among the Gallic nations, to whom it may have come by an over-land trade. In like manner, amber being obtained afterward in large quantities among the Veneti on the Adriatic, induced the Greeks to remove the Eridanus to this quarter, and identify it with the Po, off the mouth of which stream they placed then imaginary amber-islands, the Electrides. The Veneti obtained their amber in a similar way with the Gallic nations. Thus the true Eridanus, and the fable of Phaethon also, both refer to a northern origin; and a curious subject of discussion arises with regard to the earlier climate of the regions bordering on the Baltic, for remarks on which, vid. Phaethon. (Cic. in Arat., 145.-Claudian, de Cons. Hon., 6, 175.—Ovid, Met., 2, 3.-Pausan., 1, 3.-Lucan, 2, 409.-Virg., G., 1, 482.) death of Alexander, this city surrendered to Ptolemy, I stream. This probably arose from amber being found a general in the service of Antigonus (Diod. Sic., 19, 78); and in the Macedonian war, to the combined fleets of the Romans, the Rhodians, and Atalus. (Liv., 32, 16.) It was subsequently declared free, by order of the Roman senate. (Polyb., 18, 28, seqq.) This place, as we learn from Athenæus, was noted for the excellence of its flour and bread. (Sopat., Com. ap. Athen., 4, 50.) At one time it possessed a distinguished school of philosophy and dialectic, as we learn from Strabo (444.-Compare Diog. Laert., Vit, Arces.-Plin., 4, 12-Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Epérpia). The ruins of Eretria are still to be observed close to a headland which lies opposite to the mouth of the Asopus in Boeotia. D'Anville gives the modern name as Gravilinais. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 136, seqq.) -II. A demus of Attica. (Strabo, 447.)-III. A town of Thessaly, near Pharsalus, and between that city and Phere. (Polyb., fragm., 18, 3, 5.-Liv., 33, 6.) ERIGONE, daughter of Icarius. Her father having been taught by Bacchus the culture of the grape, and having made wine, gave of it to some shepherds, who, thinking themselves poisoned by the draught, killed him. When they came to their senses, they buried him; and his daughter Erigone, being guided to the through grief. (Apollod., 3, 14, 7.-Hygin., fab., 130.) Jupiter translated the father and daughter, along with the faithful Mæra, to the skies: Icarius became Bootes; and Erigone, Virgo; while the hound was changed, according to Hyginus (Poet. Astron., 2, 4), into Procyon; but, according to the scholiast on Germanicus (p. 128), into the Canis Major, which is therefore styled by Ovid (Fast., 4, 939), "Canis Icarius." Propertius (2, 24, 24) calls the stars of the Greater Bear, "Boves Icarii." (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 48.) ERETUM, a town of the Sabines, north of Nomentum and northeast of Fidence, and at no great distance from the Tiber. Its name frequently occurs in the Roman historians. The antiquity of the place is at-spot by her father's faithful hound Mara, hung herself tested by Virgil (7, 711), who enumerates it in his list of the Sabine towns which sent aid to Turnus. It was subsequently the scene of many a contest between the Romans and Sabines, leagued with the Etruscans. (Liv., 3, 29.-Dion. Hal., 3, 59.) Hannibal, according to Calius, the historian, when advancing by the Via Salaria towards Rome, to make a diversion in favour of Capua, turned off at Eretum to pillage the temple of Feronia. In Strabo's time Eretum appears to have been little more than a village. (Strab., 228.) The modern Rimane is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Eretum, and not Monte Ritondo, as was generally believed until the Abbé Chaupy pointed out the error. (Desc. de la maison d'Horace, vol. 3, p. 85.-Nibby, delle Vie degli Antichi, p. 89.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 308.) ERICHTHONIUS, one of the early Attic kings, and the immediate successor of Amphictyon. He was fabled to have been the offspring of Vulcan and Minerva, a legend which we have explained under the article Cecrops. (Vid. remarks at the close of that article.) Not inconsistent with this account is the other tradition, which ascribes to Erichthonius the honour of having been the first to yoke four horses to a car; a remarkable circumstance in the barren land of Attica, where the horse was reared with difficulty, and maintained at a considerable expense, and which was therefore the most expressive indication that could have been adopted, of the greater diffusion of wealth consequent on the successful cultivation of those arts and manufactures which began to flourish at this period. (Wordsworth's Greece, p, 95.) ERICUSA, one of the Lipari isles, now Varcusa. (Vid. Æoliæ.) ERINNA, I. a poetess, and the friend of Sappho. She flourished about the year 595 