East one of the most magnificent cities in the world, "Pentaglottus" (Пevтáyλwtтos), or the Five-tongued. having been founded, as they imagined, by Hamath, But Scaliger calls him an ignorant man, who commitone of the sons of Canaan. Allusion is frequently ted the greatest blunders, told the greatest falsehoods, made to Hamath in the Old Testament. (Compare and knew next to nothing about either Hebrew or Genesis, 10, 18.-2 Samuel, 8, 9.-2 Kings, 48, 34. Greek. Still his writings are of great value, as con-Jerem., 49, 23.-Amos, 6, 2.) Its name was chan-taining numerous citations from curious works which ged to Epiphanea, in honour of Antiochus Epiphanes. It is now Hama, and was in modern times the seat of an Arabian dynasty, to which the geographer Abulfeda belonged. (Abulfeda, Tab. Syr., p. 108.-Pococke, vol. 2, p. 210.-Mannert, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 461.) EPIPHANES (illustrious), I. a surname of Antiochus IV., King of Syria.-II. A surname of Ptolemy V., King of Egypt. are no longer extant. The best edition of his works is that of Petavius, Paris, 2 vols. fol., 1622, and Col., 1682. (Du Pin, Bibl. Eccl., vol. 2.-Cave's Lit. Hist.-Bayle, Dict., s. v.-Clarke's Succession of Sacred Literature.-Encyc. Useful Knowledge, vol. 9, p. 477.) EPIPOLE, a piece of elevated and broken ground, sloping down towards the city of Syracuse, but precipitous on the other side. It received its name from the circumstance of its overlooking Syracuse. Hence Thucydides (6, 96) remarks, vóμaoraι vñò Tūν Σvpακουσίων, διὰ τὸ ἐπιπολῆς τοῦ ἄλλου εἶναι, Ἐπιποhai. (Consult Göller, de Situ et Origine Syracus arum, p. 53, seqq.) EPIPHANIUS, a bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, in the fourth century. He was born of Jewish parents, at a village called Besanducan, near Eleutheropolis, in Palestine, about A.D. 320, and appears to have been educated in Egypt, where he imbibed the principles of the Gnostics. At length he left those heretics, and, becoming an ascetic, returned to Palestine and adopted EPIRUS, a country to the west of Thessaly, lying the discipline of St. Hilarion, the founder of monachism along the Hadriatic. The Greek term ήπειρος, which in that country. Epiphanius erected a monastery near answers to the English word mainland, appears to have the place of his birth, over which he presided till he been applied at a very early period to that northwestwas made bishop of Salamis in 367. Here he remain-ern portion of Greece which is situated between the ed about 36 years, and composed most of his writings. chain of Pindus and the Ionian Gulf, and between the In 391 he commenced a controversy with John, bishop Ceraunian Mountains and the river Achelous; this of Jerusalem, relative to the Platonic doctrines of the name being probably used to distinguish it from the learned and laborious Origen, against which he wrote large, populous, and wealthy island of Corcyra, which and preached with implacable bitterness. John fa- lay opposite to the coast. It appears that, in very voured Origen's views, but Epiphanius found in The- ancient times, Acarnania was also included in the term, ophilus, the violent bishop of Alexandrea, a worthy and in that case the name must have been used in coadjutor, who, in 399, convened a council, and con- opposition to all the islands lying along the coast. demned all the works of Origen. Epiphanius himself (Strab., 453.-Hom., Od., 14, 100.) The ancient then called a council in Cyprus, A.D. 401, and reit- geography of Epirus was attended with great difficulties erated this condemnation, after which he wrote to St. even in the time of Strabo. The country had not then Chrysostom, then bishop of Constantinople, requesting recovered from the effects of the destruction caused by him to do the same. On finding this prelate disin- Paulus Æmilius in 167 B.C., who destroyed seventy clined to sanction his violent proceedings, he forthwith towns, and reduced to slavery 150,000 of the inhabirepaired to Constantinople, for the purpose of exciting tants. (Polyb., ap. Strab., p. 322.-Liv., 45, 34.— the bishops of that diocese to join in executing the de- Plut., Vit. Paul. Emil., c. 29.) After this the greatcrees which his Cyprian council had issued; but, hav- er part of the country remained in a state of absolute ing entered a church in the city in order to repeat his desolation, and, where there were any inhabitants, they anathemas, he was forewarned by Chrysostom of the had nothing but villages and ruins to dwell in. (Strab., illegality of his conduct, and was obliged to desist. 327.)-The inhabitants of Epirus were scarcely considExasperated at this disappointment, he applied to the ered Hellenic. The population in early times had imperial court for assistance, where he soon embroiled been Pelasgic. (Strab., 221.)