the same rigid style; but genius once cramped can scarcely be expected to make any great effort to rise, or to succeed in the attempt; and the same union of parts into a whole, the same preference for profile, are observable in these as in the human figure. It must, however, be allowed, that, in general, the character and form of animals were admirably portrayed; the parts were put together with greater truth; and the same license was not resorted to as in the shoulders and other portions of the human body. (Wilkinson, vol. 3, p. 263, seqq.) 18. Egyptian Architecture. resenting the different parts, were adhered to at the latest as at the earliest periods. No improvements, resulting from experience and observation, were admitted in the mode of drawing the figure; no attempt was made to copy nature, or to give proper action to the limbs. Certain rules, certain models, had been established by law, and the faulty conceptions of earlier times were copied and perpetuated by every successive artist. Egyptian bas-relief appears to have been, in its origin, a mere copy of painting, its predecessor. The first attempt to represent the figures of the gods, sacred emblems, and other subjects, consisted in painting simple outlines of them on a flat surface, the details being afterward put in with colour. But, in process of The earliest inhabitants of Egypt appear to have time, these forms were traced on stone with a tool, and been of Troglodytic habits, or, in other words, to the intermediate space between the various figures have inhabited caves. The mountain ranges on either being afterward cut away, the once level surface as- side of the stream would easily supply them with sumed the appearance of a bas-relief. It was, in fact, abodes of this kind. From the site of ancient Mema pictorial representation on stone, which is evidently phis, until we ascend the Nile beyond Thebes, these the character of all the bas-reliefs on Egyptian monu- mountains are composed of stratified limestone, full of ments, and which readily accounts for the imperfect organic remains. Such rocks, it is well known, abound arrangement of their figures. Deficient in conception, in natural caverns in all eastern countries; and although and, above all, in a proper knowledge of grouping, they no cavities are now found in Egypt that do not bear were unable to form those combinations which give marks of human skill, we have no right to assert that true expression. Every picture was made up of iso-it was not in many cases merely called in for the aid lated parts, put together according to some general of nature, to smooth and embellish abodes originally notions, but without harmony or preconceived effect. provided by her. Much of this rock, too, was of a The human face, the whole body, and everything they highly sectile and friable nature, and easily worked, introduced, were composed, in the same manner, of therefore, by the hand of man. When the natural separate members, placed together one by one, accord- caverns then became insufficient for the growing poping to their relative situations: the eye, the nose, and ulation, the artificial formation of others would be no other features, composed a face; but the expression difficult task. With the demand, the skill of workof feelings and passions was entirely wanting; and the manship would naturally increase; harder limestone countenance of the king, whether charging an enemy's would be worked, then the flinty but friable sandstones phalanx in the heat of battle, or peaceably offering in- of the quarries of Selseleh, and, finally, the hard and cense in a sombre temple, presented the same outline, imperishable rock that still bears the name of the city and the same inanimate look. The peculiarity of the of Syene. To understand fully the causes which led front view of an eye, introduced in a profile, is thus ac- to the erection of such enormous works by the Egypcounted for; it was the ordinary representation of that tians, as still astonish and have for ages astonished the feature added to a profile, and no allowance was made world, we must investigate other circumstances besides for any change in the position of the head. It was the those of climate and position. The government of same with drapery. The figure was first drawn, and Egypt was monarchical from the very earliest date; the drapery was then added, not as a part of the whole, and a monarchical and despotic government, if it be but as an accessory. They had no general conception, only stable, is incontestibly more favourable to the exno previous idea of the effect required to distinguish ecution of magnificent structures than one more free. the warrior or the priest, beyond the impression re- Hence one cause for the vast structures of Egypt. ceived from costume, or from