vated style, inasmuch as he will have to treat of great | lies, clients, and freedmen, and encamped on the banks personages still living; "quia ad inclytos principes of the Cremera in sight of Veii. There they fortified venerandosque perventum est." It does not appear themselves, and maintained for nearly two years a that he ever carried this plan into execution. The best edition is that of Tzschucke, Lips., 1797, 8vo. II. A eunuch and minister of the Emperor Arcadius, who rose by base and infamous practices from the vilest condition to the highest pitch of opulence and power. He was probably a native of Asia, was made chamberlain to the emperor in the year 395, and, after the fall of Rufinus, succeeded that minister in the confidence of his master, and rose to unlimited authority. He even was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never before equalled. An insult offered to the empress was the cause of his overthrow; and he was sent into perpetual exile to Cyprus. He was soon afterward, however, brought back on another charge; and, after being condemned, was beheaded A.D. 399. (Zosim., 5, 10.— Id., 5, 18, &c.)

EUXINUS PONTUS. Vid. Pontus Euxinus. EXAMPÆUS, a fountain which, according to Herodotus, flows into the Hypanis, where the river is four days' journey from the sea, and renders its waters bitter, that before were sweet. Herodotus places this fountain in the country of the ploughing Scythians, and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the name of the place where it springs, which, in the Scythian tongue, is Exampæus, corresponding in Greek to iɛpai ódol, or "the sacred ways." (Herodot., 4, 52.)

F.

FABARIS, now Farfa, a river of Italy, in the territory of the Sabines, called also Farfaris. (Virg., En., 7,715.)

harassing warfare against the Veientes and other people of Etruria. At last, in one of their predatory incursions, they fell into an ambuscade, and, fighting desperately, were all exterminated. (Livy, 2, 48, seqq.) Dionysius of Halicarnassus gives also another account of this disaster, which he considers less credible. According to this latter form of the legend, the 306 Fabii set off for Rome, in order to offer up a sacrifice in the chapel of their house. As they went to perform a pious ceremony, they proceeded without arms or warlike array. The Etrurians, however, knowing their road, placed troops in ambush, and, falling on the Fabii, eut them to pieces. (Consult the remarks of Dionysius, 9, 19, and of Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 200.) It is said that one only of the Fabii escaped this massacre, having been left quite young at Rome. (Liv., 2, 50.-Dion. Hal., 9, 22.) His name was Q. Fabius Vibulanus, and he became the parent stock of all the subsequent Fabii. He was repeatedly consul, and was afterward one of the decemviri with Appius Claudius for two consecutive years, in which office he disgraced himself by his connivance at the oppressions of his colleague, which caused the fall of the decemvirate. (Vid. Decemviri.)

fence, at first, was a fine, but afterward to be sent to the mines; and for buying or selling a freeborn citizen, death. (Cic. pro Rab., 3.—Ep. ad Quint. Fr., 1, 2.) FABIA, a vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's

Catiline, and brought to trial in consequence, but was defended by Cicero and acquitted. (Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol. 1, p. 139.)

FABII. Vid. Fabia Gens.

