GERMANICUS CAESAR, the eldest son of Drusus Nero Germanicus, and of Antonia the younger, born B.C. 14. He was the nephew of Tiberius and brother of Claudius, afterward emperor. Augustus, on adopting Tiberius, made the latter adopt his nephew Germanicus. At the age of twenty Germanicus served with distinction in Dalmatia, and afterward in Pannonia, and, on his return to Rome, obtained the honours of a triumph. He married Agrippina the elder, granddaughter of Augustus, by whom he had nine children, among others Caligula, and Agrippina the younger, the mother of Nero. In A.D. 12, Germanicus was made consul, and soon after he was sent by Augustus to command the legions on the Rhine. On the news of the death of Augustus, some of the legions mutinied, while Germanicus was absent collecting the revenue in Gaul. He hastened back to the camp, and found it one scene of tumult and confusion. The young soldiers demanded an increase of pay, the veterans their discharge. They had already driven the centurions out of the camp. Some offered their assistance to raise Germanicus to the supreme power, but he rejected their offers with horror, and left his judgment

appear as the principal tribe among the Marcomanni. | powerful German nations. Under Julian, the former The Cherusci, after the loss of their great leader, Ar- lost the island of the Batavi, which was conquered by minius, A.D. 21, fell from their high rank among the the Saxons, and the latter were humbled by the armies German nations. Weakened by internal dissensions, of Rome. But this was Rome's last victory. In the they finally received a king from Rome, by the name beginning of the 5th century, barbarians assailed the of Italicus, who was the last descendant of Arminius. Roman empire on all sides. The Vandals, Suevi, and During his reign they quarrelled with their confeder- Alans occupied Gaul and Spain. The Burgundians ates, the Longobardi, and sunk to an insignificant tribe followed them to Gaul, the Visigoths to Italy and on the south side of the Hercynian forest. On the Spain; the Burgundians were followed by the Franks, other hand, the Catti, who lived in the western part of the Visigoths by the Ostrogoths, and these by the Germany, rose into importance. The Frisians rebelled Longobardi. Thus began those migrations of the inon account of a tribute imposed upon them by the numerable hosts, that spread themselves from the North Romans, and were with difficulty overpowered; while and East over all Europe, subduing everything in their the Catti, on the Upper Rhine, made repeated assaults course. This event is called the great migration of on the Roman fortresses on the opposite bank. Their the nations. (Encyclopædia Americana, vol. 5, p. 452, pride, however, was humbled by Galba, who compell- seqq.) ed them to abandon the country between the Lahn, the Maine, and the Rhine, which was distributed among Roman veterans. Eighteen years later a dispute arose between the Hermunduri and Catti, on account of the salt-springs of the Franconian Saale. Meanwhile the numerous companions of Maroboduus and Catualda, having settled on the north of the Danube, between the rivers Gran and Morava, had founded under Vannius, whom they had received as king from the Romans, a new kingdom, which began to grow oppressive to the neighbouring tribes. Although Vannius had entered into an alliance with the Sarmatian Iazyga, he was overpowered by the united arms of the Hermunduri, Lygii, and western Quadi (A.D. 50), and was compelled to fly for refuge to the Romans. His son-in-law, Sido, was now at the head of the government. He was a friend of the Romans, and rendered important services to Vespasian. In the West, the power of the Romans was shaken by the Batavi, so that they maintained themselves with the greatest difficulty. A war now broke out, that was terminated only with the downfall of Rome. The Suevi, being attacked by the Lygii, asked for assistance from Domitian, who sent them 100 horsemen. Such pal-seat, heedless of the clamour and threats of the mutitry succours only offended the Suevi. Entering into an alliance with the lazygæ, in Dacia, they threatened Pannonia. Domitian was defeated. Nerva checked them, and Trajan gained a complete victory over them. But, from the time of Antoninus the philosopher, the flames of war continued to blaze in those regions. The Roman empire was perpetually harassed, on two sides by the barbarians, on one side by a number of small tribes, who, pressed by the Goths, were forced to invade Dacia in quest of new habitations. The southern regions were assigned to them in order to pacify them. But a war of more moment was carried on against Rome on the other side, by the united forces of the Marcomanni, Hermunduri, and Quadi, which is commonly called the Marcomannic war. Marcus Aurelius fought against them to the end of his life, and Commodus bought a peace, A.D. 180. Meantime the Catti devastated Gaul and Rhætia, the Cherusci forced the Longobardi back to the Elbe. A.D. 220, new barbarians appeared in Dacia, the Visigoths, Gepide, and Heruli, and waged war against the Romans. At the same time, in the reign of Caracalla, a new confederacy appeared in the southern part of Germany, the Alemanni, consisting of Istævonian tribes. Rome, in order to defend its provinces against them, erected the famous Vallum Romanorum, the ruins of which are still visible from Iaxthausen to Ehringen. But the power of the Romans sank more and more, partly by the incessant struggle against the barbarians, partly by internal agitations. At the time when the Roman power had been weakened by civil wars, in the frequent military revolutions during the government of the emperors, the Franks forced their way as far as Spain, and in the reign of the Emperor Probus they also conquered the island of the Batavi. Thus the Franks and Alemanni were now the most