the subject of which they The population, too, of the country was probably reformed a part; and the same figure was dressed accord- dundant beyond any modern parallel. Considered as ing to the character it was intended to perform. Every a grain country alone, it was capable of supporting a portion of a picture was conceived by itself, and in- population three times as great as one of equal extent serted as it was wanted to complete the scene; and in a less favoured climate. It produces, besides, those when the walls of a building, where a subject was to tropical plants which yield more fruit on a given space be drawn, had been accurately ruled with squares, the of ground than any of the vegetables of the temperate figures were introduced, and fitted to this mechanical zone, and which grow where, from the aridity of the arrangement. The members were appended to the soil, the cereal gramina cannot vegetate. Domestic body, and these squares regulated their form and dis- animals, too, multiply with great rapidity, and the protribution, in whatever posture they might be placed. lific influence of the waters of the Nile is said to extend In the paintings of the tombs, greater license was al- to the human race. With a population created and lowed in the representation of subjects relating to pri- supported by such causes, we cannot wonder that a vate life, the trades, or the manners and occupations government, commanding without fear of accountabilof the people; and some indications of perspective in ity the whole resources of the country, could project the position of the figures may occasionally be ob- and execute works, at which the richest and most powserved; but the attempt was imperfect, and, probably, erful nations of modern times would hesitate. Many to an Egyptian eye, unpleasing; for such is the force causes must have conspired to induce the abandonment of habit, that, even where nature is copied, a conven- of the cavern habitations of the early inhabitants. Betional style is sometimes preferred to a more accurate sides the necessity which existed of providing receprepresentation. In the battle scenes on the temples tacles for the embalmed bodies of the dead, and for of Thebes, some of the figures representing the mon- which purpose these caverns would admirably answer, arch pursuing the flying enemy, despatching a hostile a growing and improving people could not long endure chief with his sword, and drawing his bow, as his to be shut up in rocky grottoes during the inundation, horses carry his car over the prostrate bodies of the or to pursue their agricultural labours at other seasons, slain, are drawn with much spirit; but still the same far from a fixed abode. A remedy for these inconimperfections of style and want of truth are observed; veniences was found in the erection of mounds in the there is action, but no sentiment, no expression of the plain, and quays upon the banks of the river, exceeding passions, or life in the features. In the representation in elevation its utmost rise, and extended with the inof animals they appear not to have been restricted to crease of population until they could contain important brick, as appears from monuments, as far back as the year 1540 before our era, and of stone in B.C. 600.— Before concluding this head it may not be unimportant to remark, that the Greek orders of architecture, more especially the Doric and Corinthian, can all be traced to Egyptian originals. (Description de l'Egypte, t. 1, 2, 3, &c.-Quatremere de Quincy, de l'Architecture Egyptienne.-American Quarterly Rev., No. 9, p. 1, seqq.-Wilkinson, vol. 2, p. 95, seqq.; vol. 3, p. 316, seqq.) ELIA, I. Gens, a celebrated Plebeian house, of which there were various branches, such as the Pati, Lamiæ, Tuberones, Galli, &c.-II. The wife of Sylla. (Plut. Vit. Syll.)-III. Patina, of the family of the Tuberos, and wife of the Emperor Claudius. She was repudiated, in order to make way for Messalina. (Sueton. Claud., 26.)—IV. Lex, a law proposed by the tribune Elius Tubero, and enacted A.U.C. 559, for sending two colonies into Bruttium. (Liv., 34, 53.)—V. Another, commonly called Lex Elia et Fusia. These were, in fact, two separate laws, though they are sometimes joined by Cicero. The first (Lex Elia) was brought forward by the consul Q. Elius Pætus, A.U.C. 586, and ordained, that, when the comitia were to be held for passing laws, the magistrates, or the augurs by their authority, might take observations from the heavens, and, if the omens were unfavourable, might prevent or dissolve the assembly. And also, that any other magistrate of equal or greater authority than he who presided, might declare that he had heard thunder or seen lightning, and in this way put off the assembly to some other time.