B.C. All that is known of her is contained in the following words of Eustathius (ad Пl., 2, p. 327). "Erinna was born in Lesbos, or in Rhodes, or in Teos, or in Telos, the little island near Cnidus. She was a poetess, and wrote a poem called the Distaff' ('Hλakárn) in the Eolic and Doric dialect: it consisted of 300 hexameter lines. She was the friend of Sappho, and died unmarried. It was thought that her verses rivalled those of Homer. She was only 19 years of age when she died." Chained by her mother to the spinning-wheel, Erinna had as yet known the charm of existence in imagination alone. She probably expressed in her poem the restless and aspiring thoughts which crowded on her youthful mind, as she pursued her monotonous work. We possess at the present day no fragments of Erinna. (Müller, Hist. Græc. Lit., p. 180.)-II. A poetess mentioned by Eusebius under the year 354 B.C. This appears to be the same person who is spoken of by Pliny (34, 8), as having celebrated Myro in her poems. No fragments of her poetry remain. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 9, p. 508.) ERINNYS, a name applied to the Furies, so that ERIDANUS, a river of Italy, in Cisalpine Gaul, called Erinnyes ('Epivvveç) is equivalent to Dira, or Furia. also Padus, now the Po. D'Anville states, that the Müller makes the Greek term έpivýç indicate “a feelname Eridanus, though a term for the entire river, was ing of deep offence, of bitter displeasure, at the impispecially applied to the Ostium Spineticum, or Spinetic ous violation of our sacred rights, by those most bound mouth, which last received its name from a very an- to respect them." (Müller, Eumen., p. 186.) This cient city in its vicinity, founded by the Greeks, and perfectly accords with the origin of the Erinnyes in called Spina: Some writers consider the name Erida- the Theogony, and with those passages of the Homeric nus as coming, in fact, from a river in the north of poems in which they are mentioned; for they are there Europe, the modern Rodaun, which flows into the invoked to avenge the breach of filial duty, and are Vistula near Dantzic. Here the Phoenicians and Car- named as the punishers of perjury. (Hom., Il., 9, thaginians traded for amber, and their fear of rivalry 454, 568.-Id. ib., 19, 258.) Even beggars have their in this lucrative trade induced them to keep the Erinnyes, that they may not be insulted with impunity source of their traffic involved in so much obscurity, (Od., 17, 475); and when a horse has spoken, in viothat it became, in time, the subject of poetic embellish-lation of the order of nature, the Erinnyes deprive him ment. The Rhodanus, or Rhone, is thought by some to have received its ancient name from this circumstance, being confounded by the Greeks, in the infancy of their geographical knowledge, with the true of the power of repeating the act. (П., 19, 418.) The Erinnyes, these personified feelings, may therefore be regarded as the maintainers of order both in the moral and natural world. There is, however, an other view taken of these goddesses, in which they are only a form of Ceres and Proserpina, the great goddesses of the earth. For everything in nature having injurious as well as beneficial effects, the bounteous earth itself becomes grim, as it were, and displeased with mankind, and this is Ceres-Erinnys. In the Arcadian legends of this goddess, and in the concluding choruses of the Eumenides of Eschylus, may be discerned ideas of this nature. (Müller, Eumen., p. 191, seqq.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 196, seq.) ERIPHYLE, a sister of Adrastus, king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. (For an account of the legend connected with her name, consult the article Amphiaraus.) ERIS, the Greek name for the goddess of Discord. (Vid Discordia.) contained in the legend of Psyche. (Vid. Psyche. Keightley's Mythology, p. 146, seqq.) EROSTRATUS. Vid. Herostratus. ERYCINA, a surname of Venus, from Mount Eryx in Sicily, where she had a temple. The Erycinian Venus appears to have been the same with the Phonician Astarte, whose worship was brought over by the latter people, and a temple erected to her on Mount Eryx. In confirmation of this, we learn from Diodorus Siculus, that the Carthaginians revered the Erycinian Venus equally as much as the natives themselves. (Diod. Sic., 4, 83.) Mount Lampia; but this mountain, as we learn from ERYMANTHUS, I. a mountain-chain in the northwest angle of Arcadia, celebrated in fable as the haunt of the savage boar destroyed by Hercules. (Apollod., 2, 5, 3.-Pausan., 8, 24.-Homer, Od., 6, 102.) ApolERISICHTHON, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who de-lonius places the Erymanthian monster in the wilds of rided Ceres, and cut down her sacred grove. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. This infliction gave occasion for the exercise of the filial piety and power of self-transformation of the daughter of Erisichthon, who, by her assuming various forms, enabled her father to sell her over and over again, and thus obtain the means of living after all his property was gone. (Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib., 17.) He was driven at last by hunger to feed on his own limbs. (Ovid, Met., 8, 738, seqq.Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 1393.-Compare the account of Callimachus, H. in Cer., 32, seqq.)-This legend ad- ERYTHEA, an island off the coast of Iberia, in the mits of a very simple explanation. Erisichthon is a Atlantic. It lay in the Sinus Gaditanus, or Bay of name akin to Erusibe (¿pvoíbn) or "mildew;" and Cadiz, and was remarkable for its fertility. It was Hellanicus (ap. Athen., 10, p. 416) said that he was called by the inhabitants Junonis Insula; and by later also called Ethon (Aïðwv) or “burning," from his in- writers, Aphrodisias. Here Goryon was said to have satiate hunger. The destructive mildew is therefore reigned; and the fertility of the island seems to have the enemy of Ceres, to whom, under the title of Ery-given rise to the fable of his oxen. Vid. Hercules sibia, the Rhodians prayed to avert it. (Müller, Prolegom., 162.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 177.) and Geryon. (Plin, 4, 22.—Mela, 3, 6.) Many commentators have agreed to identify with Erythea the Isla de Leon. (Compare Classical Journal, vol. 3, p. 140.)-II. A daughter of Geryon. (Pausanias, 10, 37.) EROS, the god of Love, the same with the Cupido of the Latins. This deity is unnoticed by Homer. In the Theogony (v. 120) he is one of the first of beings, and produced without parents. In the Orphic hymns ERYTHRÆ, one of the twelve cities of Ionia, situate he is the son of Kronos. (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 3, near the coast, opposite Chios. (Herodot., 1, 142.) 26.) Sappho made him the offspring of Heaven and Its founder was said to have been Erythrus, the son Earth (I&. ib.), while Simonides assigned him Venus of Rhadamanthus, who established himself here with and Mars for parents. (Id. ib.) In Olen's hymn to a body of Cretans, Carians, and Lycians. At a later Ilithyia (Pausan., 9, 27, 2), this goddess was termed period came Cleopus, son of Codrus, with an Ionian the mother of Love; and Alcæus said, that "well-colony. (Scylax, p. 37.) The city did not lie exactly sandaled Iris bore Love to Zephyrus of golden locks' on the coast, but some little distance inland: it had a (ap. Plut., Amat., 20).-The cosmogonic Eros of harbour on the coast named Kissus. (Liv., 36, 43.) Hesiod is apparently a personification of the principle Erythra was famous as the residence of one of the of attraction, on which the coherence of the material Sibyls at an early period, and in the time of Alexanworld depends. Nothing was more natural than to der we find another making her appearance here, with term Venus the mother of Love; but the reason for so similar claims to prophetic inspiration. (Strabo, 643.). calling Ilithyia, the goddess who presides over child-According to Pausanias (10, 12), the name of the elder birth, is not equally apparent it was possibly meant to express the increase of conjugal affection produced by the birth of children. The making Love the offspring of the Westwind and the Rainbow would seem to be only a poetic mode of expressing the well-known fact, that the Spring, the season in which they most prevail, is also that of Love. (Theognis, 1275.) In the bucolic and some of the Latin poets, the Loves are spoken of in the plural number, but no distinct offices are assigned them. (Theocrit., 7, 96.-Bion, 1, passim.-Horat., Od., 1, 19, 1.)-Thespia in Bootia was the place in which Eros was most worshipped. | vol 6, pt. 3, p. 321, seqq.) The Thespians used to celebrate games in his honour ERYTHRÆUM MARE, a name applied by the Greeks on Mount Helicon. These were called Erotia. Eros to the whole ocean, extending from the coast of Ethihad also altars at Athens and elsewhere. The god of opia to the island of Taprobana, when their geographlove was usually represented as a plump-cheeked boy, ical knowledge of India was in its infancy. (Vin rosy and naked, with light hair floating on his shoul- cent's Periplus, p. 4.-Commerce and Navigation of ders. He is always winged, and armed with a bow and the Ancients, vol. 2.) They derived the name from arrows. Nonnus (7, 194) seems to represent his ar- an ancient monarch who reigned along these coasts, rows as tipped with flowers. The arrows of Cama, the by the name of Erythras, and believed that his grave Hindu Eros, are thus pointed.