neers. Having retired with a few friends to his tent, after some consultation on the danger to the empire if the hostile Germans should take advantage of the confusion caused by this sedition of the troops, he determined upon exhibiting to the soldiers fictitious letters of Tiberius, which granted most of their demands, and, the better to appease them, he disbursed to them immediately a considerable sum by way of bounty. He found still greater difficulty, however, in quelling a second mutiny, which broke out on the arrival of legates from the senate, who brought to Germanicus his promotion to the rank of proconsul. The soldiers suspected that they came with orders for their punishment, and the camp became again a scene of confusion. Germanicus ordered his wife Agrippina, with her son Caius Caligula, attended by other officers' wives and children, to leave the camp, as being no longer a place of safety for them. This sight affected and mortified the soldiers, who begged their commander to revoke the order, to punish the guilty, and to march against the enemy. They then began to inflict summary execution on the ringleaders of the mutiny, without waiting for the sanction of their general. A similar scene took place in the camp of two other legions, which were stationed in another part of the country, under the orders of Cæcina. Availing himself of the state of excitement on the part of the soldiers, Germanicus crossed the Rhine, attacked the Marsi, the Bructeri, and other German tribes, and routed them with great slaughter. The following year he defeated the Catti, and, after having burned their city of Mattium (according to Mannert, Marpurg), he victoriously returned over the Rhine. Here some depu ties of Šegestes appeared before him, soliciting, in the name of their master, his assistance against Arminius, the son-in-law of Segestes, by whom the latter was be

the Island Meninx, in the Syrtis Minor, west of the city of Meninx. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.)

GERRHI, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings.of Scythia were buried in their territories. (Herodot., 4, 71.)

