the sophist. Numbers of Jews appear to have settled a league. The Greek church has a festival on the in Cyrenaica, even prior to the Christian era. It was 7th of May, in commemoration of this phenomenon, a Jew of Cyrene whom the Roman soldiers compell- which marked the promotion of Cyrill to the mitre. ed to bear one end of our Saviour's cross. (Matt., Cyrill himself has left a description of this celestial 27, 32.-Mark, 15, 21.) Cyrenean Jews were pres- appearance in a letter to the Emperor Constantius, ent at Jerusalem on the day of the Pentecost; some and the subject has afforded much controversy to of them took part with their Alexandrean brethren in writers of a later age.-Cyrill became involved in a disputing against the proto-martyr Stephen; and Chris- controversy with Acacius, archbishop of Cæsarea, an tian Jews of Cyprus and Cyrene, fleeing from the per- Arian or Semiarian in his tenets; and refused to obey secution of their intolerant brethren, were the first the citation of his opponent to appear at Cæsarea: preachers of Christianity to the Greeks of Antioch. the charge alleged against him was, his having wasted (Acts, 2, 10; 6,9; 11, 20.) That Cyrene continued the property of the church, when the truth was, that, to flourish under the Romans, may be inferred as well during a great famine in Judea, Cyrill had sold some from some Latin inscriptions as from the style of many of the sacred ornaments in order to procure susteof the architectural remains. To what circumstance nance for the suffering poor. The council assemits desertion is attributable, does not appear; but in bled at Cæsarea, and composed of Arian bishops, conthe fifth century it had become a mass of ruin. It is demned him, and, on Cyrill's appealing from them to a so described by Synesius, who lived in the time of higher tribunal, Acacius, construing this appeal into a Theodosius the younger. The wealth and honours of high offence, drove him from Jerusalem. He was reCyrene were transferred to the episcopal city of Ptol-stored to his see in 359 by the council of Seleucia, emais. The final extirpation of the Greek colonies of which also pronounced the deposition of Acacius and Cyrenaica dates, however, from the destructive inva- many other Arians; but in the following year Acacius sion of the Persian Chosroes, who, about 616, overran and his partisans succeeded in again deposing Cyrill. Syria and Egypt, and he advanced as far westward as In the year 361 he was again restored to his pontifithe neighbourhood of Tripoli. The Saracens comple- cate. It was about this time that Julian made his ted the work of destruction, and for seven centuries memorable attempt to rebuild the Jewish temple: Cyrthis once fertile and populous region has been lost to ill was then at Jerusalem, and before the flames iscivilization, to commerce, and alinost to geographical sued from the side of the former structure, he confiknowledge. For three parts of the year Cyrene is dently predicted the failure of the emperor's scheme. untenanted, except by jackals and hyenas, and during He became odious to Julian, who resolved, according the fourth, wandering Bedouins, too indolent to as- to Orosius, to sacrifice this pontiff to his hatred on his cend the higher range of hills, pitch their tents chiefly return from the Persian war. Julian, however, peron the low grounds to the southward of the summit on ished in the expedition. Cyrill was again exiled, in which the city is built. The situation of Cyrene is 367, by the Emperor Valens, who had embraced Aridescribed by modern travellers as singularly beautiful. anism: his exile lasted for ten years, and he only reIt is built on the edge of a range of hills, rising about turned to Jerusalem in 378, when Gratian re-estab800 feet above a fine sweep of high table-land, form-lished in their secs those bishops who were in coming the summit of a lower chain, to which it descends munion with Pope Damasus. Cyrill governed his by a series of terraces. The elevation of the lower church without any farther troubles for the space of chain may be estimated at 1000 feet; so that Cyrene eight years, under the reign of Theodosius, and assiststands about 1800 feet above the level of the sea, of ed in 381 at the general council of Constantinople. which it commands an extensive view over the table- He subscribed the condemnation of the Arians and land, which, extending east and west as far as the eye Macedonians, and died in 386, in the 71st year of his can reach, stretches about five miles to the northward, age and the 36th of his episcopate. The works of and then descends abruptly to the coast. The view Cyrill consist of twenty-three Instructions, known by