these latter were attached to some particular tree, with | which they were born, and with which they died; whereas the Dryades were the goddesses of the trees and woods in general, and lived at large in the midst of them. For though dous properly signifies an oak, it was also used for a tree in general. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries sacrificed a goat. The derivation of the name Hamadryades is from aua, "at the same time," and dpuç, "a tree," for the reason given above. It is plain that spus and the Germanic tree are the same word. Apuç has apparently this signification in Пl., 22, 126.-Оd., 19, 163.-Herod., 7, 218.-Soph., Trach., 768. In Nonnus, dpuç is constantly tree, and Spvóeis, wooden. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 237, not.) DRYMEA, a town of Phocis, on the banks of the Cephissus, northeast of Elatea. (Pausan., 10, 34.) It was burned and sacked by the Persians under Xerxes, as we are informed by Herodotus (8, 33). Its position is uncertain. Some antiquaries place it at Dadi, others at Ogulnitza. (Compare Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 135.-Gell's Itin., p. 210.)

DUILLIUS NEPOS, C. a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. After his colleague Cn. Corn. Scipio had been taken at sea by the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, Duillius proceeded, with a newly-built Romak fleet, to Sicily, in quest of the enemy, whom he met near the Lipari Islands; and, by means of grapplingirons, so connected the ships of the Carthaginians with his own, that the contest became a sort of land-fight. By this unexpected manœuvre, he took eighty and destroyed thirteen of the Carthaginian fleet, and obtained a naval triumph, the first ever enjoyed at Rome. There were some medals struck in commemoration of this victory, and a column was erected on the occasion. This column (called Columna Rostrata, because adorned with beaks of ships) was, as Livy informs us, struck down by lightning during the interval between the sec ond and third Panic wars. A new column was erect ed by the Emperor Claudius, and the inscription restored, though probably modernized. It was buried afterward amid the ruins of Rome, until at length, in 1565, its base, which contained the inscription, was dug up in the vicinity of the Capitol. So much, however, was defaced, that many of the letters were illegible. This inscription has been restored, on conjecture, by the learning of modern scholars. (Compare Lipsius, Auctarium ad Inscript. Smetianas. -Ciacconius, Col. Rostr. Inscr. in Græv. Thes., vol. 4, p. 1811.)

DULICHIUM, the principal island in the group of the Echinades. Its name occurs more than once in the Odyssey as being well peopled and extensive. (Od., 1, 246; 16, 247.) Its situation, however, has never been determined by those who have commented on the

DRYOPES, a people of Greece, in the vicinity of Mounts Eta and Parnassus. (Herodot., 1, 56—Štrabo, 434.) Dicæarchus, however (v. 30), extends their territory as far as the Ambracian gulf. They were so called, it is supposed, from Dryope, the daughter of Eurypylus, or, according to the poets, from a nymph violated by Apollo. Others derive the name, however, from opus, an oak, and õy, a voice, on account of the number of oaks which grew about the mountains, and the rustling of their leaves. The inhabitants themselves, however, advocated their fabulous origin, and claimed to be the descendants of Apollo; and therefore Hercules, having overcome this people, car-poet; nor is it probable that much light can be thrown ried them prisoners to Delphi, where he presented them to their divine progenitor, who commanded the hero to take them with him to the Peloponnesus. Hercules obeyed, and gave them a settlement there, near the Asinean and Hermionian territories: hence the Asineans came to be blended with, and to call themselves, Dryopes. According to Herodotus, however, they passed into Euboea, and from thence into the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor (8, 73; 1, 146). It is worthy of remark, that Strabo ranks the Dryopes among those chiefly of Thracian origin, who had, from the earliest period, established themselves in the latter country, towards the southern shores of the Euxine. (Strab., 586.)

DUBIS, a river of Gallia, rising at the foot of Mount Jura, and, after a course of 50 miles, falling into the Arar or Saone, near Cabillonum, the inodern Chalons. It is now the Doubs or Doux. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 77.) The text of Cæsar (B. G., 1, 38), where he makes mention of this river, is very corrupt, some MSS. reading Adduabis, others Alduadubis, and others again Alduadusius, Adduadubis, and Alduasdubis. Cellarius, following Valois (Valesius) and Vossius, gives Dubis as the true lection (Geogr. Ant., vol. 1, p. 36), and this has been followed in the best editions. (Compare the remarks of Oberlinus, ad Cæs., 1. c., as to the origin of the corruption.)