sieged. Germanicus hastened to his rescue, delivered | rod., 1, 125.) This circumstance forms an important him, and made Thusnelda, wife of Arminius, prisoner. argument in the question respecting the affinity beArminius then prepared for war, and Germanicus col- tween the early Germanic and Persian races. (Conlected his forces on the Amisia or Ems. A battle sult remarks under the article Germania, ◊ 1.) ensued. The Roman legions were already receding, GERONTHRÆ, a town of Laconia, to the north of when Germanicus renewed the attack with fresh troops, Helos, founded by the Achæans long before the invaand thus happily averted the rout that threatened him. sion of the Dorians and the Heraclidæ, and subseArminius retreated, and Germanicus was content to re- quently colonized by the latter. When Pausanias visgain the banks of the Ems, and retire with honour ited Laconia, he found Geronthræ in possession of the from a contest which his army could no longer sustain. Eleuthero-Lacones. It contained a temple and grove After having lost another part of his troops during his of Mars, and another temple of Apollo. This ancient retreat, by a violent storm, which wrecked the vessels town is supposed to have been situated near the vilin which they were embarked, he reached the mouths lage of Hieraki, where there are some vestiges. (Pauof the Rhine with a feeble remnant of his army, and san., 3, 22.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 218.) employed the winter in making new preparations for GERRA, I. a city of Arabia Deserta, on the Sinus war against the Germans. He built a fleet of one thou-Persicus. It was enriched by commerce, and the sand vessels, in order to avoid the difficult route by land principal articles of trade were the perfumes brought through forests and morasses, and landed at the mouth from the Sabæi, sent up the Euphrates to Thapsacus, of the Ems. Proceeding thence towards the Visurgis and across the desert to Petra. (Plin., 6, 28.— Schol. or Weser, he found the Cherusci assembled on the ad Nicand., Alexiph., v. 107.) This city, for the conopposite bank, with the intention of contesting the struction of whose houses and ramparts stones of salt passage. Nevertheless, he effected it, and fought a were used, appears to be represented by that now battle which began at daybreak, and terminated to the named El-Katif.—II. A city of Ægyptus Inferior, or advantage of the Romans. On the succeeding day lower Egypt, in the eastern quarter, about eight miles the Germans renewed the contest with fury, and car- from Pelusium. Now probably Maseli.-III. A city ried disorder into the ranks of the Romans, but Ger- of Syria, in the district of Cyrrhestica, between Bemanicus maintained possession of the field. The Ger- thammaria and Arimara, and near the Euphrates. mans returned into their forests. Germanicus re-em-Now Suruk.-IV. According to Ptolemy, a city on barked, and, after having experienced a terrible storm, by which part of his fleet was dissipated, went into winter-quarters, but not until he had made another incursion into the territory of the Marsi. Meantime Tiberius wrote repeatedly to his nephew, that he had earned enough of glory in Germany, and that he ought to return to Rome to enjoy the triumph which he had GERRHUS, a river of Scythia, which, according to merited. Germanicus asked for another year to com- Herodotus (4, 56), separated from the Borysthenes, plete the subjugation of Germany, but Tiberius, who near the place as far as which that river was first felt jealous of the glory of his nephew, and of his pop-known. It flowed towards the sea, dividing the terularity with the troops, remained inflexible, and Ger- ritories of the Herdsmen from those of the Royal Scymanicus was obliged to return to Rome, where he thians, and then fell into the Hypacris. D'Anville triumphed in the following year, A.D. 17. The year makes it the same with the modern Molosznijawodi. after, he was consul for the second time with Tiberius Rennell, however, inclines in favour of the Tasczenac. himself, and was sent to the East, where serious dis- (Geogr. of Herodotus, p. 71.) turbances had broken out, with most extensive powers. But Tiberius took care to have a watch over him, by placing in the government of Syria Cnæus Piso, a violent and ambitious man, who seems to have been well qualified for his mission, as he annoyed Germanicus in every possible way, and his wife Plancina seconded him in his purpose. The frank and open nature of Germanicus was no match for the wily intrigues of his enemies. After making peace with Artabanus, king of the Parthians, and calming other disturbances in the East, Germanicus fell ill at Antioch, and, after lingering for some time, died, plainly expressing to his wife and friends around him that he was the victim of the wickedness of Piso and Plancina, meaning most probably that some slow poison had been administered to him. His wife Agrippina, with her son Caius and her other children, returned to Rome with the ashes of her husband. Germanicus was generally and deeply regretted. Like his father Drusus, he was, while living, an object of hope to the Romans. He died A.D. 19, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. Germanicus has been praised for his sincerity, his kind nature, his disinterestedness, and his love of information, which he exhibited in his travels in Greece and Egypt. His military talents appear to have been of a high order. And yet, in the midst of warlike operations, he still found leisure for literary pursuits, and favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus into Latin verse. The translation has come down to us in part. (Vid. Aratus I.-Tacit., Ann., 1, 31, seqq.-Id., Ann., 2, 5.-Id. ib., 2, 53, seqq.-Dio Cass., 57, 5, seqq.) GERMANII, one of the ancient tribes of Persia. (He