-The adventures of was to be found in one of the adjacent islands. (Wahl, Eros are not numerous. The most celebrated is that | Asien, p. 316 and 636.-Agatharchidas, p. 4, Geogr. Sibyl was Herophile. The same writer informs us, that there was at Erythræ a very ancient temple of Hercules (7, 5). Either this city had disappeared at the time Hierocles wrote, or else he means it under the name of Satrote (Earpúrn), which he places near Clazomenæ, and which is mentioned by no other writer. (Hierocles, p. 660.) According to Tavernier (vol. 2, lett. 22), the modern Gesme (Dschesme) occupies the site of the ancient city: Chandler, however, found the old walls some distance to the north of this, with the name of Rythre still remaining. (Mannert, Geogr., Min., ed. Hudson.—Ctesias, ed. Bähr, p. 359.—Curtius, 8, 9, 14.) Afterward, when the Greeks learned the existence of an Indian Ocean, the term Erythræan Sea was applied merely to the sea below Arabia, and to the Arabian and Persian Gulfs. In this latter sense Strabo uses the name. Herodotus follows the old acceptation of the word, according to the opinion prevalent in his age. The appellation was probably derived from Edom (Esau), whose descendants were called Idumæans, and inhabited the northern parts of Arabia. (Wahl, Asien, p. 316.) They navigated upon the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, and also upon the Indian Ocean; and the Oriental name Idumæan signifying red, the sea of the Idumæans was called the Red Sea and the Erythræan Sea ('Epv@pà váhaσoa). Vid. Arabicus Sinus. (Curtius, 8, 9-Plin., 6, 23.-Herodot., 1, 180, 189; 3, 93; 4, 37.—Mela, 3, 8.) out the Esquiline gate. As the vast number of bodies here deposited rendered the places adjoining very unhealthy, Augustus gave part of it to his favourite Mæcenas, who built there a magnificent residence, with extensive gardens, whence it became one of the most healthy situations of Rome. (Horat., Sat., 8, 10, seqq.-ld., Epod., 5, 100.) The Esquiline had the honour of giving birth to Julius Cæsar, who was born in that part of the Suburra which was situated on this hill. Here also were the residences of Virgil, of the younger Pliny; and here were situate a part of Nero's golden house, and the palace and baths of the Emperor Titus. The Esquiline, at the present day, is said to be the most covered with ruins, and the most deserted of the three eastern hills of Rome. (Rome in the 19th Century, vol. 1, p. 204, Am. ed.) ESSEDONES, a people of Sarmatia Asiatica, to the east of the Palus Mæotis. Ptolemy, however, places them in Serica, and in Scythia extra Imaum; while Herodotus assigns them to the country of the Massagetæ, and Pliny to Sarmatia Europea. (Herod., 1, 201.-Id., 4, 25.-Plin., 6, 7.) Some writers seek to identify them with the Cossacks of the Don. (Vid. Issedones, and consult Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geograph., p. 485.) ESTILOTIS, according to Strabo (430), that portion of Thessaly which lies near Pindus, and between that mountain and Upper Macedonia. The same writer elsewhere informs us (p. 437), that, according to some authorities, this district was originally the country of the Dorians, who certainly are stated by Herodotus (1, 56) and others to have once occupied the regions of Pindus; but that afterward it took the name of Estiæotis, from a district in Euboea, so called, the inhabitants of which were transplanted into Thessaly by the Perrhæbi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 352.) ERYX, I. a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain where he had built a temple to Venus. (Virg., Æn., 5, 402.)-II. A mountain of Sicily, at the western extremity of the island, and near the city of Drepanum. It was fabled to have received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. On its summit stood a famous temple of Venus Erycina (vid. Erycina), and on the western declivity was situated the town of Eryx, the approach to which from the plain was rocky and difficult. At the distance of 30 stadia stood the harbour of the same name. (Polyb., 1, 55.-Diod., 24., 1.-Cic. in Ver., 2, 8.) The Phoenicians most probably were the founders of the place, and also of the temple; and the Erycinian Venus appears to be identified with the Astarte of the latter people. (Compare Diod., 4, 83.) The native inhabitants in this quarter were called Elymi, and Eryx is said by some to have been their king. (Diod., 4, 83.-Virg., En., 5, 759.-Heyne, Excurs. 2, ad En., 5.-Apollod., 1, 9.—Id., 2, 5.—Hygin., fab., 260.) Virgil makes Æneas to have founded the temple: in this, however, he is contradicted by other authorities. Eneas, in fact, never was in Sicily, and therefore the whole is a mere fable. The town was destroyed by the Carthaginians in the time of Pyrrhus, who a short time previous had taken it by storm, and the in-daughter of that monarch; and, having prevailed upon habitants were removed to Drepanum. (Diod., 22, 14. -Id., 23, 9.) It soon, however, revived, owing to the celebrity of the adjacent temple. In the first Punic war it fell into the hands of the Romans (Polyb., 1, 58.