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joyed the use of his faculties to the term of a hundred | seriously impeded by the want of sufficient means, to years.(some say several years longer), and at last died say nothing of the over-anxious fears of maternal tenthrough mere decay.-Democritus expanded the atom- derness, and the delicate state of his own health. ic theory of his master Leucippus, to support the truth When Demosthenes was about sixteen years of age, of which he maintained the impossibility of division ad his curiosity was attracted by a trial in which Callisinfinitum; and from the difficutly of assigning a com- tratus pleaded, and won a cause of considerable immencement of time, he argued the eternity of existing portance. The eloquence which procured, and the nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed acclamations which followed, his success, so inflamed the atoms, originally similar, to be endowed with cer- the ambition of the young Athenian, that he detertain properties, such as impenetrability, and a density mined to devote himself thenceforward to the assiduproportionate to their volume. He referred every ac- ous study of oratory. He chose Isæus as his master tive and passive affection to motion, caused by impact, rather than Isocrates (either because this plan was less limited by the principle he assumed, that like can only expensive, or because the style of the latter was not act on like. He drew a distinction between primary sufficiently nervous and energetic): from Plato, also, motion and secondary; impulse and reaction; from a he imbibed much of the richness and the grandeur combination of which he produced rotatory motion. which characterized the writings of that mighty master. Herein consists the law of necessity, by which all At the age of seventeen he appeared before the public things in nature are ruled. From the endless multi-tribunals, and pronounced against his faithless guarplicity of atoms have resulted the worlds which we dians, and against a debtor to his father's estate, five behold, with all the properties of immensity, resem-orations, which were crowned with complete success. blance, and dissimilitude which belong to them. The These discourses, in all probability, had received the soul consists (such is his doctrine) of globular atoms finishing hand from Isæus, under whom Demosthenes of fire, which impart movement to the body. Main- continued to study for the space of four years after he taining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus in- had reached his majority. An opening so brilliantly troduced the hypothesis of images (eidwha), a species successful imboldened the young orator, as may well of emanation from external objects, which make an im- be supposed, to speak before the people; but, when he pression on our senses, and from the influence of which made the attempt, his feeble and stammering voice, his he deduced sensation (alo@nois) and thought (vónois). interrupted respiration, his ungraceful gestures, and his He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and there- ill-arranged periods, brought upon him general ridicule. fore false perception, and a true one. In the same Returning home in the utmost distress, he was reanimanner, consistently with his theory, he accounted for mated by the kind aid of the actor Satyrus, who, havthe popular notions of the Deity; partly through our ing requested Demosthenes to repeat some passage incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which from a dramatic poet, pronounced the same extract we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions com- after him with so much correctness of enunciation, municated by certain beings (eidwha) of enormous and in a manner so true to nature, that it appeared to stature, and resembling the human figure, which in- the young orator to be quite a different passage. Conhabit the air. To these he ascribed dreams, and the vinced, thereupon, how much grace and persuasive powcauses of divination. He carried his theory into prac-er a proper enunciation and manner add to the best tical philosophy also, laying down that happiness con-oration, he resolved to correct the deficiencies of his sisted in an equability of temperament (evovuía), youth, and accomplished this with a zeal and persewhence he deduced his moral principles and pruden-verance which have passed into a proverb. How tial maxims. It was from Democritus that Epicurus deeply he commands our respect and admiration by borrowed the principal features of his metaphysics. his struggles to overcome his natural infirmities, and (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 423, seqq. remove the impressions produced by his first appear-Ritter, Hist. Phil., vol. 1, p. 544, seqq.-Tenne-ance before his assembled countrymen! He was not mann's Manual, p. 79.) indebted for the glory he acquired either to the bounty of nature or to the favour of circumstances, but to the inherent strength of his own unconquerable will. To free himself from stammering, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth, a story resting on the authority of Demetrius Phalereus, his contemporary. It also appears that he was unable to articulate clearly the letter R; but he vanquished that difficulty most perfectly; for Cicero says, "exercitatione fecisse ut plenissime diceHe removed the distortion of features, which accompanied his utterance, by watching the movements of his countenance in a mirror; and a naked sword was suspended over his left shoulder while he was declaiming in private, to prevent its rising above the level of the right. That his enunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, an exercise by which his voice acquired both force and energy; and on the seashore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumult of a public assembly. He constructed a subterranean study, where he would often stay for two or three months together, shaving one side of his head, that, in case he should wish to go abroad, the shame of appearing in that condition might keep him within. In this solitary retreat, by the light of his lamp, he copied and recopied, ten times at least, the orations scattered throughout the history of Thucydides, for the purpose of moulding his own style after so pure a model.-Whatever may be the truth of these several stories, Demosthenes got credit for the most inde.