GERYON, GERYŎNEUS, and GERVONES, a celebrated monster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoë. He had the bodies of three men united: they cohered above, but below the loins they were divided into three. He lived in the island of Erythea, in the Sinus Gaditanus. Geryon was the possessor of remarkable oxen. They were of a purple hue, and were guarded by a herdsman named Eurytion, and by the two-headed dog Orthos, the progeny of Echidna and Typhon. The tenth labour of Hercules was to bring the oxen of Geryon from the island where they were pastured. Having reached Erythea in the golden cup of the Sun-god, he passed the night on Mount Abas. The dog Orthos, discovering him, flew at him, but Hercules struck him with his club, and killed Eurytion who came up to his aid. Mencetius, who kept in the same place the oxen of Hades, having informed Geryon of what had happened, the latter pursued and overtook Hercules as he was driving the cattle along the river Anthemus. Geryon there attacked him, but was slain by his arrows; and Hercules, placing the oxen in the cup, brought them over to the Continent. (Vid. Hercules, where an explanation is given of the whole legend respecting the hero, and consult Apollod., 2, 5, 10.)-According to some ancient writers, the oxen of Geryon were brought, not from the island of Erythea, but from Acarnania. Consult on this subject the remarks of Creuzer (Hist. Græc. Antiquiss. Fragm., p. 51, not.).

GESSORIACUM, a town of the Morini, in Gaul; it was afterward named Bononia, or Bolonia, and is now Boulogne. It appears to be the same with the Morinorum Portus Britannicus of Pliny (4, extr.). Man

nert makes it identical with the Portus Icius or Itius. | of the giants were Porphyrion, Alcyoneus, and Encel(Mela, 3, 2.—Sueton., Vit. Claud., 17.—Eutrop., 9, 8.-Zosim., 6, 2.)

adus, on the last of whom Minerva flung the island of Sicily, where his motions cause the eruptions of GETA, Antonius, younger son of the Emperor Sep- Etna. (Pind., Pyth., 8, 15.-Id., Nem., 1, 100.— timius Severus, was born A.D. 190, and made Cæsar Apollod., 1, 6.)-It is said that Earth, enraged at the and colleague with his father and brother, A.D. 208. destruction of the giants, brought forth the huge TyThe most remarkable circumstance recorded of him is phon to contend with the gods. The stature of this the dissimilarity of his disposition to that of his monster reached the sky; fire flashed from his eyes; father and brother, who were both cruel, while Geta he hurled glowing rocks with loud cries and hissing was distinguished by his mildness and affability. He against heaven, and flame and storm rushed from his is said to have several times reproved his brother Cara- mouth. The gods, in dismay, fled to Egypt, and concalla for his proneness to shed blood, in consequence cealed themselves under the forms of various animals. of which he incurred his mortal hatred. When Seve-Jupiter, however, after a severe conflict, overcame him, rus died at Eboracum (York), A.D. 211, he named his and placed him beneath Ætna. (Pind., Pyth., 1, 29, two sons as his joint successors in the empire. The seqq.-Id., frag. Epinic., 5.-Esch., Prom. V., 351, soldiers, who were much attached to Geta, withstood seqq.) The flight of the gods into Egypt is a bungall the insinuations of Caracalla, who wished to reign ling attempt at connecting the Greek mythology with alone, and insisted upon swearing allegiance to both the animal worship of that country. (Keightley's Myemperors together. After a short and unsuccessful thology, p. 262, seq.) The giants appear to have been campaign, the two brothers, with their mother Julia, nothing more than the energies of nature personified, proceeded to Rome, where, after performing the fu- and the conflict between them and the gods must alneral rites of their father, they divided the imperial lude to some tremendous convulsion of nature in very palace between them, and at one time thought of di- early times. (Vid. Lectonia, and compare Hermann viding the empire likewise. Geta, who was fond of und Creuzer, Briefe, &c., p. 164.)-As regards the tranquillity, proposed to take Asia and Egypt, and to general question, respecting the possible existence in reside at Antioch or Alexandrea; but the Empress Ju- former days of a gigantic race, it need only be observed, lia with tears deprecated the partition, saying that she that, if their structure be supposed to have been simicould not bear to part from either of her sons. After lar to that of the rest of our species, they must have repeated attempts of Caracalla to murder Geta, he been mere creatures of poetic imagination; they could feigned a wish to be reconciled to his brother, and in-not have existed. It is found that the bones of the vited him to a conference in their mother's apartment. human body are invariably hollow, and, consequently, Geta unsuspectingly went, and was stabbed by some well calculated to resist external violence. Had they centurions whom Caracalla had concealed for the pur-been solid, they would have proved too heavy a burden pose. His mother Julia tried to shield him, but they for man to bear. But this hollowness, while it is admurdered him in her arms, and she was stained by his mirably well fitted for the purpose which has just been blood, and wounded in one of her hands. This hap-mentioned, and likewise subserves many other imporpened A.D. 212. After the murder Caracalla began a fearful proscription of all the friends of Geta, and also of those who lamented his death on public grounds. (Spartian., Vit. Get. — Herodian, 4, 1, seqq.-Dio Cass., 77, 2, seqq.)

