que nous avons maintenant de cette princesse. La touching interest: nevertheless, Guimond de la Touche plupart de ceux qui ont entendu parler d'Andromaque is said, in this respect, to have surpassed his model. ne la connoissent que pour la veuve d'Hector, et pour -11. Tpúades, Troades, "The Trojan females." la mère d'Astyanax. On ne croit pas qu'elle doive The action of this piece is prior to that of the Hecuba. aimer un autre mari ni un autre fils; et je doute que The scene is laid in the Grecian camp, under the walls les larmes d'Andromaque eussent fait sur l'esprit de of Troy, which has fallen into the hands of the foe. A mes spectateurs l'impression qu'elles ont faite, si elles body of female captives have been distributed by lot avoient coulé pour un autre fils que celui qu'elle avoit among the victors. Agamemnon has reserved Casd'Hector." It is easy to perceive from this how much sandra for himself; Polyxena has been immolated to the French poet has ennobled by the change the char- the manes of Achilles; Andromache has fallen to acter of his heroine.-8. 'Ikérides, Supplices, "The Neoptolemus, Hecuba to Ulysses. The object of the Female Suppliants." The scene of this tragedy is laid poet is to show us in Hecuba a mother bowed down in front of the temple of Ceres at Eleusis, whither the by misfortune. The Greeks destroy Astyanax, and his Argive females, whose husbands have perished before mangled body is brought in to the mother of Hector, Thebes, have followed their king Adrastus, in the hope his own parent being by this time carried away in the of engaging Theseus to take up arms in their behalf, train of Neoptolemus. Ilium is then given as a prey and obtain the rites of sepulture for their dead, whose to the flames. This succession of horrors passes in bodies were withheld by the Thebans. Theseus yields mournful review before the eyes of the spectator; yet to their request and promises his assistance. In ex- there is no unity of action to constitute a subject for hibiting this play the third year of the 90th Olympiad, the piece, and consequently the play has no dénoûethe fourteenth of the Peloponnesian war, Euripides ment. Neptune appears in the prologue. Seneca and wished, it is said, to detach the Argives from the Spar- M. de Chateaubrun have imitated this tragedy.-tan cause. His attempt, however, failed, and the 12. Búxxat, Baccha, "The female Bacchanalians." treaty was signed by which Mantinea was sacrificed to The arrival of Bacchus at Thebes and the death of the ambition of Lacedæmon. The exposition of this Pentheus, who is torn in pieces by his mother and sispiece has not the same fault as the rest: it is impo- ter-such is the subject of this piece, in which Bacsing and splendid, and made without the intervention chus opens the scene and makes himself known to the of an actual prologue; for the monologue by which spectators. Brumoy regards this as a satyric drama ; Æthra, the mother of Theseus, makes known the sub- in this, however, he is mistaken, as the chorus of satyrs ject of the piece, is a prayer addressed to Ceres, in can never be dispensed with in such compositions. which the recital naturally finds a place.-9. 'Ipɩyéveia The action of the Baccha is very defective: it is a sucv Avhide, Iphigenia in Aulide, "Iphigenia at cession of rich paintings, of tragic situations, of brillAulis." The subject of this tragedy is the intended iant verses, connected together by a very feeble intersacrifice of Iphigenia, and her rescue by Diana, who est. The spectacle which this tragedy presented must substitutes another victim. It is the only one of the have been at once imposing and well calculated to keep plays of Euripides that has no prologue, for it is well alive curiosity. (Compare the remarks of Prevost, known that the Rhesus, which is also deficient in this Examen de la tragédie des Bacchantes, in the Theatre respect, had one formerly. Hence Musgrave has con- des Grecs, by Raoul-Rochette, vol. 9, p. 376.) There jectured that the present play had also once a prologue, is some probability for supposing that we have this in which the exposition of the piece was made by Di- play in a second edition.-13. 'Hрakλeidai, Heraclidæ. ana; and Ælian (Hist. An., 7, 39) cites a passage of The descendants of Hercules, persecuted by Eurysthe Iphigenia which we do not now find in it, and theus, flee for refuge to Athens, and implore the prowhich could only have been pronounced by Diana; it tection of that city. The Athenians lend aid, and announces what she intends to do for the purpose of Eurystheus becomes the victim of the vengeance he saving Iphigenia. Eichstädt, however, and Böckh, was about bringing upon them. Iolas, an old companmaintain, that the Iphigenia which we at present have ion of Hercules, explains the subject to the spectators. could not have been furnished with a prologue, since, The poet manages to impart an air of great interest to if it had been, this prologue ought to have contained the piece.