of that Mythology, p. 240.)—The name Æolus has been de- city, and which could only be effectually checked by rived from alóλoç, “varying,” “unsteady," as a de- the most entire and rigid subjection. (Liv., 10, 1.) scriptive epithet of the winds.-II. A son of Hellen, The Æqui are to be placed next to the Sabines, and father of Sisyphus, Cretheus, and Athamas, and the between them and the Marsi, chiefly in the upper valmythic progenitor of the great Eolic race.-III. A ley of the Anio, which separated them from the Latins. son of Neptune and the nymph Arne. (Eustath., ad They are said at one time to have been possessed of Od., 10, 2.) forty towns; but many of these must certainly have EONES (alwveç), or Eons, a term occurring fre- been little more than villages, and some also were quently in the philosophical speculations of the Gnos- subsequently included within the boundaries of Latics. The Gnostics conceived the emanations from tium. The only cities of note, which all geographers Deity to be divided into two classes; the one com- agree in assigning to the Æqui, are Varia and Carseprehended all those substantial powers which are con- oli, on the Via Valeria. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, tained within the Divine Essence, and which complete p. 322.) "Almost inseparable from the Volscians in the infinite plenitude of the Divine Nature: the other, Roman story," observes Niebuhr (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, existing externally with respect to the Divine Essence, p. 58, Cambridge transl.), "we find the Æqui or and including all finite and imperfect natures. With-quiculi, who are described as an ancient people, in the Divine Essence, they, with wonderful ingenuity, imagined a long series of emanative principles, to which they ascribed a real and substantial existence, connected with the first substance as a branch with its root, or a solar ray with the sun. When they began to unfold the mysteries of this system in the Greek language, these Substantial Powers, which they conceived to be comprehended within the npwua, or Divine Plenitude, they called aïoves, Æons. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 142.) EPEA, or Epeia, a town in the island of Cyprus. Vid. Soloe. EPOLIANUS, an engraver on precious stones, who flourished in the second century of our era. One of his gems, with the head of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, is still extant. (Bracci, P. 1, tab. 3.—Sillig, Dict. Art., 3. v.) and threatening Rome. They are so often confounded with the Volscians, that the fortress on the Lake Fucinus, which the Romans took in the year of the city 347, may with probability be called Equian; and when Livy says that the Volscian wars had lasted from the time of Tarquinius Superbus for more than two hundred years, he considers the Volscians and Equi as one people." This remark of Niebuhr's, however, admits of some modification, as will appear from what precedes. The Æqui and Volsci should undoubtedly be kept distinct, though originating evidently from the same parent-race. EQUIMELIUM, a place at Rome, in the Vicus Jugarius, at the base of the Capitoline Hill, where once had stood the mansion of Spurius Melius. This individual, having aspired to supreme power, was slain by Ahala, master of the horse to the dictator Cincinna according to Varro (L. L., 4, 32), the etymology of the term Equimelium, "quod solo æquata sit Meli domus." (Compare Liv., 4, 16.) Cicero and Valerius Maximus, however, assign another, but less correct, derivation, from the just nature of the punishment inflicted upon Melius ("ex æquo seu justo supplicio Melii.”. Consult Cic. pro Dom., c. 38, and Val. Max., 6, 3). EPYTUS, I. king of Messenia, and son of Cres-tus, and his dwelling was razed to the ground. Hence, phontes. His father and his two brothers were put to death by Polyphontes, who usurped, upon this, the throne of the country. Epytus, however, was saved by his mother, Merope, who had been compelled to marry the murderer of her husband, and was sent by her to the court of her father Cypselus, king of Arcadia, to be there brought up. On attaining to manhood, he slew Polyphontes, and recovered the throne. His descendants were called Epytidæ. (Apollod., 2, 8, 5. ERIAS, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the -Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.)—II. A king of Arcadia, temple of Venus at Paphos. A later tradition made and son of Elatus. He was killed, in hunting, by a this temple to have been founded by Cinyras. (Tacit. small species of serpent, called on. (Pausan., 8, 4, 4.) | Hist., 2, 3.) AEROPE, I. daughter of Catreus, king of Crete, and | (Sueton., !. c.