upon the subject at this distant period. Strabo (456), who has entered largely on the question, takes much pains to refute those who confounded it with Cephallenia, or considered it as a town of that island. He himself contends, that the Dolicha of his time, situated at the mouth of the Achelous, opposite to Eniada, and 100 stadia from Cape Araxus, was the real Dulichium. (Compare Steph. Byz., s. v. Dovλíxiov. Eustath. ad Hom., Od., 1, 246.) But it is very doubtful whether this place was ever of sufficient consequence to apply to Homer's description of that island. Dodwell, who has made some judicious observations on this head, thinks that Dulichium may have been swallowed up by an earthquake; and mentions having been assured by some Greek sailors that there was, about two miles from Cephallenia, an immersed isl and, extending out for seven miles. (Classical Tour, vol. 1, p. 107, seqq.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 27.)

DUMNÒRIX, a powerful and ambitious chieftain of the Ædui, and brother to Divitiacus. He was disaffected towards Cæsar and the Romans, and, when the former was on the point of sailing for Britain, and had ordered Dumnorix to accompany him, the duan, on a sudden, marched away with the cavalry of his nation, and directed his course homeward. He was pursued and put to death. (Cas., B. G., 1, 3.—Id. ib., 1, 20.

DUBRIS PORTUS, a port of Britain, supposed to be-Id. ib., 5, 6, seq.) Dover. It was in the territory of the Cantii, and 14 miles from Durovernum. At Dubris, according to the Notitia Imperii, was a fortress, erected against the Saxon pirates. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 161.-Cellarius, Geogr. Ant., vol. 1, p. 331.)

DUILLIA LEX, I. was brought forward by M. Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304. It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without tribunes, or to create any new magistrate from whom there was no appeal. The punishment was scourging and beheading. (Liv., 3, 55.)-II. Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what interest ought to be paid for money lent, and fixing it at one per cent.

DURIUS, a river of Spain, rising in the chain of Mons Idubeda, near the sources of which are the ruins of ancient Numantia. (Strabo, 152.) Ptolemy (2, 5) calls it the Awpías, and Dio Cassius (37, 52) the Aúpios. It flowed to the west, through the territories of the Arevaci and Vaccæi, and formed a dividing line between the Lusitani and Vettones on the south, and the Callaici on the north. It empties into the Atlantic after a course of nearly 300 miles, but is navigable only seventy miles from its mouth, on account of the rapid current. Its modern name is the Douro. sands of the Durius are spoken of by the ancients as being auriferous. (Sil. Ital., 1, 234.) At the mouth

The

of this river stood Calle, commonly styled Portus | Bætis. (Mela, 3, 1.)-III. A city of Hispania TarraCalles, from a corruption of which last comes the modern name of Portugal. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 340-Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 290.)

DUROCASSES (called also Droca and Fanum Druidum), a city of the Eburovices, in Gallia Lugdunensis, southwest of Lutetia. In its vicinity was the principal residence of the Druids in Gaul. The modern name is Dreux. (Cas., B. G., 6, 13.-Thuan., Hist., 34, seq.)

DUROCORTORUM, the capital of the Remi, on the Vesle, one of the branches of the Axona or Aisne. It is now Rheims. (Cæs., B. G., 6, 44.)

DYMA, the last of the Achæan towns to the west, situate about forty stadia beyond the mouth of the Peyrus or Pirus. Pausanias states (7, 18), that its more ancient name was Palea. Strabo is of opinion, that the appellation of Dyme had reference to its western situation, with regard to the other cities of the province (πασῶν δυσμικωτάτη, ἀφ ̓ οὐ καὶ τοὔνομα). | He adds, that it was originally called Stratos. (Strabo, 387.) The epithet of Cauconis, applied to this city by the poet Antimachus, would lead to the supposition that it was once occupied by the ancient Cau(Ap. Schol. Lycophron, v. 589.) Dymæ is mentioned as one of the twelve towns of Achaia by Herodotus (1, 146). Its territory, from being contiguous to Elis and Etolia, was frequently laid waste during the Social war by the armies of those countries then united. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 71.) DYRAS, a river of Thessaly, twenty stadia beyond the Sperchius, said to have sprung from the ground in order to assist Hercules when burning on Oeta. (Herodot., 7, 199.-Strabo, 428.)

cones.

conensis, near the river Tamaris. It is supposed to coincide with the modern village of Muros, near the mouth of the Tambre. Others, however, are in favour of the harbour of Obre, at the mouth of the Tamaro. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 446.)