DEMODOCUS, I. a musician at the court of Alcinoüs, who sang in the presence of Ulysses. (Hom., Od., 8, 44.-Plut., de Mus.)-II. A Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. (Virg., En., 10, 413.)

DEMOLEON, I. a centaur, killed by Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithoüs. (Ovid, Met., 12, 356.)—II. A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. (Hom., Il., 20, 395.) DEMONAX, a Cynic philosopher, of excellent charac-ret." ter, contemporary with Lucian, who relates his history. He was a native of Cyprus, of wealthy parents, and is described by Lucian as having been the best philosopher he ever knew. Demonax resided at Athens, attained to the age of nearly 90 years, and was honoured at his death with a public funeral. (Lucian, Vit. Demonact., vol. 5, p. 231, seqq., ed. Bip.)

DEMOPHOON OF DEMOPHON. Vid. Phyllis. DEMOSTHENES, I. a celebrated Athenian orator, a native of the borough of Pæania, in the tribe Pandionis. His father, Demosthenes, was a citizen of rank and opulence, and the proprietor of a manufactory of arms; not a common blacksmith, as the language of Juvenal (10, 130) would lead us to believe. The son was born in the fourth year of the 98th Olympiad, B.C. 385, and lost his father at the early age of seven years, when he was left to the care of his mother, Cleobule. The guardians to whom his father had intrusted the administration of a large property proving faithless to their charge, and wasting a large portion of his patrimony, the orator's early studies were