from the brow of the height, extending over the rocks, the name of Catecheses, which were composed by and woods, and distant ocean, is described by Capt. him at Jerusalem when he filled the station of cateBeechy as almost unrivalled in magnificence. Ad- chist, previous to his being made a bishop. These vantage has been taken of the natural terraces of the productions, the style of which is in general simple declivity, to shape the ledges into practicable roads, and familiar, are regarded as the most ancient and comleading along the face of the mountain, and communi- plete abridgment that we possess of the doctrines of cating, in some instances, by narrow flights of steps the primitive church. The Calvinists have attempted cut in the rock. These roads, which may be supposed to prove them supposititious, but the Protestants of to have been the favourite drives of the citizens of Cy- England have fully succeeded in establishing their aurene, are very plainly indented with the marks of char-thenticity. We have also a homily of Cyrill's on the 1ot wheels, deeply furrowing the smooth, stony surface. The rock, in most instances rising perpendicularly from these galleries, has been excavated into innumerable tombs, formed with great labour and taste, and generally adorned with architectural façades. In several of the excavated tombs were discovered remains of paintings, representing historical, allegorical, and pastoral subjects, executed in the manner of those of Herculaneum and Pompeii: some of them by no means inferior to the best that have been found in those cities. (For some remarks on these paintings, consult Beechy, p. 451, seqq.) CYRESCHATA. Vid. Cyropolis. CYRILLUS, I. bishop of Jerusalem, born in that city A.D. 315. He succeeded Maximus in the episcopate, about the close of the year 350; and the author of the Chronicle of Alexandrea, as well as Socrates and other writers, inform us, that on the 7th of May, 351, about nine in the morning, a luminous cross was seen in the heavens, extending from Calvary to the Mount of Olives, a distance of nearly three fourths of The paralytic man mentioned in Scripture, and his letter to bonitis. It was so called from its capital Cyrrhus. (Plin., 5, 23.-Cic., Ep. ad Att., 5, 18.) or of Alexandrea, who feared that the bishop's authority, if not checked, might infringe upon that of the magistrate. Parties were formed to support the rival CYRRHUS, I. a city of Macedonia, in the vicinity of claims, and battles were fought in the streets of Alex- Pella. (Compare Thucydides, 2, 100.) There is a andrea; and Orestes himself was one day suddenly Palao Castro about sixteen miles northwest of Pella, surrounded by 500 monks, by whom he would have which is very likely to be Cyrrhus. Wesseling thinks been murdered had not the people interfered. One of that Diodorus alludes to the Macedonian Cyrrhus (18, these assailants, being seized, was put to the torture 4), when he speaks of a temple of Minerva built there so severely that he died under the operation, on which by order of Alexander (ad Itin. Hieros., p. 606). Cyrill had him immediately canonized, and on every Hence the title of Kußþéσrıç, noticed by both Strabo occasion commended his constancy and zeal. There and Stephanus. But these writers allude to the Syrialso lived in Alexandrea a learned pagan lady, named an Cyrrhus. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 229.) Hypatia, with whom Orestes was intimate, and who-II. A city of Syria, the capital of a district named was supposed to have encouraged his resistance to the after it Cyrrhestica. It derived its name from the claims of the bishop. This accomplished female was Macedonian Cyrrhus. Stephanus Byzantinus, howone day seized by a band of zealots, who dragged her ever, writes Kippoc. Later writers, and especially through the streets, and concluded by tearing her limb Christian ones, give the name of this place as Kufrom limb, a piece of atrocity attributed to the instiga-poç, Cyrus, being misled, probably, by the fable which tion of Cyrill, and from which his memory has never is found in Procopius (Edif., 2, 12), that the Jews been absolved. He next engaged in a furious contro- were the founders of the city, and called it after Cyrus versy with Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, who their liberator. The ruins are still called Corus. maintained that the Virgin Mary ought not to be called (Cellarius, Geogr. Ant., vol. 2, p. 359.) the Mother of God, but the mother of our Lord or of Christ, since the Deity can neither be born nor die. These homilies, falling into the hands of the Egyptian monks, caused a great commotion among them, and Cyrill wrote a pastoral letter