ΠΟΛΑ, and ΒΟΩΝ ΕΛΑΤΕΙΑ, in allusion to her be ing borne or drawn by bulls; and it is probable that some such symbolical composition gave rise to the fable of Jupiter and Europa; for it appears that, in Phoenicia, Europa and Astarte were only different titles for the same personage, who was the deity of the Moon; comprehending both the Diana and Celestial Venus of the Greeks."-III. A district of Macedonia, in which was situate the town of Europus. Some geographers make it to have been a part of Thrace; but without any good reason. It was also called Europia. (Vid. Europus.)

EUROPUS, a town of Macedonia, situate, according to Pliny (4, 10), on the river Axius, and in the district of Emathia. Ptolemy does not ascribe it to this district, however, but to one which he calls Matia (p. 84). But, according to Pliny, there was another Europus, situated on the river Rhodias (perhaps Ludias), of which Strabo also speaks. (Strabo, 327.)

bouring country, and, from feelings of gratitude on the part of his subjects, had his name given to the stream. (Pausan., 3, 1.) The modern name is Basilipotamo (pronounced Vasilipotamo), and signifying the royal river, in allusion to certain petty princes, dependant upon the eastern emperors, who possessed a small kingdom in this quarter during the middle ages. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 8, p. 595.) Dodwell, how

spect to Selene and Astarte. (oivikes dè 'Aorpoúp- | the destroying attribute, that Diana is called TAYPOτην ὀνομάζουσι, σελήνην είναι θέλοντες. Herodian, 5, 6, 10.) This goddess had the principal seat of her worship in Sidon. (2 Kings, 23, 13.) As lunar goddess, Astarte had, among her other symbols, some of the attributes of the buil; she wore, says Sanchoniathon (ap. Euseb., Præp. Evang., 1, 10), the hide of a bull as an ornament for the head when she wandered over the earth. In all the physico-religious systems of Lower Asia there existed a great uniformity in the leading principles (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 11, seqq.), and throughout a large portion of this country the worship of the moon was firmly established. Without stopping to discover any traces of this in the Phrygian rites, or in those of the goddess of Comana, it will be sufficient to refer to Artemis Tauropolos, who would seem, in many respects, to have been the same with the Phoenician Astarte. (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 199.-Millin, Galerie Myth., vol. 1, pl. 34, Nr. 121.) It is curious to observe, moreover, that Artemis Tauropolos was worshipped on the shores EUROTAS, I. a river of Laconia, and the largest in of the Persian Gulf, the primitive seat of the Phoenician the Peloponnesus. It rises in Arcadia, near Asea, a race. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., 609.-Com- little to the southwest of Tegea, and, after running a pare Dupuis, Memoires de l'instit. nat., an. XII, short distance, disappears under ground. On the opLitt. et b. arts, vol. 5, p. 11.) Nor should we omit posite side of the mountains which separate Arcadia to notice, that, from the researches of Creuzer, the from Laconia, it reappears in the latter country, in worship of Diana Luna would appear to have extended the district of Belmina. It then traverses that provnot only along the Persian Gulf, but also in various parts ince, and passes by Sparta to Helos, near which town of middle Asia; and that the symbolical mode of rep- it empties into the sea. (Strabo, 342.-Dionys. Peresenting this goddess was a female figure riding on a rieg., v. 411.) The Eurotas flowed to the east of bull, with a crescent-shaped veil over her head. Such Sparta, as we are informed by Polybius; its stream is the way in which she appears on a medal of the Isl- was full and rapid, and could seldom be forded. Euand Icaria (Harduin, de Num. Antiq., p. 217), where rotas, the third king after Lelex, enlarged and reguthis worship also prevailed. (Strab., 638.) It is ex-lated its bed, drew a canal from it, drained the neightremely probable, that some early statue of Diana Luna, represented in precisely the same posture as the figure on the Icarian medal, gave rise to the mythus of the carrying away of Europa by a bull; and thus Europa belongs, as an imaginary personage, to the cycle of the lunar worship. To place this in a still clearer light, let us turn our attention to the testimony afforded by ancient works of art. Achilles Tatius (p. 10.-Compare Plin., 36, 10) saw, in the Sidonian temple of As-ever, states that the most common appellation for the tarte, among the sacred offerings, a painting which Eurotas at the present day is Iri. (Class. Tour, vol. had for its subject the carrying off of Europa. The 2, p. 409.)-II. A river of Thessaly, called also Tidescription of this differs only in some collateral points taresius, rising in Mount Titarus, a branch of Olymfrom that of a painting preserved to us in the tomb of pus, and falling into the Peneus, a little above the vale the Nasonii, of which Belloir makes mention. (Pic- of Tempe. Its modern name is the Saranta Poros. tura Antiqua sepulchri Nasoniorum in via Flaminia. Its having been called Eurotas as well as Titaresius -Græv., Thes. Ant. Rom., vol. 12, p. 1059.) The is stated by various authorities. (Compare Strabo, scene is laid on the shore near Sidon: the bull hastens Epit. 7, p. 329, and the author of the Sibylline verses, with his lovely burden over the waves, and the play-3, p. 227.) Although, however, the Titaresius fell mates of Europa stand lost in astonishment and grief. The bearing away of Europa is the subject also of many sculptured stones that have come down to us. (Consult Montfaucon, Ant. Expl., vol. 1, pl. 19, Nr. 4.-Gori, Museum. Florent., vol. 1, tab. 56, Nr. 9.Augustini Gemma, ed. Gron., tab. 185.-Gemme Antiche, p. 2, tab. 27.-Winckelmann, Catal. de Stosch., p. 57.-Thesaurus Brandenb., p. 195.)-Even the EURUS, a wind blowing from the southeast. It was name Europa itself has reference to this female's iden- sometimes called by the Latin writers Vulturnus. tity with the moon. It is derived, most probably, from (Senec., Quest. Nat., 5, 16.) Those, however, who Eupów, "broad-visaged," and alludes to the appear-recognised only four winds, made Eurus the East wind, ance of the moon when at its full. Her mother's name, moreover, is Tλɛpáσoɑ, “she that enlightens from afar." In Crete she subsequently marries 'Acrépios, "the Starry," and gives birth to Minos, which connects her name with that of Pasiphaë (Пacioán), "she that enlightens all."--The conclusion, then, to which we would come, is this, that the legend of Europa relates to the introduction of the lunar worship, by Phoenician colonists, into Crete. (Höck's Kreta, vol. 1, p. 83, seqq.)-The identity of Europa and the Moon is also recognised by Knight. (Inquiry into the Symb. Lang., &c.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 247.) His words are as follows: "It is in the character of