EBORACUM, a city of Britain, in the territory of the Brigantes, now York. Eboracum was, next to Londinium or London, the most important city in the whole island. It formed a convenient post, and place of arms, for the Romans during the continual wars waged by them against the northern nations of Britain. Septimius Severus died here. The modern city can still show many vestiges of Roman power and magnificence. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 123.)

EBUDE, the western isles of Britain, now Hebrides. Ptolemy (2, 2) places them to the north of Hibernia, and makes them five in number. The name Ebuda was borrowed by the Romans from the Greek appellation Εβουδαί. Two of the five properly bear the name of Ebudæ; the remaining three were called Maleus, Epidium, and Ricina. Pliny (4, 16) calls them all Hebrides Insulæ. Ebudes," says Salmasius, "Mela nullas recenset, et nullas Emodas Ptolemæus. Vix sane mihi dubium est, quin Emoda, vel Emuda, et Ebuda eædem sint." (Salmas. ad Solin., 1, 22.)

EBURONES, I. a nation of Belgic Gaul, to the west of the Ubii and the Rhine, and to the south of the Menapii. Their territory corresponded to the present country of Liége (le pays de Liége). Under the conduct of Ambiorix they defeated Sabinus and Cotta, the lieutenants of Cæsar, having induced them to quit their winter-quarters, and then having attacked them on the route. Cæsar inflicted a terrible retaliation, desolating the country, and almost annihilating their race. The Tungri afterward took possession of the vacated seats of the Eburones. The capital of the Eburones was Aduatuca. This was rebuilt by the Tungri, and is now Tongres. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 4, seqq.-Id. ib., 5, 26, seqq.-Id. ib., 6, 33.)

DYRIS, the name given to Mount Atlas by the neighbouring inhabitants. (Όρος ἐστὶν, ὅπερ οἱ μὲν "Ελληνες "Ατλαντα καλοῦσιν, οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ Δύριν.— Strabo, 825.) Mr. Hodgson, in a pamphlet on the affinities of the Berber languages, after observing that the Atlas chain of mountains was called by the ancient geographers, besides their common appellation, Dyris EBUSUS ("Ebovoos, Gronov. ad Strab., ed Oxon., p. or Dyrim, and Adderis or Aderim, indulges in the fol- 216.-Bovoos, Dionys. Perieg.), one of the Pityusæ, lowing etymological remarks (p. 5, seqq). "These or Pine-islands, so named by the Greeks from the names appear to me to be nothing else than the Berber number of pine-trees which grew in them (πíтvç, words Athraer, Edhrarin, which mean a mountain or pinus). The island of Ebusus was the largest of the mountains, differently corrupted from what they had number, and very fertile in the production of vines, been before they were changed to Atlas. Adrar, Ath-olives, and large figs, which were exported to Rome raer, Edhrarin, Adderis, or Adderim, are evidently and elsewhere. (Compare Mela, 2, 7.-Plin., 3, 5. the same word, with such variations as may naturally-Id., 15, 9.-Fest. Avien., v. 621.) It was famed be expected when proper names pass from one lan- also for its wool: but that no poisonous animal existed guage to another. There is surely not more, nor per- here is a mere fable of former days. Some of the anhaps so much, difference between them as between cient writers call it simply Pityusa. (Diod. Sic., 5, Antwerpen and Amberes (the Spanish name for An- 16.-Compare Livy, 28, 37, who, however, in another twerp), Mechlin and Malines, Lugdunum and Lyons, place (22, 20), names it Ebusus.) Agathemerus (Ge'Odvocevc and Ulysses, Kapxndwv and Carthage. And ogr., 1, 5) speaks of the larger Pityusa in contradistincif the Romans or the Greeks changed Adhrar and Ed-tion to the smaller. It is about forty miles from the hrarin into Adderis, or in the accusative Adderim, why from Adderis might they not have made Adras, Atras, or Atlas? The weight of probability, at least, seems to be in favour of this supposition." (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4, new series.)

DYRRACHIUM, now Durazzo, a city of Illyricum, previously called Epidamnus. (Vid. Epidamnus.)

E..

Mediterranean coast of Spain, and is now named, by a slight corruption, Iviça. It still produces abundance of corn, wine, oil, fruit, &c., and a great deal of salt is made in it by natural evaporation. Its size is 190 square miles; the population about 15,000. Diodorus (1. c.) compares this island, in point of size, with Corcyra. The chief place on the island was Ebusus, which had an excellent harbour, and was inhabited in part by Phoenicians. (Diod. Sic., 5, 16-Sil. Ital., 3, 362.)