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fatigable labour in the acquisition of his art. His immense concourse of spectators. Demosthenes trienemies, at a subsequent period of his career, at- umphed, and his antagonist, not having received the tempted to ridicule this extraordinary industry, by fifth part of the votes, was, in conformity with the exremarking that all his arguments "smelt of the lamp," isting law, compelled to retire into exile. A short and they eagerly embraced the opportunity of denying time after this splendid victory, Demosthenes was him the possession of natural talents. A malicious condemned for having suffered himself to be bribed opinion like this would easily find credit; and, in fact, by Harpalus, a Macedonian governor, who, dreading a similar mistake is very frequently made; for, since the anger of Alexander, had come to Athens to hide it is acknowledged on all hands, that all successful men there the fruit of his extortion and rapine, and had barwho are naturally dull must be industrious, the con- gained with the popular leaders of the day for the proverse of the proposition grows into repute, and it is in-tection of the republic. Demosthenes, having escaped ferred that all men who are industrious must necessarily from imprisonment, fled to Egina, whence he could be dull. The accusation against Demosthenes seems behold the shores of his beloved country, and earnestto have rested chiefly on his known reluctance to speak ly and constantly protested his innocence. After the without preparation. The fact is, that, though he could death of Alexander he was restored, and his entry into exert the talent of extemporaneous speaking, he avoided Athens was marked by every demonstration of joy. rather than sought such occasions, partly from defer- A new league was formed among the Grecian cities ence to his audience, and partly from apprehending against the Macedonians, and Demosthenes was the the possibility of a failure. Plutarch, who mentions soul of it. But the confederacy was broken up by this reluctance of the orator, speaks at the same time Antipater, and the death of the orator was decreed. of the great merit of his extemporaneous effusions. He retired thereupon from Athens to the island of CaDemosthenes reappeared in public, after the rigorous lauria, off the coast of Argolis, and, being still pursued discipline of private study, at the age of 25 years, by the satellites of Antipater, terminated his life there and pronounced two orations against Leptines, the by poison, in the temple of Neptune, at the age of author of a law which imposed on every citizen of above sixty years.-Before the time of Demosthenes Athens, except the descendants of Harmodius and there existed three distinct styles of eloquence: that Aristogiton, the exercise of certain burdensome func- of Lysias, mild and persuasive, quietly engaged the attions. The second of these discourses, entitled "Of tention, and won the assent of an audience; that of Immunities," is regarded as one of his happiest efforts. Thucydides, bold and animated, awakened the feelings After this he became much engaged with the business and powerfully forced conviction on the mind; while of the bar, and these professional labours, added to the that of Isocrates was, as it were, a combination of the scanty portion of his patrimony which he had recovered two former. Demosthenes can scarcely be said to from his guardians, appear to have formed his only have proposed any individual as a model, although he means of support. But, whatever may have been the bestowed so much untiring labour on the historian of distinction and the advantages which Demosthenes the Peloponnesian war. He rather culled all that was acquired by his practice at the bar, his principal glory valuable from the various styles of his great predecesis derived from his political discourses. At the pe- sors, working them up, and blending them into one riod when he engaged in public affairs, the state was a harmonious whole: not, however, that there is such mere wreck. Public spirit was at the lowest ebb; the a uniformity or mannerism in his works as prevents laws had lost their authority, the austerity of early man-him from applying himself with versatility to a variety ners had yielded to the inroads of luxury, activity to indo- of subjects; on the contrary, he seems to have had lence, probity to venality, and the people were far advan- the power of carrying each individual style to perfecced upon the route which conducts a nation to irremedi- tion, and of adapting himself with equal excellence to able servitude. Of the virtues of their forefathers there each successive topic. In the general structure of remained to the Athenians naught save an attachment, many of his sentences, he resembles Thucydides; but carried almost to enthusiasm, for their native soil, for he is more simple and perspicuous, and better calculathat country the possession of which had been con- ted to be quickly comprehended by an audience. On tested even by the gods. On the slightest occasion the other hand, his clearness in narration, his elegance this feeling of patriotism was sure to display itself; and purity of diction, and (to borrow a metaphor from thanks to this sentiment, the people of Athens were a sister art) his correct keeping, remind the reader of still capable of making the most strenuous efforts for Lysias. But the argumentative parts of the speeches of the preservation of their freedom. No one knew bet- Lysias are often deficient in vigour; whereas earnestter than Demosthenes the art of exciting and keeping ness, power, zeal, rapidity, and passion, all exemplified alive this enthusiasm. His penetration enabled him in plain, unornamented language, and a strain of close, easily to divine the ambitious plans of Philip of Mace-business-like reasoning, are the distinctive characterisdon, from the very outset of that monarch's operations, tics of Demosthenes. The general tone of his oratory, and he resolved to counteract them. His whole pub- | indeed, was admirably adapted to an Athenian audience, lic career, indeed, had but one object in view, and that constituted as it was of those whose habits of life were was, war with Philip. For the space of fourteen mechanical, and of those whom ambition or taste had years did this monarch find the Athenian orator con- led to the cultivation of literature. The former were tinually in his path, and every attempt proved unavail-captivated by sheer sense, urged with masculine force ing to corrupt so formidable an adversary. These and inextinguishable spirit, and by the forcible applicafourteen years, which immediately preceded the fall tion of plain truths; and yet there was enough of grace of Grecian freedom, constitute the brightest period in and variety to please more learned and fastidious audithe history of Demosthenes. And yet his courage was tors. "His style," as Hume well observes, "is rapid political rather than military. At Charonea he fled harmony, exactly adjusted to the sense: it is vehement from the field of battle, though in the Athenian assem-reasoning, without any appearance of art: it is disdain, bly no private apprehensions could check his eloquence or influence his conduct. But, though overpowered in the contest with the enemy of Athenian independence, he received after his defeat the most glorious recompense, which, in accordance with Grecian customs, a grateful country could bestow upon a virtuous son. Athens decreed him a crown of gold. The reward was opposed by Eschines. The combat of eloquence which arose between the two orators, attracted to Athens an

anger, boldness, freedom, involved in a continued stream of argument; and, of all human productions, the orations of Demosthenes present to us the models which approach the nearest to perfection." Another very remarkable excellence of Demosthenes is the collocation of his words. The arrangement of sentences in such a manner that their cadences should be harmonious, and, to a certain degree, rhythmical, was a study much in use among the great masters of Gre