FABIA LEX, I. de ambitu, was to circumscribe the number of Sectatores or attendants which were allow ed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass. (Cic. pro Muren., 34.) The Sectatores, who always attended candidates, were distinguished from the Salutatores, who only waited on them at their houses in the morning, and then went away; and from the Deductores, who went FABIA GENS, a numerous and powerful patrician down with them to the Forum and Campus Marcius. house of ancient Rome, which became subdivided into II. There was another law of the same name, enseveral families or branches, distinguished by their re- acted against kidnapping, or stealing away and retainspective cognomina, such as Fabii Maximi, Fabii Am-ing freemen or slaves. The punishment of this ofbusti, Fabii Vibulani, &c. Pliny says that the name of this house arose from the circumstance of its founders having excelled in the culture of the bean (faba), the early Romans having been remarkable for their attachment to agricultural pursuits. (Plin., 18, 3.) Ac-wife. She was accused of criminal intercourse with cording to Festus, however, the Fabii traced their origin to Hercules (Fest., s. v. Fabii), and their name, therefore, is thought to have come rather from the Etrurian term Fabu or Fabiu, which Passeri makes equivalent to "august" or "venerable." (Tab. Eu- FABIUS, I. M. Ambustus, was consul A.U.C. 393, gubin, vii., lin. 22.) But this etymology is less prob- and again several times after. He fought against the able, since the Fabii are said, by the ordinary author- Hernici and the Tarquinians, and left several sons.— ities, to have been of Sabine origin, and to have set-II. Q. Maximus Rullianus, son of the preceding, attled on the Quirinal from the time of the earliest Ro-tacked and defeated the Samnites, A.U.Č. 429, in the man kings. After the expulsion of the Tarquinii, the absence and against the orders of his commanding Fabian, as one of the older houses, exercised consider-officer, the Dictator Papirius, who would have brought able influence in the senate. Caso Fabius, being quæstor with L. Valerius, impeached Spurius Cassius, B.C. 486, A.U.C. 268, and had him executed. It has been noted as a remarkable fact, that, for seven consecutive years from that time, one of the two annual consulships was filled by three brothers Fabii in rotation. Niebuhr has particularly investigated this period of Roman history, and speculated on the causes of this long retention of office by the Fabii, as connected with the struggle then pending between the patricians and plebeians, and the attempt of the former to monopolize the elections. (Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 174, seqq.) One of the three brothers, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, fell in battle against the Veientes in the year of Rome 274. In the following year, under the consulship of Caso Fabius and Titus Virginius, the whole house of the Fabii proposed to leave Rome, and settle on the borders of the territory of Veii, in order to take the war against the Veientes entirely into their own hands. After performing solemn sacrifices, they left Rome in a body, mustering 306 patricians, besides their fami

him to punishment for disobedience, but was prevented by the intercession of the soldiers and the people. This Fabius was five times consul, and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. His son, Q. Fabius Gurges, was thrice consul, and was grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, one of the most celebrated generals of Rome.-III. Q. Maximus Verrucosus, the celebrated opponent of Hannibal. He is said to have been called Verrucosus from a wart on his lip, verruca being the Latin name for "a wart." In his first consulship he triumphed over the Ligurians. After the victory of Hannibal at the Lake Trasymenus, he was named Prodictator by the unanimous voice of the people, and was intrusted with the preservation of the republic. The system which he adopted to check the advance of Hannibal is well known. By a succession of skilful movements, marches, and countermarches, always choosing good defensive positions, he harassed his antagonist, who could never draw him into ground favourable for his attack, while Fabius watched every op

ら

FABIUS.

FAB

ries of Roman affairs to the author's own time, that is, to the end of the second Punic war. We are informed by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, that, for the great proportion of the events which preceded his own age, Fabius Pictor had no better authority than vulgar tradition. He probably found, that, if he had confined himself to what was certain in these early times, his history would have become dry, insipid, and incomplete. This may have induced him to adopt the fables, which the Greek historians had invented concerning the origin of Rome, and to insert whatever he found in family traditions, however contradictory or uncertain. Dionysius has also given us many exam

inconsistencies. The account here given of this writer is rather confirmed by the few fragments that remain of his work, which are trifling and childish in the extreme. (Dunlop's Hist. Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 117, seqq.)

FABRATERIA, a town of Latium, on the river Liris, and near its junction with the Trerus. The modern name is Falvaterra. This town appears at first to have belonged to the Volsci, but as early as 424 A.U.C. it placed itself under the protection of Rome. (Liv., 8, 19.)