The

tant ends in the animal economy, is not by any means well adapted for supporting a heavy superincumbent weight; on the contrary, it renders the bone weaker, in this respect, than if the latter had been solid. inference from all this is very plain. Man never was intended by his Maker for a gigantic being, since his limbs could not, in that event, have supported him; and, if giants ever did exist, they must necessarily have been crushed by their own weight. Or, had their bones been made solid, the weight of their limbs would have been so enormous, that these lofty beings must have remained as immoveable as statues. That many of our species have attained a very large size is indisputable, but the world has never seen giants; and in all those cases where the bones of giants are said to have been dug up from the earth, the remains thus discovered have been found to be merely those of some extinct species of the larger kind of animals. A simple mode of life, abundance of nutritious food, and a salubrious atmosphere, give to all organic beings large and graceful forms. The term giant, as used in scripture, originates in an error of translation. In our version of holy writ six different Hebrew words are rendered by the same term giants, whereas they merely mean, in general, persons of great courage, wickedori-ness, &c., and not men of enormous stature, as is commonly supposed. Thus, too, when Nimrod is styled in the Greek version a giant before the Lord, nothing more is meant than that he was a man of extensive power.

GETÆ, the name of a northern tribe mentioned in Roman history, inhabiting the country on both banks of the Danube near its æstuary, and along the western shores of the Euxine. Those who lived south of the Danube were brought into a kind of subjection to Rome in the time of Augustus (Dio Cass., 51); and their country, called Scythia Parva, and also Pontus, is well known, under the latter name, through the poems which Ovid, in his exile, wrote from Tomi, the place of his residence. He gives in many passages a dismal account of the appearance and manners of the Getæ, especially in elegies seventh and tenth of the fifth book of his Tristia. The maritime parts of the country had been in former times colonized by the Greeks, and this may account for the partial civilization of the Getæ south of the Danube, while their brethren north of the same river remained in a state of barbarism and independence. The Geta are described by Herodotus (4, 93) as living in his time south of the Ister (Danube). He calls them the bravest of the Thracians. The Goths are supposed to have had a common gin with the Getæ. (Plin., 4, 11.—Mela, 2, 2.— Jornand, de Regn. Success., p. 50, seq.)

GIGANTES, the sons of Coelus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Coelus received from his son Saturn; while Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as of uncommon stature, with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes, had fifty heads and one hundred arms. The giants are fabled by the poets to have made war upon the gods. The scene of the conflict is said to have been the peninsula of Pallene; and with the aid of Hercules the gods subdued their formidable foes. The principal champions on the side

GINDES. Vid. Gyndes.

GIR, a river of Africa, which Ptolemy delineates as equal in length to the Niger, the course of each being probably about 1000 British miles. It ran from east to west, until lost in the same lake, marsh, or desert as the Niger. The Arabian geographer Edrisi seems to indicate the Ghir when he speaks of the Nile of the negroes as running to the west, and being lost in an inland sea, in which was the island Ulil. Some have supposed the Gir of Ptolemy to be the river of Bornou,

The meridiani engaged in the afternoon.

or Wad-al-Gazel, which, joining another considerable | folded. river flowing from Kuku, discharges itself into the The postulatitii were men of great skill and experiNubia Palus or Kangra, and it is so delineated in Rennell's map; but others, seemingly with better reason, apprehend the Gir of Ptolemy to be the BahrKulla of Browne, in his history of Africa.

ence, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. The fiscales were maintained out of the emperor's treasury, fiscus. The dimachari fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years from their first institution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities.