-14. 'Eλévn, Helena. The scene is laid in the recital which is put in the mouth of Agamemnon Egypt, where Menelaus, after the destruction of Troy, at verse 49, seqq. Hence Böckh concludes, that there finds Helen, who had been detained there by Proteus, were two tragedies with this name, one written by Eu- king of that country, when Paris wished to convey her ripides and having a prologue, the other composed by to Ilium. Euripides follows in this the account of Euripides the younger, and which is also the one that Herodotus, to which he adds some particulars of his we now possess. (Eichstädt, de Dram. Græcorum own that border on romance. The action passes at the Comico-Satyrico, p. 99.-Böckh, Græcæ Tragadia isle of Pharos, where Theoelymenus, the son and sucPrincipum, &c., p. 216.-Consult also Bremi, Philo-cessor of Proteus, keeps Helen in custody with the log. Beyträge aus der Schweiz, p. 143, and Jacobs, view of espousing her. She employs a stratagem in Zusätze zu Sulzer, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 401.) Racine has order to escape from his power. The dénouement of made the story of Iphigenia the subject of one of his this piece resembles that of the Iphigenia in Tauris.— chefs-d'œuvre. (Consult the Comparaison de l'Iphi-15. Iov, Ion. Ion, son of Apollo and Creüsa, daughgenie d'Euripide avec l'Iphigenie de Racine, par Louis ter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, has been brought Racine, in the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscrip., &c., vol. up among the priests at Delphi. The design of Apollo 8, p. 288.) It has also been treated by Ludovico is to make him pass for the son of Xuthus, who has Dolce and by Rotrou.-10. 'Iplyéveia ǹ Ev Taúpots, married Creusa. The interest of the piece consists in Iphigenia in Tauride, "Iphigenia in Tauris." The the double danger which Creusa and Ion run; the daughter of Agamemnon, rescued by Diana from the former of being slain by Ion, and the latter of perishing knife of the sacrificer, and transported to Tauris, there by the poison prepared for him by a mother who is igserves the goddess as a priestess in her temple. Ores-norant of his being her son. The play, however, is tes has been cast on the inhospitable shores of this country, along with his friend Pylades, and by the laws of Tauris they must be sacrificed to Diana. Recognised by his sister at the fatal moment, Orestes conducts her back to their common country. A monologue by Iphigenia occupies the place of a prologue and exposition. The scene where Iphigenia and her brother became known to each other is of a deep and somewhat complicated, and has need of a long exposition, which is assigned to Mercury. The scene is laid at the entrance of Apollo's temple in Delphi, a place expressly chosen in order to give to the spectacle an air of pomp and solemnity. A religious tone, full of gravity and softness, pervades the whole piece. There is much resemblance between this tragedy and the Athalie of Racine.-16. 'Нpakλйs̟ μaïvóμevos, Hercules furens. After having killed, in his phrensy, sess the only extant specimen of this singular exhibihis wife and children, Hercules proceeds to submit tion. Notwithstanding, however, its burlesque ingrehimself to certain expiatory ceremonies, and to seek dients, the tragic character was so far preserved in the repose at Athens. Amphitryon appears in the pro- satyric play, that the subject appears to have been logue: the scene is laid at Thebes.-17. 'Hλékтpa, always historical, and the action partly serious, though Electra. The subject of this piece has been treated with a fortunate catastrophe. No less than tragedy also by Eschylus and Sophocles, but by each in his and comedy, the satyric drama had its peculiar and appeculiar way. Euripides transfers the scene from the propriate stage decorations, representing woods, caves, palace of gisthus to the country near Argos: the mountains, and other diversities of the sylvan landscape. exposition of the play is made by a cultivator, to Satyrs old and young, with Silenus in his various ages, whom Electra has been compelled to give her hand, were distinguished from one another by the variety of but who has taken no advantage of this, and has re- their grotesque masks, crowned with long, shaggy goat's spected in her the daughter of a royal line. On com- hair; while the Satyrs were negligently clad in skins paring Euripides with Sophocles, we will find him in- of beasts, and the Sileni decorated with garlands of ferior to the latter in the manner of treating the subject: flowers skilfully woven. The satyr-parts, too, appear he has succeeded, however, in embellishing it with in- to have been sometimes acted by pantomimic performteresting episodes.