portunity of availing himself of any error or neglect on | the part of the Carthaginians. This mode of warfare, which was new to the Romans, acquired for Fabius the name of Cunctator or "delayer," and was censured by the young, the rash, and the ignorant; but it probably was the means of saving Rome from ruin. Minucius, who shared with Fabius the command of the army, having imprudently engaged Hannibal, was saved from total destruction by the timely assistance of the dictator. In the following year, however, A.U.C. 536, Fabius being recalled to Rome, the command of the army was intrusted to the consul Terentius Varro, who rushed imprudently to battle, and the defeat at Cannæ made manifest the wisdom of the dic-ples of his improbable narratives, his inconsistencies, tator's previous caution. Fabius was chosen consul his negligence in investigating the truth of what he rethe next year, and was again employed in keeping lates as facts, and his inaccuracy in chronology. In Hannibal in check. In A.U.C. 543, being consul for particular, as we are told by Plutarch in his life of the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after Romulus, Fabius followed an obscure Greek author, which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a Diocles the Peparethian, in his account of the foundasnare by Hannibal near Metapontum. (Liv., 27, 15, tion of Rome, and from this tainted source have flowed seq.) When, some years after, the question was dis- all the stories concerning Mars, the Vestal, the Wolf, cussed in the senate, of sending Scipio with an army Romulus, and Remus. He is even guilty of inaccuinto Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought rate and prejudiced statements in relation to the affairs first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time of his own time; and Polybius, who flourished shortly after at a very advanced age. His son, called likewise after those times, and was at pains to inform himself Quintus Fabius Maximus, who had also been consul, accurately concerning all the events of the second Pudied before him. His grandson Quintus Fabius Max-nic war, apologizes for quoting Fabius on one occasion imus Servilianus, being proconsul, fought against Vir- as an authority, and, at the same time, strongly expressiathus in Spain, and concluded with him an honour-es his opinion of his violations of truth and his gross able peace. (Livy, Epit., 54.) He was afterward consul repeatedly, and also censor. He wrote Annals, which are quoted by Macrobius. (Sat., 1, 16.) His brother by adoption, Quintus Fabius Maximus Emilianus, the son of Paulus Æmilius (Liv., 45, 41), was consul A.U.C. 609, and was the father of Fabius, called Allobrogicus, who subdued not only the Allobroges, but also the people of southern Gaul, which he reduced into a Roman province, called from that time Provincia. Quintus Fabius Maximus, a grandson of Fabius Maximus Servilianus, served in Spain under FABRICIUS, Caius, surnamed Luscinus, was consul Julius Cæsar, and was made consul A.U.C. 709. Two for the first time in the year 471 of Rome, 283 B.C., of his sons or nephews were consuls in succes- when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. Afsion under Augustus. There was also a Fabius con- ter the defeat of the Romans, under the consul Lavisul under Tiberius. Parvinius and others have reck-nus, by Pyrrhus (B.C. 281), Fabricius was sent by the oned that, during a period of about five centuries, from senate as legate to the king, to treat for the ransom of the time of the first Fabius who is mentioned as con- the prisoners, or, according to others, to propose terms sul, to the reign of Tiberius, forty-eight consulships, of peace. Pyrrhus is said to have endeavoured to seven dictatorships, eight censorships, seven augur- bribe him by large offers, which Fabricius, poor as he ships, besides the offices of master of the horse and was, rejected with scorn, to the great admiration of the military tribune with consular power, were filled by king. Fabricius being again consul, B.C. 279, was individuals of the Fabian house. It could also boast sent against Pyrrhus, who was then encamped near of thirteen triumphs and two ovations. (Augustinus Tarentum. The physician of the king is said to have de Familus Romanorum.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. come secretly to the Roman camp, and to have pro10, p. 151.)-IV. A loquacious personage alluded to posed to Fabricius to poison his master for a bribe. by Horace (Sat, 1, 1, 14).-V. Pictor, the first Ro- The consul, indignant at this, had him put in fetters, man who wrote an historical account of his country. and sent back to Pyrrhus, on whom this instance of This historian, called by Livy scriptorum antiquissi- Roman integrity made a strong impression. Pyrrhus mus, appears to have been wretchedly qualified for the soon after sailed for Sicily, whither he was called by labour he had undertaken, either in point of judgment, the Syracusans, then hard pressed by the Carthaginifidelity, or research; and to his carelessness and inac- ans. Fabricius, having defeated the Samnites, Lucacuracy, more than even to the loss of monuments, may nians, and Brutii, who had joined Pyrrhus against be attributed the painful uncertainty which to this day Rome, triumphed over these nations. Pyrrhus afterhangs over the early ages of Roman history. Fabius ward returning to Italy, was finally defeated and driven lived in the time of the second Punic war. The fam- away by M. Curius Dentatus, B.C. 276. Two years ily received its cognomen from Caius Fabius, who, hav- after, Fabricius being consul for the third time, with ing resided in Etruria, and there acquired some knowl- Claudius Cinna for his colleague, ambassadors came edge of the fine arts, painted with figures the temple from King Ptolemy of Egypt to contract an alliance of Salus, in the year of the city 450. The historian with Rome.-Several instances are related of the exwas grandson of the painter. He served in the second treme frugality and simplicity which marked the manPunic war, and was present at the battle of Trasy-ners of Fabricius. When censor, he dismissed from menus. After the defeat at Canne, he was sent by the senate to inquire from the oracle at Delphi what would be the issue of the war, and to learn by what supplications the wrath of the gods might be appeased. His annals commenced with the foundation of the city and the antiquities of Italy, and brought down the se