GLADIATORII LUDI, combats originally exhibited at the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced there by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 490, and they thus formed originally a kind of funeral sacrifice, the shades of the dead being supposed to be propitiated with blood. For some time after this they were exhibited only on such occasions. Subsequently, however, the magistrates, GLAUCE, I. a daughter of Creon, king of Corinth, to entertain the people, gave shows of gladiators at the called also Creusa, married to Jason after his separaSaturnalia and the festival of Minerva. Incredible tion from Medea.-II. A fountain at Corinth, which numbers of men were destroyed in this manner. Af was said to have received its name from Glauce, who ter the triumph of Trajan over the Dacians, spectacles threw herself into it in order to be freed from the enof this kind were exhibited for 123 days, in which chantments of Medea. (Pausan., 2, 3.) 10,000 gladiators fought. Gladiators were kept and GLAUCUS, I. son of Hippolochus, and grandson of maintained in schools by persons called lanista, who Bellerophon. He was, with Sarpedon, leader of the purchased and trained them. The whole number un- Lycian auxiliaries of King Priam. Upon the discov der one lanista was called familia. Gladiators were at ery made on the field of battle by him and Diomede, first composed of captives and slaves, or of condemned that their grandfathers, Bellerophon, king of Ephyre or malefactors. But afterward also freeborn citizens, in- Corinth, and Eneus, king of Etolia, had been reduced by hire or by inclination, fought on the arena; markable for their friendship, they mutually agreed to some even of noble birth; and, what is still more won-exchange their armour, that of Glaucus being of gold, derful, women of rank, and dwarfs. When there were and that of Diomede of brass. Hence arose the prov to be any shows, handbills were circulated to give no- erb, "It is the exchange of Glaucus and Diomede," tice to the people, and to mention the place, number, to denote inequality in things presented or exchanged. time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. Glaucus was slain by Ajax. (Hom., Il., 6, 119, seqq. When they were first brought upon the arena, they-Virg., En., 6, 483.)-II. A sea deity, probably walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, only another form of Poseidon or Neptune, whose son and after that they were matched in equal pairs with he is, according to some accounts. (Euanthes, ap. great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden Athen, 7, p. 296.) Like the marine gods in general, files, called rudes or arma lusoria. After this the ef- he had the gift of prophecy; and we find him appearfective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called ing to the Argonauts (Apoll. Rh., 1, 1310, seq.), and arma decretoria, were given them, and the signal for to Menelaus (Eurip., Orest., 356, seqq.), and telling the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. them what had happened, or what was to happen. In As they had all previously bound themelves to contend later times, sailors were continually making reports of till the last, the fight was bloody and obstinate; and his soothsaying. (Pausan., 9, 22.) Some said that when one signified his submission by surrendering his he dwelt with the Nereides at Delos, where he gave rearms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life sponses to all who sought them. (Aristot., ap. Athen., without the leave and approbation of the multitude. l. c.) According to others, he visited each year all This was done by pressing down their thumbs, with the isles and coasts, with a train of monsters of the the hands clenched. On the contrary, if the people deep (Kýтɛα), and, unseen, foretold in the Eolic diawished him slain, they turned their thumbs upward. lect all kinds of evil. The fishermen watched for his The first of these signs was called pollicem premere; approach, and endeavoured by fastings, prayer, and futhe second, pollicem vertere. The combats of gladia- migations to avert the ruin with which his prophecy tors were sometimes different, either in weapons or menaced the fruits and cattle. At times he was seen dress, whence they were generally distinguished into among the waves, and his body appeared covered with the following orders. The secutores were armed with muscles, seaweed, and stones. He was heard evera sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antag- more to lament his fate in not being able to die. (Plat., onists, the retiarii. These last endeavoured to throw Rep., 10, 611.-—Schol., ad loc.)—This last circumtheir net over the head of their opponent, and in that stance refers to the common pragmatic history of manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. Glaucus. He was a fisherman, it is said (Pausan., If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. | I. c.—Ovid, Met., 13, 904, seqq.), of Anthedon, in Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the Boeotia. Observing one day the fish which he had chin with broad riband. They bore a trident in their caught and thrown on the grass to bite it, and then to left hand. The Threces, originally Thracians, were jump into the sea, his curiosity excited him to taste it armed with a falchion and small round shield. The also. Immediately on his doing so he followed their myrmillones, called also Galli, from their Gallic dress, example, and thus became a sea-god. Another acwere much the same as the seculores. They were, count made him to have obtained his immortality by like them, armed with a sword, and on the top of their tasting the grass, which had revived a hare he had run headpiece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, down in Ætolia. (Nicand., ap. Athen., l. c.) He called μópuvpos, whence their name. The hoplomachi was also said to have built and steered the Argo, and to were completely armed from head to foot, as their have been made a god of the sea by Jupiter during name implies. The Samnites, armed after the man- the voyage. (Possis, ap. Athen., l. c.) An account ner of the Samnites, wore a large shield, broad at the of the story of his love for Scylla will be found under top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more the latter article. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 248, conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. seqq.)-III. A son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth, by The essedari generally fought from the essedum, or Merope, the daughter of Atlas, born at Potniæ, a vilchariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The lage of Boeotia. According to one account, he reandabatæ, àvabúral, fought on horseback, with a hel- strained his mares from having intercourse with the met that covered and defended their faces and eyes. steeds; upon which Venus inspired the former with Hence andabatarum more pugnare is to fight blind-such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he re