ECBATANA (ōrum), I. the capital of Media, situate, according to Diodorus (2, 3), about twelve stadia from EANUS, a name of Janus among the ancient Latins. Mount Orontes. The genuine orthography of the Cornificius, quoted by Macrobius (Sat., 1, 9), main-word appears to be Agbatana ('Aybárava). Stephatained that Cicero (N. D., 2, 27) meant this appellation, nus of Byzantium says that this form 'Aybárava was and not Janus, when he derived the name ab cundo. employed by Ctesias. Bähr, however, the latest ediEBORA, I. a city of Lusitania, to the south of the tor of Ctesias, retains 'Ekbárava, not because he thinks Tagus and north of the Anas, called also Liberalitas | it the true reading, but from a reluctance to change the Julia. (Plin., 4, 22.-Mela, 3, 1.) It is now Evora, the chief city of the province of Alontejo.-II. A fortress in Hispania Batica, on the eastern bank of the

form of the word in opposition to the MSS. But the same editor, in his Herodotus (1, 98), adopts 'AybáTava with Wesseling, for here the MSS. favour it.

Isidorus Characenus has 'Arobárava, a manifest er- | covered the dominion of Upper Asia, Ecbatana, both ror. Reland (Diss. Miscell., pt. 2, p. 107) deduces as an ancient seat of empire and as a place situate the name from the Persian Ac, "a lord" or "master," far from the immediate scene of warfare between the and Abadan, "a cultivated and inhabited place."-Ec- Persians and the Romans, continued to be a favourite batana, being in a high and mountainous country, was and secure place of residence. The natural bulwarks a favourite residence of the Persian kings during sum- of Mount Zagros were never forced by the Roman lemer, when the heat of Susa was almost insupportable.gions, nor did the matrons of Ecbatana ever behold the The Parthian kings also, at a later period, retired to it smoke of a Roman camp. Consequently, we find, from in the summer to avoid the excessive heat of Ctesi- Ammianus Marcellinus, that near the close of the fourth phon. According to Herodotus (1, 98), Ecbatana was century, Ecbatana continued to be a great and a fortibuilt near the close of the eighteenth century B.C. by fied city.-The site of Ecbatana has been a matter of Dejoces, the founder of the Median monarchy. The dispute among modern scholars. Gibbon and Sir W. book of Judith (1, 2) assigns the building of this city, Jones are in favour of the present Tabriz. The claims, or, rather, the erection of its citadel, to Arphaxad, in the however, of this town are now completely set aside. twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Mr. Williams contends for Ispahan." (Geography of Assyria. Some writers make Arphaxad the same with Anc. Asia, p. 10, seqq.) He is ably refuted, however, Dejoces, while others identify him with Phraortes, the in the Journal of Education (No. 4, p. 305, segg.). son of the latter, who might have repaired the city, or D'Anville, Mannert, and others declare for Hammeelse made some additions to it.-Herodotus furnishes dan, which is undoubtedly the true opinion. The us with no hint whence we may infer the relative po- route of commerce between the low country, in the sition of Ecbatana on the map of Media. His de- neighbourhood of the ancient Seleucia, and the modscription of the fortress or citadel, however, is par- ern Bagdad and the high table-land of Iran, is deterticular. "The Medes," he remarks, "in obedience mined by the physical character of the country, and to their king's command, built those spacious and has continued the same from the earliest recorded hismassy fortifications now called Ecbatana, circle within tory of those countries to the present day. The places circle, according to the following plan. Each inner marked in the Itinerary of Isidorus Characenus, as circle overtops its outer neighbour by the height of the lying in Seleucia and Ecbatana, are the places indibattlements alone. This was effected partly by the cated by modern travellers as lying on the route benature of the ground, a conical hill, and partly by the tween Bagdad and Hammedan.—Mr. Kinneir describes building itself. The number of the circles was seven; the climate of Hammedan as delightful during eight within the innermost were built the palace and the months of the year; but in winter the cold is excestreasury. The circumference of the outermost wall sive, and fuel with difficulty procured. Hammedan and of the city of Athens may be regarded as nearly lies in a low plain at the foot of Mount Eluund, which equal. The battlements of the first circle are white; belongs to the mountain-chain that forms the last step of the second, black; of the third, scarlet; of the fourth, in the ascent from the lowlands of Irak-Arabi to the azure; of the fifth, orange. All these are brilliantly high table-land of Iran. The summit of Elwund is coloured with different paints. But the battlements tipped with continual snow. (Kinneir's Persia, p. of the sixth circle are silvered over, while those of the 128.)-II. A town of Syria, in Galilæa Inferior, at the seventh are gilt. Dejoces constructed these walls foot of Mount Carmel, supposed to coincide with the around his palace for his own personal safety. But modern Caiffa. Here Cambyses gave himself a morhe ordered the people to erect their houses in a circle tal wound as he was mounting his horse, and thus fularound the outward wall." (Herod., 1, 98, seq.)-filled the oracle which had warned him to beware of The Orientals, however, according to Diodorus Sicu- Ecbatana. (Herod., 3, 64.) lus, claimed a far more ancient origin for Ecbatana. They not only described it as the capital of the first Median monarchy, founded by Arbaces, but as existing prior to the era of the famed and fabulous Semiramis, who is said to have visited Ecbatana in the course of her royal journeys, and to have built there a magnificent palace. She also, with immense labour and expense, introduced abundance of excellent water into the city, which before had been badly supplied with it, and she effected this object by perforating the adjacent Mount Orontes, and forming a tunnel, fifteen feet broad, and forty feet high, through which she conveyed a lakestream. (Diod. Sic., 2, 13.) Ecbatana continued a splendid city under the Persian sway, the great king spending at this place the two hottest months of the year. (Elian, l. c.—Xen., l. c.) The Macedonian conquest did not prove destructive to Ecbatana, as it had to the royal palace at Persepolis. Alexander deposited in Ecbatana the treasures taken from Persepolis and Pasargada, and one of the last acts of his life was a royal visit to the Median capital. Although not equally favoured by the Seleucida, it still retained the traces of its former grandeur; and Polybius has left on record a description of its state under Antiochus the Great, which shows that Ecbatana was still a splendid city, though it had been despoiled of many of its more costly decorations. (Polyb., 10, frag. 4.) When the Seleucidae were driven from Upper Asia, Ecbatana became the favourite summer residence of the Arsacidæ, and we have the authority of Tacitus to show, that, at the close of the first century, it still continued to be ECHIONIUS, an epithet applied to the city of Thebes, the Parthian capital. (Tacit., Ann., 15, 31.) When as founded by the aid of Echion. (Ovid, Met., 3, 311. the Persians, under the house of Sassan, A.D. 226, re--Horat., Od., 4, 4, 64.)