the senate P. Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul, and had also held the dictatorship, because he had in his possession ten pounds' weight of silver plate. Fabricius died poor, and the senate was obliged to make provision for his daughters. (Plut., Vit. Pyrrh.Liv., Epit., 13 ct 14.-Enc. Us. Knowl., v. 10, p. 153.)

FASULE, now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in Etruria, southeast of Pistoria, whence it is said the augurs passed to Rome. Catiline made it a place of arms. The Goths, when they entered Italy under the consulate of Stilicho and Aurelian, A.D. 400, were defeated in its vicinity. (Cic. pro Mur., 24.—Sil. Ital., 8, 478. Sallust, Cat., 27.)

FALCIDIA LEX, proposed by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, enacted that the testator should leave at least the fourth part of his fortune to the person whom he named his heir. ( (Dio Cass., 48, 33.)

FALERIA, a town of Picenum, southwest of Firmum, now Falleroni. (Plin., 3, 13.)

FALERNUS AGER, a part of Italy famed for its wine. Few portions of the Italian peninsula were unfriendly to the vine, but it flourished most in that tract of the southwestern coast to which, from its extraordinary fertility and delightful climate, the name of Campania Felix was given. Some doubt concerning the extent of the appellation seems to exist; but Pliny and Strabo confine it to the level country reaching from Sinuessa to the promontory of Sorrento, and including the Campi Laborini, from whence the present name of Terra di Lavoro has arisen. In ancient times, indeed, the hills by which the surface is diversified seem to have been one continued vineyard. Falernus is FALERII (or ium), a city of Etruria, southwest of spoken of by Florus as a mountain, and Martial deFescennium, and the capital of the ancient Falisci, scribes it under the same title; but Pliny, Polybius, so well known from their connexion with the early his- and others, denominate it a field or territory (ager); tory of Rome. Much uncertainty seems to have ex- and, as the best growths were styled indiscriminately isted respecting the ancient site of this place; but it Massicum and Falernum (vinum), it is thought that is now well ascertained that it occupied the posi- Massicus was the proper appellation of the hills which tion of the present Civita Castellana. Cluver, and arose from the Falernian plain. The truth seems to after him Holstenius (ad Steph. Byz., p. 67), have be, that the choicest wines were produced on the satisfactorily established this point. The doubt seems southern declivities of the range of hills which comto have originated in the notion that there was a city mence in the neighbourhood of ancient Sinuessa, and named Faliscum, as well as Falerii. (Strabo, 226.) extend to a considerable distance inland, and which The situation of the ancient Falerii is made to agree may have taken their general name from the town or with that of Civita Castellana, from the language of district of Falernus; but the most conspicuous or the Plutarch (Vit. Camill.) and Zonaras (Ann., 2), who best exposed among them may have been the Massic; both describe it as placed on a lofty summit; and the and as, in process of time, several inferior growths latter states that the old town was destroyed, and a were confounded under the common denomination of new one built at the foot of the hill. This fact is con- Falernian, correct writers would choose that epithet firmed by the identity of the new Falerii with the which most accurately denoted the finest vintage. If church of St. Maria Falari, on the track of the Fla- we are to judge, however, by the analogy of modern minian way, where the Itineraries place that city. names, the question of locality will be quickly decided, We learn, too, from Pliny (3, 5), that Falerii became as the mountain which is generally allowed to point to a colony under the name of Falisca, a circumstance the site of ancient Sinuessa is still known by the name which sufficiently reconciles the apparent contradic- of Monte Massico. Pliny's account of the wines of tion in the accounts of this city. (Front., de Col., p. Campania is the most circumstantial. (Plin., 14, 6.) 