—Dio Cass., 56, 29.) Casaubon degranddaughter, on the father's side, of Minos. She rives the Etrurian term just referred to from the and her sister Clymene, having been guilty of incon- Greek Aloa, "fate;" and Dickinson (Delph. Phæniciz., tinence, were delivered over, by their father, into the c. 11) from the Hebrew, comparing it also with the hands of Nauplius of Euboea, to be conveyed by him Arabic asara, "to create." Lanzi (Saggio di Ling. to foreign lands, and there sold into slavery. Nau- Etrusc., vol. 3, p. 708), after quoting Casaubon's plius, however, married Clymene, and sold merely etymology, suggests the Greek form oioi, the same Aerope. She was purchased by Plisthenes, son of with eoi, as the root. The Asi (or, more correctly, Atreus, and became by him the mother of Agamem- Esir) of Scandinavian mythology will furnish, hownon and Menelaus. Plisthenes, however, dying young, ever, a more obvious and satisfactory ground of comAtreus, his father, took Aërope to wife, and brought up parison. The term As is equivalent to "Deus" or Agamemnon and Menelaus as his own sons. Aërope God," and the plural form is Esir," Gods." Hence subsequently was seduced by Thyestes, brother of Asgard, or Asa-gard, the old northern term for “heavAtreus, an act which was punished so horridly by the en." It is curious to observe, that Os in Coptic likeinjured husband. (Vid. Atreus and Thyestes.) Ac-wise signifies "God" or "Lord," with which we may cording to some authorities, Aërope was cast into the sea by Atreus. (Apollod., 3, 2, 3.-Heyne, ad Apollod., 1. c.—Schol. in Eurip. Orest., 812.—Brunck, ad Soph. Aj., 1255.)—II. Daughter of Cepheus, became the mother of Aeropus by the god Mars. She died in giving birth to her offspring. (Pausan., 8, 44.) compare the Greek öσ-105, holy." So, also, the earlier term for "altar" in the Latin language was asa. (Terent. Scaur., p. 2252, 2258.) In Berosus, moreover, the gods are termed Isi; and good deities or geniuses were called by the ancient Persians Ized. (Müller, Etrusker, vol. 2, p. 81.—Kanne, System der Indischen Mythen, p. 228.—Magnusen, Boreal. Mythol. Lex., p. 17, seqq.) ÆSARUS, a river of Bruttium, on which Crotona was modious compared with those of Tarentum and Brundisium, was long a source of great wealth to this city, as we are assured by Polybius (Frag., 10, 1). The modern name is the Esaro. (Compare Theocritus, Id., 4, 17.) AEROPUS, I. Son of Mars and Aërope. (Vid. Aërope, II.)-II. Son of Temenus, who, with his two brothers, left Argos, and settled in Macedonia. Perdiccas, the youngest of the three, was the founder of the Mace-situate. It formed a haven, which, however incomdonian royal line. (Herod., 8, 137. Compare Thucyd., 2, 99, and consult the article Macedonia.)—III. A king of Macedonia, who succeeded, while yet an infant, his father Philip the First. The Illyrians having made an inroad into Macedonia, and having proved successful at first, were afterward defeated by the ESCHINES, I. an Athenian philosopher, of mean birth Macedonians, the infant king being placed in his cra- and indigent circumstances, styled the Socratic (ó Σwxdle in the rear of their line. (Justin, 7, 2.)—IV. partкóç) for distinction' sake from the orator of the A regent of Macedonia during the minority of Orestes, same name mentioned below. He flourished during son of Archelaus. He usurped the supreme power, the fourth century B.C., and obtained instruction from and held it six years, from 400 B. C. to 394 B.C.-Socrates, who honoured his ardent zeal for knowledge, V. A mountain of Epirus, now Mount Trebeeshna, and held him in high estimation. (Diog. Laert., 24. near the defile anciently called Stena Aoi, or "Gorge 60.-Senec. de Benef., 1, 8.) When Eschines adof the Aous." On one of the precipices of this mount- dressed himself to the sage for the purpose of becoming ain stands the fortress of Clissura. (Consult Hughes' his disciple, it was in the following words: "I am poor, Travels, vol. 2, p. 272.) but I give myself up entirely to you, which is all I have Esicus, according to Ovid (Met., 11, 762, seqq.), to give." The reply of Socrates was characteristic: a son of Priam and Alexirrhoë, who at an early age "You know not the value of your present." After the quitted his father's court and retired to rural scenes. death of his master, he endeavoured to better his worldHe became enamoured of the nymph Hesperia; but ly condition, and, having borrowed a sum of money, she treated his suit with disdain, and, in endeavouring became a perfumer. It appears, however, that he did on one occasion to escape from him, lost her life by not succeed in this new vocation; and, not paying the the bite of a serpent. Esacus, in despair, threw interest of the sum he had borrowed, he was sued for himself headlong from a rock into the sea; but Tethys, the debt. Athenæus (13, p. 611, d) has preserved for pitying his fate, suspended his fall, and changed him us part of a speech delivered by Lysias on this occainto a cormorant.-A different account is given by sion, in which he handles Eschines with considerable Apollodorus. According to this writer, Esacus was severity, and charges him with never paying his debts, the son of Priam, by his first wife Arisba, and mar- with defrauding a certain individual of his property, ried Asterope, who did not long survive her union with corrupting his wife, &c. Not being able to live any him. His grief for her loss induced him to put an end longer at Athens, he betook himself to Sicily, and to his existence. Esacus was endued by his grand-sought to win the favour of the tyrant Dionysius. Acmother Merope with the gift of prophecy; and he cording to Lucian (de Parasit.