to them, in which he maintained that the Virgin Mary ought to be called the Mother of God, and denounced bitter censures against all who supported an opposite opinion. A controversial correspondence between the two bishops ensued, which ended in an open war of excommunications and anathemas. To put an end to this controversy, in 431 a council was held at Ephesus by the Emperor Theodosius; and Cyrill, by his precipitation and violence, and not waiting for a number of Eastern bishops, obtained the condemnation of Nestorius without his being heard in his own defence, and that prelate was deprived of his bishopric and banished to the Egyptian deserts. When John, bishop of Antioch, and the other Eastern bishops, however, appeared, they avenged Nestorius, and, deposing Cyrill, put him in prison. In a subsequent meeting of the council, he was liberated and absolved from the sentence of deposition, but had the mortification of seeing the doc-mitted to his lieutenants. While the latter, therefore, trine which he had condemned spreading rapidly through the Roman empire, Assyria, and Persia. He died at Alexandrea in the year 444. Cyrill was undoubtedly a man of learning, but overbearing, ambitious, cruel, and intolerant in the highest degree. He is much extolled by Catholic writers for his great zeal and piety, of which the particulars thus specified are proofs. He was the author of a number of works, treatises, &c., the best edition of which was published at Paris in 1638, in 7 vols. fol., under the care of Jean Aubert, canon of Laon. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 10, p. 406.) CYRNOS (Kúpvos), the Greek name of Corsica. (Vid. Corsica.) CYRUS, I. a celebrated conqueror, and the founder of the Persian empire. His early history has been given, on the authority of Herodotus, under the article Astyages.-He had not been long seated on the throne, when his dominions were invaded by Croesus, king of Lydia, the issue of which contest was so fatal to the latter. (Vid. Croesus.) The conquest of Lydia established the Persian monarchy on a firm foundation, and Cyrus was now called away to the East by vast designs, and by the threats of a distant and formidable enemy. Babylon still remained an independent city in the heart of his empire, and to reduce it was his first and most pressing care. On another side he was tempted by the wealth and the weakness of Egypt; while his northern frontier was disturbed and endangered by the fierce barbarians, who ranged over the plains that stretch from the skirts of the Indian Caucasus to the Caspian. Until these last should be subdued or humbled, his Eastern provinces could never enjoy peace or safety. These objects demanded his own presence; the subjugation of the Asiatic Greeks, as a less urgent and less difficult enterprise, he com were executing his commands in the West, he was himself enlarging and strengthening his power in the East. After completing the subjugation of the nations west of the Euphrates, he laid siege to Babylon. The account of its capture is given elsewhere (vid. Babylon), though it seems doubtful whether he took the city in the way there related, or in any other manner, and did not rather owe his success to some internal revolution, which put an end to the dynasty of the Babylonian kings. In Xenophon's romance, Cyrus is made to fix his residence at Babylon during seven months in the vest; perhaps we cannot safely conclude that this was ever the practice of any of his successors: but it is highly probable, that the reduction of this luxurious city con CYROPOLIS, a large city of Asia, on the banks of the laxartes, founded by Cyrus. (Cellarius, Geogr.tributed, more than any other of the Persian conquests, Ant., vol. 2, p. 715.-Salmas., in Solin., p. 480.) It to change the manners of the court and of the nation. was also called Cyreschata. Both of these names, Cyrus himself scarcely enjoyed so long an interval of however, are Greek translations of the true Persian repose. The protection which he afforded to the Jews terms. The termination of the last is the Greek to- was probably connected with his designs upon Egypt; xárn, expressing, as did the Persian one, the remote but he never found leisure to carry them into effect. situation of the place. Alexander destroyed it, and Soon after the fall of Babylon he undertook an expedition built in its stead a city, called by the Roman geogra- against one of the nations on the eastern side of the Casphers Alexandrea Ultima, by the Greeks, however, 'A2- pian. According to Herodotus, it was the Massagetæ, ežavdpeía 'Eoxárn, of which the Latin is a translation. a nomadic horde, which had driven the Scythians beThe modern Cogend