130.) Falerii, according to Dionysius of Halicarnas- Augustus, and most of the leading men of his time," sus (1, 21), belonged at first to the Siculi; but these observes this writer, "gave the preference to the Sewere succeeded by the Pelasgi, to whom the Greek tine wine that was grown in the vineyards above Forform of its name is doubtless to be ascribed, as well um Appii, as being of all kinds the least calculated to as the temple and rites of the Argive Juno, and other injure the stomach. Formerly the Cæcuban wine, indications of a Grecian origin which were observed which came from the poplar marshes of Amycle, was by that historian, and with which Ovid, who had mar- most esteemed, but it has lost its repute through the ried a lady of this city, seems also to have been struck, negligence of the growers, and partly from the limited though he has followed the less authentic tradition, extent of the vineyards, which have been nearly dewhich ascribed the foundation of Falerii to Halesus, stroyed by the navigable canal begun by Nero from son of Agamemnon. (Am., 3, 13.— Fast., 4, 73.) Avernus to Ostia. The second rank used to be asThe early wars of the Falisci with Rome are chiefly signed to the growths of the Falernian territory, and detailed in the fifth book of Livy, where the celebra- among them chiefly to the Faustianum. The territory ted story of Camillus and the schoolmaster of Falerii of Falernus begins from the Campanian bridge, on the Occurs. When the Roman commander was besie- left hand, as you go to Urbana. The Faustian vineging this place, the schoolmaster of the city (since the yards are situate about 4 miles from the village, in the higher classes of Falerii had a public one for the com- vicinity of Cedia, which village is six miles from Sinmon education of their children) committed a most uessa. The wines produced on this soil owe their disgraceful and treacherous act. Having led his schol- celebrity to the great care and attention bestowed on ars forth, day after day, under pretence of taking ex- their manufacture; but latterly they have somewhat ercise, and each time farther from the city walls, he degenerated, owing to the rapacity of the farmers, who at last suddenly brought them within reach of the Ro- are usually more intent upon the quantity than the man outposts, and surrendered them all to Camillus. quality of their vintage. They continue, however, in Indignant at the baseness of the deed, the Roman gen- the greatest esteein, and are, perhaps, the strongest of eral ordered his lictors to strip the delinquent, tie his all wines, as they burn when approached by a flame. hands behind him, and supply the boys with rods and There are three kinds, the dry, the light, and the scourges to punish the traitor, and whip him into the sweet Falernian. The grapes of which the wine is city. This generous act on the part of Camillus pro-made are unpleasant to the taste." From this and duced so strong an impression on the minds of the in habitants, that they immediately sent ambassadors to treat of a surrender (Liv. 5, 27.-Compare Val. Max., 6, 5.-Front., Strat., 5, 4). It was not, however, till the third year after the first Punic war that this people was finally reduced. (Polybius, 1, 65 -Livy, Epit., 19.-Oros., 4, 11.) The waters of the Faliscan territory were supposed, like those of the Clitumnus, to have the peculiar property of communicating a white colour to cattle. (Plin., 2, 103.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 226.)