-18. 'Pooç, Rhesus. A subject ers, moving on a kind of stilts, to give more completely derived from the tenth book of the Iliad. Some able the appearance of goat's legs. The choral dance, it is critics have proved that this piece was never written by hardly necessary to remark, was thoroughly rustic, peEuripides. (Consult Dissertation sur la tragédie de culiarly lively, and quite opposite in character to the Rhesus, par Hardion, in the Mem. de l'Acad. des solemn and impressive movements which accompanied Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, vol. 10, p. 323.-Valckenaer, the serious tragedy. (Compare Casaubon, de Sat. Diatribe Euripidea, c. 9, seqq.-Beck's Euripides, Poes., 1, 5.) The fable of the Cyclops of Euripides vol. 3, p. 444, seqq., &c.) 19. Que0wv, Phaethon. is drawn from the Odyssey. The subject is Ulysses Of this play we have about eighty verses remaining. depriving Polyphemus of his eye, after having intoxClymene, the mother of Phaethon, is the wife of Me-icated him with wine. In order to connect with the rops, king of the Ethiopians, and Phaethon passes for story a chorus of satyrs, the poet has recourse to the the son of this prince. The young man, having con- following expedient. He supposes that Silenus, and ceived some doubts respecting his origin, addresses his sons, the Satyrs, in seeking over every sea for Bac himself to the Sun. The catastrophe, which cost him chus, whom pirates have carried away, have been shiphis life, is well known. In the tragedy of Euripides, wrecked on the coast of Sicily, where they have fallen the body of her son is brought to Clymene, at the very into the hands of Polyphemus. The Cyclops has moment when Merops is occupied with the care of made slaves of them, and has compelled them to tend procuring for him a bride.-20. Aaván, Danaë. Of his sheep. Ulysses, having been cast on the same this play we have the commencement alone, unless the coast, and having been, in like manner, made captive sixty-five verses, which commonly pass for a part of by Polyphemus, finds in these satyrs a willing band of the prologue, are rather to be considered as the produc- accomplices. They league with him against their mastion of some imitator, who has proceeded no farther in ter, but their excessive cowardice renders them very his attempt to ape the style of Euripides. This last useless auxiliaries. They profit, however, by his vicis the hypothesis of Wolf. (Litt. Anal., vol. 2, p. 394.) tory, and embark along with him.-Among the numer-The ancient writers cite also a poem of Euripides, ous editions of Euripides which have issued from the to which we have already alluded, under the title of press, the following are particularly worthy of notice: ERIKηdεLOV, "Funeral hymn," on the death of Nicias that of Beck, commenced by Morus, Lips., 1778-88, and Demosthenes, as well as of the other Athenians 3 vols. 4to: that of Musgrave, Oxon., 1778, 4 vols. who perished in the disastrous expedition against Syra- 4to: that of Matthiæ, Lips., 1813-37, 10 vols. 8vo. ; cuse. We possess also two Epigrams of Euripides, and the variorum Glasgow edition, 1820, 9 vols. 8vo. each consisting of four verses, one of which has been-Of the separate plays, the best editions are those of preserved for us in the Anthology, and the other in Porson, Brunck, Valckenaer, Monk, &c. The Diatribe Athenæus. There have also come down to us five of Valckenaer (Diatribe in Euripidis perditorum draletters, ascribed to Euripides, and written with suffi- matum reliquias, Lugd. Bat., 1767, 4to) is a choice cient purity and simplicity of style to warrant the belief piece of criticism, and contains some happy corrections that they are genuine productions. (Compare the re- of the text of the fragments. It is an excellent work marks of Beck in his edition of the poet-vol. 7, ed. for those who wish to be acquainted with the philoGlasg., p. 720.)-Of the numerous fragments of Eurip-sophical opinions of Euripides, and with the peculiar ides that have reached us, it seems unnecessary here character of his style, as distinguished from that of to speak. The only production worth mentioning, af- Sophocles.