into the Peneus, the waters of the two rivers did not mingle; as those of the Peneus were clear and limpid, while those of the Titaresius were impregnated with a thick unctuous substance, which floated like oil on the surface. Hence the fabulous account of its being a branch of the infernal Styx. (Strabo, 441.-Hom., I., 2, 751.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 369.)

and attempted to confirm this opinion by a fictitious derivation of the name, making Evpoç indicate àñò Ts Ew pewv, “blowing from the east," i. e., the point of the heavens where Aurora first appears.

EURYALUS, a Trojan, son of Opheltius, and one of the followers of Æneas. Virgil has immortalized the inseparable friendship between him and Nisus. (Vid. Nisus.)

EURYBATES, I. a herald of Agamemnon, in the Trojan war, who, with Talthybius, took Briseïs away from Achilles, under the orders of that monarch. (Hom., Il., 1, 320.)—II. A herald of Ulysses. (Hom., Il., 2, 184.)

EURYPHON, a Cnidian physician, a contemporary of Hippocrates, but probably older in years, since he is deemed the author of the Cnidian aphorisms which are quoted by Hippocrates. (Galen, Comment. in Hipp. de victu acut., p. 43.)

EURYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. According to Pausanias (3, 7), his reign was so glorious a one, that his descendants were called from him Eurypontide, although the family belonged to the Proclidæ. Plutarch, however (Vit. Lycurg., c. 2), says that the change of name was owing to Eurypon's having relax