other accounts, it appears that the Falernian wine was strong and durable; so rough in its recent state as not to be drunk with pleasure, and requiring to be kept many years before it grew mellow. Horace calls it a fiery wine; Persius, indomitum, i. e., possessing very heady qualities. According to Galen, the best was that from 10 to 20 years; after this period it became bitter. Among the wines of the present day, Xeres and Madeira most closely approximate to the Falernian of old, though the difference is still very considerable, since the ancient wines of Italy and Greece

were usually mixed with certain quantities of pitch, | are paúσkw and paívw, “ to bring forth into the light," aromatic herbs, sea-water, &c., which must have com- "to cause to appear." (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. I, municated to them a taste that we, at least, should p. 51, not.-Spangenberg, l. c.) consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and FAUNALIA, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus. especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon They were celebrated on the 13th of February, or the thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave no-ides of the month. On this same day occurred the thing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, ari- slaughter of the Fabii. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 193, seqq.) sing, no doubt, from the substances with which the There was another festival of the same name, which wine had been medicated. We have an exception, was celebrated on the nones (5th) of December. however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the (Horat., Od., 3, 18.) consulship of Opimius, A.U.C. 633, which was to be met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after. This may have been owing to the peculiar qualities of that vintage, since we are informed that, in consequence of the great warmth of the summer in that year, all the productions of the earth attained an extraordinary degree of perfection. Vid. Cæcubus Ager.presence of these frolic divinities, and hence, no doubt, (Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p. 81, seqq.)

FALISCI, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii.)
FALISCUS GRATIUS. Vid. Gratius.

FAUNI, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. When the spring brought back new life to the fields, the vivid imagina tion of the ancient poets saw them animated by the the origin of their name, from the Greek paw or paúw ("to show forth," "to display to the view"), the Fauns being, if the expression be allowed, the rays of the genial spring-light personified. (Creuzer, Symbolik, FANNIA LEX, de Sumptibus, enacted A.U.C. 588. vol. 2, p. 921.)-The Fauns of the Latin mythology It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100 are somewhat analogous to the Satyrs of the Greeks. asses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis; There are points, however, in which the ancient arton ten other days every month to 30, and on all other ists made them differ as to appearance. The Fauns days to 10 asses: also, that no other fowl should be are generally represented as young and frolic of mien; served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the their faces are round, expressive of merriment, and purpose. (Aul. Gell., 2, 24.-Macrob., Sat., 2, 13.) not without an occasional mixture of mischief. The FANNIUS, an inferior poet, ridiculed by Horace Satyrs, on the contrary, bear strong resemblance to (Sat., 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the different quadrupeds; their faces and figures partake day carried his writings and bust to the library of the of the ape, the ram, or the goat; they have sometimes Palatine Apollo, a compliment only paid to produc- goats' legs, but always either goats' or horses' tails. tions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was (Flaxman, Lectures on Sculpture, p. 152.) Accordunasked for on the part of Fannius (ultro delatis cap-ing to Lanzi, there is, in general, in the lower limbs sis et imagine); an expression of double import, since ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et Heindorf, ad Horat., l. c.)

FANUM VACUNÆ, a temple of Vacuna, in the vicinity of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor., Ep., 1, 10, 49.) It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca Giovane.

of the Faun, more of the goat, in those of the Satyr more of the horse. (Vasi, p. 98, seqq.- Compare Visconti, Mus. Pio-Clement., vol. 3, p. 54, seq.Virg., G., 1, 10.-Ovid, Met., 6, 392.)

FAUNUS, a rural deity of the ancient Latins, resemling the Grecian Pan, to whom he is not very dissimilar in name, and with whom he was often identified. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 424.-Id. ib., 4, 650.— Horat., Od., FARFARIS. Vid. Fabaris. 1, 17, 1.) Indeed, some writers think that his worFAUNA, a goddess of the Latins. According to the ship was originally Pelasgic, and was brought by this old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities race from Arcadia, the well-known centre of the worwere originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus, ship of Pan. (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 3, and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes p. 203.) Faunus was held to have the power of tellher to have never left her bower, or let herself be seening the future. (Ovid, l. c.—Virg., Æn., 7, 81, seq.) of men; and to have been deified for this reason, be- In later times he was mortalized, like all the other coming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man be- Italian gods, and was said to have been a just and ing allowed to enter her temple. (Macrob., 1, 12.) brave king, greatly devoted to agriculture, the son of According to another tradition, she was not only re- Picus and father of Latinus. (Virg., Æn., 7, 47.—— markable for her modesty, but also for her extensive Probus, Geor., 1, 10.) Like Pan, too, he was multiand varied knowledge. Having, however, on one oc-plied; and as there were Pans, so we also meet abuncasion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine, she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtletwigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the celebration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were carefully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e., "a honey jar." (Consult Macrob., Sat., 1, 12, and Spangenberg, de Vet. Lat. Relig. Domest., p. 64, where other versions of the story are given.) Fauna is said to have given oracles from her temple after death, which circumstance, according to some, affords an etymology for the name Fatua or Fatuella, which was often borne by her (from fari, "to declaro"). A different explanation, however, is given in Macrobius (Labeo, ap. Macrob., Sat., 1, 12).-There can be little doubt but that Fauna is identical not only with the Bona Dea, but with Terra, Tellus, and Ops; in other words, with the Earth personified. (Macrob., l. c.) The name appears to come from páw, paów, connected with which