cian composition. Plato passed the latter years of his remarks, "consists in his abruptness, that of the life in correcting his dialogues; and that very simplici- other in his diffuseness. Our countryman (Demosty remarkable in the structure of the periods of Demosthenes), from the force, the fire, the mighty vehemence thenes is itself the result of art.-The question has often with which he bears down all before him, may be been raised as to the secret of the success of Demos- compared to a tempest or thunderbolt; while Cicero, thenes. How is it that he attained to his astonishing like a wide-spreading conflagration, devours and rolls pre-eminence? How is it that, in a faculty which is onward in every direction, ever maintaining its decommon to the whole species, that of communicating structive energy, and nourished and supported from our thoughts and feelings in language, the palm is con- time to time by the fuel of various kinds with which ceded to him alone by the unanimous and willing con- it is continually supplied in its progress." (Longisent of all nations and ages? And this universal ap-nus, ◊ 12.) Cicero's eloquence is like a consular triprobation will appear the more extraordinary to a reader umph; he is himself the most conspicuous figure in who for the first time peruses his unrivalled orations. the procession, which is swollen with the grandeur They do not exhibit any of that ostentatious decla- and riches of conquered provinces. Demosthenes is mation, on which loosely hangs the fame of so many the terrible sweep of a vast body of cavalry. Cicepretenders to eloquence. There appears no deep re- ro's oratory was local, fitted only to the audience; flection to indicate a more than ordinary penetration, in Athens it would not have been tolerated. Demosor any philosophical remarks to prove the extent of thenes was for the whole earth, and at all times. his acquaintance with the great moral writers of his In Rome he would have been as resistless as in Athcountry. He affects no learning, and he displays none. ens; and his eloquence would be as convincing now He aims at no elegance; he seeks no glaring orna- as it was in the popular assemblies of old. Of the ments; he rarely touches the heart with a soft or orations of Demosthenes we have sixty-one remaining, melting appeal, and when he does, it is only with an and sixty-five Introductions, or рoоiua dunyopiká. effect in which a third-rate artist would have surpassed In confining ourselves to the classification adopted by him. He had no wit, no humour, no vivacity, in our the ancient rhetoricians, we may arrange all these disacceptance of these terms, qualities which contribute courses under one of three heads. 1. Deliberative so much to the formation of a modern orator. He discourses (λóyoi ovμbovλeútIKOL), treating of political wanted all these undeniable attributes of eloquence, topics, and delivered either before the senate or the and yet who rivals him?-The secret of his power is assembly of the people. 2. Judicial speeches (λóyo simple; it lies essentially in this, that his political diKávikot), having for their object accusation or deprinciples were interwoven with his very spirit; they fence. 3. Studied or set speeches (λóyou kπideίKTIwere not assumed to serve an interested purpose, to kot), intended to censure or praise.-Seventeen of the be laid aside when he descended from the Bema, and orations of Demosthenes belong to the first of these resumed when he sought to accomplish an object. classes, forty-two to the second, and two to the third. No; they were deeply seated in his heart, and emanated (Compare Becker, Demosthenes als Staatsmann und from its profoundest depth. The more his country Redner, Halle, 1815, 2 vols. 8vo.)-Of the sevenwas environed by dangers, the more steady was his teen discourses which compose the first class, five treat resolution. Nothing ever impaired the truth and in- of various subjects connected with the republic, and tegrity of his feelings, or weakened his generous con- twelve of the quarrels between the state and King viction. It was his undeviating firmness, his disdain Philip. Our limits, of course, allow an examination of all compromise, that made him the first of states- of only a few of these, that are most important in their men and orators; in this lay the substance of his pow-character. Of the twelve harangues that turn upon er, the primary foundation of his superiority; the rest was merely secondary. The mystery of his mighty influence, then, lay in his honesty; and it is this that gave warmth and tone to his feelings, an energy to his language, and an impression to his manner, before which every imputation of insincerity must have im-347; the sixth in the third of the same Olympiad, mediately vanished.-We may hence perceive the meaning of Demosthenes himself, when, to one who asked him what was the first requisite in an orator, he merely replied, "Delivery" (Vπókρious); and when asked what were the second and third requisites, gave the same answer as at first. (Plut., Vit. X. Orat., p. 845.) His idea was this: a lifeless manner on the part of a public speaker, shows that his own feelings are not enlisted in the cause which he is advocating, and it is idle for him, therefore, to seek to make converts of others, when he has failed in making one of himself. On the other hand, when the tone of voice, the gesture, the look, the whole manner of the orator, display the powerful feelings that agitate him, his emotion is communicated to his hearers, and success is inevitable. It was not, therefore, mere "action" that Demosthenes required in an orator, an error into which some have fallen from a mistranslation of the Latin rhetorical term "actio," as employed by Cicero (Brut., 37) in mentioning this incident; but it was an attention to the whole manner of delivery, the look, the tone, the every movement, as so many unerring indications of internal emotion, and of the honesty and sincerity of the speaker. (Compare Quintilian, Inst. Or., 11, 3, init.)-A comparison has often been drawn between Demosthenes and Cicero; but by no writer has it been done more successfully than by the celebrated Longinus. "The sublimity of the one," he