-II. A nephew of the preceding (Suid., ter those already noticed, is the satyric drama entitled s. v.--Böckh, de Trag. Grac., xiv. and xviii.), comCyclops (Kukλw). The Greek satyric drama must monly styled Euripides Junior. He was a dramatic not be confounded with the satire of the Romans, poet, like his uncle, and exhibited, besides his own from which it was totally distinct. (Bentley on Phal- compositions, several plays of the latter, then dead; aris, p. 246, ed. Lond., 1816.) It was a novel and one of these gained the prize. Böckh and others susmixed kind of play, first exhibited by Pratinas, proba-pect that he reproduced the Iphigenia in Aulis, and bly at a period not long subsequent to Olymp. 70, 2, B.C. 499. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 113.) The poet, borrowing from tragedy its external form and mythological materials, added a chorus of satyrs, with their lively songs, gestures, and movements. This species of composition quickly obtained great celebrity. The tragic poets, in compliance with the humour of their auditors, deemed it advisable to combine this ludicrous exhibition with their graver pieces. One satyric drama was added to each tragic trilogy, as long as the custom of contending with a series of plays, and not with single pieces, continued. Eschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were all distinguished satyric composers; and in the Cyclops of the latter we pos perhaps the Palamedes. (Vid. preceding article.) To this Euripides is ascribed, by Suidas, an edition of Homer. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 158.) EURIPUS, a narrow strait, dividing Euboea from the main land of Greece, and supposed to have been formed by an earthquake, or some other convulsion of nature, which tore Euboea from the Baotian coast. (Eurip., ap. Strab., 60.) Several of the ancients have reported, that the tide in this strait ebbed and flowed seven times in the day, and as many times during the night, and that the current was so strong as to arrest the progress of ships in full sail. (Pomp. Mela, 2, 7.—Strabo, 55.-İd., 403.-Plin, 2, 100.) According to the popular account, Aristotle drowned himself here out of We are informed, that the strait was made more narrow by a dike, which the inhabitants of Chalcis constructed to lessen the passage; and it is by no means improbable, that the whole of the flat on which the fortified part of Egripo now stands, and which is surrounded on the land side by a wide marsh, was formerly covered by the waters of the Euripus." (Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 1, Lett. 29, p. 372, seqq., Am. ed.) chagrin, from not being able to account for so unusual were aware, that the story of the Euripus changing its a motion of the water. The story, however, is devoid course always seven times during the day was unof foundation. (Vid. Aristoteles.)—From this rapid founded; and the account given of it by Livy (28, 6) movement of the current, the Euripus derived its an- corresponds, in some measure, with that of my Athecient name (ɛv, bene, and píñτW, jacio). Livy's ac- nian informant. The bridge which anciently connectcount of this strait appears the most rational. "Aed the main land and the island was considerably longmore dangerous station for a fleet," observes this wri-er than that which at present serves the same purpose. ter, "can hardly be found; besides that the winds rush down suddenly and with great fury from the high mountains on each side, the strait itself of the Euripus does not ebb and flow seven times a day, at stated hours, as report says; but the current changing irregularly, like the wind, from one point to another, is hurried along like a torrent tumbling from a steep mountain; so that, night or day, ships can never lie quiet." (Liv., 28, 6.) The straits are now called, by EUROPA, I. one of the three main divisions of the a corruption of the ancient name, the straits of Negro- ancient world. With the northern parts of this the pont. Hobhouse visited the Euripus, and the account ancients were very slightly acquainted, viz., what are given by this intelligent traveller of its appearance in now Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Russia. our own days is deserving of being cited. "What I They applied to this quarter the general name of Scanwitnessed of the Euripus was, that the stream flows dinavia, and thought it consisted of a number of islands: with violence, like a mill-race, under the bridges, and From the Portuguese cape, denominated by mariners