dant mention of Fauns. (Vid. Fauni.) The poets gave to Faunus the same personal attributes as they did to the Fauns, making his shape half human, half that of a goat. As Fauna was nothing more than the Earth (Vid. Fauna), so Faunus appears to be the same with Tellumo. (Spangenberg, de Vet. Lat. Rel. Dom., p. 63.-Heyne, Excurs., 5, ad En., 7.-Ruperti, ad Juv., 8, 131.-Antias, ap. Arnob. adv. gent., 5, 1, p. 483.-Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 203.) FAVORINUS. Vid. Phavorinus.

FAUSTA, I. daughter of Sylla, married Milo the friend of Cicero. She disgraced herself by a criminal affair with the historian Sallust. (Horat., Sat., 1, 2, 41.-Schol. Cruq. et Acr., ad loc.)-II. Daughter of Maximian, and wife of Constantine the Great. When her father wished her to join him in a plot for assassinating her husband, she discovered the whole affair to the latter. After exercising the most complete ascendancy over the mind of her husband, she was eventually put to death by him, on his discovering the falsity of a charge which she had made against Crispus, the son of Constantine by a previous marriage. (Amm. Mar

cell., 14, 1.—Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 6, p. | ceeded by Porcius Festus, and left Paul still in prison, 356.) in order to please the Jews. The latter, however, sent FAUSTINA, I. Annia Galeria, daughter of Annius a deputation to Rome to accuse him of various malVerus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus be- practices, but he was screened from punishment by the fore his adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third influence of his brother Pallas with Nero, who had sucyear of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was ceeded Claudius on the imperial throne. (Joseph., Ant. notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband Jud., 20, 8.)-II. A native of Rome, who succeeded appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even Dionysius the Calabrian as bishop of that city, A.D. accorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears 271, and suffered martyrdom in 275. He was sucon a large number of medals. (Dio Cass., 17, 30.-ceeded by Eutychianus, bishop of Luna. There is exCapitol., Vit. Anton. P., c. 3.)-II. Annia, or the tant an epistle of Felix to Maximus, bishop of AlexYounger, daughter of the preceding, married her cousin andrea, against Paul of Samosata.-III. A bishop of Marcus Aurelius, and died A.D. 176, in a village of Rome, the second of the name in the list of Popes, Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her hus- though some call him Felix III., on account of an anband's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio ti-pope who assumed the title of Felix II. in the schism Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her against Liberius (A.D. 355-66). He succeeded Simconduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Med- plicius A.D. 483. Felix had a dispute, upon quesitations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and tions of ecclesiastical supremacy, with Acacius, bishop affection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Ve- of Constantinople, who was supported by the emperor rus, whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the and most of the eastern clergy, in consequence of which empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father a schism ensued between the Greek and Latin churches. as emperor. (Capitol., Vit. Ant. Phil., c. 19.) Mar- Felix died A.D. 492, and was succeeded by Gelasius chand (Mercure de France, 1745) and Wieland have at- I. He was canonized by the Romish church. (Contempted to clear this princess of the imputations against sult Moreri, Dict. Hist., vol. 2, p. 503.) her character. (Encyclop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10, p. 209.)