-The oracle at Dodona himself with the Empress Eudoxia; for, on the occa- was always called Pelasgic, and many names of places sion of her asking him to pray for the young Theodo- in Epirus were also borne by the Pelasgic cities of sius, who was dangerously ill, he replied that her son the opposite coast of Italy. (Niebuhr, Hist. Rom., should not die, provided she would not patronise the vol. 1, p. 34.) But irruptions of Illyrians had barbadefenders of Origen. To this presumptuous message rized the whole nation; and though Herodotus speaks the empress indignantly answered, that her son's life of Thesprotia as a part of Hellas, he refers rather to was not in the power of Epiphanius, whose prayers its old condition, when it was a celebrated seat of were unable to save that of his own archdeacon, who the Pelasgians, than to its state at the time when he had recently died. After thus vainly endeavouring to wrote his history. In their mode of cutting the hair, gratify his sectarian animosity, he resolved to return in their costume, and in their language, the Epirotes to Cyprus; but he died at sea on the passage, A.D. resembled the Macedonians, who were an Illyrian 403. The principal works of Epiphanius are, 1. IIa- race. (Strab., 327.) Theopompus (ap. Strab., 323) vápiov, or a Treatise on Heresies, that is, peculiar sects divided the inhabitants of Epirus into fourteen differ(aipéosis). This is the most important of his writings. ent tribes, of which the most renowned were the ChaIt treats of eighty sects, from the time of Adam to the onians and Molossians, who successively maintained latter part of the 4th century. 2. 'Avakepahaiwois, a preponderance in this country. The Molossians or an Epitome of the Panarion. 3. 'Aуkuporov, or claimed descent from Molossus, son of Neoptolemus a Discourse on the Faith, explaining the doctrine of and Andromache. Tradition reported, that the son of the Trinity, Resurrection, &c. 4. A treatise on the Achilles, Neoptolemus, or Pyrrhus, as he is also called, ancient weights, measures, and coins of the Jews. having crossed from Thessaly into Epirus on his reEpiphanius was an austere and superstitious ascetic, turn from the siege of Troy, was induced, by the adand, as a bitter controversialist, he often resorts to very vice of an oracle, to settle in the latter country, where, false arguments for the refutation of heretics. That having subjugated a considerable extent of territory, his inaccuracy and credulity were equal to his religious he transmitted his newly-formed kingdom to Molossus, zeal, is apparent from his numerous mistakes in im- his son by Andromache, from whom his subjects deportant historical facts, and his reliance on any false rived the name of Molossi. (Pind., Nem., 7, 56.) and foolish reports. Jerome, however, admires Epi- Scymnus of Chios conceives Pyrrhus to have been the phanius for his skill in the Hebrew, Syriac, Egyptian, son of Neoptolemus (v. 446). The history of Molossia Greek, and Latin languages, and accordingly styles him is involved in great obscurity until the period of the Persian invasion, when the name of Admetus, king of his dominions. But Demetrius, his son, naving raised the Molossi, occurs from the circumstance of his hav-another army, attacked Alexander, and presently coming generously afforded shelter to Themistocles when pelled him to evacuate the Macedonian territory. (Jusin exile and pursued by his enemies, although the in- tin, 26, 3.-Frontin., Strat., 3.) At the expiration of fluence of that celebrated statesman had previously two other insignificant reigns, the royal line of the been exerted against him in some negotiations which acidæ becoming extinct, the Epirots determined to he had carried on at Athens. The details of this in- adopt a republican form of government, which preteresting anecdote, as they are furnished by Thucyd- vailed until the subjugation of Macedon by the Roides, serve to prove the weakness as well as poverty mans. Having been accused of favouring Perseus in of the Molossian chiefs compared with the leading the last Macedonian war, they became the objects of powers of Greece at that time. (Thucyd., 1, 136.) the bitterest vengeance of the Romans, who treated Admetus was succeeded by his son Tharypas or Tha- this unfortunate nation, as we have already remarked, rymbas, who appears to have been a minor towards with unexampled and detestable severity. Epirus, the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, when we having lost its independence, was thenceforth annexed find his subjects assisting the Ambraciots in their in- as a province to the Roman empire.