-The second (Lex Furia or Fusia), proposed either by the consul Furius, or by one Fusius or Fufius, was passed A.U.C. 617, and ordained that it should not be lawful to enact laws on any dies fastus. eities. Such artificial mounds are still to be seen | the Egyptians at a very early period. It consisted of forming the basis of all the important ruins that exist. When we consider the remarkable skill exhibited by the Egyptians in the art of stone-cutting, manifested, too, at the most remote period to which we can trace them historically, we cannot but ascribe this characteristic taste to something in their original habits. The first necessities of their ancestors must have given this impulse to the national genius, and determined the character which their architecture manifests, down to the latest period of their existence, not merely as an independent nation, but as a separate people. In the same way that the Tyrians, and the inhabitants of Palestine, owed to their cedar forests their taste and skill in the workmanship of wood, the Egyptians derived from their original mode of life, from their abundant quarries, and from the facility they found in excavating the rocks into dwellings, the taste for the workmanship of stone which distinguishes them; and this taste explains the high degree of perfection they attained in this art. In inquiring into the origin and principles of Egyptian architecture, certain prominent characters strike us at once that cannot be mistaken. The plans and great outlines of their buildings are remarkable for simplicity and sameness, however diversified they may be in decoration and ornament. Openings are extremely rare, and the interior of their temples is as dark as the primitive caverns themselves; so that, when within them, it is difficult to distinguish between an excavation and a building; the pillars are of enormous diameter, and resemble in their proportions the masses left to support the roofs of mines and quarries. Nay, their hypostyle halls are almost similar in appearance to this kind of excavation; the portals, porticoes, and doors are enclosed in masses, in such a way as to present the appearance of the entrance of a cave; and the roofs of vast stones lying horizontally, could have VI. Sentia Lex, brought forward by the consuls been imitated from no shelter erected in the open air. Elius and Sentius, and enacted A.U.C. 756. It orAll the buildings yet existing between Denderah and dained that no slave who had ever, for the sake of a Syene are constructed of a kind of sandstone, furnished crime, been bound, publicly whipped, tortured, or brandin abundance by the quarries of the adjacent country.ed in the face, although freed by his master, should obThis stone is composed of quartzose grains, usually tain the freedom of the city, but should always remain united by a calcareous cement. Its colours are gray in the class of the dedititi, who were indeed free, but ish, yellowish, or even almost white; some have a could not aspire to the advantages of Roman citizens. slight tinge of rose colour, and others various veins of | (Suet. Aug., 40.)—VII. A name given to various cities, different shades of yellow. But when forming a part either repaired or built by the Emperor Hadrian, whose of the mass of a building, they produce an almost uni- family name was Elius-VIII. Capitolina, a name form effect of colour, namely, a light gray. One great given to Jerusalem by the Emperor Hadrian, when he advantage connected with this species of stone is the rebuilt the city, from his own family title Ælius, and ease with which it can be wrought; and the mode of also from his erecting within that city a temple to Juits aggregation, and the uniformity of its structure, so piter Capitolinus. (Vid. Hierosolyma.) far from resisting, offer the greatest facilities for the ex- ELIANUS, I. a Greek writer, who flourished about ecution of hieroglyphic and symbolic sculptures. The the middle of the second century of our era. He comobelisks and statues, on the other hand, which adorned posed a treatise on military tactics, which he dedicathe approaches and entrances of the sandstone struc-ted to the Emperor Hadrian. The best edition is that tures, were made of a more costly and enduring sub- of Arcerius and Meursius, Lugd. Bat., 1613, 4to.