ECHIDNA, a monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoë, the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper parts of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. (Hesiod, Theog., 297.)

ECHINADES, islands formerly lying opposite the mouth of the Achelous, but which, in process of time, have for the most part become connected with the land by the alluvial deposites of the muddy waters of the river. These rocks, as they should rather be termed, were known to Homer, who mentions them as being inhabited, and as having sent a force to Troy under the command of Megas, a distinguished warrior of the Iliad. (Il., 2, 625.) They are said by some geographers to be now called Curzolari; but this name belongs to certain small, pointed isles near them, called from their appearance Oria ('Ofɛiai) by the ancients. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 26.) ECHINUSSA. Vid. Cimolus.

ECHION, one of the men who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He, along with four others, survived the conflict that ensued, and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. The monarch gave him his daughter Agave in marriage, by whom he had Pentheus. After the death of Cadmus he reigned in Thebes. Hence the epithet Echionean," applied by the poets to that city. (Ovid, Met., 3, 311.-Horat., Od., 4, 4, 64.)

ECHIONIDES, a patronymic given to Pentheus as descended from Echion. (Ovid, Met., 3, 311.)

ECHO, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephissus. She was once one of Juno's attendants; but, having offended that goddess by her deception, she was deprived, in a great measure, by her, of the power of speech. Juno declared, that in future she should have but little use of her tongue; and immediately she lost all power of doing any more than repeat the sounds which she heard. Echo happening to see the beautiful youth Narcissus, became deeply enamoured of him. But, her love being slighted, she pined away till nothing remained of her but her voice and bones. The former still exists, the latter were converted into stone. (Ovid, Met., 3, 341, seqq.)

ECTENES, a people who, according to Pausanias, first inhabited the territory of Thebes, in Boeotia. Ogyges is said to have been their first king. They were exterminated by a plague, and succeeded by the Hyantes. (Compare Strabo, 401.-Pausan., 9, 5.Lycophr., v. 433.)