is supposed by D'Anville to an-fore them towards the West; and, after gaining a vicswer to the site of this city. Some writers make another city of the name of Cyropolis to have been founded by Cyrus in Media. (Compare Cellarius, Geogr. Ant., vol. 2, p. 666.) CYRRHESTICA, a country of Syria, northeast of the city of Antiochia, and north of the district of Chaly tory over them by stratagem, he was defeated in a great battle and slain. The event is the same in the narrative of Ctesias; but the people against whom Cyrus marched are called the Derbices, and their army is strengthened by troops and elephants furnished by Indian allies; while the death of Cyrus is speedily avenged by one of his vassals, Amorges, king of the Saca, who | He makes Cambyses, the father, to have been one of gains a decisive victory over the Derbices, and annex- these satraps; and Cyrus, the son, to have succeeded es their land to the Persian empire. This account is him. Their sway was over the Persians, whom they so far confirmed by Herodotus, that we do not hear ruled with almost regal power. Cyrus at length refrom him of any consequences that followed the suc- volted from the king of the Medes, and, by the aid of 'cess of the Massagetæ, or that the attention of Cam- his immediate followers, obtained possession of the byses, the son and heir of Cyrus, was called away to- empire. In order, however, the better to keep in subwards the North. The first recorded measure of his jection the other nations composing the empire of Astyreign, on the contrary, was the invasion of Egypt. ages, he wished to pass himself off as the son and law(Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 2, p. 172, seq.)-Thus much ful successor of the dethroned monarch. Hence arose for the history of Cyrus, according to the generally re- the nuptials of Cyrus and Amytis the wife of Astyages. ceived account. It is more than probable, however, that (Compare, as regards the Persian custom of intermarmany and conflicting statements respecting his birth, riage, Creuzer, Fragm. Hist., p. 223.-Freinshem., parentage, early life, attainment to sovereign power, ad Curt., 3, 11, 24, and 8, 2, 19.-Theodoret., Serm., and subsequent career, were circulated throughout the 9, p. 614.-Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 91.) Hence, too, we East, since we find discrepances between the narra- may account for the circumstance of Astyages' not tives of Herodotus, Ctesias, and Xenophon in these having been put to death, but being treated with great several particulars, that can in no other way be ac- honour, and made the companion of Cyrus in his counted for. It has been customary with most schol- marches against those nations who would not acknowlars to decry the testimony of Ctesias, and to regard edge his sway. (Consult Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 86, seqq.) him as a writer of but slender pretensions to the char- -Ctesias makes Cyrus to have reigned thirty years, acter of veracity. As far, however, as the history of and Herodotus twenty-nine. According to some auCyrus was concerned, to say nothing of other parts of thorities he died at a very advanced age. (Compare his narrative, this opinion is evidently unjust, and its Xenophon, Cyrop., 8, 7, 1.) Scaliger, guided by injustice will be placed in the clearest light if we com- Dinon and Ctesias, makes Cyrus to have reached the pare together the two rival statements of Ctesias and 218th year of the era of Nabonassar, i. e., B.C. 528. Herodotus. The account of the latter teems with fa- (De Emend. Temp., p. 402.)-The name Cyrus (Kubles, from which that of the former appears to be entire-poç) is generally thought to have been deduced from a ly free. It is far more consistent with reason, to be- Persian word, meaning the Sun. (Plut., Vit. Artax., lieve with Ctesias that there was no affinity whatever 1.) Coray (ad Plut., l. c.) informs us, that the Sun is between Cyrus and Astyages, than with Herodotus, that still called Kour by the Persians. (Compare Hesythe latter was his maternal grandfather. Neither does chius, s. v. Kupoç. ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου· τὸν γὰρ ἥλιον Ctesias make any mention of that most palpable fable, oi Пépoa Kúpov λéyovoiv and Plethon., Schol. in the exposure of the infant; nor of the equally fabulous Orac. Mag. Zoroastr., p. 68, lin. 3, a fine.) Ritter story respecting the cruel punishment of Harpagus. also adduces various authorities to show, that, among (Compare Bähr, ad Ctes., Pers., c. 2, and the words the ancient Persians, as well as other early Oriental of Reineccius, Famil. Reg. Med. et Bactr., Lips.,nations, Kor and Koros denoted the Sun. (Vorhalle, 1572, p. 35, "ab Astyage usurpate in Cyrum et p. 86, seqq.) Wahl had proved the same before him. Harpagi filium crudelitatis decantatam ab Herodoto (Vorder und Mittel-asien, vol. 1, p. 599.) The Hefabulam plane rejicimus.") Nor need this dissimilar-brew Khoresh (Cyrus) is traced by Gesenius also to ity between the statements of Ctesias and Herodotus the Persian. (Heb. Lex., s. v.) The previous name occasion any surprise. The latter historian confesses, of Cyrus appears to have been Agradates (Strabo, very ingenuously, that there were three different tradi-729), which Rosenmüller explains by the Persian tions in his time relative to the origin of Cyrus, and | Agah-dar-dad, i. e., “juris cognitionem habens,” “ jus that he selected the one which appeared to him most tenens ac servans." (Rosenm., Handbuch, vol. 1, p. probable (1,96). How unfortunate this selection was 367.-Bähr, ad Ctes., p. 458.)—II. Commonly called we need hardly say. Ctesias, then, chose another tra- "the Younger," to distinguish him from the precedition for his guide, and Xenophon, perhaps, may have ding, was the second of the four sons of Darius Nothus partially mingled a third with his narrative. Eschy- and Parysatis. According to the customs of the monlus (Persa, v. 767) appears to have followed a fourth. archy, his elder brother Artaxerxes was the legitimate (Compare Stanley, ad Eschyl., 1. c., and Larcher, ad heir apparent; but Cyrus was the first son born to Ctes., Pers., c. 2.) With these several accounts, Darius after his accession to the throne; and he was again, what the Armenian writers tell us respecting Cy- also his mother's favourite. She had encouraged him rus is directly at variance. (Compare Recherches Cu-to hope, that, as Xerxes, through the influence of Atosrieuses sur l'Histoire Ancienne de l'Asie, par Cirbied sa, had been preferred to his elder brother, who was et Martin, p. 64, seqq.) Among the modern scholars born while their father was yet in a private station, so who have espoused the cause of Ctesias, his recent ed- she should be able to persuade Darius to set aside Aritor, Bähr, stands most conspicuous. This writer re-taxerxes, and declare Cyrus his successor. In the gards the narrative of Herodotus as savouring of the Greek love for the marvellous, and thinks it to have been in some degree adumbrated from the story of the Theban Edipus and his exposure on Citharon; while, on the other hand, Xenophon presents Cyrus to our view as a young man, imbued with the precepts of the Socratic school, and exhibiting in his life and conduct a model for the imitation of others. The same scholar gives the following as what appears to him a near approximation to the true history of Cyrus. He supposes Cyrus not to have been of royal lineage, but to have been by birth in the rank of a subject, and gifted with rare endowments of mind. He makes him to have first seen the light at the time when the Medes possessed the empire of Asia. The provinces or divisions of this empire he supposes to have been held by satraps or viceroys, whose power, though derived from the monarch, was hereditary among themselves. mean while he was invested with the government of given so beautiful and interesting an account of their celebrated retreat. (Vid. Xenophon.) According to Diodorus and Diogenes Laertius, the expedition was undertaken by Cyrus in the 4th year of the 94th Olympiad. Larcher, on the contrary, in a dissertation inserted in the 17th vol. of the Memoirs of the Acade sion to the throne. He accompanied Artaxerxes, I have belonged to Cyrus. According to the Persian whom the Greeks distinguished by the epithet of Mne- custom of treating slain rebels, the head and right mon, to Pasargada, where the Persian kings went hand of Cyrus were cut off and brought to the king, through certain mystic ceremonies of inauguration, and who is said himself to have seized the head by the Tissaphernes took this opportunity of charging him hair, and to have held it up as a proof of his victory with a design against his brother's life. It would seem, to the view of the surrounding crowd. Thus ended from Plutarch's account, that one of the officiating the expedition of Cyrus. Xenophon, who gives an acpriests was suborned to support the charge; though it count of the whole enterprise, pauses to describe the is by no means certain that it was unfounded. Arta-qualities and conduct by which this prince commanded xerxes was convinced of its truth, and determined on love and respect, in a manner which shows how imporputting his brother to death; and Cyrus was only saved tant the results of his success might have been for the by the passionate entreaties of Parysatis, in whose arms