the quarrels of the republic with King Philip, the first
was pronounced in the first year of the 107th Olym-
piad, B.C. 352; the second, third, and fourth, in the
fourth year of the same Olympiad, B.C. 349; the
fifth in the second year of the 108th Olympiad, B.C.

B.C. 346; the seventh in the first year of the 109th
Olympiad, B.C. 344; the eighth in the second year
of the same Olympiad, B.C. 343; the ninth in the
third year of the same Olympiad, B.C. 342; the
tenth and eleventh in the fourth year of the same
Olympiad, B.C. 341; and the twelfth in the first
year of the 110th Olympiad, B.C. 340.—The order
here given is taken from Dionysius of Halicarnassus;
but no manuscript and no editions observe it. The
manuscripts give the 1st, 2d, 10th, and 11th Philip-
pics of Dionysius by name, and regard his fifth as
forming the conclusion of the first. They give the
title of 2d, 3d, and 1st Olynthiacs to his 2d, 3d, and
4th. The remaining four (6th, 8th, 9th, 12th) have
the following titles: "Of Peace," "Of Halonesus,"
"Of the Chersonese," and "On the letter of Philip."
We will now speak of them in chronological order.
1st and 2d, Ipòs diλínnov λóyos πрWтоç,"First
Philippic." Demosthenes here exhorts his fellow-
citizens to prosecute the war with the greatest vigour
against Philip. This monarch had, after the defeat of
the Phocians, assumed a threatening attitude, as if
wishing to establish himself in their country. The dis-
course we are now considering has been divided into
two parts, which, according to Dionysius of Halicar-
nassus, were pronounced at different times; but this
opinion is contradicted by most critics.-3d, 4th, 5th,
'Ovviaкoç A. B. T. The three Olynthiacs. Their