EDETANI, a people of Spain, south of the Iberus. They occupied what corresponds with the northern half of Valencia, and the southwestern corner of Aragon. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 426.- Ukert, vol. 2, p. 413, seqq.)

opened the royal tombs in hopes of finding treasure. It was here that Philip was assassinated by Pausanias while celebrating the marriage of his daughter Cleopatra with Alexander, king of Epirus. (Diod. Sic., 16, 92.) It is uncertain which of the two appellations is the more ancient, Egæ or Edessa; the latter form is always used by later writers. (Hierocl., Synecd., p. 638.) It is generally agreed that the town called Vodina, situate on the river Vistritza, which issues from the Lake of Ostrovo, represents this ancient city; but it may be observed, that the name of Bodena appears to be as old as the Byzantine historians. (Cedrenus, vol. 2, p. 705.-Glycas, p. 309.) Dr. Clarke, in his travels (Greece, Egypt, &c., vol. 7, p. 434, seqq.), quotes a letter from Mr. Fiolt of Cambridge, who had visited Vodina, and which leaves no doubt as to its identity with Edessa. He says, "it is a delightful spot. There are sepulchres cut in the rock, which the superstitious inhabitants have never plundered, because they are afraid to go near them. EDESSA, I. a city of Mesopotamia, in the district of I went into two, and saw the bodies in perfect repose, Osroene, on the banks of a small river called Scirtus. with some kinds of ornaments, and clothes, and vases. It lay northeast of Zeugma, and southeast of Samosa-There is a beautiful inscription in the town. The fall ta, and, according to the Itin. Ant., nine geographical of waters is magnificent." (Cramer's Ancient Greece, miles from the Euphrates and Zeugma (ed. Wesseling, vol. 1, p. 226, seqq.) p. 185). Procopius (Pers., 2, 12) places it a day's journey from Batnæ; and an Arabian writer cited by Wesseling (ad Itin. Ant., l. c.), about six parasangs or four miles. Edessa is said to have been one of those numerous cities which were built by Seleucus Nicator, and was probably called after the city of the same EDONI or EDONES, a people of Thrace, on the left name in Macedonia. It was once a place of great ce- bank of the Strymon. It appears from Thucydides lebrity, and famous for a temple of the Syrian goddess, (2, 99), that this Thracian clan once held possession which was one of the richest in the world. During of the right bank of the Strymon as far as Mygdonia, the intestine broils which greatly weakened the king- but that they were ejected by the Macedonians. The dom of Syria, Augurus or Abgarus seized on this city name of this tribe is often used by the poets to express and its adjacent territory, which he erected into a the whole of the nation of which they formed a part. kingdom, and transmitted the royal title to his poster-(Soph., Ant., 955.-Eur., Hec., 1153.) ity. We learn from St. Austin that our Saviour EETION, the father of Andromache, and king of Hypromised Abgarus that the city should be impregna-poplacian Thebe in Troas. (Hom., Il., 6, 396.)—II. ble; and Euagrius (Hist. Eccles., 4, 27) observes, that although this circumstance was not mentioned in our Lord's letter, still it was the common belief; which was much confirmed when Chosroes, king of Persia, after having set down before it, was obliged to raise the siege. This is all, however, a pious fable.—Edessa was called Callirhoë, from a fountain contained within it. (Plin., 5, 24.) The sources of this fountain still remain, and the inhabitants have a tradition that this is the place where Abraham offered up his prayer pre-man History, vol. 1, p. 202, Cambr. transl.) Wagvious to his intended sacrifice of Isaac. (Compare Niebuhr, vol. 2, p. 407.- Tavernier, lib. 2, c. 4.) In later times it was termed Roha, or, with the article of the Arabs, Orrhoa, and by abbreviation Orrha. This appellation would seem to have arisen from the circumstance of Edessa having been the capital of the district Osroene, or, as it was more probably called, EGNATIA, a town of Apulia, on the coast, below Orrhoene. The modern name is Orrhoa or Orfa. Barium. It communicated its name to the consular (Chron. Edess. in Assemanni Bibl. Orient., vol. 1, p. way that followed the coast from Canusium to Brun388.) The Arabians revere the spot as the seat of disium. (Strabo, 282.) Its ruins are still apparent learned men and of the purest Arabic. (Abulpharag, Torre d'Agnazzo and the town of Monopoli. Hist. Dynast., p. 16, ed. Wesseling, ad loc.)-II. A(Pratilli, Via Appia, lib. 4, c. 16.-Romanelli, vol. 2, city of Macedonia, called also Edessa and Egæ, p. 143.) Pliny states (2, 107), that a certain stone situate on the Via Egnatia, thirty miles west of Pella. was shown at Egnatia, which was said to possess the According to Justin (7, 1) it was the city occupied by property of setting fire to wood that was placed upon Caranus on his arrival in the country, and it continued it. It was this prodigy, seemingly, which afforded so apparently to be the capital of Macedonia, until the much amusement to Horace (Sat., 1, 5, 98), and from seat of government was transferred to Pella. Even the expression limine sacro employed by the poet, the after this event it remained the place of sepulture for stone in question would appear to have been placed the royal family, since we are told that Philip and in the entrance of a temple, serving for an altar. What Eurydice, the king and queen of Macedon, who had Horace, however, regarded as a mere trick, has been been put to death by Olympias, were buried here by thought to have had more of reality about it than the Cassander. (Athen., 4, 41.) Pausanias (1, 6) states, poet supposed. Some commentators imagine that the that Alexander was to have been interred here; and stone was placed over a naphtha spring, with an aperwhen Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, had taken and plun- ture in it for the flame to pass through; a simple condered the town, he left there a body of Gauls, who trivance which the priests would not fail to turn to