welfare of Persia. The Greeks, after the battle, began he had sought refuge from the executioner. The char- to negotiate with the king through Tissaphernes, who acter of Artaxerxes, though weak and timid, seems not offered to lead them home. He treacherously violated to have been naturally unamiable. The ascendency his word, however; and having, by an act of perfidy, obwhich his mother, notwithstanding her undissembled tained possession of the persons of the Greek commandpredilection for her younger son, exercised over him, ers, he sent them up to the king at Babylon, where was the source of the greater part of his crimes and they were all put to death. The Greeks were not, misfortunes. On this occasion he suffered it to over- however, discouraged, though at a great distance from power both the suspicions suggested by Tissaphernes, their country, and surrounded on every side by a powand the jealousy which the temper and situation of Cy-erful enemy. They immediately chose new commandrus might reasonably have excited. He not only par-ers, in the number of whom was Xenophon, who has doned his brother, but permitted him to return to his government. Cyrus felt himself not obliged, but humbled, by his rival's clemency; and the danger he had escaped only strengthened his resolution to make himself, as soon as possible, independent of the power to which he owed his life. Immediately after his return to Sardis, he began to make preparations for the exe-my of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, makes it to have cution of his design. The chief difficulty was to keep them concealed from Artaxerxes until they were fully matured; for, though his mother, who was probably from the beginning acquainted with his purpose, was at court, always ready to put the most favourable construction on his conduct, yet Tissaphernes was at hand to watch it with malignant attention, and to send the earliest information of any suspicious movement to the king. Cyrus, however, devised a variety of pretexts to blind Tissaphernes and the court, while he collected an army for the expedition which he was meditating. His main object was to raise as strong a body of Greek | troops as he could, for it was only with such aid that he could hope to overpower an adversary, who had the whole force of the empire at his command: and he knew enough of the Greeks to believe, that their superiority over his countrymen, in skill and courage, was sufficient to compensate for almost any inequality of numbers. In the spring of 401 B.C., Cyrus began his march from Sardis. His whole Grecian force, a part of which joined him on the route, amounted to 11,000 heavy infantry, and about 2000 targeteers. His barbarian troops were 100,000 strong. After directing his line of march through the whole extent of Asia Minor, he entered the Babylonian territory; and it was not until he reached the plain of Cunaxa, between sixty and seventy miles from Babylon, that he became | certain of his brother's intention to hazard an engagement. Artaxerxes met him in this spot at the head of an army of 900,000 men. If we may believe Plutarch, the Persian monarch had continued to waver almost to the last, between the alternatives of fighting and retreating, and was only diverted from adopting the latter course by the energetic remonstrances of Tiribazus. In the battle which ensued, the Greeks soon routed the barbarians opposed to them, but committed CYTHERA, now Cerigo, an island on the coast of an error in pursuing them too far, and Cyrus was com- Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred pelled, in order to avoid being surrounded by the rest to the goddess Venus, who was hence surnamed Cytheof the king's army, to make an attack upon the centre, rea, and who rose, as fables tell us, from the sea, near where his brother was in person. He routed the its coasts. Stephanus of Byzantium says, that the royal body-guard, and, being hurried away by the vio-island derived its name Cythera from a Phoenician lence of his feelings the moment he espied the king, he engaged with him, but was himself wounded and slain by a common soldier. Had Clearchus acted in conformity with the directions of Cyrus, and led his division against the king's centre, instead of being drawn off into pursuit of the flying enemy, the victory must been in the third year of that Olympiad, in the end of March or beginning of April. He makes the battle of Cunaxa to have been fought at the end of October, in the 4th year of the same Olympiad, and the time which the whole expedition occupied, including the retreat, down to the period when the Greeks entered the army of Thymbron, to have been two years. (Plut., Vit. Artax-Xen., Anab-Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 4, p. 281, seqq.)