object is to stimulate the Athenians to succour Olyn- a recompense for the disinterested manner in which he thus, and prevent its falling into the hands of Philip. had filled various offices, and for the services which he -6th. Ilepi Tis elpývns, “Of the Peace." Philip had never for a moment ceased to render the state. having obtained a seat in the council of the Amphic- This matter had to be confirmed by a psephisma, or tyons, Demosthenes advises his countrymen to pre-decree of the people; but, before it was brought beserve the peace with this prince. Libanius thinks fore them, Eschines presented himself as the accuser that this discourse, though written by Demosthenes, of Ctesiphon. He charged him with having violated was never delivered. Leland, Auger, Jacobs, and the laws in proposing to crown a public functionary Bekker are, however, of a different opinion.-7th. before the latter had given an account of the manner Karà Þihínnov hλóyos B, the Second Philippic, pro- in which he had discharged his office, and to crown nounced after the return of Demosthenes from the him, too, in the theatre, instead of the senate-house or Peloponnesus, where he had negotiated a peace be- the Pnyx, where this could alone be done; finally, in tween Sparta and Messenia.-8th. IIepi Ts 'Aho- having alleged what was false, for the purpose of výoov, "Of Halonesus," or, rather, of a letter of favouring Demosthenes. He concluded by demanding King Philip's, by which he makes a present to that a fine of fifty talents be imposed upon Ctesiphon. the Athenians of the isle of Halonesus, which he The matter remained for some time pending, in conhad taken from the pirates, and demands of the Athe-sequence of the interruption which public business of nians to share with them the office of protecting the all kinds met with during the embarrassments and seas. Demosthenes strenuously opposes so insulting troubles that succeeded the battle of Cheronea. When, an offer it is, however, far from certain whether he however, the influence of the Macedonian party had, ever pronounced such a discourse as this. Libanius through the exertions of Antipater, gained the ascendsays, that the ancient critics ascribed it to Hegesippus, ancy in Athens, Eschines believed it to be the fathe friend of Demosthenes. Suidas and the author of vourable moment for the revival of his accusation. It the Etymologicon Magnum agree with him. Valcke- was brought forward, therefore, again, in the 3d year of naer (Diatr. de fragm. Eurip., p. 253), Larcher the 112th Olympiad, which was eight years since the (Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 2, p. 243), and proposition of Ctesiphon had been made. Eschines Bekker, also adopt this opinion: Jacobs (Demosthenes thereupon pronounced his famous harangue, to which Staatreden, p. 378), after having stated the arguments Demosthenes replied. This speech of Demosthenes on either side, pronounces no decision: Jacques de is regarded, and justly so, not only as his chef-d'œuvre, Tourreil (Preface historique des Philippes de Demos-but as the most perfect specimen that eloquence has thene, p. 124) and Weiske (Oratio de Haloneso, &c. ever produced. Such is the opinion of Dionysius of Lubben., 1808, 4to) maintain that the speech is genu- Halicarnassus (De Comp. Verb.-Ed. Reiske, Op., ine.-9. IIɛpì Twv tv Xeрþovýσw πрayμáτwv, ʼn ỗ tεрì | vol. 5, p. 204), of Cicero (Orat., § 133), and of QuinΔιοπείθεους, "Of the events in the Chersonese, or tilian (Inst. Or., 11, 1). Modern critics come to the of Diopeithes." This general, sent at the head of same conclusion. It is said that after this discourse, a colony into the Chersonesus, had committed hos- Demosthenes no longer appeared as a public speaker. tilities against the city of Cardia; the only one which Ulpian, in his commentary on the oration respecting Philip had reserved for himself in the conditions of the crown, relates an anecdote, which has often been peace. Diopeithes had even made an inroad into cited by those scholars who maintain that the Greek Macedonia. Philip insisted on his being punished: accents are anterior to the grammarians of Alexandrea. Demosthenes undertakes in this oration to justify the Demosthenes is endeavouring to fix the charge of briconduct of the Athenian commander.-10th. Karù bery on Eschines, whom he represents as corrupted Þíkínπov λóyos T, the Third Philippic. The prog- by Philip and by Alexander, and consequently their ress which Philip had made in Thrace, where he hireling, and not their friend or guest. Of this asserwas preparing to lay siege to the cities of Perinthus tion he declares his willingness to submit the truth to and Byzantium, form the subject of this harangue. the judgment of the assembly. "I call thee," says 11. Karà Þiλíππov λóyos A, Fourth Philippic, pro- the orator, "the hireling, first of Philip, and now of nounced at the time when Philip had raised the siege Alexander; and all these who are here present agree of Perinthus, in order to fall upon Byzantium. Valck-in opinion with me. If thou disbelievest it, ask them. enaer (Or. de Phil., p. 250), Wolf (ad Lept. Proleg., the question but no, I will ask them myself.---Athep. Lx), and Bekker do not acknowledge this as a pro- nians, does Eschines appear to you in the light of a duction of Demosthenes.-12. 'O Tрòç τÈν kπισтоληv hireling or a friend of Alexander's?"-In putting this Þiλíπnov hóуoç, "On the letter of Philip." The let- question, Demosthenes purposely commits a fault of ter of the king, to which this harangue refers, still ex-accentuation: he places the accent improperly on the ists. It contains many complaints, but no declaration of war. Taylor, Reiske, Valckenaer, and Bekker, in the words of Ulpian, ἑκὼν ἐβαρβάρισεν—in order consider this letter to be spurious.-We now come to to draw the attention of the people from the question the second class of the orations of Demosthenes, to the pronunciation. This had the desired effect; namely, those of a judicial nature; and here a dis- the accurate ears of the Athenians were struck with tinction must be made between those which refer to the mistake; to correct it, they called out μowTÓS, affairs connected with the state, and those which re-powrós ("a hireling! a hireling!") from every part late to individual interests: in the former case, the of the assembly. Affecting to receive the word as the procedure was called karmyopia; in the second, dikn; expression of their sentiments on the guilt of Æschines, words which may be translated by "accusation" and he cries out, "Dost thou hear what they say?"-The "pleadings." Of the first species, we have twelve ha- simple pleadings (díka) relative to matters of private rangues remaining, the most important one of which is interest, constitute the second class of judicial actions. that entitled Пepi σrepávov, “Concerning the Crown." Of these we have thirty remaining, which are as folDemosthenes had been twice crowned in the theatre lows: 1. Discourses having relation to the proceedduring the Dionysiac festival; the first time, after the ings instituted by Demosthenes against his guardians. expulsion of the Macedonian garrisons from the island They are five in number of these, two are against of Euboea, and again after the alliance with the The-Aphobus, and two against Onitor, his brother.-2. bans. In the 2d year of the 110th Olympiad, Ctesi- Aoyo mapaɣpúḍıkoi, or, as Cicero (de Invent., 1, 8), phon, who was then president of the senate, had a calls them, constitutiones translativa. The Roman decree passed by this body, that, if the people ap-orator remarks: "Cum causa ex eo pendet quod non proved, Demosthenes should be crowned at the ap- aut is agere videtur quem oportet, aut non apud quos, proaching Dionysiac festival, in the public theatre, as quo tempore, qua lege, quo crimine, qua pœna opor