-ed. Bip., vol. 7, p. transmitted this art to his brother and sister, Helenus 127), he accomplished his object by reading one of his and Cassandra. Priam, having divorced Arisba that dialogues, entitled Miltiades, to the tyrant, who liberalhe might espouse Hecuba, and the latter having ly rewarded him. Plutarch (de Discr. amic. et adulat. dreamed that she had brought forth a blazing torch, ed. Reiske, vol. 6, p. 248) informs us, that he had which wrapped in flames the whole city, Esacus pre-been strongly recommended to Dionysius by Plato, in dicted that the offspring of this marriage would oc- a conversation which they had together subsequent to casion the destruction of his family and country. On the arrival of Eschines, in which Plato complained to this account, the infant Paris, immediately after his the tyrant of his neglecting a man who had come to birth, was exposed on Mount Ida. (Apollod., 3, 12, 5, him with the most friendly intention, that of improving seqq., and Heyne, ad loc.) him by philosophy. The statement of Diogenes Laer ESAR, an Etrurian word, equivalent to the Latin tius, however, is directly opposite to this, for he inDeus. (Sueton. Vit. Aug., 97.) The lightning, having forms us that Eschines was slighted by Plato, and instruck a statue of Augustus at Rome, effaced the let- troduced to the prince by Aristippus. He remained in ter C from the name CÆSAR on the pedestal. The Sicily till the expulsion of Dionysius, and then returnaugurs declared that, as C was the mark of a hundred, ed to Athens. Here, not daring to become a public and ÆSAR the same as Deus, the emperor had only rival of Plato or Aristippus, he taught philosophy in a hundred days to spend on earth, after which he private, and received payment for his instructions. He would be taken to the gods. The death of Augustus, also composed orations and pleadings for others. Be soon after, was thought to have verified this prediction. | sides orations and epistles, Eschines wrote seven So cratic dialogues in the true spirit of his master, on know not how he might have met these disgraceful temperance, moderation, humanity, integrity, and other charges. If, however, any inference is to be drawr virtues. Their titles were, Miriúdns, Kaλhíaç, 'Ažio- from the feeble manner in which he replies to similar χος, Ασπασία, Αλκιβιάδης, Τηλαυγής, and Ρίνων. charges, made by the same orator on a different occaOf these none remain. We have, indeed, three dia- sion, we should be led to suspect that they were, in logues extant, which go under the name of Aschines, some degree, based upon the truth. Nor, indeed, is but the first and second are not his, and very probably probable, that, with all the license allowed the ancient the third also was never composed by him. (Meiners, orators, Demosthenes would have ventured to make Judicium de quibusdam Socraticorum reliquiis.-Com- such assertions in the presence of the Athenian peoment. Soc. Goett., vol. 5, p. 45, 1782.-Fischer, ad ple if unsupported by facts. Suidas calls the mother Esch. Dial., p. 23, 49, 107, ed. 1786.) Their titles of Eschines Teλɛorpía, a retainer to the female priestare: 1. Περὶ 'Αρετῆς, εἰ διδακτόν. "Concerning vir- hood in initiations. Photius (Biblioth., vol. 1, p. 20, tue, and whether it can be communicated by instruc-ed. Bekker) says, that she was iɛpɛía, "a priestess; tion.” 2. Ερυξίας, ἢ περὶ πλούτου. "Eryxias, or while another authority (Lucian, in Somn.-vol. 1, ed. concerning riches." 3. Αξίοχος, ἢ περὶ θανάτου. Bip., p. 13) makes her to have been τυμπανιστρία, "Axiochus, or concerning death." This last is attrib- kind of minstrel, who beat the tabour in the feasts of uted by some to Xenocrates of Chalcedon, and, what Cybele. From all that we can learn of the early life makes it extremely probable that Xenocrates was the of Eschines, it would appear, that, after having aided author of the piece, is the circumstance of its contain- his father in the management of a school, he became ng the word aλεктрvоvоτрóóοç, for which Pollux cites clerk to one of the lower class of magistrates. Tired the Axiochus of this very philosopher. Diogenes Laer- of this station, he attached himself to a company of tratius, moreover, informs us, that Xenocrates wrote a gedians, but was intrusted merely with third-rate charwork on death, but the manner in which he speaks of acters. It is said that, on one occasion, when personthis production does not seem to indicate that it had ating Enomaus, he chanced to fall upon the stage, a the form of a dialogue. A letter, ascribed to Eschi- circumstance which occasioned his disgraceful dismisnes, is, in like manner, supposed to be the production sion from the troop. Hence the name of Enomaus, of another writer. Eschines pretended to have re- which Demosthenes, in ridicule, applies to him. (Deceived his dialogues from Xanthippe, the wife of Soc-mosth. de corona, 307, ed. Reiske.) On