-II. stance, the granite of Syene, the Cataracts, and Ele- Claudius, a native of Præneste, who flourished during phantine. The most important of the rocks of this the reigns of Heliogabalus and Alexander Severus species is the rose-granite, remarkable for the beauty (218-235 A.D.). Although born in Italy, and of Latin of its colours, the large size of its crystals, its hardness parents, and almost constantly residing within the limand durability. A part of the monuments which have its of his native country, he nevertheless acquired so been made of it have been preserved almost uninjured complete a knowledge of the language of Greece, that for many centuries. The mode of building among the Philostratus, if his testimony be worth quoting, makes Egyptians was very peculiar. They placed in their him worthy of being compared with the purest Atticists, columns rude stones upon each other, after merely while Suidas states that he obtained the appellations smoothing the surfaces of contact, and the figure of of Mɛhio0oyyos (“Honey-voiced"), and Meλiyλwooos the column, with all its decorations, was finished after ("Honey-tongued"). He appears to have been a man it was set up. In their walls, the outer and inner of extensive reading and considerable information. His surfaces of the stones were also left unfinished, to be "Various History," Пokin 'Ioropía, in fourteen reduced to shape by one general process, after the books, is a collection of extracts from different works, whole mass had been erected. Of the private archi-themes very probably which he composed for the purtecture of the Egyptians, but few remains have come down to us. It was composed chiefly of perishable materials, namely, of bricks dried in the sun; those burned in a kiln being rarely employed, except in damp situations. The arch appears to have been known to pose of exercising himself in the Grecian tongue, and which his heirs very indiscreetly gave to the world. These extracts may be regarded as the earliest on the list of Ana. The Various History of Elian evinces neither taste, judgment, nor powers of critical discrim ination. Its chief claim to attention rests on its having | Æmilius, A.U.C. 309, ordaining that the censors preserved from oblivion some fragments of authors, the should be elected as before, every five years, but that rest of whose works are lost. It is to be regretted that their power should continue only a year and a half. Elian, instead of giving these extracts in the language (Liv., 4, 24.-Id., 9, 33.)-II. Sumtuaria, vel cibaria, of the writers themselves, has thought fit to array them a sumptuary law, brought forward by M. Æmilius Lein a garb of his own. Elian composed also a pretend-pidus, and enacted A.U.C. 675. It limited the kind and ed history of animals, Пepi (wwv idióτntos, in seven- quantity of meats to be used at an entertainment. (Mateen books, each of which is subdivided into small chap-crob. Sat., 2, 13.-Aul. Gell., 2, 24.) Pliny ascribes ters. This zoological compilation is full of absurd sto- this law to M. Scaurus (8, 57). ries, intermingled occasionally with interesting notices. To this same writer are also ascribed twenty epistles on rural affairs ('Aypoikikai įmioroĥaí) which possess very little interest. Ælian led a life of celibacy, and died at the age of 60 years or over. The best editions of the Various History are, that of Gronovius, Amst., 4to, 1731, 2 vols., and that of Kuhnius, Lips., 8vo, 1778, 2 vols. The best edition of the History of Animals is that of Schneider, Lips., 8vo, 1784. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 195; vol. 5, p. 377.) ÆMILIA, I. Gens, the name of a distinguished Roman family among the patricians. A fabulous account of its origin is given by Plutarch (Vit. Num., 9).—II. The wife of P. Scipio Africanus, distinguished for her forbearance towards her husband, when she had discovered that he was unfaithful. (Liv., 38, 57.-Val. Max., 6, 7,)-III. Lepida, wife of Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her licentious conduct. She was screened from punishment during the lifetime of her father Lepidus; but after his death was accused ELIUS, a name common to many Romans, and mark- of adultery with a slave, and perished by her own hand. ing also the plebeian house of the Ælii. (Vid. Ælia, (Tac., 6, 40.)—IV. A part of Italy, extending from L.) The most noted individuals that bore this name Ariminum to Placentia. It formed one of the later subwere, I. Publius, a quæstor, A.U.C. 346, the first year divisions of the country.-V. Via Lepidi, a Roman that the plebeians were admitted to this office. (Liv., road. There were two roads, in fact, of this name, 4, 54. II. C. Stalenus, a judge, who suffered him- both branching off from Mediolanum (Milan) to the self to be corrupted by Statius Albius. (Cic. pro Sext., eastern and southern extremities of the province of Cis81.)-III. Sextus Ælius Catus, an eminent Roman alpine Gaul; the one leading to Verona and Aquileia, Lawyer, who lived in the sixth century from the founda- the latter to Placentia and Ariminum. The same name, tion of the city. He filled in succession the offices of however, of Via Emilia Lepidi, was applied to both. ædile, consul, and censor, and gave his name to a part They were made by M. Æmilius Lepidus, who was of the Roman law. When Cneius Flavius, the clerk consul A.U.C. 567, in continuation of the Via Flaof Appius Claudius Cæcus, had made known to the minia, which had been carried from Rome to Arimipeople the forms to be observed in prosecuting law-num.