EURYBIADES, a Spartan, commander of the common, B.C. 470, in both a naval and land fight. The bined Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Persian ships were drawn up at the mouth of the river, Salamis. He was appointed to this office, although to the number of 350, or, as some affirm, 600; but, on Sparta sent only ten ships, by the desire of the allies, the first attack, they fled to the shore and were stranded. who refused to obey an Athenian. (Herod., 8, 3.- Cimon then landed his forces, and, after a severe enBähr, ad loc.) An allusion to the famous scene be-gagement, routed the enemy, and took their camp and tween Eurybiades and Themistocles will be found baggage. (Plut., Vit. Cim—Thucyd., 1, 100.) This under the latter article. (Vid. Themistocles.) signal victory annihilated the Persian navy. The EuEURYDICE, I. the wife of Amyntas, king of Mace- rymedon is now the Capri-sou, and appears to have donia. She had, by her husband Alexander, Perdiccas undergone considerable changes since ancient times, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone, who was for the bar at the mouth is now so shallow as to be married to Ptolemy Alorites. A criminal partiality impassable to boats that draw more than one foot of for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her water. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 281.) hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity, had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his father's death, and perished by the ambition of his mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates, the Athenian general, for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. (C. Nep., Vit. Iphicl., 3.)-II. A daugh-ed the strictness of kingly government, and inclined to ter of Antipater, and the wife of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, the interests of the people. (Consult Valckenaer, ad by whom she had several children. After the death Theocrit. Adoniaz., p. 271.) of Alexander the Great, she proceeded to Alexandrea for the purpose of rejoining her husband, and she brought with her Berenice, her niece, who proved the source of all her misfortunes. For Berenice inspired Ptolemy with so strong a passion, that he took her as his second wife, and allowed himself to be controlled entirely by her influence. Eurydice and her children retired to the court of Seleucus, king of Syria. One of her daughters subsequently married Agathocles, son of Lysimachus; and another, Demetrius Poliorcetes. Ptolemy Ceraunus, the eldest of her sons, seized upon the kingdom of Macedonia. Eurydice followed him to that country, and contributed to conciliate towards him the minds of the Macedonians, through the respect which they entertained for the memory of her father Antipater. Ptolemy Ceraunus having been slain, B.C. 280, in a battle against the Gauls, Macedonia was delivered up to the ravages of these barbarians, and Eurydice fled for protection to the city of Cassandrea. In order to attach the inhabitants more strongly to her interests, she gave them their freedom; and they, through gratitude, established a festival called after her Eurydicea. The rest of her history is not known. EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of -III. Á daughter of Amyntas and Cynane. Her pre- Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno vious name was Adea, afterward changed to Eurydice. hastened his birth by two months, that he might come (Arrian, ap. Phot., cod., 92-vol. 1, p. 70, ed. Bekker.) into the world before Hercules, the son of Alcmena, She married Aridæus, the half-brother of Alexander, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Juand for some time, through the aid of Cassander, de-piter to be subservient to the will of the other. (Vid. fended Macedonia against Polysperchon and Olympias. Alcmena.) The right thus obtained was cruelly exerHaving been forsaken, at length, by her own troops, cised by Eurystheus, and led to the performance of the she fell into the hands of Olympias, together with her twelve celebrated labours of Hercules. The success husband. Both were put to death by that queen. of the hero in achieving these so alarmed Eurysth(Justin, 14, 5.)—IV. Wife of Orpheus. As she fled eus, that he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, before Aristæus she was bitten by a serpent in the where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of grass, and died of the wound. Her disconsolate hus-danger. Apollodorus says that it was a vessel of brass band determined to descend to the lower world, to en- (Tibov xaλkovv, Apollod., 2, 5, 1), which he constructdeavour to procure her restoration to life. Pluto and ed secretly under ground. It appears, in fact, to have Proserpina listened to his prayer; and Eurydice was been a subterraneous chamber, covered within with allowed to return, on the express condition that Or-plates of brass. The remains of the treasury of Atreus pheus should not look back upon her till they were arrived in the regions of day. Fearing that she might not be following him, the anxious husband looked back, and thereby lost her. (Vid. Orpheus.)

EURYMEDON, a river of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor, rising in the chain of Mount Taurus, and, after passing the city of Aspendus, falling into the Mediterranean below that place. (Scylax, p. 40.—Mela, 1, 14.— Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 124.) Near it the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Ci

EURYSTHENES, a son of Aristodemus, who reigned conjointly with his twin-brother Procles at Sparta. It was not known which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it; and they were both appointed kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenide, and those of Procles, Proclide. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agide. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. (Herodot., 4, 147; 6, 52.— Pausan., 3, 1.-C. Nep., Vit. Ages.)