that a strong eddy is observable on that side from which the Rock of Lisbon, to the Uralian Mountains, the length it is about to run, about a hundred yards above the of modern Europe may be reckoned at about 3300 bridges; the current, however, not being at all appa- British miles, and from Cape Nord, in Danish Lapland, rent at a greater distance, either to the south or north. to Cape Matapan, the southern extremity of the Morea, Yet the ebbing and flowing are said to be visible at it may be about 2350. As regards the limits of Euten or a dozen leagues distance, at each side of the rope, it may be remarked, that the chain of the Ural strait, by marks shown of the rising and falling of the Mountains, the river of the same name, the Caspian water in several small bays on both coasts. The depth Sea, and the lowest level of the isthmus between it of the stream is very inconsiderable, not much more and the Sea of Azof (a level indicated by the course of than four feet. The account which Wheler copied the Manytch and the Kuma), are boundaries between from the Jesuit Babin, respecting the changes of the Europe and Asia in the part in which they are conEuripus, and which he collected on the spot, though tiguous. That frontier ends at the Tanals or Don, not from his personal experience, he not being long which for a short space terminates the two continents. enough in the place, was, that it was subject to the The remaining limits are more easily determined; they same laws as the tides of the ocean for eighteen days are the Sea of Azof, the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the of every moon, and was irregular, having twelve, thir- Propontis, and the Hellespont. The line is taken across teen, or fourteen flowings and ebbings for the other the Archipelago; Tenedos, Mytilene, Chios, Samos, eleven days; that is, that it was regular for the three Nicaria, Cos, and Rhodes, belong to Asia; Naxos, last days of the old moon and the eight first of the Stampalia, and Scarpanto, to Europe. The Mediternew, then irregular for five days, regular again for the ranean divides Africa and Europe; but it is not ascernext seven, and irregular for the other six. The water tained whether Malta, Gozo, Comino, Lampedosa, and seldom rose to two feet, and usually not above one; Linosa are African or European islands. The Canaand, contrary to the ocean, it flowed towards the sea, ries, Madeira, and the Azores are, in a physical point and ebbed towards the main land of Thessaly, north- of view, appendages of Africa, being parts of a subward. On the irregular days it rose for half an hour, marine continuation from the chain of Atlas.-With and fell for three quarters; but, when regular, was six respect to the name of Europe, it must be confessed hours in each direction, losing an hour a day. It did that its etymology is altogether uncertain. Bochart denot appear to be influenced by the wind. A Greek of rives the word from the Phoenician Ur-appa, which he Athens, who had resided three years at Egripo, told makes equivalent to the Greek λevkoπpócwños, “ of a me that he considered the changes to depend chiefly white or fair aspect;" and considers it as applying not on the wind, which, owing to the high lands in the vi- only to the sister of Cadmus, but also to the Continent of cinity of the strait, is particularly variable in this place. Europe, from the fairer visages and complexions of its The two great gulfs, for so they may be called, at the inhabitants: "quia Europæi Africanos candore faciei north and south of the strait, which present a large multum superant." (Geogr. Sacr., 4, 33, col. 298.) surface to every storm that blows, and receive the M. Court de Gebelin, on the other hand, deduces the whole force of the Archipelago, communicate with name from the Phoenician Wrab, i. e., " West," as indieach other at this narrow shallow channel; so that the cating the country lying in that direction with referEuripus may be a sort of barometer, indicative of every ence to Asia. His explanation, however, of the mode change, and of whatever rising and falling of the tide, in which the same appellation came to be applied not visible in the open expanse of waters there may be to the lunar divinity, is far less plausible: "Ce nom in these seas. I did not, however, see any marks of ne convint pas moins à la Lune; car on ne la voit que le the water being ever higher at one time than at another. soir; et lorsqu'on commence à l'apercevoir à la NéoThe Greek had observed also, that, when the wind was menie, c'est toujours au couchant d'ailleurs n'est north or south, that is, either up or down the strait, the elle pas la Reine de la Nuit ? elle fut donc appellee alteration took place only four times in the twenty-four avec raison Europe." (Monde Primitif, vol. 1, p. hours; but that, when it was from the east, and blew | 250.)