-VI. Via Scauri, a Roman road, a continuation suits, and the days upon which actions could be brought, of the Aurelian way, from Pisa to Dertona. (Strab., the patricians, irritated at this, contrived new forms of 217.) process, and, to prevent their being made public, ex- EMILIANUS, I. the second agnomen of P. Cornelius pressed them in writing by certain secret marks. Scipio Africanus the younger, which he received as These forms, however, were subsequently published being the son of Paulus Emilius. His adoption by by Elius Catus, and his book was named Jus Elia- the elder Africanus united the houses of the Scipios num, as that of Flavius was styled Jus Flavianum. and Æmilii.-II. A native of Mauritania, who was govEnnius calls him, on account of his knowledge of the ernor of Pannonia and Mosia under Hostilianus and civil law, egregie cordatus homo, "a remarkably wise Gallus. Some successes over the barbarians caused man." (Cic. de Orat., 1, 45.) Notwithstanding the him to be proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. Gallus opinions of Grotius and Bertrand, Ælius must be re- marched against him, but was murdered, together with garded as the author of the work entitled Tripartita | his son Volusianus, by his own soldiers, who went Elu, which is so styled from its containing, 1st. The over to the side of Æmilianus. The reign of the lattext of the law. 2d. Its interpretation. 3d. The le- ter, however, was of short duration. Less than four gis actio, or the forms to be observed in going to law. months intervened between his victory and his fall. Elius Catus, on receiving the consulship, became re- Valerian, one of the generals of Gallus, who had been markable for the austere simplicity of his manners, eat- sent by that emperor to bring the legions of Gaul and ing from earthen vessels, and refusing the silver ones Germany to his aid, met Emilianus in the plains of which the Etolian deputies offered him. When cen- Spoletum, where the latter, like Gallus, was murdered with M. Cethegus, he assigned to the senate at by his own troops, who thereupon went over to Valethe public games separate seats from the people.-IV. rían. (Zosimus, 21, p. 25, seqq.-Aurel. Vict.-EuLucius, surnamed Lamia, the friend and defender of trop., 9, 6.)-III. A prefect of Egypt, in the reign of Cicero, was driven out of the city by Piso and Ga-Gallienus. He assumed the imperial purple, but was binius. (Cic. in Pis., 27.)-V. Gallus, a Roman defeated by Theodotus, a general of the emperor's, who knight, and the friend of Strabo, to whom Virgil dedi- sent him prisoner to Rome, where he was strangled. cated his tenth eclogue. (Vid. Gallus, III.)-VI. Seja- (Treb. Gall. Tr. Tyr., 22.-Euseb. Hist. Eccles., 7, nus. (vid. Sejanus.)-VII. An engraver on precious 32.) stones, who lived in the first century of our era. A gem EMILIUS, I. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily. A exhibiting the head of Tiberius, engraved by him, is de-person named Aruntius Paterculus having given him scribed by Bracci, tab. 2.-VIII. Hadrianus, the grand- a brazen horse, intended as a means of torture, was father of the Emperor Hadrian.-IX. Gordianus, an eminent lawyer, in the reign of Alexander Severus.-X. Serenianus, a lawyer, and pupil of Papinian. He flourished during the reign of Severus, and is highly praised by Lampridius. (Lampr. Vit. Sev.) sor, the first that was made to suffer by it. Compare the story of Phalaris and his brazen bull. (Plut. de Fort. Rom., 315.)-II. L., three times consul, and the conqueror of the Volsci, A.U.C. 273. (Liv., 2, 42.)—III. Mamercus, once consul and three times dictator, obtained a triumph over the Fidenates, A.U.C. 329. (Liv. 4, 16.)-IV. Paulus, father of the celebrated Paulus Æmilius. He was one of the consuls slain at Canna. (Liv., 23, 49.)-V. Paulus Macedonicus. (Vid. Paulus I.)-VI. Scaurus. (Vid. Scaurus.)-VII. Lepidus, twice consul, once Censor, and six times Pontifex Maximus. He was also Princeps Senatus, and EMILIA LEX, I. a law of the dictator Mamercus guardian to Ptolemy Epiphanes, in the name of the AELLO ('Aeλ2), one of the Harpies. (Vid. Harpyia.) Her name is derived from de22a, a tempest, the rapidity of her course being compared to a stormy wind. Compare Hesiod, Theog., 267, and Schol. ad loc. EMATHIA. Vid. Emathia. Roman people. It was this individual to whom a civic crown was given when a youth of 15, for having saved the life of a citizen, an allusion to which is made on the medals of the Emilian family. (Liv., 41, 42. -Epit. 48.)