the other rates; and Diogenes Laertius states that Aristippus, hand, Eschines himself states, that from early life he when reading them, called out, Tóεv σoì, λŋoтà, Tavтa; followed the profession of arms, served on many occa"where did you get these from, you thief?" Littlesions with distinction, and had a crown decreed him by reliance, however, can be placed on either of these ac- the people for his meritorious exertions. It is more counts. The three dialogues ascribed to Eschines than probable that Æschines here selects the fairest are found in the old editions of Plato, since that of Al- parts of his career, and Demosthenes, on the contrary, dus, 1513. The Axiochus is given by Wolf, in the whatever was calculated to bring him into contempt. collection entitled Doctrina recte vivendi ac monendi, Some ancient writers make him to have been a disciple Basil., 1577 and 1586, 8vo. Le Clerc first published of Isocrates and Plato, but others, with far more probathese dialogues separately, at Amsterdam, 1711, in 8vo. bility, assign him Nature alone for an instructress, and Horræus gave a new edition and a new Latin version affirm that the public tribunals and the theatre were his at Leuwarde, 1718, in 8vo. Fischer published four only places of initiation into the precepts of the oratorieditions successively at Leipsic, in 1758, 1766, 1786, cal art. Eschines must have possessed strong natuand 1788, 8vo. The last contains merely the text ral talents to become as eminent as he did, and to be with an Index, so that the third is the most useful to able to contest the prize of eloquence with so powerful the student. Fischer's editions are decidedly the best. a competitor as Demosthenes. It was a long time, The letter mentioned above was published by Sammet, however, before he became much known as a public in his edition of the letters of Æschines the orator.-II. speaker, and he was already advanced in life when he An Athenian orator, born 397 B.C., sixteen years be- commenced taking part in the politics of the day. fore Demosthenes. According to the account which (Recherches sur la vie et sur les ouvrages d'Eschine, Eschines gives of his own parentage, his father was par l'Abbé Vatry-Mem. Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. of a family that had a community of altars with the race 14, p. 87.) When Eschines began his public career, of the Eteobutada. Having lost his property by the the Athenians were engaged in a war with Philip of calamities of war, he turned his attention, as the son Macedon. The orator showed himself, at first, one of tells us, to gymnastic exercises; but, being subsequent- the most violent opposers of this monarch, and proly driven out by the thirty tyrants, he retired to Asia, posed sending ambassadors throughout Greece, in orwhere he served in a military capacity, and greatly dis- der to raise up enemies against him. He himself went tinguished himself. He contributed afterward to the in this capacity to Megalopolis, to confer with the restoration of the popular power in Athens. One of general council of Arcadia. When the Athenians sent the orator's brothers served under Iphicrates, and held ten ambassadors to negotiate a peace with Philip, who a command for three years, while another, the youngest, had been at war with them on account of Amphipolis, was sent as ambassador from the republic to the King Eschines, who was thought to be devoted to the pubof Persia. Such is the account of Eschines himself lic good, was one of the number. Demosthenes was (de male gesta leg., p. 47 and 48, ed. Steph.). That a colleague of his on this occasion, and we have the exgiven by Demosthenes, however, in his oration for the press testimony of the latter, in favour of the correctcrown, is widely different. According to the latter, ness and integrity which on this occasion marked the the father of Eschines was originally a slave to a conduct of his rival. A change, however, soon took schoolmaster, and his first name was Tromes, which, place. Eschines, on his return, after having at first upon gaining his freedom, he changed to Atrometus, in strenuously opposed the projected peace, on the moraccordance with Athenian usage. His mother was at row as earnestly advised it. The gold of Macedon had, first named Empusa, an appellation which Demosthenes beyond a doubt, been instrumental in producing this revinforms us was given to her on account of her habits olution in his sentiments, and we find him ever afterof life, she being a common courtesan. This name ward a warm partisan of Philip's, and blindly secondwas afterward changed to Glaucothea. (Demosth. de ing all his ambitious designs. From this period Æscorona, p. 270, ed. Reiske.) The statement of De- chines and Demosthenes became open antagonists. mosthenes, coming as it does from the lips of a rival, The latter, in concert with Timarchus, having medimight well be suspected of exaggeration; and as stated an impeachment of his rival for his conduct on chines did not reply to the speech of his opponent, we another embassy, when he and four colleagues purpose |