The commander of the Athenian fleet, conquered by the Macedonians under Clitus, near the Echinades. (Diod. Sic., 18, 15.)

EGERIA, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, the spouse and instructress of Numa. (Vid. Numa.) Some regard ed her as one of the Camœnæ. According to the old legend, when Numa died, Egeria melted away in tears into a fountain. Niebuhr places the grove of Egeria below S. Balbina, near the baths of Caracalla. (Ro

ner, in a dissertation on this subject, is in favour of the valley of Caffarella, some few miles from the present gate of Saint Sebastian. (Wagner, commentatio de Egeria fonte, et specu ejusque situ.-Marbourg, 1824.)

EGESTA. Vid. Ægesta.

near the

good account. So La Lande found in Italy, on a hill | Athenians. The alarm and consternation produced at near Pietra Mala, not far from Firenzuola, flames Athens by his approach is finely described by Demosthebreaking forth from the ground, the vapour from which nes in his Oration de Corona (p. 284.-Compare Esresembled petroleum in smell. (Voyage d'un Fran-chin. in Ctes., p. 73.-Strab., 424). Some years after, çois en Italie, vol. 2, p. 134.-1765.) Compare also Elatea made a successful defence against the arms of the remarks of Salmasius on the account given by So-Cassander. It was, however, reduced by Philip, son 'inus of a volcanic hill near Agrigentum in Sicily. of Demetrius, who bribed the principal inhabitants. Solin, c. 5.-Salmas., ad loc., p. 89, seqq.) (Pausan., l. c.) During the Macedonian war, this EION, a port at the mouth of the Strymon, twenty-town was besieged by the Roman consul, T. Flamifive stadia from Amphipolis, of which, according to ninus, and taken by assault. (Liv., 32, 18, seqq. — Thucydides (4, 102), it formed the harbour. This Polyb., 5, 26.-Id., 18, 26.) An attack subsequently historian affirms it to have been more ancient than made on Elatea by Taxilus, general of Mithradates, Amphipolis. It was from Eion that Xerxes sailed to was successfully repelled by the inhabitants; in conAsia, according to Herodotus, after the battle of sequence of which exploit they were declared free by Salamis. (Herodot., 8, 118.) Boges was left in the Roman senate. (Pausan., l. c.) Strabo speaks command of the town on the retreat of the Persian ar- of its advantageous situation, which commanded the mies, and made a most gallant resistance when be- entrance into Phocis and Boeotia. Other passages sieged by the Grecian forces under Cimon. On the relative to this place will be found in Plutarch (Vit. total failure of all means of subsistence, he ordered a | Syll.), Appian (Bell. Mithrad.), Theophrastus (Hist. vast pile to be raised in the centre of the town, and Plant., 8, 8, 2), and Scylax (p. 23). Its ruins are to having placed on it his wives, children, and domestics, be seen on a site called Elephta, on the left bank of he caused them to be slain; then, scattering every- the Cephissus, and at the foot of some hills which thing of value in the Strymon, he threw himself on the unite with the chains of Cnemis and Eta. Sir W. burning pile and perished in the flames. (Herodot., Gell, in his Itinerary, notices the remains of the city 7, 107.-Thucyd., 1, 98.) After the capture of Am- walls, as well as those of the citadel, and the ruins of phipolis, the Spartans endeavoured to gain possession several temples (p. 216.-Compare Dodwell, vol. 2, of Eion also, but in this design they were frustrated p. 140). At the distance of about twenty stadia to by the arrival of Thucydides with a squadron from the east was the temple of Minerva Cranæa, described Thasus, who repelled the attack. (Thucyd., 4, 107.) by Pausanias: its remains were discovered by Sir W. Cleon afterward occupied Eion, and thither the remains Gell and Mr. Dodwell. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, of his army retreated after their defeat before Amphip- vol. 2, p. 179.) olis. (Thucyd., 5, 10.) This place is mentioned by Lycophron (v. 417). In the middle ages a Byzantine town was built on the site of Eion, which now bears the name of Contessa. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 295, seqq.)