EURYSTHENIDÆ. Vid. Eurysthenes.

at Mycena indicate a building of a similar description, the nails which probably served to fasten plates of this metal to the walls still appearing. These nails consist of 88 parts of copper and 12 of tin. A similar explanation may be given of the brazen temple of Minerva at Sparta. Vid. Chalciœcus. (Gell's Itinerary, p. 33.) After Hercules had been translated to the skies, Eurystheus persecuted his children, and threatened with war Ceyx, king of Trachis, at whose court they had taken shelter. They thereupon fled to Ath

ens, and received protection from the inhabitants, who refused to deliver them up to Eurystheus. A war ensued, in which Eurystheus and his five sons were slain, the former by the hand of Hyllus, son of Hercules. The head of the monarch was sent to Alcmena, who dug out the eyes with a weaving-shuttle. (Apollod., 2, 8, 1, where for KEрKiσ we are to read kepkid.) Other accounts of his end, however, are given by other writers. (Eurip., Heraclid., 928, seqq.- Compare Isocr., Paneg., 15.)

EURYTIS (idos), a patronymic of Iole, daughter of Eurytus. (Ovid, Met., 9, 395.)

EURYTUS, a monarch of chalia, who taught Hercules the use of the bow. (Apollod., 2, 4, 9.-Heyne, ad loc.) He offered his daughter Iole to him who should surpass himself and his sons in archery. Hercules conquered, but Eurytus refused to give his daughter to the hero, who therefore put him and his sons to death, and led away Iole captive. (Apollod., 2, 6, 1.—Id., 2, 7, 7.)

thors, whether philosophers, historians, or divines, of Egypt, Phoenicia, Asia, Europe, and Africa." Though his industrious researches render his writings valuable, they are defective in judgment and accuracy. All the studies of Eusebius were directed towards the religion which he professed, and if he cultivated chronology, it was with the view of establishing on a solid basis the confidence to which the historical books of the Old Testament present so fair a claim. He displayed the fruits of his researches in a Chronicle, or Universal History (Пavrodan ioropía), divided into two books. In the first of these, to which he gave the name of Chronography (Xpovoypapía), he relates the origin and the history of all nations and empires, from the creation of the world down to 325 A.D. He pursues an ethnographic order, devoting a particular section to each people. The duration of the reigns of princes was fixed in it, and the author entered into details on certain events. In this first portion of the work, Eusebius introduced extracts from various historical writers whose productions are lost, such as Alexander Polyhistor, Berosus, Amydenus, Manetho, &c. The second part, entitled "Chronical Canon" (Xpovikòs Kavív), conyears each, the names of sovereigns, and the principal events which had taken place, from the call of Abraham (B. C. 2017). In compiling this part of his labours Eusebius availed himself of the Chronography of Sextus Julius Africanus, which he inserted almost entire in his Canon, completing it by the aid of Manetho, Josephus, and other historians. This he continued also to his own times. We possess a Latin translation of this chronicle, made by St. Jerome: it is not, after all, however, a simple version, since this father continued the dates down to the year 378, and made several changes also in the first part of the work. The Greek text itself is lost; and though George Syncellus has inserted many fragments of it in his Chronicle, and Eusebius himself has done the same in his Præparatio Evangelica, the remembrance of this original text was so far lost, that doubts began to be entertained whether that of the first book had ever existed, some critics being persuaded that Eusebius had written no other chronological work besides his Canon. Joseph Scaliger, however, undertook to reconstruct the first book of the work, by uniting all the fragments scattered throughout the writings of the various authors to whom allusion has been made. The whole subject has at length been cleared up in our own days, and all uncertainty on this point has been put completely to rest. In 1792, an Armenian of Constantinople, named Georgius Johannis, discovered an Armenian translation of the entire work. He made a copy of this, and transmitted it in 1794 to Dr. Zohrab at Venice. The precise date of the manuscript in question is unknown; but as the version is mentioned by Moses of Chorene, it ought to be as old at least as the fifth century. The first book of the Chronicle of Eusebius, with which we are made acquainted through the medium of this translation, is preceded by a preface, in which the author gives an account of the plan and difficulty of his undertaking. It is divided into forty-eight chapters, of which the first twenty-two embrace the chronology of the Chaldæans, Assyrians, Medes, Lydians, Persians, Hebrews, and Egyptians, comprehending under the latter head the dynasty of the Ptolemies. Almost all that these chapters contain existed already in Syncellus and in the Præparatio Evangelica; and hence we have not been very great gainers by the discovery of the Armenian version, as far as this portion of it is concerned. According to M. Raoul-Rochette (Journal des Savans, 1819, p. 545), the remaining chapters, from the twenty-third to the forty-eighth, are devoted to the chronology of the Greeks and Romans, down to the time of Julius Cæsar, and he has promised to communicate to the world whatever he may find there