-We may consider vasion of Acarnania. Thucydides, on that occasion, Epirus as bounded on the north by Illyria and part of reports, that Sabylinthus, prince of Atintania, was Macedonia, from the Acroceraunian mountains to the guardian to Tharybas (2, 80). Tharybas is represent-central chain of Pindus. In this direction the river ed by Plutarch (Vit. Pyrrh.) as a wise and able mon- Aous would be the natural line of separation between arch, and as encouraging science and literature. His these two countries. The Peravai and Tymphæi, successor is not known; but some years after we hear who occupied the upper valleys of that river, being of a prince called Alcetas, who was dethroned by his generally looked upon as Epirotic tribes, while the subjects, but restored by Dionysius of Syracuse. Oresta and Elymiotæ, contiguous to them on the (Diod. Sic., 15, 13.-Pausan., 1, 11.) Neoptolemus, north, were certainly included within the limits of his son, reigned but for a short time, and left the Macedonia. On the side of Thessaly, Pindus formed crown to his brother Arybas, together with the care of another natural barrier, as far as the source of the river his children. Alexander, the eldest of these, succeed- Arachthus, which served to part the Cassopæi and othed his uncle, and was the first sovereign of Epirus er Molossian clans from the country of the Athamanes. who raised the character and fame of that country But as the republic of Ambracia, which occupied both among foreign nations by his talents and valour. His banks of this river near its entrance into the Ambrasister Olympias had been married to Philip of Mace- cian gulf, became a portion of Epirus after it ceased don, before his accession to the throne of Epirus; and to enjoy a separate political existence, we must remove the friendship thus cemented between the two mon- the southern boundary of this province to the vicinarchs was still farther strengthened by the union of ity of Argos and the territory of the Amphilochians. Alexander with Cleopatra, the daughter of Philip. Epirus, though in many respects wild and mountainIt was during the celebration of these nuptials at ous, was esteemed a rich and fertile country. Its Edessa that the King of Macedon was assassinated. pastures produced the finest oxen, and horses unAlexander of Epirus seems to have been an ambitious rivalled for their speed. It was also famous for a prince, desirous of conquest and renown; and, though large breed of dogs, thence called Molossi; and modwe have no certain information of the events which ern travellers have noticed the size and ferocity of occurred during his reign, there is good reason for be- these dogs at the present day. Epirus corresponds to lieving that he united the Chaonians, Thesprotians, the Lower Albania of modern times. The followand other Epirotic clans, together with the Molossians, ing is the account given of the present aspect of the under his sway; as we find the title of King of Epirus country by Malte-Brun. "The climate of Lower Alfirst assumed by him. (Diod. Sic., 16, 72.-Strabo, bania is colder than that of Greece; the spring does not 280.) Having been applied to by the Tarentines to set in before the middle of March, and the heat of sumaid them against the attacks of the Lucani and Brutii, mer is oppressive in July and August: in these months he eagerly seized this opportunity of adding to his many streams and rivers are drained, the grass and fame and enlarging his dominions. He therefore plants are withered. The vintage begins in Septemcrossed over into Italy with a considerable force, and, ber, and the heavy rains during December are suchad he been properly seconded by the Tarentines ceeded in January by some days of frosty weather. and the other colonies of Magna Græcia, the barba- (Pouqueville, vol. 2, p. 263, seqq.) The oak-trees, rians, after being defeated in several engagements, and there is almost every kind of them, arrive at great must have been conquered. But Alexander, being left perfection: the plane, the cypress, and manniferous to his own resources and exertions, was at length sur-ash appear near the seacoast, beside the laurel and rounded by the enemy, and slain near the fated walls of Pandosia, in the Brutian territory. (Liv., 8, 24.Strabo, 255.) On the death of Alexander the crown devolved on his cousin acides, the son of Arybas the former king, of whom little is known, except that, having raised an army to assist Olympias against Cassander, his soldiers mutinied and deposed him; not long after, however, he appears to have been reinstated. (Diod. Sic., 19, 36.) His brother Alcetas, who succeeded him, was engaged in a war with Cassander, which proved unfortunate; for, being defeated, his dominions were overrun by the forces of his victorious enemy, and he himself was put to death by his rebellious subjects. (Diod. Sic., 19, 36.) The name of Pyrrhus, who now ascended the throne, sheds a lustre on the annals of Epirus, and gives to its history an importance it never would otherwise have possessed. (Vid. Pyrrhus.) Alexander, the eldest son of Pyrrhus, succeeded his father, whom he sought to emulate by attempting afresh the conquest of Macedon. On this occasion Antigonus Gonatas was again vanquished and driven from the lentisk; but the forests on Pindus consist chiefly of cedars, pine, larch, and chestnut-trees. (Pouqueville, vol. 2, p. 186 and 274.