-III. A large river of Asia, rising in Iberia and falling into the Caspian; now the Kur. This river waters the great valley of Georgia, and is increased by the Aragui, the Iora, probably the Iberus of the ancients, and the Alasan, which is their Alazo. When it reaches the plains of Shirvan, its waters are mixed with those of the Aras or Araxes. These two rivers form several branches, sometimes united and sometimes separated, so that it appears uncertain, as it was in the time of Strabo and Ptolemy, whether their mouths were to be considered as separate, or whether the Cyrus received the Araxes. (Plin., 4, 10.—Id., 6, 9.-Id., 10, 13.—Mela, 3, 5.-Strabo, 345.) CYTA, a city of Colchis, in the interior of the country, near the river Phasis, and northeast of Tyndaris. It was the birthplace of Medea, and its site corresponds at the present day to Kutais, the capital of the Russian province of Imerethi. The inhabitants, like the Colchians generally, were famed for their acquaintance with poisonous herbs and magic rites. Scylax calls the place Male (Máλn), which Vossius changes to Cyta (Kúra). Medea was called Cytais from this her native city. (Steph. Byz., s. v.- -Cellar., Geog. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 303.) CYTEIS, a surname given to Medea by the poets, from her having been born at Cyta. (Propert., 2, 1, 73.) named Cytherus, who settled in it. Before his arrival it was called Porphyris or Porphyrissa, according to Eustathius (ad Dion. Perieg., 500), from the quantity of purple fish found on its shores; but the name of Cythera is as ancient as the time of Homer. (Od., 1, 80.) The fable respecting Venus' having arisen from the sea in its vicinity, means nothing more than that | the slope of Mount Arcton-oros. Its first foundation her worship was introduced into the island by some is ascribed by Conon to a colony of Pelasgi from Thesmaritime people, probably the Phoenicians. Cythera saly, under the conduct of Cyzicus, son of Apollo, and was a place of great importance to the Spartans, since Aristides speaks of the god himself as the founder of an enemy, if in possession of it, would be thereby en- the city. (Orat. Cyzic., 1, p. 114.) In process of abled to ravage the southern coast of Laconia. Its time the Pelasgi were expelled by the Tyrrheni, and harbours also sheltered the Spartan fleets, and afforded these again made way for the Milesians, who are protection to all merchant vessels against the attacks generally looked upon by the Greeks as the real setof pirates, whose depredations, on the other hand, tlers, to whom the foundation of Cyzicus is to be would have been greatly facilitated by its acquisition.attributed. (Conon, Narrat., 41.-Strab., 635.) Cyz(Thucyd., 4, 53.) Hence the Argives, who originally held it, were driven out eventually by the Spartans. A magistrate was sent yearly from Sparta, styled Cytherodices, to administer justice, and to examine into the state of the island; and so important a position was it, that Demaratus expressly advised Xerxes to seize it with a part of his fleet, since by that means he would compel the Spartans to withdraw from the constitutions and the firmness of its government, the federacy, and defend their own territories. Demaratus quoted, on this occasian, the opinion of Chilo, the Lacedæmonian sage, who had declared it would be a great benefit to Sparta if that island were sunk into the sea. Cythera (Cerigo) is now one of the Ionian islands. (Virg., Æn., 1, 262; 10, 5.-Pausan., 3, 33-Ovid, Met., 4, 288; 15, 386.-Fast., 4, 15.Herodot., 1, 29.) CYTHEREA, a surname of Venus, from her rising out of the ocean near the island of Cythera. CYTHNOS, an island between Ceos and Seriphus, in the Mare Myrtoum, colonized by the Dryopes. (Artem., ap. Strab., 485.-Dicæarch., Ins., 27.) It was the birthplace of Cyadias, an eminent painter. The cheese of Cythnos, according to Stephanus and Julius Pollux, was held in high estimation among the ancients. The island is now called Thermia. It was also named Ophiussa and Dryopis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 403.) icus became, in process of time, a flourishing commercial city, and was at the height of its prosperity, when, through the means of the kings of Pergamus, it secured the favour and protection of Rome. Florus speaks in the highest terms of its beauty and opulence; and Strabo assures us that it equalled in these respects, as well as in the wisdom of its political inmost renowned cities of Asia. The Cyzicene commonwealth resembled those of Rhodes, Marseilles, and Carthage. They elected three magistrates, who were curators of the public buildings and stores. They possessed extensive arsenals and granaries, and care was taken to preserve the wheat by mixing it with Chalcidic earth. Owing to these wise and salutary precautions, they were enabled to sustain an arduous and memorable siege against Mithradates, king of Pontus, by both sea and land, until relieved by Lucullus. (Appian, Bell. Mithr., c. 73, seqq.