—Id., 2, 7), but was surprised by Barcas, the Carthaginian commander, and the inhabitants who escaped the slaughter were again removed to Drepanum. (Diod., 24, 2.) The place never recovered from this blow the sanctity of the temple drew, indeed, new inhabitants around, but the city was never rebuilt. No traces of the temple remain at the present day. On the summit of the mountain, now called St. Giuliano, is an ancient castle, supposed to have been erect-combat with Polynices. Ten years after the conclued by the Saracens. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 383, seqq.) ESQUILIÆ and ESQUILINUS MONS, one of the seven hills of Rome, added to the city by Servius Tullius, who enclosed the greater part of it within the circuit of his walls, and built his palace upon it, which he continued to inhabit till the day of his death. We are informed by Varro (L. L., 4, 8), that the Esquiline derived its name from the Latin word excultus; in proof of which he mentions, that Servius had planted on its summit several sacred groves, such as the Lucus Querquetulanus, Fagutalis, and Esquilinus. It was the most extensive of the seven hills, and was divided into two principal heights, which were called Cispius and Oppius. The Campus Esquilinus was granted by the senate as a burying-place for the poor, and stood with ETEŎCLES, a son of Edipus and Jocasta. After his father's death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices that they should both share the kingdom, and reign alternately, each a year. Eteocles, by right of seniority, first ascended the throne; but, after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish so gross a violation of a solemn engagement, fled to the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, where he married Argia the Adrastus to espouse his cause, the latter undertook what was denominated the Theban war, twenty-seven years, as is said, before the Trojan one. Adrastus marched against Thebes with an army, of which he took the command, having with him seven celebrated chiefs, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Parthenopaus, Hippomedon, Eteoclus son of Iphis, and Polynices. The Thebans who espoused the cause of Eteocles were, Melanippus and Ismarus, sons of Astacus, Polyphontes, Megareus, Lasthenes, and Hyperbius. All the Argive leaders, with the exception of Adrastus, fell before Thebes, Eteocles also being slain in single sion of this war arose that of the Epigoni, or the sons of the slain chieftains of Argos, who took up arms to avenge the death of their sires. (Vid. Epigoni.) Lists of the seven Argive commanders are given by Eschylus in his "Seven against Thebes;" by Euripides in his Phoenissæ and Supplices; and by Sophocles in his "Edipus at Colonus." They all agree, except that in the Phoenisse the name of Adrastus is substituted for that of Eteoclus. The tragic poets vary also in other particulars from each other. Euripides, whom we have followed as to the age of Eteocles, makes him the elder of the two brothers; but Sophocles, on the contrary, calls him the younger. (Ed. Col., 1292.) ETEŎCLUS, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes He was killed by Megareus, the son of Creon, under the walls | tinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that of Thebes. (Apollod., 3, 6.) ETESIE ('Ernoia), winds blowing every year (Toç) at a stated period, over the Egean Sea. They came from the north, and are hence sometimes called 'ErýGiot Bopéal. The Etesian winds prevailed for forty days after the setting of the Dog-star. Arrian speaks of Etesian winds in the Indian Ocean, blowing from the south, by which he evidently means the monsoons. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., 6, 21.-Indic., 21.) ETRURIA. Vid. Hetruria. he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. (Vid. Pelasgi.) He was honoured as a god after death, and his subjects raised him an altar on Mount Aventine. (Vid. Cacus.-Pausan., 8, 43.-Liv., 1, 7.—Sil. Ital., 7, 18.-Ovid, Fast., 1, 500, 91.-Virg., En., 8, 100.) EVARCHUS, a river of Asia Minor, flowing into the Euxine, to the southeast of Sinope. The name appears to have been changed in process of time to Evechus. It formed the ancient boundary between Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, or the White Syrians, who had spread themselves to the west of the Halys. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 11.) l. c.