-Id., vol. 4, p. 412.) Many of the mountains are arid and steril; such as are sufficiently watered are verdant, or covered with the wild vine and thick groups of elders; in spring their sides are covered with flowers; the violet, the narcissus, and hyacinth appear in the same profusion as in the mild districts of Italy. The inhabitants cultivate cotton and silk; but the olive, for want of proper care, does not yield an abundant harvest; the Amphilochian peach, the Arta nut, and the quince, grow in a wild state in the woods and uncultivated land. Epirus was once famous for its oxen; the breed was improved by King Pyrrhus (Plin., 7, 44.-Aristot., Hist. An., 3, 16): it has now degenerated; they are small, stunted, and ill-shaped. The horses of the same country are still excellent." (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 6, p. 179, Am. ed.) EPOREDŎRIX, I. a leading chieftain among the Edui · in Gaul He commanded the forces of his country EPYTIDES, a patronymic given to Periphantes, the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. (Virg., En., 5, 547.) A man men in their war with the Sequani, before Cæsar's ar- on horseback (just as the 'Inεiç at Athens were a rival in Gaul. (B. G., 7, 67.) He afterward went poorer class than the IIɛvTakoσiquédiμvoi, Plut., Vit. over to the side of Vercingetorix, in the great insur-Sol., c. 18), should be furnished with the means for rection against the Roman power, but was taken pris- doing so. But the case was different with the equites, oner by Cæsar. (B. G., 7, 55.—Ib., 63.—Ib., 67.) after the establishment of an order of wealth. -II. Another Æduan leader, mentioned by Cæsar. might then be of equestrian rank, and yet have no (B. G., 7, 76.) horse assigned him. Thus, on the one hand, we find, at the time of the siege of Veii, a number of equites serving on horseback at their own expense (Liv., 5, 7) ; and, on the contrary, L. Tarquitius, who was a patrician, was obliged to serve on foot from his poverty. (Liv., 3, 27.) From this it appears probable that a certain sum was fixed, which it was not necessary for every eques to have, but the possessor of which was obliged to serve on horseback at his own expense if no horse could be given him by the public; and that those whose fortune fell short of this, were obliged to serve in the infantry under the same circumstances.The lieutenant of the dictator was called "the chief of the equites" (magister equitum); and although in later times he was appointed to this office by the dictator himself, it is probable, as Niebuhr conjectures (vol. 1, p. 559), that he was originally elected by the 12 centuries of plebeian equites, just as the dictator or magister populi was chosen by the sex suffragia, or, EQUIRIA, a festival established at Rome by Romulus in honour of Mars, when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. It took place on the 27th of February. (Varro, de L. L., 5, 3.Ovid, Fast., 2, 859.) EQUITES, the name of an order in the Roman state. Their origin, according to the old tradition, was this: Romulus, having divided his subjects into three tribes, chose from each 100 young men, whom he destined to serve on horseback, and act as his body-guard. This body of cavalry was called the Celeres, and afterward the Equites. (Dion. Hal., 2, 13.) Niebuhr supposes (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 325), that whereas Patres and Patricii were titles of honour for individuals, Celeres was the name of the whole class as distinguished from the rest of the nation. The three centuries of the Ce-in other words, by the populus or patricians.-With releres were called by the same names as the three tribes gard to the functions of the equites, besides their milof the patricians, namely, Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres. itary duties, they had to act as judices or jurymen unTheir tribunes are spoken of as a college of priests der the Sempronian law: under the Servilian law the (Dion. Hal., 2, 64), and it appears that the tribes of judices were chosen from the senate as well as from the patricians had also tribunes. (Dion. Hal., 2, 7.) the equites: by the Glaucian law, the equites alone Moreover, when it is said that Tarquinius Priscus made performed the office; and so on, by alternate changes, three new centuries, which he added to the former three, till the law of Aurelius Cotta, B.Č. 70, by which the and that the whole went under the name of the Sex judices were chosen from the senators, equites, and Suffragia, or the Six Equestrian Centuries, we cannot tribuni ærarii.