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI, I. one of the most distinguished among the earlier Christian writers, and the friend of Constantine, was born in Palestine, probably at Cæsarea, about 264 A.D. He pursued his studies at Anti-sisted of synchronistic tables, giving, by periods of ten och, and is believed to have received holy orders from Agapius, bishop of Cæsarea. After having been ordained presbyter, he set up a school in his native city, and formed an intimate acquaintance with Pamphilus, bishop of Cæsarea, who suffered martyrdom under Galerius, A.D 309, and in memory of whose friendship he added to his name the term Pamphili, i. e., "(the friend) of Pamphilus." After the martyrdom of his friend he removed to Tyre, and thence to Egypt, where he himself was imprisoned. On his return from Egypt, he succeeded Agapius in the see of Cæsarea, A.D. 315. In common with many other bishops of Palestine, he at first espoused the cause of Arius; but at the council of Nice, in 325, where the Emperor Constantine assigned to Eusebius the office of opening the session of the assembly, the opinions of the heresiarch were condemned. He is said, however, to have raised some objections to the words "consubstantial, with the Father," as applied to the Son in the Nicene creed. His intimacy with his namesake Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, who openly espoused the cause of Arius, led him also to favour the same, and to use his influence with the emperor for the purpose of reinstating Arius in the church, in defiance of the opposition of Athanasius. The party to which he attached himself were called Eusebians, from their leader Eusebius of Nicomedia, and they seem to have acted in a great degree through hostility towards Athanasius and his supporters, as they did not, as yet, openly advocate the objectionable tenets of Arius, who had himself apparently submitted to the decrees of the council of Nice. Eusebius afterward, in 330, assisted at the council of Antioch, where the Arians triumphed, and he was present at the council of Tyre in 335, and joined those bishops who censured the proceedings of Athanasius, the great champion of orthodoxy. Eusebius was deputed by this council to defend before Constantine the judgment which they had passed against Athanasius; and he appears to have used his influence with the emperor to have Athanasius banished. The part which he took in this unfortunate controversy caused him to be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he fully admitted the divinity of Christ; and all that his accusers can prove is, that he believed there was a certain subordination among the persons of the Trinity. He was much in favour with Constantine, with whom he maintained an epistolary correspondence, many specimens of which he has inserted in his life of that prince. He died soon after his imperial patron, in 339 or 340. Eusebius was one of the most learned men of his time. "It appears from his works," says Tillemont, "that he had read all sorts of Greek au