ELAVER, a river of Gaul, rising in the same quarter with the Liger, and, after pursuing a course almost parallel with it, falling into this same stream below Nevers. It is now the Allier. (Cæs., B. G., 8, 34 and 53.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 119.) ELEA, the port of the city of Pergamus. Accord- ELEA, a city of Lucania. (Vid. Velia.) ing to some traditions, it had been founded after the ELECTRA, I. one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, siege of Troy, by the Athenians, under the command and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. (Ovid, Fast., 4, of Mnestheus. (Strab., 622.) Elæa was distant 12 31.)-II. A daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and one stadia from the mouth of the Caicus, and 120 from of the Pleiades. (Vid. Pleiades.)-III. One of the Pergamus. (Strab., 615.) The modern name is Ia-daughters of Agamemnon. Upon the murder of her lea or Lalea. Smith places the ruins of this city at no great distance from Clisiakevi, on the road from Smyrna to Berganat. (Account of the Seven Churches of Asia, p. 7.-Liv., 36, 43.—Pausan., 9, 5.) ELAGABALUS, I. the surname of the sun at Emesa. -II. The name of a Roman emperor. (Vid. Emesa and Heliogabalus.)

father, on his return from Troy, Electra rescued her brother Orestes, then quite young, from the fury of Ægisthus, by despatching him to the court of her uncle Strophius, king of Phocis. There Orestes formed the well-known attachment for his cousin Pylades, which, in the end, led to the marriage of Electra with that prince. According to one account, Electra had previously been compelled, by Ægisthus, to become the wife of a Mycenean rustic, who, having regarded her merely as a sacred deposite confided to him by the gods, restored her to Orestes on the return of that prince to Mycena, and on his accession to the throne of his ancestors. Electra became, by Pylades, the mother of two sons, Strophius and Medon. Her story has formed the basis of two plays, the one by Sophocles, the other by Euripides. (Soph., Electr.-Eurip., Electr.)

ELAPHEBŎLIA, a festival in honour of Diana the Huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, čλapos, and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely defeated by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously approved of by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and obtain-name. (Vid. Eridanus.) ed a complete victory. Ir. commemoration of this unexpected success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with the greatest solemnity. (Athen., 14, p. 646, e.-Castellanus, de Fest. Græc., p. 115.)

ELATEA, the most considerable and important of the Phocian cities after Delphi, situate, according to Pausanias (10, 34), one hundred and eighty stadia from Amphicæa, on a gently rising slope, above the plain watered by the Cephissus. It was captured and burned by the army of Xerxes (Herodot., 8, 33), but, being afterward restored, it was occupied by Philip, father of Alexander, on his advance into Phocis to overawe the

ELECTRIDES, islands fabled to have been in the Adriatic, off the mouths of the Padus or Po, and to have abounded with amber (electrum), whence their

ELECTRYON, son of Perseus and Andromeda, and king of Mycena. He was the father of Alcmena. Electryon undertook an expedition against the Teleboans in order to avenge the death of his sons, whom the sons of Taphius, king of the Teleboans, had slain in an encounter. Returning victorious, he was met by Amphitryon, and killed by an accidental blow. (Apollod., 2, 4, 6.-Vid. Alcmena.)

ELEI, the people of Elis in Peloponnesus. (Vid. Elis.)

ELEPHANTINE, an island of Egypt, in the Nile, with a city of the same name, about a semi-stadium distant from Syene. Pliny (5, 9) calls it Elephantis Insula.