antepenultima, instead of the last syllable, of courÓS

tion during a part of the Peloponnesian war. When the Spartan monarch Agis made an inroad into Attica, Demosthenes, on his part, infested the coasts of the Peloponnesus, and seized upon and fortified the Messenian Pylos. This led to the affair of Sphacteria, in which he had a conspicuous, or, rather, the principal share. He was afterward sent with an armament to the relief of Nicias before Syracuse; but, by his precipitate measures there, brought defeat upon himself, and the consequent ruin of the whole expedition. Demosthenes and Nicias were both put to death while in prison, notwithstanding the endeavours of the Spartan commander Gylippus to save their lives. Another account, alluded to by Plutarch, makes them to have been stoned to death. (Thucyd., 4, 3, seqq.-Plut., Vit. Nic.)-III. The father of the orator Demosthenes, a rich manufacturer of arms. (Plut., Vit. Demosth.)—IV. A Greek physician, a disciple of Alexander Philalethes, who obtained the same surname as his master, namely, Philalethes, or “Lover of Truth." He flourished about the commencement of our era, and turned his attention particularly to diseases of the eye. We have some fragments remaining of his writings on this subject, which appear to have formed part of a work often cited by Galen, Oribasius, and Aëtius. (Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 1, p. 458.-Renauldin, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 11, p. 64.)