--As regards the progress of geographical disstrongly over the mountains behind Egripo, the refluxes covery, it may be remarked, that the earliest notices took place more frequently, ten or twelve times; and of Europe are in the writings of the Greeks, who inthat, in particular, immediately before the full of the moon, the turbulence and eddies, as well as the rapidity of the stream, were very much increased. There was never, at any season, any certain rule with respect either to the period or the number of changes. Those of the ancients who inquired into this phænomenon : habited the southeastern corner of the continent. From this country the geographical knowledge of Europe extended by degrees to the west and north. Homer was acquainted with the countries round the Ægean Sea or Archipelago. He had also a pretty accurate general notion respecting those which lie on the south and the Danube were soon added to the empire; but, as the nations who inhabited the tracts north of that river had not given up a wandering life, they were enabled to elude the Roman yoke. The most important addition to the empire and to geographical knowledge was the conquest of England during the first century after Christ, to which, in the following century, the south of Scotland was added. Nothing seems to have been added afterward. The Geogra coast of the Black Sea; but what he says about the countries west of Greece, on the shores of the Mediterranean, is a mixture of fable and truth, in which the fabulous part prevails. It would seem that, in his age, these seas were not yet visited by his countrymen, and that he obtained his knowledge from the Phoenicians, who had probably for some time sailed to these regions, but who, according to the common policy of trading nations, spread abroad false accounts of these unknown countries, in order to deter other na-phy of Ptolemy contains a considerable number of tions from following their track, and participating in the advantages of this distant commerce. It is probable, also, that the Phoenicians long excluded the Greeks from the navigation of the Mediterranean; for when the latter began to form settlements beyond their native country, they first occupied the shores of the gean, and afterward those of the Black Sea. As the European shores of this last-mentioned sea are not well adapted for agriculture, except a comparatively small tract of the peninsula of Crimea, their early settlements were mostly on the Asiatic coasts, and, consequently, little addition was made by these colonies to the geographical knowledge of Europe. But the navigation of the Phoenicians was checked in the mid-panions in a mead near the seashore. Europa, dedle of the sixth century before Christ, apparently by their being subjugated by the Persians. About this time, also, the Greeks began to form settlements in the southern parts of Italy and on the island of Sicily, and to navigate the Mediterranean Sea to its full extent. Accordingly, we find that, in the time of Herodotus (450 B.C.), not only the countries on each side of the Mediterranean, and the northern shores of the Black Sea, were pretty well known to the Greeks, but that, following the track of the Phoenicians, they ventured to pass the Columns of Hercules, and to sail as far as the Cassiterides, or Tin Islands, by which name the Scilly Isles and a part of Cornwall must be understood. It is even reported, that some of their navigators sailed through the English Channel and entered the North Sea, and perhaps even the Baltic. It must be observed, however, that Herodotus professes himself totally unacquainted with the islands called Cassiterides (3, 115), and Strabo (p. 104, &c.) expresses a very unfavourable opinion of the alleged northern voyages of Pytheas. Thus a considerable part of the coasts of Europe was discovered, while the interior remained almost unknown. When the Romans began their conquests, this deficiency was partly filled up. The conquest of Italy was followed by that of Spain and the southern parts of Gaul, and, not long afterward, Sicily, Greece, and Macedonia were added. Cæsar conquered Gaul and the countries west of the Rhine, together with the districts lying between the different arms by which that river enters the sea. His two expeditions into Britain made known also, in some measure, the nature of that island