-Plin., 4, 12.) The latter, which frequently occurs in the poets, was either derived from the Thracians, who had founded Abæ in Phocis, and thence crossed over into the island, or from a hero named Abas. (Aristot., ap. Strab., l. c.) Homer, as Strabo observes, though he designates the island by the name of Euboea, always employs the appellation of Abantes to denote the inhabitants. (Il., 2, 536.—Ibid., 540.) The name of Euboea originated traditionally from the EVADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capaneus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with EUBA, a large and celebrated island, lying along thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, the coast of Locris, Boeotia, and Attica. Its most an and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest cient name, as we learn from Strabo (444), was Maof the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, cris, which it obtained, as he affirms, from its great and perished in the flames. (Virg., En., 6, 447.-length in comparison with its breadth. Besides this, Propert., 1, 15, 21.-Stat., Theb., 12, 800.) it was known at different times by the various appelEVAGORAS, I. a king of Salamis in the island of Cy-lations of Oche, Ellopia, Asopia, and Abantia. (Strab., prus, and a descendant of Teucer son of Telamon, the founder of that city. When Evagoras saw the light, the throne of Salamis was occupied by a Phoenician ruler, who had obtained it by treachery. This Phoenician was afterward slain by one of the leading chieftains of the country, who thereupon usurped the supreme power, and endeavoured to seize Evagoras, whose right to the throne was an obstacle in the way of his ambition. Evagoras fled to Soli in Cilicia, assembled there a small band of followers, returned to Cy-passage of Io, who was even said to have given birth prus, and, deposing the tyrant, mounted the throne of his ancestors. All this took place while the enfeebled empire of Persia was scarcely able to withstand the attacks of the victorious Greeks prior to the Peloponnesian war, and had therefore no time to attend to the affairs of Cyprus. Evagoras showed himself a wise and politic prince, and raised the glory of his native island to a much higher pitch than it had ever attained before. He became the patron also of arts and literature, and entertained at his court distinguished men of all nations. It was in his dominions that Conon, the Athenian general, sought refuge after the fatal battle of Egos Potamos, and by his aid was enabled to prepare a fleet, which restored the naval ascendancy of his country. (Isocr., Evag., p. 200.-Xen., Hist. Gr., 2, 1, 19.- Corn. Nep., Vit. Con.-Diod. Sic., 14, 39.) Judging from the splendid panegyric passed upon his character by Isocrates, Evagoras was certainly a prince of rare and distinguished virtue and merit; and his fortune for a time kept pace with his shining qualities. Unfortunately, however, he met with reverses towards the close of his reign. Artaxerxes Mnemon attacked his power, after the peace of Antalcidas had left the Asiatic Greeks at the mercy of the Persian king. Evagoras was aided in his resistance to the Persian arms by Amasis of Egypt, and also secretly by the Athenians; but his efforts were unsuccessful, and he saw himself eventually compelled to renounce his authority over the other cities of Cyprus, and confine himself to Salamis, paying besides an annual tribute to Persia. He was assassinated by a eunuch, B.C. 374. His son Nicocles succeeded him. (Diod. Sic., 15, 2, seqq.)-II. Grandson of the preceding. Being deprived of his possessions by his uncle Protagoras, he fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, by whose order he was put to death. to Epaphus in this island. (Hesiod, ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Abúvris.) Its inhabitants were among the earliest navigators of Greece, a circumstance which seems to confirm the notion preserved by Strabo, of its having been occupied, in distant ages, by a Phoenician colony. We hear also of the Pelasgi and Dryopes being settled there. (Dion. Hal., 1, 25.-Diod. Sic., 4, 37.) Herodotus affirms (1, 146), that the greatest part of the Ionian cities in Asia Minor had been colonized by the Abantes of Euboea, who were not other wise, however, connected with the Ionians. This people also founded settlements, at an early period, in Illyria, Sicily, and Campania. (Strabo, 449.