tet, translativa dicitur constitutio, quia actio translationis et commutationis indigere videtur. Atque harum aliquam in omne causæ genus incidere necesse est. Nam in quam rem non inciderit, in ea nihil esse potest controversiæ; quare eam ne causam quidem convenit putari." We have seven discourses of this class from the pen of Demosthenes, viz., against Zenothemis, against Apaturius, against Lacritus, against Phormion, against Pantænetus, against Nausimachus, and Xenopithea.-3. Discourses relative to the rights of succession and to questions of dower. These are four in number: against Macartatus, against Leochares, against Spudias, against Boetus for his mother's dowry. 4. Discourses in matters of commerce and of debt. These are three in number: against Calippus, against Nicostratus, against Timotheus.-5. Actions for indemnity and for damages (32ábn, aixía). The discourses under this head are five in number: against Bootus, against Olympiodorus, against Conon, against Dionysiodorus, against Callicles.-6. Actions for perjury two discourses against Stephanus, and one against Euergus and Mnesibulus.-7. Three discourses on the subject of the avridoois, or exchange of estates. According to the laws of Athens, any person appointed to undergo any public charge, or Retrovpyia, could find another who was richer than himself, and who was free from all duties, the informer was excused. But if the person thus substituted denied that he was the richer of the two, they then ex- DEO (Aŋú), a name given to Ceres. According to changed estates. The discourses under this head are the common account, it means "the finder" or "inthe following against Phoenippus, against Polycles, ventress," and alludes to the search for, and discovery and respecting the crown of the trierarchia.-It would of, her daughter, on the part of the goddess. (Combe useless to speak of each of these thirty pleadings: pare Eustath., ad Hom., Od., 11, 115.-Apollon., a few remarks on some of them must suffice. The Lex. Hom., p. 221, ed. Toll.) Knight, however, gives five discourses which Demosthenes pronounced against a different and much superior explanation. "Ceres," his guardians contain valuable details respecting his he observes, "was not a personification of the brute youth, his fortune, the Athenian laws, &c. Aphobus, matter which composed the earth, but of the passive one of the guardians, was condemned to pay Demos- productive principle supposed to pervade it; which, thenes the sum of ten talents. It does not appear joined to the active, was held to be the cause of the whether he brought the two other guardians to trial or organization and animation of its substance; whence not it is probable that he settled the matter with arose her other Greek name, AHO, the inventress." them. These discourses have some resemblance to (Enquiry, &c., § 36.)-Some etymologists are in fathose of Isæus, his master. The paragraph for Phor-vour of an Oriental derivation for the name. mio against Apollodorus has furnished occasion for a reproach to the memory of Demosthenes. We are told by Plutarch (Vit. Dem.-vol. 4, p. 717, ed. Reiske), that Demosthenes "wrote an oration for Apollodorus, by which he carried his cause against the general Timotheus, in an action for debt to the public treasury; as also those others against Phormio and Stephanus, which formed a just exception against his character. For he composed likewise the oration which Phormio had pronounced against Apollodorus. This, therefore, was like furnishing the enemies with weapons out of the same shop."-The discourse against Macartatus respecting the succession of Hagnias is interesting from the circumstance of our having the defence of Macartatus by Isæus, and from our being thus able to compare the pupil with his former master.-It remains to speak of the third class of Demosthenes' orations, the 2óyoi imideíktikoi, "studied or set speeches." We have only two remaining, and these, very probably, are spurious. The one, emirágios 2óyoç, is an eloge on the Athenians who had perished at Charonea the other, Epúrikos 2óyos, is written in praise of the beauty of the young Épicrates.-There are also sir letters of Demosthenes, written by him during his exile: five of them are addressed to the people of Athens.-The best editions of the entire works of Demosthenes are, that of Reiske, in the Corpus Oratorum Græcorum, and that of Bekker, in the Oratores Attici, 10 vols., 8vo, Oxon., 1828. (Schöll, | Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 224.-Encyclop. Metropol., div. 2, vol. 1, p. 699, seqq.-Recollections of an Irish Barrister, s. v. Demosth.)-II. An Athenian general, son of Alcisthenes, who obtained considerable reputa

Thus, Sickler (Hymn. ad Cer., p. 112) deduces it from the Hebrew davah, "to be feeble" or "afflicted," in allusion to the sorrow of Ceres for the loss of her daughter; or, as he explains it, the condition of the vegetable kingdom, when the quickening principle does not act. Schelling also makes Deo signify "the one that has become feeble and dejected with sorrow and fruitless search." (Gotth. der Samothrak., p. 13.—Id. ib., p. 57.-Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 275, not.) The term Anú occurs in the Homeric hymn to Ceres (v. 47, 211, 497), but is suspected by Hermann of being an interpolation. (Hom., Hymn., ed. Herm.—Epist. ed., p. ci., seq.)

DEOINE (Anwtvn), a name given by the Greek poets to Proserpina, as the daughter of Deo or Ceres. Vid. Deo. (Callim., fragm., 48.-Valck., ad loc.)

DERBE, a city of Asia Minor, in Lycaonia, near Isauria. D'Anville places in a district of Isauria called Antiochiana, agreeing with Ptolemy (p. 124) and Stephanus of Byzantium; but St. Luke (Acts, 14, 6) and Hierocles (p. 675) assign it to Lycaonia. Derbe and the adjacent town of Lystra derive considerable interest from what befell St. Paul and Barnabas there on leaving Iconium. Stephanus reports, that this place was called by some Delbia, which, in the Lycaonian language, signified "the juniper." The same lexicographer describes it as a fortress and port of Isauria; but we ought, in his account, to substitute Kiμvn for λuny, which would imply, that the town was situated near some one of the numerous lakes that are to be found in this part of Asia Minor. Derbe, as we learn from Strabo (569), was at one time the residence and capital of Antipater, the robber chieftain of Lyca

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