FAUSTITAS, a goddess among the Romans, supposed to preside over cattle, and the productions of the seasons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to the Felicitas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Horat., Od., 4, 5, 17.)

FELSINA, an Etrurian city in Gallia Cisalpina, afterward called Bononia, and now Bologna. Pliny (3, 15) makes it to have been the principal seat of the Tuscans; but this must be understood to apply only with reference to the cities founded by that nation north of the Apennines. Bononia received a Roman colony 653 A.U.C. (Liv., 37, 57.-Vell. Patcrc., 1, FAUSTULUS, the name of the shepherd who, in the 15.) Frequent mention of this city is made in the old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting civil wars. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 11, 13.—Id. ib., 12, 5. suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children—Appian, 4, 2.) Ás it had suffered considerably duto his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus, and Roma.)

ring this period, it was restored and aggrandized by Augustus after the battle of Actium, and continued to rank high among the great cities of Italy. (Tacit., Hist., 2, 53.-Strabo, 216.-Pomp. Mel., 2, 4.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 88.)

FELTRIA, a town of Italy, now Feltre, in the district of Venetia. It was the capital of the small community called Feltrini.

FEBRUALIA, a feast at Rome of purification and atonement, in the month of February: it continued for 12 days. The month of February, which, together with January, was added by Numa to the ten months constituting the year of Romulus, derived its name from this general expiatory festival, the people being then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 19.) Some, however, deduce the name Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, mentioned by Varro (L. L., 4, 13), and meaning the "end" or "extremity" of anything, whence comes the term fimbria, "the hem or edge of a garment." In this sense, therefore, February will have been so called from its having been the last month in the earlier Roman" De Sacerdotiis et Magistratibus Romanorum," is year. (Nork, Etymol. Handwört., vol. 1, p. 338.)

FENESTELLA, a Roman historian, who lived in the time of Augustus. Pliny and Eusebius place his death in the sixth year of the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 21. Fenestella wrote an historical work entitled Annales, from which Asconius Pedianus has derived many materials in his Commentaries on Cicero's Orations. Of this work only fragments remain. Another production,

sometimes attributed to him, but incorrectly. It is from the pen of Fiocchi (Floccus), a native of Florence, and was written at the commencement of the 14th century. Fenestella was seventy years old at the time of his death. (Voss., de Hist. Lat., 1, 19.Funcc. de Viril. at. L. L., p. 2, c. 5, 8.- Madvig, de Ascon. Pedian., p. 64.) The fragments of Fenestella's Annals are given, among others, by Havercamp, in his edition of Sallust, vol. 2, p. 385. (Bähr, Gesch. Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 412.)

FELIX, M. ANTONIUS, I. a Roman governor of Judæa, who succeeded in office Cumanus, after the latter had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant. Jud., 20, 6.) He was the brother of the freedman Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his government, A.D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time married to Azizus, king of Emesa; and by dint of magnificent promises, and through the intervention of a reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in de- FERALIA, a festival at Rome of the Dii Manes, on taching her from her husband, and in making her his the 21st of February, but, according to Ovid, on the own wife. Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud., 17th. Festus derives the word from fero, on account 20, 8) with having caused the assassination of the high- of a repast carried to the sepulchres of relations and priest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed friends on that occasion, or from ferio, on account of his place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one the victims sacrificed. Vossius observes, that the who was continually remonstrating with him about the Romans termed death fera, cruel, and that the word oppression of his government. And yet the Roman feralia might arise thence. (Compare, however, the governor proved in one instance of considerable bene- remarks of Nork, Etymol., Handwört., vol. 1, p. 341, fit to those under his charge, by delivering them from s. v. feria.) It continued for 11 days, during which the robbers who had previously infested their country. time presents were carried to the graves of the de(Joseph., l. c.) It was before this Felix that St. Paul ceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of appeared at Cæsarea, on that memorable occasion the gods were shut. Friends and relations also kept, when the startling subjects discussed by the apostle made the corrupt Roman tremble on his judgment-seat. (Acts, 24, 25.)* Two years after, this Felix was suc

after the celebration, a feast of peace and love, for settling differences and quarrels among one another, if any such existed. It was universally believed that