-Plut., Vit. Lucull., c. 9, seqq.—Strab., 575.) The Romans, in acknowledgment of the bravery and fidelity displayed by the Cyzicenians on this occasion, granted to them their independence, and greatly enlarged their territory. Under the emperors, Cyzicus continued to prosper greatly, and in the time of the Byzantine sway it was the metropolis of the Hellespontine province. (Hierocl., p. 661.) It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 943. Cyzicus gave birth to several historians, philosophers, and other writers. The coins of this place, called KvÇıkηvoi oтarnρeç, were so beautiful as to be deemed a miracle of art. Proserpina was worshipped as the chief deity of the place, and the inhabitants had a legend among them, that their city CYTORUM, a city of Paphlagonia, on the coast be- was given by Jupiter to this goddess, as a portion of tween the promontory Carambis and Amastris. It her dowry. The ruins of Cyzicus now pass by the was a Greek town of great antiquity, since Homer al- name of Atraki. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. ludes to it (Il., 2, 853), and is thought to have been 40, seqq.)-III. A king of the Dolionians, a people founded by a colony of Milesians. According to Stra- who are said to have been the first inhabitants of the bo (545), it had been a port of the inhabitants of Si- district of Cyzicus in Mysia. He was killed in a nope. In its vicinity was a mountain, named Cyto-night encounter by the Argonauts, whom he had misrus, which produced a beautifully-veined species of taken for enemies. (Vid. Argonautæ.) box-tree. (Catullus, 4, 13.-Virg., Georg., 2, 437.) The ruins of the ancient city are found near a harbour called Quitros or Kitros. (Tavernier, Voyage, lib. 3, c. 6.) In the vicinity is a high mountain called Ku- DAE or DAHA (called by Herodotus DA1), a peotros or Kotru. (Abulfeda, tab. 18, p. 309.-Man-ple who dwelt on the southeastern borders of the Casnert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 23.) CYTINEUM, the most considerable of the four cities of Doris in Greece. According to Thucydides (3, 95), it was situate to the west of Parnassus, and on the borders of the Locri Ozola. Eschines observes, that it sent one deputy to the Amphictyonic council. (De Fals. Leg., p. 43.) D. pian Sea, in the province of Hyrcania. They seem to have been a roving nomadic tribe. Virgil (En., 728) styles them indomiti; and Servius, in commenting on the passage of the poet where the term occurs, states that they extended to the northern part of Persia. He must allude evidently to the incursions they were accustomed to make into the countries south of Hyrcania. (Compare Plin., 6, 17-Mela, 1, 2, and 3, 5.) Their country is supposed by some to answer to the modern Dahistan. (Plin., 6, 17.—Curt., 7, 4. Cyzicus, I. an island off the northern coast of Mysia, nearly triangular in shape, and about five hundred stadia in circuit. Its base was turned towards the Propontis, while the vertex advanced so closely to the continent that it was easy to connect it by a double bridge. This, as Pliny reports, was done by Alexander. Scylax, however, says that it was always a peninsula, and his authority is followed by Mannert, who is of opinion that the inhabitants may, after the time of Scylax, have separated it from the mainland by a-Herod., 1, 125.) canal or ditch, for purposes of security. (Plin., 5, DACIA, a large country of Europe, bounded on the 32.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 527.) It is south by the Danube, which separated it from Mosia, certainly a peninsula at the present day, and there are on the north by Sarmatia, on the east by the Tyras no indications whatever of the bridges mentioned by and Pontus Euxinus, and on the west by the IazyPliny and others. (Sestini, Viaggio, p. 502.-Cra-ges Metanaste. It corresponded nearly to Valachia, mer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 47.)-II. A celebrated city of Mysia, on the island of the same name, situate partly in the plain which extended to the bridges connecting the island with the continent, and partly on Transylvania, Moldavia, and that part of Hungary which lies to the east of the Tibiscus or Teiss, one of the northern branches of the Danube. In A.D. 105, Trajan added this country to the Roman empire. He |