in sufficiently novel in its nature to merit such notice. | 395. The Latin translation of Rufinus still exists, An account of the Armenian version is also given by but the Greek version of his supplement is lost. NiSaint Martin (Journal des Savans, 1820, p. 106). cephorus Callistus, a compiler of the fourteenth centuThe conclusion to which the last-mentioned writer ar- ry, has incorporated into his ecclesiastical history the rives, is as follows: that the great advantages ex-greater part of that of Eusebius.-The other works of pected to have been derived from the version to which Eusebius which have relation to the department of ecwe are referring, must be graduated much lower than clesiastical history are the following: Hepi Tv év IIathey originally were; and yet, at the same time, that haiorívy uартvрησávтwv, “Of those who suffered marthis discovery is of sufficient importance to merit hon- tyrdom in Palestine." The period referred to is the ourable mention, since it gives a great degree of cer- persecution of Dioclesian and Maximin, from 303 to tainty to many particulars, of which we were before 309.-Aóyos TрiaKOVTAETηPIKÓS, Thirty-year disput in possession relative to ancient history, and ren- course," i. e., an Eloge on Constantine, pronounced ders incontestable the authority of the Greek fragments in the thirtieth year of his reign, A.D. 335.-IIɛpì Tov published by Scaliger. Eusebius was also the author κατὰ Θεὸν βίου τοῦ μακαρίου Κωνσταντίνου τοῦ Βαof an Ecclesiastical History ('Ekkλnoiaσtikǹ iσropia), σihews. A life of Constantine, in four books. It is in ten books, from the origin of Christianity down to rather an eloge than a biographical sketch.-Tov apA.D. 324, a year which immediately preceded the xaiwv μaprúpwv ovvaywyń, “A Collection of Ancient triumph of the Catholic church over Arianism. This Martyrs." This work is lost, but many fragments work contains no express history of church dogmas. have been preserved by the legendary writers of subThe author proposed to himself a different object, sequent ages.--A life of Pamphilus, of which there which he specifies in the first book. It was to make remains a solitary fragment.-Пepì Twv Kaтà diapóрknown the succession of the apostles, and the individ- ους καιροὺς ἐν διαφόροις πόλεσιν ἀθλησάντων ἁγίων uals who, placed at the head of the different churches, μaprúpov, " Of the holy martyrs that have contended distinguished themselves by their firmness and apos- for the faith at various times and in various places." tolic virtues, or who defended the word of God by their -We now come to another work of Eusebius, which writings; to make mention of the persons who had forms the principal one of his theological writings. endeavoured to propagate false doctrines ; to describe | This is his Εὐαγγελικῆς ἀποδείξεως προπαρασκευή, the misfortunes and sufferings that had befallen the or "Præparatio Evangelica." This work, though its Jewish nation, as a punishment for their rejection of subject is one entirely sacred in its nature, yet conthe Saviour; as well as the persecutions to which the tains a great number of valuable notices respecting the faithful had been exposed, and the triumph procured mythology of the pagan nations, and the philosophy of for Christianity by the Emperor Constantine. A sec- the Greeks in particular. We find in it, also, numerondary object which Eusebius had in view, although ous passages taken from more than four hundred prohe does not expressly mention it, was to transmit to fane writers, and in this list are many whose producposterity literary notices of those writers who had tions are lost for us. The Preparatio Evangelica is treated before him of detached portions of the sacred addressed to Theodotus, bishop of Laodicea, and is history. What he proposed to himself, however, was divided into fifteen books. To prepare his readers for less to instruct and edify the faithful, than to place in a demonstration of evangelical truths by reasons purethe hands of the Gentiles a work which might induce ly philosophical, and, by collecting together a crowd of them to renounce the errors of their religious systems passages drawn from profane authors, to show how far and the prejudices of education. One is tempted, at superior Christianity is to all the systems of the pagan least, to ascribe this intention to him, when we call to world-such is the object of Eusebius in the work we mind that his work contains a number of things known are considering. In the first six books he proves the to every Christian reader; such as, for example, all futility of the heathen doctrines; the nine following that relates to the person of our Saviour, and the au- ones develop the motives which have induced the thenticity of the sacred writings; and also when we followers of Christianity to prefer to them the Jewish consider the skill he has displayed in placing in a system of theology as contained in the Old Testaprominent point of view the claims of Christianity, ment. In the first book Eusebius gives the tradiwithout, at the same time, making any direct attack on tions of the Greeks respecting the origin of the world. the absurdities of paganism. As Eusebius makes no He then directs his attention to the Phoenician theolmention of the troubles occasioned in the church by ogy, and it is on this occasion that he gives the cel the doctrines of Arianism, it has been concluded that ebrated fragment of Sanchoniathon. In the second his history was not continued by him during the last book he examines the religious doctrines of the Egypsixteen years of his life (for he lived until 340); but tians, as given by Manetho; and those of the Greeks that, being brought down by him to an epoch anterior after Diodorus Siculus, Euhemerus, and St. Clement to the council of Nice, it was concluded in 324. In of Alexandrea. He undertakes to show that the Plasupport of this opinion it may be remarked, that Pau- tonic was as inconsistent and defective as the popular linus, the bishop, to whom he addresses himself at the theology, and that even the Romans themselves recommencement of the tenth book, was dead in 325. jected the allegorical interpretations which the Greeks (Consult Haake, de Byzantinarum rerum scriptoribus gave to their own mythological legends. The third liber, Lips., 1677, 4to, pt. 1, c. 1, § 222.) In gen- book shows how vain and nugatory have been the eferal, Eusebius may be called a moderate, impartial, forts of those writers who have attempted to explain and judicious writer. His history was translated into the Egyptian and Grecian fables on physical and moral Latin by Rufinus, a priest of Aquileia, in the fourth cen- principles. The fourth and fifth books continue this tury he has made, however, retrenchments as well as demonstration, and seek to prove that the objects of additions, and has added a supplement in two books, worship and sacrifice among the Greeks were the dewhich extends to the death of Theodosius the Great. mons whom our Saviour drove from the world. The This supplement was, in turn, translated into Greek by sixth book refutes the pagan doctrine of destiny, and Gelasius of Cyzicus, about 476. Fabricius (Bibl. that relative to the influence supposed to be exercised Græc, vol. 8, p. 445) says, that the work of Rufinus by the heavenly bodies on human actions. was translated by St. Cyrill of Jerusalem, and he re- seventh the excellence of the religious system of the fers to Photius as his authority for this assertion. The Jews is demonstrated, and the nature of this system patriarch of Constantinople speaks of this translation explained. In the eighth book the sources of this from hearsay, for he never saw it: indeed, it never religion are pointed out, and in this part of his work could have existed; since St. Cyrill died in 386, and Eusebius gives, after Aristeas, the history of the Septhe supplement of Rufinus appeared subsequent to tuagint, or Greek version of the Old Testament. In