-The equites also farmed the public doubt that the alteration which he introduced was a conrevenues. Those who were engaged in this business stitutional, and not merely a military one; that, in fact, were called the publicani; and though Cicero, who the centuries which he formed were, like the original was himself of the equestrian order, speaks of these three, tribes of houses; that his innovation was nothing farmers as "the flower of the Roman equites, the orbut an extension of the political division of Rome un-nament of the state, the safeguard of the republic" der Romulus. (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 391.)|(pro Planc., 9), it appears that they were a set of deWhen Servius Tullius established the comitia of the testable oppressors, who made themselves odious in centuries, he received the Sex Suffragia, which in- all the provinces by their avarice and rapacity.-The cluded all the patricians, into his first class, and to equites, as may be inferred from what has been already them he added twelve other equestrian centuries, made said, gradually lost the marks of their distinctive origin, up of the richest of the plebeian order. (Niebuhr, and became, as they were in the time of Cicero, for invol. 1, p. 427.) The ancient writers appear to have stance, an ordo or class of persons, as distinguished laboured under some great confusion with regard to from the senate and the plebs. They had particular this arrangement. Livy (1, 43) makes a proper dis-seats assigned them in the circus and theatre. The tinction between the twelve equestrian centuries cre- insignia of their rank, in addition to the horse, were a ated by Servius, and the six which existed before; but golden ring, and the angustus clavus, or narrow border when he states (1, 36) that the cavalry in the reign of of purple on their dress, as distinguished from the latus Tarquinius Priscus amounted to 1800, he appears to clavus, or broad band of the senators. The last two inbe antedating the origin of the eighteen equestrian cen-signia seem to have remained after the former ceased turies which formed part of the constitution of Servius. to possess its original and distinctive character. (En-` To the establishment of the Comitia Centuriata, the cre- cycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 9, p. 492.) ation of a body of Equites, as a distinct order, seems to EQUUS TUTICUs, a town of Samnium, on the Apbe due. The plan of Servius was, to a certain extent, pian Way, distant, according to the Itineraries, twenidentical with that of Solon. The object of both legis-ty-two ancient miles from Cluvia, which is itself ten lators was to break down the limits to which the old miles northeast of Beneventum. (Romanelli, vol. 2, aristocracy was confined, and to set up an order of wealth by the side of the order of birth; not, however, that when a person could produce his 400,000 sesterces, he became ipso facto a knight, as was the case in after times. (Hor., Epist., 1, 1, 57.) According to the Servian constitution, good birth or the sanction of the censors was necessary for gaining a place in the equestrian order. (Polyb., 6, 20.-Zonaras, 7, 19.) When Cicero says (De Repub., 2, 20) that Tarquinius established the equestrian order on the same footing as that on which it stood in his time, and also attributes to the same king the assigning of money to the equites for the purchase and keep of their horses, he is evidently inconsistent. In Tarquin's time, that is, before there was any plebeian order, it was natural enough that the poorer patricians, who were obliged to serve p. 331.) The term Tuticus is Oscan, equivalent to the Latin Magnus. (Lanzi, vol. 3, p. 608.) Much discussion has arisen among geographers as to the precise situation of this place. Cluverius was of opinion that it ought to be placed at Ariano (Ital. Ant., 2, 12); others near Ascoli (Pratilli, Via Appia, lib. 4, c. 10); D'Anville at Castel Franco (Annal. Geogr. de l'Ital., p. 218), which supposition is nearly correct; but the exact site, according to the report of local antiquaries, is occupied by the ancient church of St. Eleuterio, a martyr who is stated, in old ecclesiastical records, to have suffered at Equum. This place is about five miles distant from Ariano, in a northerly direction. The branch of the Appian Way on which Equus Tuticus stood, runs nearly parallel with that which Horace seems to have followed in his well known journey to Brundisium. He informs us, that | flourished under the first Ptolemies, had already prohe passed the first night after having left Beneventum duced Timochares and Aristyllus, whose solstitial obat a villa close to Trivicum, a place situated among servations, made probably by the shadows of a gnomon, the mountains