-VIII. Lepidus, the triumvir. (Vid. Lepidus.) EMONIA. Vid. Hæmonia. ENARIA, an island off the coast of Campania, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples. Properly speaking, there are two islands, and hence the plural form of the name which the Greeks applied to them, ai II0ŋxouoal (Pithecusa). This latter appellation, according to Pliny (3, 6), was not derived from the number of apes (Tonkot) which the islands were supposed to contain, but from the earthen casks or barrels (πiðákιov, doliolum) which were made there. The Romans called the largest of the two islands Enaria, probably from the copper which they found in it. Enaria was a volcanic island, and Virgil (Æn., 9, 716) gives it the name of Inarime, in accordance with the old traditions which made the body of Typhoëus to have been placed under this island and the Phlegræan plain. Homer, however (Il., 2, 783), describes Typhoëus as lying in Arima (eiv 'Apipois). The modern name of Ænaria is Ischia. ENEA or ENEIA, a town of Macedonia, on the coast of the Sinus Thermaicus, northwest from Olynthus, and almost due south from Thessalonica. It was founded by a colony of Corinthians and Potidæans. The inhabitants themselves, however, affected to believe that Æneas was its founder, and consequently offered to him an annual sacrifice. Enea was a place of some importance in the war between the Macedonians and Romans. Soon afterward, however, it disappeared from history. (Scymnus, v. 627.—Liv., 40, 4, and 44, 10.-Strabo, epit. 7.) bearing away on his shoulders his aged parent Anchises. His wife Creusa, however, was lost in the hurried flight. From this period the legends respecting Eneas differ. While, according to one tradition, of which there are traces even in the Homeric poems, he remained in Troas, and ruled over the remnant of the Trojan population, he wandered from his native land according to another account, and settled in Italy. This latter tradition is adopted by the Roman writers, who trace to him the origin of their nation, and it forms the basis of the Eneid, in which poem his various wanderings are related, until he is brought to the Italian shores. Following the account of Virgil and the poets from whom he has copied, as far as any remains of these last have come down to us, we find that Eneas, in the second year after the destruction of Troy, set sail, with a newly-constructed fleet of twenty vessels, from the Trojan shores, and visited, first Thrace, and then the island of Sicily. From this latter island he proceeded with his ships for Italy, in the seventh year of his wanderings, but was driven by a storm on the coast of Africa, near Carthage. After a residence of some time at the court of Dido, he set sail for Italy, and reached eventually, after many dangers and adventures, the harbour of Cuma. From Cumæ he proceeded along the shore and entered the mouth of the Tiber. After a war with the neighbouring na→ tions, in which he proved successful, and slew Turnus, the leader of the foe, Æneas received in marriage Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus, and built the city of Lavinium. The Trojans and native inhabitants became one people, under the common name of Lati ni. The flourishing state of the new community excited, however, the jealousy of the neighbouring nations, and war was declared by them against the subjects of Æneas, Mezentius, king of Etruria, being placed at the head of the coalition. The arms of Eneas proved successful, but he lost his life in the conflict. According to another account, he was drowned during the action in the river Numicus. Divine honours were paid him after death by his sub ENEIDE, I. the companions of Eneas, a name given them in Virgil. (Æn., 1, 157, &c.)-II. The descendants of Æneas, an appellation given by the poets to the whole Roman nation. Hence Venus is called by Lucretius (1, 1), Eneadûm genetrix. ENEAS, a celebrated Trojan warrior, son of Anchi-jects, and the Romans also in a later age regarded him ses and Venus, whose wanderings and adventures form as one of the Dii Indigetes. The tale of Eneas and the subject of Virgil's Æneid, and from whose final his Trojan colony is utterly rejected by Niebuhr, but settlement in Italy the Romans traced their origin. he thinks it a question worth discussion, whether it He was born, according to the poets, on Mount Ida, was domestic or transported. Having shown that or, as some legends stated, on the banks of the Simois, several Hellenic poets had supposed Æneas to have and was nurtured by the Dryads until he had reached escaped from Troy, and that Stesichorus had even exhis fifth year, when he was brought to Anchises. The pressly represented him as having sailed to Hesperia, remainder of his early life was spent under the care of i. e., the west; and then noticed the general belief his brother-in-law Alcathous, in the city of Dardanus, among the