In the

the following books, down to the thirteenth inclusive, | Academia Ercolanense, vol. 1, p. 97, Naples, 1822. the author undertakes to show, that the Greek writers Bulletin des Sciences Historiques, vol. 4, p. 337, have derived from the Sacred volume whatever they seqq.) The commentary on Dionysius is less valuhave taught of valuable or good in matters of philoso- able, from the scanty nature, most probably, of the phy: such, according to him, is the case especially materials employed. A commentary on Pindar is with Plato. The fourteenth and fifteenth books la- lost. Some unpublished letters of the archbishop's bour to prove, that in the philosophical opinions of the are to be found in the public libraries of Europe.—II. Greeks there reign evident contradictions; that the A native of Egypt, called by some Eumathius, and majority of these opinions have no better foundation styled in one manuscript Πρωτονοβιλίσσιμος καὶ μέγας than mere hypothesis, and swarm with errors.-) -We xapropiλas, "Protonobilissimus and great archivist." must not omit another work of our author's, entitled, He was the author of a romance, entitled, Tò ka Περὶ τῶν τοπικῶν Ονομάτων ἐν τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ, “ Οἱ Ὑσμίνην καὶ Ὑσμινίαν δρᾶμα, “ Hysmine and Hysthe places mentioned in the sacred writings." It was minias." It is a cold, flat, and lifeless performance. in two books. The second book, which treats of Pal- The work has been twice published; first at Paris, estine, has alone reached us; we have it in Greek, and 1618, in 8vo, with the version, and under the care, of also in a Latin version by St. Jerome. The version Gaulmin; and again by Teucher, Lips., 1792. This would be preferable to the original, by reason of the last contains merely the text and the version of Gaulcorrections which Jerome made in the work, from his min, without either preface or notes.-III. An ancient intimate acquaintance with the country, if it had not jurist, who has left a work on Prescriptions, entitled, reached us in a very corrupt state. The best editions Hepì ruv xрovikův diασтημúrwv, “Of intervals of of the work on chronology are, that of Scaliger, Lugd. time." It was published by Cujas in the 1st volume Bat., 1659, fol., and that of Mai and Zohrab, Medio- of his works, Bale, 1561, 8vo; in Greek and Latin, lan., 1818, 4to: the best editions of the Ecclesiasti- by Schard, in the collection of Löwenklau, vol. 2, and cal History are, that of H. Stephens, Paris, 1544, at Leipzig, in 1791, 8vo, by Teucher. fol., reprinted with the Latin version of Christophorson, at Geneva, 1612; and that of Heinichen, Lips., 1827, 1 vol. 8vo. The life of Constantine accompanies the first of these. The best edition of the Præparatio Evangelica is that of Vigier, Paris, 1628, fol., reprinted at Leipzig, 1688, fol.-II. A native of Emesa, surnamed Pittacus, slain in 554 by order of the Emperor Gallus, and to whom Ammianus Marcellinus (14, 7) gives the title of “concitatus orator." -III. A native of Myndus, in Caria, a contemporary of the preceding. Eunapius makes mention of him in the life of Maximus; and, according to Wyttenbach (Eunap., ed. Boissonade, p. 171), he is the same with a third Eusebius, of whom Stobæus has left us two fragments.