-Pausan., 5, 22.) Euboea, divided into a number of small independent republics, like the other states of Greece, presents no features for a common history. In fact, where each city requires a separate narrative, it is difficult to embody what belongs to them collectively in one general account. Its fertility and abundant resources appear at an early period to have attracted the attention of the Athenian people, and to have inspired them with the desire of acquiring a territory situated so near their own, and adequate to the supply of all their wants. After the expulsion of the Pisistratida, when the energy of the Athenian character had received a fresh impulse from the recovery of liberty, Athens readily availed itself of the pretence afforded by the Chalcidians, who occupied the principal city of the island, for invading Euboea, these having assisted the Boeotians in the war then carrying on against that power. The Athenians, after defeating their nearest enemy, suddenly crossed the Euripus, and, having routed the forces of Chalcis, seized upon their territory, where they established four thousand of their own citizens as colonists. (Herodot., 5, 77.) They were obliged, however, to evacuate this new acquisition, in order to EVANDER, a son of the prophetess Carmenta, and defend their own country against a threatened attack king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him of the Persian armament commanded by Datis and to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he Artaphernes: nevertheless, they did not lose sight of drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, the important advantages attending the possession of and reigned in that part of the country where Rome Euboea. When the alarm created by the Persian inwas afterward founded. (Vid. Italia.) He kindly re-vasion had subsided, the maritime states of Greece ceived Hercules when he returned from the conquest united themselves into a confederacy, of which Athof Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars.ens took the lead, and thus acquired an ascendency He gave Eneas assistance against the Rutuli, and dis- which proved so fatal to the liberties of those who EUBOICUS, belonging to Eubea. The epithet is also applied to Cuma, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Euboea. (Ovid, Fast., 4, 257.-Virg., En., 6, 2; 9, 710.) EUBULIDES, a native of Miletus, and successor of Euclid in the Megaric school. He was a strong op had unguardedly cemented that impolitic union. This sufficiently attested by Herodotus, who compares it was peculiarly the case with the Euboean cities, since with Cyprus (5, 31), and also by Thucydides (7, 28, we learn from Thucydides (1, 114), that the whole island 8, 96). Its opulence is also apparent from the and acknowledged the supremacy and sway of Athens designation and value affixed to the talent, so frequentprior to the Peloponnesian war; but neither that his-ly referred to by classic writers under the name of Eutorian nor Herodotus has informed us precisely when, boïcum. From Strabo we learn that it was subject to and in what manner, their subjugation was effected. frequent earthquakes, which he ascribes to the subterOn the Athenians being compelled, after their defeat at ranean cavities with which the whole island abounds Coronea, to evacuate Boeotia, of which they had been (447). The modern name of Euboea is Negropont, for some time masters, the Euboeans took advantage formed, by a series of corruptions, from the word Euof that circumstance to attempt emancipating them- ripus, which designated the narrow channel separating selves from a foreign yoke. But success did not at- the island from the Boeotian coast. (Cramer's Antend their efforts. As soon as the news of the revolt cient Greece, vol. 2, p. 121, seqq.) had reached Athens, Pericles was despatched at the head of a considerable force to quell the insurrection, in which he succeeded so effectually, notwithstanding the frequent diversions made by the Peloponnesians in favour of the islanders, that they were reduced to a more abject state of subjection than ever (Thucyd., 1, 114); and it was not till the unfortunate Sicilian ex-ponent of Aristotle, and seized every opportunity of pedition had compelled Athens to fight for existence censuring his writings and calumniating his character. rather than conquest, that the Euboeans ventured once He introduced new subtleties into the art of disputamore to assert their right to independence (Thucyd., tion, several of which, though often mentioned as proof 8, 5); but such was the want of zeal and energy dis- of great ingenuity, deserve only to be remembered as played by the Lacedæmonian government, that they examples of egregious trifling. Of these sophistical obtained no aid from that quarter until nearly the ter- modes of reasoning, called by Aristotle Eristic syllomination of the twenty-first year of the war, when at gisms, a few examples may suffice. 