Greeks, of Trojan colonies in different his father's place of residence, at the foot of Ida. He parts, he still regards all this as quite insufficient to first took part in the Trojan war when Achilles had de- account for the belief in a Trojan descent becoming an spoiled him of his flocks and herds. Priam, however, article of state-faith, with so proud a people as the Rogave him a cold reception, either because the great mans. The fancied descent must have been domesTrojan families were at variance with each other, tic, like that of the Britons from Brute and Troy, the from the influence of ambitious feelings, or, what is Hungarians from the Huns, &c., all of which have more probable, because an oracle had declared, that been related with confidence by native writers. The Eneas and his posterity should rule over the Trojans. only difficulty is to account for its origin, on which Hence, although he married Creusa, the daughter of Niebuhr advances the following hypothesis: EveryPriam, he never lived, according to Homer (I., 13, thing contained in mythic tales respecting the affinity 460), on very friendly terms with that monarch. Eneas of nations indicates the affinity between the Trojans was regarded as the bravest and boldest of the Trojan and those of the Pelasgian stem, as the Arcadians, leaders after Hector, and is even brought by Homer Epirotes, Enotrians, and especially the Tyrrhenian in contact with Achilles. (Il., 20, 175, seqq.) He Pelasgians. Such tales are those of the wanderings was also conspicuous for his piety and justice, and was of Dardanus from Corythus to Samothrace and thence therefore the only Trojan whom the otherwise angry to the Simois, the coming of the Trojans to Latium, Neptune protected in the fight. The posthomeric of the Tyrrhenians to Lemnos. Now, that the Pebards assign him a conspicuous part in the scenes that nates at Lavinium, which some of the Lavinians told took place on the capture of Troy, and Virgil, taking Timæus were Trojan images, were the Samothracian these for his guides, has done the same in his Eneid.gods, is acknowledged, and the Romans recognised the Eneas fought manfully in the midst of the blazing affinity of the people of that island. From this nationcity until all was lost, and then retired with a large al as well as religious unity, and the identity of lannumber of the inhabitants, accompanied by their wives guage, it may have happened that various branches of and children, to the neighbouring mountains of Ida. the nation may have been called Trojans, or have It was on this occasion that he signalized his piety, by claimed a descent from Troy, and have boasted the possessions of relics which Æneas was reported to although, as the author was of the school of Plato, tolary collections of Aldus and Cujas. The latest edi- ENEIS, the celebrated epic poem of Virgil, commemorating the wanderings of Eneas after the fall of Troy, and his final settlement in Italy. (Vid. Virgilius) ENESIDEMUS, a philosopher, born at Gnossus in Crete, but who lived at Alexandrea. He flourished, very probably, a short period subsequent to Cicero. Enesidemus revived the scepticism which had been silenced in the Academy, with the view of making it aid in re-introducing the doctrines of Heraclitus. For, in order to show that everything has its contrary, we must first prove that opposite appearances are presented in one and the same thing to each individual. To strengthen, therefore, the cause of scepticism, he extended its limits to the utmost, admitting and defending the ten Topics attributed to Pyrrho, to justify a suspense of all positive opinion. He wrote eight books on the doctrines of Pyrrho (IIvpówvíwv λoyoi ý), of which extracts are to be found in Photius, cod. 212. ENIANES, or Enienes, a Thessalian tribe, apparently of great antiquity, but of uncertain origin, whose frequent migrations have been alluded to by more than one writer of antiquity, but by none more than Platarch in his Greek Questions. He states them to have occupied, in the first instance, the Dotian plain (compare Gell's Itinerary, p. 242); after which they wandered to the borders of Epirus, and finally settled in the upper valley of the Sperchius. Their antiquity and importance are attested by the fact of their belonging to the Amphictyonic council. (Pausan., 10, 8.-Harpocrat., s. v. 'Aμoikтvoves.-Herod., 7, 198.) At a later period we find them joining other Grecian states against Macedonia, in the confederacy which gave rise to the Lamiac war. (Diod. Sic., 17, 111.) But in Strabo's time they had nearly disappeared, having been almost exterminated, as that author reports, by the Etolians and Athamanes, upon whose territories they bordered. (Strabo, 427.) Their principal town was Hypata, on the river Sperchius. ENIŎCHI. vid. Heniochi. |