separating Samnium from Apulia. Hor- and by the armillary circles imitative of those of the ace, in speaking of Equus Tuticus, pleasantly alludes celestial vault, retained considerable credit for conto the unmanageable nature of the name in verse: turies afterward, though, from these methods of obesr"Mansuri oppidulo, quod versu dicere non est." (Sat., vation, they must have been extremely rude and im1, 5, 87.) perfect. Eratosthenes had not only the advantages arising from the instruments and observations of his predecessors, but the great Alexandrean library, which probably contained all the Phoenician, Chaldaic, Egyptian, and Greek learning of the time, was intrusted to his superintendence by the third Ptolemy (Euergetes) who invited him to Alexandrea; and we have proof, in the scattered fragments which remain to us of this great man, that these advantages were duly cultivated to his own fame and the progress of infant astronomy. The only work attributed to Era titled Karaoтepiopoí (Catasterismi), and is merely a catalogue of the names of forty-four constellations, and the situations in each constellation of the principal stars, of which he enumerates nearly five hundred, but without one reference to astronomical measurement. We find Hipparchus quoted in it, and mention made of the motion of the pole, that of the polar star having been recognised by Pytheas. These circum ERASISTRATUS, a physician of Iulis, in the island of Ceos, and grandson of Aristotle by a daughter of this philosopher's. (Strabo, 486.-Steph. Byzan., s. v. Tovhis.) After having frequented the schools of Chrysippus, Metrodorus, and Theophrastus, he passed some time at the court of Seleucus Nicator, where he gained great reputation by his discovering the secret malady which preyed upon the young Antiochus, the son of the king, who was in love with his mother-in-law, Queen Stratonice. (Appian, Bell. Syr., c. 126.-Lucian, de Dea Syr., c. 17.) It was at Alexandrea, how-tosthenes which has come down to us entire, is enever, that he principally practised. At last he refused altogether to visit the sick, and devoted himself entirely to the study of anatomy. The branches of this study which are indebted to him for new discoveries, are, among others, the doctrine of the functions of the brain, and that of the nervous system. He has immortalized himself by the discovery of the via lactea; and he would seem to have come very near that of the circulation of the blood. Comparative anatomy fur-stances, taken in conjunction with the vagueness of nished him with the means of describing the brain the descriptions, render its genuineness extremely much better than had ever been done before him. He doubtful; at all events, it is a work of little value. If also distinguished and gave names to the auricles of the Eratosthenes be really the author of the "Catasterisheart. (Galen, de Dogm. Hipp. et Plat., lib. 7, p. 311, mi," it must have been composed merely as a vade seqq.-Id., de Usu Part., lib. 8, p. 458.-Id., de Ad- mecum, for we find him engaged in astronomical reministr. Anat., lib. 7, p. 184.-Id., an Sanguis, &c., searches far more exact and more worthy of his gep. 223.) A singular doctrine of Erasistratus is that nius. By his observations he determined, that the of the vevua (pneuma), or the spiritual substance distance between the tropics, that is, twice the obliquiwhich, according to him, fills the arteries, which we in-ty of the ecliptic, was of an entire circumference, or hale in respiration, which from the lungs makes its way 47° 42′ 39′′, which makes the obliquity to be 23° 51 into the arteries, and then becomes the vital principle 19.5", nearly the same as that supposed by Hipparof the human system. As long as this spirit moves chus and Ptolemy. As the means of observation were about in the arteries, and the blood in the veins, man at that time very imperfect, the instruments divided enjoys health but when, from some cause or other, only to intervals of 10', and corrections for the greater the veins become contracted, the blood then spreads refraction at the winter solstice, for the diameter of into the arteries and becomes the source of maladies: the solar disc, &c., were then unknown, we must reit produces fever when it enters into some noble part gard this conclusion as highly creditable to Eratosor into the great artery; and inflammations when it thenes. His next achievement was to measure the is found in the less noble parts or in the extremities of circumference of the earth. He knew that at Syene the arteries. (Galen, Comm., 1, in lib. de Nat. Hum., (the modern Assouan) the sun was vertical at noon p. 3.) Erasistratus rejected entirely blood-letting, as in the summer solstice; while at Alexandrea, at the well as cathartics: he supplied their place with dieting, same moment, it was below the zenith by the fiftieth tepid bathing, vomiting, and exercise. In general, he part of a circumference: the two places are nearly on was attached to simple remedies: he recognised what the same meridian (error 2°). Neglecting the solar was subsequently termed Idiosyncrasy, or the peeu- parallax, he concluded that the distance from Alexanliar constitution of different individuals, which makes drea to Syene is the fiftieth part of the circumference the same remedy act differently on different persons. of the earth; this distance he estimated at five thouA few fragments of the writings of Erasistratus have sand stadia, which gives two hundred and fifty thoubeen preserved by Galen. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., sand stadia for the circumference. Thus Eratosthevol. 3, p. 406, seqq.-Sprengel, Hist. Med., vol. 1, p.nes has the merit of pointing out a method for finding 439, seqq.) says, tu." ERATO, one of the Muses, who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is said to have invented also hymns to the gods, and to have presided likewise over pantomimic dancing. Hence Ausonius "Plectra gerens Erato saltat pede, carmine, vul(Idyl. ult., v. 6.) She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding a lyre in her hand. She appears with a thoughtful, and sometimes with a gay and animated, look. (Compare Müller, Archäol. der Kunst, p. 594, seqq.) ERATOSTHENES, a distinguished contemporary of Archimedes, born at Cyrene, B.C. 276. He possessed a variety of talents seldom united in the same individual, but not all in the same eminent degree. His mathematical, astronomical, and geographical labours are those which have rescued his name from oblivion. The Alexandrean school of sciences, which the circumference of the earth. But his data were not "De tained a history of geography, a critical notice of the the scholia of Tzetzes to Lycophron (v. 158), 'Epexauthorities used by him, and the elements of physical θεὺς, ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἢ ὁ Ζεὺς (παρὰ τὸ ἐρέχθω, τὸ κινῶ). geography. The second book treated of mathemati- Many other writers declare the identity of Neptune cal geography. The third contained the political or and Erechtheus. The Erechtheum of the Acropolis historical geography of the then known world. The was contiguous to the temple of Minerva Polias, and whole work was accompanied with a map. The geog. its principal altar was dedicated to Neptune, "on raphy of Eratosthenes is lost; the fragments which which," Pausanias says (1, 26), “they also sacrificed remain have been chiefly preserved by Strabo, who to Erechtheus;" a very natural variation of the story, was doubtless much indebted to them.-Eratosthenes when it was forgotten that Neptune and Erechtheus also busied himself with chronology. Some remarks were the same. 'Epexocus means "the shaker," and on his Greek chronology will be found in Clinton's is equivalent to vooixbwv or evvodiyalos, the most Fasti Hellenici (vol. 1, p. 3.—Ib., p. 408); and on frequent epithets of the god of the sea. That Erechhis list of Theban kings in Rask's work on the An-theus was really Neptune is farther evident from the cient Egyptian Chronology (Altona, 1830).-The prop-circumstance, that the well of salt water in the Acropoerties of numbers attracted the attention of philoso- lis, which was said to be the memorial of the contest phers from the earliest period, and Eratosthenes also of Neptune with Minerva for the honour of being the distinguished himself in this branch. He wrote a work tutelary deity of Athens, was called dúhaooa 'Epexon the Duplication of the Cube," Kúbov dınλaoiao-Onis. (Philol. Museum, No. 5, p. 360.) Hós, which we only know by a sketch that Eudoxus has given of it, in his treatise on the Sphere and Cylinder of Archimedes. Eratosthenes composed, also, another work in this department, entitled Kóσkivov, or "the Sieve," the object of which was to separate prime from composite numbers, a curious memoir on which was published by Horseley, in the "Philosophical Transactions," 1772.-Eratosthenes arrived at the age of eighty years, and then, becoming weary of life, died by voluntary starvation. (Suid., s. v.) Montucla, with his usual naïveté, says, it would have been more philosophical to have awaited death 'de pied ferme."-The best editions of the Catasterismi are that of Schaubach, with notes by Heyne, Gött., 1795, and that of Matthiæ, in his Aratus, Francof., 1817, The fragments of Eratosthenes have been collected by Bernhardy, Berol., 1822. (Montucla, Hist. des Math., p. 239.-Delambre, Hist. de l'Astron. Anc., p. 86.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 9, p. 497.) 8vo. ERBESSUS, a strongly-fortified town of Sicily, northeast of Agrigentum, which the Romans made their principal place of arms in the siege of the last-mentioned city. It was soon after destroyed. (Polyb., 1, 18.)