and the character of its inhabitants. Thus, in the course of little more than two hundred years, the interior of all those countries was discovered, the shores of which had been previously known. In the mean time, nothing was added to the knowledge of the coasts, the Greeks having lost their spirit of discovery by sea along with their liberty, and the Romans not being inclined to naval enterprise. After the establishment of imperial power at Rome, the conquests of the Romans went on at a much slower rate, and the boundaries of the empire soon became stationary. This circumstance must be chiefly attributed to the nature of the countries which were contiguous to those boundaries. The regions north of the Danube are mostly plains, and at that time were only inhabited by wandering nations, who could not be subjected to a regular government. Such, at least, are the countries extending between the Carpathian mountains and the Black Sea, and therefore the conquest of Dacia by Trajan was of short continuance and speedily abandoned. The countries between the Alps names of nations, places, and rivers in those coun- the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy for 1818, p. 219, seqq.) In Euripides (Iph. in Taur., v. 627), the epithet evpwróç occurs in the sense of "dark," and with this the explanation of Hesychius coincides: Evpúnn, xúpa τñç ŠVOEWS, ǹ OKOTεivý. The name Europe, then, will have been given by the Asiatics to the country which lay west of them, towards the evening (Ereb) sun, or the quarter of darkness. At what period this appellation was extended to the whole continent cannot now be ascertained (Ukert's Geogr., vol. 2, p. 210); as, however, Pherecydes already divided the earth into two hemispheres (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 4, 1396), placing Europe in the north, and Asia, including Africa, in the south, we may suppose this arrangement to have been generally received about the time of the Logographers. Now it is manifest, from what has just been stated, that the original mythus of Europa had no symbolical reference whatever to the continent of that name. Before, however, proceeding farther in the examination of this fable, it becomes important to consider the lineage assigned to the female in question. Homer (Il., 14, 321) names her as the daughter of Phoenix; so also Hesiod, Bacchylides sufficiently attractive to occupy the attention of many | thische Verbindung von Griechenland mit Asien," in of the later Greek and Roman authors. Hence we find it reappearing, after some lapse of time, in Moschus (Idyll., 2), Lucian (Dial. Mar.-Opp., vol. 2, p. 125, ed. Bip.), and Achilles Tatius (de Am. Clit. et Leuc., 1, 1.-Compare also Anacreon, Od., 35.— Horat., Od., 3, 27.-Ovid, Met., 2, 833.-Id., Fast., 5, 605.-Germanici Arat. Phan., 533.)-The ancient writers themselves attempt an explanation of the fable, with which the mythological expounders of later days are in full accordance, as we have already observed. Thus Palaphatus (p. 72, ed. Fisch.) makes the individual who carried off Europa to have been called Taurus (compare Tzetzes, ad Lycophr., v. 1299, and Meursius, p. 250), and Julius Pollux says (Onomast., 1, 83) the ship in which she was carried away had a bull for its maρáonμov. If there be any ancient fable which requires, in its explanation, a careful separating of the earlier and original portions from what is of later addition, it is this of Europa. If we follow the narrative of Apollodorus, we will find the legend dividing itself into two distinct parts; the carrying off of Europa, and the search made for her by Cadmus, Cilix, &c. These two portions, however, are not necessarily connected with each other, as evidently ap-(Schol. Didymi, ed. Ald., 1521, p. 215), Asius (Paupears from the former of the two having alone been san., 7, 4), and Moschus (Idyll., 2, 40). With the handled by many writers.-What, now, were the ideas Logographers a discrepance presents itself. Some reentertained by the earlier mythologists on the subject gard her as a daughter of Agenor, others still as the of this fable? Homer, in the well-known passage (Il., offspring of Phoenix (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 3, 1186): 14, 315) where he speaks of the reunion of Jupiter that the former of these two accounts, however, is the and Juno on Mount Ida, merely mentions the daugh- more commonly-received one, appears in the extracts ter of Phoenix as having been one of the objects of from the Logographers as made by Apollodorus (3, 1). Jupiter's love. This, most probably, was the earliest In the original