1. Of the sophlength Hegesandridas, a Spartan admiral, came to their ism, called from the example, The Lying: if, when support, and gained a victory over the Athenian fleet; you speak the truth, you say, you lie, you lie but you the Eretrians then openly revolted, and their example say you lie when you speak the truth; therefore, in being quickly followed by the other towns, the whole speaking the truth, you lie. 2. The Occult. Do you of Euboea recovered its independence. This island, know your father? Yes. Do you know this man however, derived but little advantage from the change who is veiled? No. Then you do not know your which then took place. Each city, being left to its father, for it is your father who is veiled. 3. Electra. own direction, soon became a prey to faction and civil Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon, knew her brother broil, which ended in a more complete slavery under and did not know him: she knew Orestes to be her the dominion of tyrants. Towards the commence brother, but she did not know that person to be her ment of the war between the Baotians and Spartans, brother who was conversing with her. 4. Sorites. Is we are told by Diodorus (15, 30), that the Euboeans one grain a heap? No. Two grains? No. Three manifested a desire to place themselves once more grains? No. Go on, adding one by one; and if one under the protection of Athens. Another party, how-grain be not a heap, it will be impossible to say what ever, having declared in favour of the Thebans, a civil war ensued, which equally exhausted both factions, and forced them to make peace (16, 7). By the ability and judgment of Timotheus, the Athenian general, a preponderance of opinion was decidedly created in favour of that state (Demosth., de Cor., p. 108.Esch. contr. Cies., p. 479.—Mitford's Greece, vol. 7, p. 384), which continued until overthrown by the arts and machinations of Philip. Phocion was empowered by the Macedonian government to take all EUBULUS, a comic poet of Athens, born in the borthe requisite measures for restoring tranquillity, and ough of Atarnea. He exhibited about B.C. 375. Euhe obtained some important successes over the Eubœ- bulus, from his date, stood on the debateable ground an forces; but it does not appear that much advan-between the first and second species of comedy; and. tage was ultimately derived from his victory. After this period Euboea became attached to the Macedonian interests, until it was once more restored to freedom by the Romans, who wrested it from Philip, the son of Demetrius. (Liv., 34, 51.)—This island, according to Strabo (444), extends from the Maliac Gulf along the coast of Locris, Baotia, and Attica, a distance of about one thousand two hundred stadia; its greatest breadth nowhere exceeds one hundred and fifty stadia. (Compare Scylax, p. 23.) "Torn from the coast of Boeotia," says Pliny, "it is separated by the Euripus, the breadth of which is so insignificant as to allow a bridge to be thrown across. Of its two southern promontories, Geræstus looks towards Attica, Caphareus towards the Hellespont; Cenæum fronts the north. In breadth this island never exceeds twenty miles, but it is nowhere less than two. Reaching from Attica to Thessaly, it extends for one hundred and twenty miles in length. Its circuit is three hundred and sixty-five. On the side of Caphareus it is two hundred and twentyfive miles from the Hellespont."-The abundance and fertility of this extensive island in ancient times are number of grains make a heap. 5. The Horned. You have what you have not lost; you have not lost horns; therefore you have horns.-In such high repute were these silly inventions for perplexing plain truth, that Chrysippus wrote six books on the first of these sophisms; and Philetas, a Coan, died of a consumption, which he contracted by the close study which he bestowed upon it. (Diog. Laert., 7, § 196—Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 199). to judge from the fragments in Athenæus, who quotes more than fifty of his comedies by name, he must have written plays of both sorts. He composed, in all, 104 comedies. (Theatre of the Greeks, p. 119, 4th ed.) EUCHIR, I. a painter, related, as is said, to Daedalus, and who, according to Theophrastus (ap. Plin., 7, 56), introduced painting into Greece. The name, in truth, however, is merely a figurative one for a skilful artist generally. (Evxεip, "skilful,” “dexterous.")—II. A modeller, styled also Euchirus (Pausan., 6, 4, 2), and one of the most ancient. He and Eugrammus are said to have accompanied Demaratus in his flight from Corinth to Etruria. (Plin., 35, 12, 43.) Here again both names are figurative.-III. An Athenian sculptor. He made a statue of Mercury, which was placed at Phenea. (Pausanias, 8, 14, 7.) Pliny (34, 8, 19) places him among those artists who excelled in forming brazen statues of combatants at the public games, armed men, huntsmen, &c. On this account, Thiersch correctly infers that he flourished in a later age. (Epoch. 11, Adnot., p. 33.) EUCLIDES, I. a native of Megara, founder of the Me |