turned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated | since Stephanus of Byzantium gives it as the ethnic in honour of his father. Another version of the story derivative of Gonni. The scholiast on Lycophron (v. makes them to have run mad after eating a certain 904), in commenting on a passage of the poet where plant at Potniæ. (Etymol. Mag., s. v. Horviádeç.- this town is alluded to, says it was also called GoHygin., fab., 250.-Virgil, Georg., 3, 268.-Heyne, | nussa. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 380.) ad Virg., 1. c.-Palaph., de Incred., c. 26.-Schol. ad GORDIÆI, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris Eurip., Phan., 1141.)—IV. A son of Minos and Pas-rises. iphaë, who, pursuing, when a child, a mouse, fell into a vessel of honey and was smothered. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer that there was a three-coloured cow in his herd, and that he who could best tell what she was like, could restore his son to life. The soothsayers were all assembled, and Polyidus, the son of Coiranus, said that her colour was that of the berry of the brier, green, red, and, lastly, black. Minos thereupon desired him to find his son; and Polyidus, by his skill in divination, discovered where be was. Minos then ordered him to restore him to life; and, on his declaring his incapacity so to do, shut him up in a chamber with the body of his child. While here, the soothsayer saw a serpent approach the body, and he struck and killed it. Another immediately appeared, and seeing the first one dead, retired, and came back soon after with a plant in its mouth, and laid it on the dead one, which instantly came to life. Polyidus, by employing the same herb, recovered the child. Minos, before he let him depart, insisted on his communicating his art to Glaucus. He did so; but, as he was taking leave, he desired his pupil to spit into his mouth. Glaucus obeyed, and lost the memory of all he had learned. (Apollod., 3, 3, 1.-Tzetz., ad Lyc., 811.) Hyginus makes him to have been restored to life by Esculapius. (Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 14.)

GLAUCUS SINUS, a gulf of Lycia, at the head of which stood the city of Telmissus or Macri, whence in ancient times the gulf was sometimes also called Sinus Telmissius, and whence comes likewise its modern name, Gulf of Macri.

GLOTA or CLOTA, a river of Britain, now the Clyde, falling into the Glota Estuarium, or Frith of Clyde.

GNATIA, a town of Apulia, the same as Egnatia, the name being merely shortened by dropping the initial vowel. (Vid. Egnatia.)

GNIDUS. Vid. Cnidus.
GNOSSUS. Vid. Cnosus.

GOBRYAS, & Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. (Vid. Darius.)