mythus, therefore, Europa is the daughform of the legend; at least the bearing away of Eu-ter of Phoenix, in the later and altered legend she is ropa by that deity appears to have been a later addition. the child of Agenor. Phoenix now, according to the According to Acusilaus (ap. Apollod., 2, 5, 7), it was a custom observed in similar fables, of naming a land real bull that brought Europa to Crete; and, according after its first monarch, becomes the king of Phoenicia, to another authority, the animal was selected by Nep- and hence the leading idea involved in the legend, tune for this purpose, and was sent to Sidon by Jupiter, that Europa came from Phoenicia. Let us now turn for the purpose of carrying off the maiden (Nigidius, our attention more immediately to the being and perap. Schol. ad Germ. Arat. Phan., ed. Buhle, 2, p. son of Europa. The first passage that arrests our no55), for which service he was afterward placed among tice is one occurring in the treatise on the "Syrian the stars. (Eurip., Phryx. ap. Eratosth., cat. 14.- Goddess," ascribed to Lucian (Opp., ed. Bip., vol. Theognis, Schol. ad Arat., p. 48, ed. Buhle.-Hygin., 9, p. 87.) "There is in Phoenicia," says the writer, Poet. Astr., 21.) It is easy to perceive, that this "another large temple also, which is in the possession mythus loses all its meaning the moment this bull be- of the Sidonians, and which, as they say, is the temcomes the transformed Jupiter. (Compare Gruber's ple of Astarte. Astarte I suppose to be the same with Lexicon, 2, p. 9.) We find, it is true, that even as the moon. As, however, one of the priests told me, early a writer as Hesiod is acquainted with the meta-it was the temple of Europa, the sister of Cadmus. morphosis of Jupiter into a bull (Schol. ad Hom., Il., 12, 397, ed. Ald., 1521, p. 215), but this only shows at how early a period the addition to which we allude was made to the original fable. The germe of that fable, however, still remained, and was, in effect, simply this, Jove indulged his passion with Europa in Crete. The elucidation of the mythus mainly depends upon the clearing up of another question: what means the term Europa primitively, a land or a person? The former of these interpretations can in no way whatever be the true one. This daughter of King Agenor was honoured with-a temple after her disappearance; and they have a sacred tradition (2óyov iɛpóv) respecting her, that, being very beautiful, she was beloved by Jupiter, who changed himself into a bull and carried her away into Crete. I heard this also from other Phoenicians; and, moreover, the Sidonian money has represented on it Europa sitting upon the back of a bull, that is, of Jupiter. They do not all agree, however, in making the temple to be that of Europa." In the case of so early a worship as Homer and Hesiod, to whom Eu- that connected with the Sidonian temple, it is no won ropa is known as the daughter of Phoenix, have no ac-der if the accounts of later days exhibit some discrepquaintance with Asia and Europe as parts of the world. ances. According to the more common statement, The Asian meadow or field ('Aotos equiv) in Homer the temple was that of Astarte, whom the writer just (Iliad, 2, 461), is merely a small tract of land in quoted makes identical with the moon. Creuzer has the vicinity of the Cayster. The name of Asia only shown with great ability (Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 65), that began to be more extensively applied as the interior of the greater part of the Syro-Phoenician goddesses conLower Asia began to be better known to the Greeks. veyed the idea of the humid, receiving, fruit-yielding (Compare Hermann, ad Hymn. in Apoll., 250.) Eu- Earth, and the impregnated and in turn impregnating rope, as a land, is entirely unknown to Homer: the Moon. This last idea shows itself very clearly in the first traces of the name are found in the Hymn to attributes of the Phoenician Astarte. Not only is she Apollo (v. 250, seqq., and 290, seqq.), where it is used regarded by Lucian and others (Selden, de Diis Syr., in opposition to the Peloponnesus and the islands, and p. 244) as identical with Selene, but she is even seems to indicate the remaining portion of what was styled, on that account, the Queen of Heaven (Jerem., subsequently called Hellas. It is more than probable 7, 17); and the etymology given by Herodian, though that the appellation itself originated in Lower Asia. of no value in itself, yet is of importance to the presCompare the remarks of Buttmann, " Ueber die my-ent discussion as showing the union of idea with re |