—When mention is made, in other passages of the ancient writers, of Erbessa, we must, no doubt, refer it to the city of Herbessa, which lay nearer Syracuse. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 441.) ERCHIA, one of the boroughs of Attica, and belonging to the tribe Egeis. Its position has not been clearly ascertained. This was the native demus of Xenophon and Isocrates. (Diog. Laert., 2, 48.) ERECHTHIDES, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. (Ovid, Met., 7, 430.) ERESSUS OF ERESUS (on coins the name is always written with one Σ), a city of Lesbos, situate on a hill, at the distance of twenty-eight stadia from Cape Sigrium. It derives celebrity from having given birth to Theophrastus. Phanias, another disciple of the great Stagirite, was likewise a native of this place. (Strab., 616.-Steph. Byz., s. v. "Epɛooos.) According to Archestratus, quoted by Athenæus, Eressus was famous for the excellence of its wheaten flour. The site yet preserves the name of Eresso. (Pococke, vol. 1, b. 3, c. 4.—Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 163.) ERETRIA, I. a town of the island of Euboea, situate on the coast of the Euripus, southeast of Chalcis. It was said by some to have been founded by a colony from Triphylia in Peloponnesus: by others its origin was ascribed to a party of Athenians belonging to the demus of Eretria. (Strabo, 447.) The latter opinion is far more probable, as this city was doubtless of Ionic origin. (Herodot., 8, 46.) We learn from Strabo, that Eretria was formerly called Melaneïs and Arotria; and that, at an early period, it had attained to a considerable degree of prosperity and power. The Eretrians had conquered the islands of Ceos, Teos, Tenos, and others. And in their festival of Diana, which was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, three thousand soldiers on foot, with six hundred cavalry, and sixty chariots, were often employed to attend the procession. (Strabo, 448.-Compare Livy, 35, 38.) Eretria, at this period, was frequently engaged EREBUS, I. a deity of the lower world, sprung from in war with Chalcis; and Thucydides reports (1, 15), Chaos. From him and his sister Nox (Night) came that on one occasion most of the Grecian states took Æther and the Day. (Hesiod, Theog., 123, seqq.)- part in the contest. The assistance which Eretria II. A dark and gloomy region in the lower world, then received from the Milesians induced that city to where all is dreary and cheerless. According to the co-operate with the Athenians in sending a fleet and Homeric notion, Erebus lay between the earth and troops to the support of the Ionians, who had revolted Hades, beneath the latter of which was Tartarus. It from Persia at the instigation of Aristagoras (Herodot., was therefore not an abode of the departed, but merely 5, 99); by which measure it became exposed, in cona passage from the upper to the lower world. (Heyne, junction with Athens, to the vengeance of Darius. ad Iliad, 8, 368.—Passow, Lex. Gr., s. v.) This This monarch accordingly gave orders to his commode of explaining is opposed, however, by some, manders, Datis and Artaphernes, to subdue both Erethough on no sufficient grounds. (Keightley's My-tria and Athens, and bring the inhabitants captive bethology, p. 90.) Oriental scholars derive the name Erebus from the Hebrew ereb, evening. ERECHTHEIS, the well of salt water in the Acropolis at Athens. (Vid. Erechtheus.) ERECHTHEUS, one of the early Attic kings, said to have been the son of Pandion I., and the sixth in the series of monarchs of Attica. He was father of Cecrops II-We have already given some remarks on the fabulous history of the Attic kings, under the article Cecrops. It may be added here, that Erechtheus in all probability was only a title of Neptune. This appears plainly, as far as such a point can be said to De plain, both from the etymology of the name and the testimony of ancient writers. Thus we have in Hesychius, 'Epex0εúç. Пoσeidŵv kv 'A0ývais, and in fore him. Eretria was taken after six days' siege, and the captive inhabitants brought to Asia. They are said to have been in number only four hundred, among whom were ten women. The rest of the Eretrians escaped from the Persians among the rocks of the isl and. Darius treated the prisoners kindly, and settled them at Ardericca, in the district of Cissia. (Herodot., 6, 119.) According to Philostratus, they occupied the same spot at the beginning of the Christian era. Eretria recovered from the effects of this disaster, and was rebuilt soon after. We find it mentioned by Thucydides, towards the close of his history (8, 94), as revolting from Athens on the approach of a Spartan fleet under Hegesandridas, and mainly contributing to the success obtained by that commander. After the |