GORDIANUS, I., MARCUS ANTONINUS AFRICANUS, born during the reign of the first Antonine, of one of the most illustrious and wealthy families of Rome, made himself very popular during his quæstorship by his munificence, and the large sums which he spent in providing games and other amusements for the people. He also cultivated literature, and wrote several poerns, among others one in which he celebrated the virtues of the two Antonines. Being intrusted with the government of several provinces, he conducted himself in such a manner as to gain universal approbation. He was proconsul of Africa A.D. 237. When an insurrection broke out in that province against Maximinus, on account of his exactions, and the insurgents saluted Gordianus as emperor, he prayed earnestly to be excused, on account of his age, being then past eighty, and to be allowed to die in peace; but the insurgents threatening to kill him if he refused, he accepted the perilous dignity, naming his son Gordianus as his colleague, and both made their solemn entry into Carthage amid universal applause. The senate cheerfully confirmed the election, proclaiming the two Gordiani as emperors, and declaring Maximinus and his son to be enemies to their country. Meantime, however, Capellianus, governor of Mauritania, collected troops in favour of Maximinus, and marched against Carthage. The younger Gordianus came out to oppose him, but I was defeated and killed, and his aged father, on learning the sad tidings, strangled himself. Their reign had not lasted two months altogether, yet they were greatly regretted, on account of their personal qualities, and the hopes which the people had founded on them. (Capitol., Vit. Gordian. Tr.)-II. M. Anto nius Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Samonicus, who left him his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. He was well informed, and wrote several works, but was intemperate in his pleasures, which latter circumstance seems to have recommended him to the favour of the Emperor Heli ogabalus. Alexander Severus advanced him subsequently to the consulship. He afterward passed to Africa as lieutenant to his father, and, when the latter was elevated to the throne, shared that dignity with him. But, after a reign, of not quite two months, he fell in battle at the age of forty-six, against Capellianus, a

tolinus, Vit. Gordian. Tr.)-III. MARCUS ANTONINUS Pius, grandson, on the mother's side, of the elder Gordianus, and nephew of Gordianus the younger, was twelve years of age when he was proclaimed Cæsar by general acclamation of the people of Rome, after the news had arrived of the death of the two Gordiani in Africa. The senate named him colleague of the two new emperors Maximus and Balbinus, but in the fol

GOMPHI, a city of Thessaly, of considerable strength and importance, and the key of the country on the side of Epirus. It was situate on the borders of the Atha-partisan of Maximinus. (Vid. Gordianus, I.-Capimanes, and was occupied by that people not long before the battle of Cynoscephala. When Cæsar entered Thessaly, after his joining Domitius at Ægitium, the inhabitants of Gomphi, aware of his failure at Dyrrhachium, closed their gates against him; the walls, however, were presently scaled, notwithstanding their great height, and the town was given up to plunder. In his account of this event, Cæsar describes Gomphi as a large and opulent city. (Bell. Civ., 3, 80-lowing year (A.D. 238, according to Blair and other Compare Appian, B. C., 2, 64.) The Greek geographer Meletius places it on the modern site of Stagous, or Kalabachi as it is called by the Turks (Geogr., p. 388); but Pouqueville was informed that its ruins were to be seen at a place called Cleïsoura, not far from Stagous. (Vol. 3, p. 339.)

chronologers) a mutiny of the prætorian soldiers took place at Rome, Balbinus and Maximus were murdered, and the boy Gordianus was proclaimed emperor. His disposition was kind and amiable, but at the beginning of his reign he trusted to the insinuations of a certain Maurus and other freedmen of the palace, who GONATAS, one of the Antigoni. (Vid. Gonni.) abused his confidence, and committed many acts of GONNI, a town of Thessaly, twenty miles from La-injustice. In the second year of his reign a revolt rissa, according to Livy (36, 10), and close to the en- broke out in Africa, where a certain Sabinianus was trance of the gorge of Tempe. It was strongly forti-proclaimed emperor, but the insurrection was soon put fied by Perses in his first campaign against the Romans, who made no attempt to render themselves masters of this key of Macedonia. (Liv., 42, 54.) Antigonus, surnamed Gonatas, was probably born here,

down by the governor of Mauritania. In the following year, Gordianus being consul with Claudius Pompeianus, married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus, a man of the greatest personal merit, who