EUTERPE, one of the Muses. She presided over music, and is generally represented as holding two flutes. To her was ascribed by the poets the invention of the tragic chorus. Ausonius says of her, "Dulciloquos calamos Euterpe flatibus urget." (Idyll. ult., 4.) The name means "the well-delighting one," from ev, well, and répπw, to delight. (Vid. Musæ.)

EUTHYCRATES, a sculptor of Sicyon, son and pupil of Lysippus, flourished in Olymp. 120. He was peculiarly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was borne on a chariot by four horses. (Plin., 34, 8.) As regards the last of these subjects, however, consult the remarks of Sillig, where a new reading in the text of Pliny is suggested. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)

EUTRAPELUS (the rallier," Eurρáneλos), an epithet given to P. Volumnius, a Roman, on account of his wit and pleasantry. (Horat., Epist., 1, 18, 31.) Having forgotten to put his surname or title of Eutrapelus to a letter he wrote to Cicero, the orator tells him he fancied it came from Volumnius the senator, but was undeceived by the cutrapelia (Evтрañɛλía), “the spirit and vivacity," which it displayed. (Compare Ernesti, Clav. Cic. Ind. Hist., s. v. Volumnius, and Ind. Græc., s. v. evrрarɛhía, from which it would appear that the εvrрañɛñía of Volumnius was rather a mimica et scurrilis facetia.")

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EUSTATHIUS, I. archbishop of Thessalonica, flourished in the 12th century under the emperors Manuel, Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebrated for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially known as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius the geographer. It must be confessed, however, that in the former of these commentaries he is largely indebted to the Deipnosophiste of Athenæus, and Schweighaeuser holds the following strong language relative to the extent of these obligations (Praf. ad. Athen., p. xix.): "In Eustathii in Homerum Commentariis Athenæus noster a capite ad calcem (verissime dixeris) utramque paginam facit: adeoque est incredibilis et pæne infinitus locorum numerus, quibus EUTROPIUS, I. a Latin historian of the 4th century. doctus ille præsul ex uno Athenæi fonte hortulos suos He bore arms under Julian in his expedition against irrigavit, ut sæpe etiam notissimorum nobilissimorum- the Parthians, as he himself informs us (9, 16), and is que auctorum, quorum ubivis obvia ipsa scripta sunt, thought to have risen to senatorian rank. Suidas makes unius ejusdem Athenæi verbis produxerit testimonia; him of Italian origin, while some modern writers, on utque, nisi de viri doctrina aliunde satis constaret, the other hand, advance the hypothesis that he was a subinde propemodum videri ille posset e solo Naucrat-native of Gaul, or, at least, had possessions in the neighica Deipnosophista sapuisse." (Compare the note of bourhood of Auch, and was identical with the Eutropius the same editor, and Fabricius, Bibl. Græc., vol. 1, to whom some of the letters of Symmachus are addressp. 316, seqq.) The commentary of Eustathius was ed. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 161, seqq.united to the edition of Homer which appeared at Compare the remarks of Tzschucke on the life of EuRome in 1542, 1548, 1550, in 3 vols. folio; and was tropius, prefixed to his edition.) The manuscripts give reprinted at Bâle in 1560, also in 3 vols. folio. The him the title of Vir Cl., which may stand either for latest edition is the Leipzig one of 1825--30, 6 vols. 4to; Vir Clarissimus or Vir Consularis, but which in for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a Latin either sense indicates an advancement to some of the version, was never finished. The three volumes of highest offices in the state. He wrote several works, it which appeared at Florence, 1730-35, in folio, ex- of which the only one remaining is an abridgment of tend only to the end of the fifth book of the Iliad. the Roman History in ten books. It is a brief and Müller and Baumgarten-Crusius have performed a dry outline, without either elegance or ornament, yet valuable service for the student, in publishing extracts containing certain facts which are nowhere else menfrom Eustathius along with the text of the Iliad and tioned. The work commences with the foundation of Odyssey. (Compare the Memoir of Andrès on the the city, and is carried on to the death of Jovian, A.D. Commentary of Eustathius, and the various transla-364. At the close of this work, Eutropius announces tions which have been made of it; Mem. della Reg. his intention of continuing the narrative in a more cle