after Pantænus, he had the charge of the Christian catechetical school in Alexandrea), Clemens made a large collection of ancient wisdom, under the name of Stromata, an epithet borrowed from carpet-work, and intended to denote the miscellaneous nature of the philosophical and religious topics of which the work treats. He assigned this reason for the undertaking, that much truth is mixed with the dogmas of philosophers, or, rather, covered and concealed in their wri

and at last he became so complete a master of the | recommending Christianity to his catechumens (for, Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote much, but none of his writings remain except a most beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology. After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. (Enfield's His-tings, like the kernel within its shell. This work is tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, seqq.)-II. A Co- of great value, as it contains many quotations, and rinthian painter, whom some make to have been the relates many facts, not elsewhere preserved. But, inventor of drawing in outline. (Plin., 35, 3.) Athe- though the object of his labours was laudable, it must nagoras mentions him among the first that practised be confessed that his inclination to blend heathen this branch of the art. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) tenets with Christian doctrines rendered his writings CLEARCHUS, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who in many respects injurious to the Christian cause. was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato's pupils, du- His vast reading encumbered his judgment; and his ring the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after injudicious zeal sometimes led him into credulity, if the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve not into dishonesty. We frequently find him adoptyears, 353 B.C. (Consult Memnon, fragm., c. 1, ing Platonic and Stoic tenets as Christian doctrines, and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist.- and thus sowing the seeds of error in the Christian Compare also remarks under the article Chion.)-church. Besides the Stromata, we have the following II. A Lacedæmonian, one of the Greek command- works of Clemens remaining: 1. Protrepticon, or an ers in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by exhortation to the Pagans; 2. Pædagogus, or the inthat prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek structer; 3. The fragments of a treatise on the use of leaders that were with him. A sketch of his charac-riches, entitled, "What rich man shall be saved?"-ter and history is given by Xenophon (Anab., 2, 6), in which many things appear to be softened down. He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted himself so tyrannically that the government at home sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, anticipating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and seized upon Selymbria, and when the Spartan forces came he engaged in battle with them, but was defeated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrapped along with the other Greek leaders, after the battle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to death in common with them. (Xen., Anab., 2, 5, 31, seqq.-Id. ib., 2, 6, 1, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 14, 12.)

CLEMENS, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinction' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St. Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station he was chosen A.D. 67, or, according to some, A.D. 91. He was the author of an epistle to the church of Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le Clerc, Amst., 1698. Of this work, the only manuscript of which now extant is in the British Museum, Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo, Oxon., 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at Rome about the close of the first century.-II. An eminent father of the church, who flourished between A.D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexandrinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome. He is supposed by some to have been a native of Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real origin very little is known. He early devoted himself to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many preceptors. (Strom., 1, p. 274.-Euseb., Hist. Eccl., 5, 2.) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantanus, a Jew by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Grecian with sacred learning, and was attached to the Stoic philosophy. (Vales. ad Euseb., 5, 10.) Clemens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other respects he followed the Eclectic method of philosophizing. While the pagan philosophers pillaged the Christian stores to enrich the Eclectic system, this Christian father, on the contrary, transferred the Platonic, Stoic, and Oriental dogmas to the Christian creed, as relics of ancient tradition originating in Divine revelation. (Strom., 1, p. 313.) In hopes of

In these works he approaches the strict standard of orthodoxy; but in one which is lost, and the title of which was Hypotyposes, or "Institutions," he is stated by Photius (Cod., 109.-vol. 1, p. 89, ed. Bekker) to have maintained sentiments which were unscriptural. The works of Clemens were first printed in Greek only, at Florence in 1550. Of the various editions with Latin versions, the best is that of Archbishop Potter, 2 vols. fol., 1715, Oxon. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 274, seqq.)

CLEOBIS and BITON, two youths, sens of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos, and remarkable for physical prowess, having both carried off prizes in the public games. Solon, in his conversation with Crosus on the subject of human felicity, related, according to Herodotus (1, 31), the following incident respecting them. Their mother Cydippe was required by sacred custom to be drawn to the temple of Juno, on a certain festival, by a pair of oxen. The animals happening not to be brought up from the field in due season, and Cydippe being pressed for time, her two sons put themselves under the yoke, drew the chariot in which their mother sat for the distance of forty-five stadia (nearly six miles), and brought her in that manner to the temple. The men of Argos who stood around commended the strength of the youths, and the women felicitated their mother on having such sons; while Cydippe herself, in a transport of joy, prayed to the goddess that Cleobis and Biton might obtain the greatest blessing man could receive. When she had finished her prayer, and her sons had sacrificed and feasted with her, they fell asleep in the temple, and awoke no more. The Argives, in commemoration of their filial piety, caused statues to be erected to them at Delphi. Servius (ad Virg., Georg., 3, 532) says, that the want of oxen on this occasion was owing to a pestilential malady, which had destroyed all the cattle belonging to Argos.-This touching little story is frequently alluded to by the ancient writers. (Compare Cic., Tusc. Quæst., 1, 47.-Plut., Consol. ad Apoll., p. 108, F.-Id., Vit. Sol., c. 27.—Stobæus, p. 603, &c.)

CLEOBULUS, a native of Lindus, in the island of Rhodes, son of Evagoras, monarch of that city, and claiming descent from Hercules. He was not less remarkable for strength than for beauty of person. After travelling in Egypt for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, he ascended the throne on the death of his father. Plutarch says he usurped it. The rest of his life is unknown: we are merely informed that he at

tained to the age of seventy years, and died about the 55th Olympiad. By some he is ranked among the wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was "AptoTOν μÉτрov, “moderation is best," i. e., preserve a due mean in all things. (Diog. Laert. in Vit.)

years king of Laconia. With him ended the race of the Heraclide, which had so long sat on the throne of that country. Ptolemy ordered his body to be flayed and nailed to a cross, and his children to be put to death. (Plut., Vit. Cleom.)

CLEOMBROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded CLEON, an Athenian, bred among the lowest of the his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam- people, the son of a tanner, and said himself to have inondas in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on exercised that trade. Of extraordinary impudence and that occasion. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 4, 13.)—II. A little courage, slow in the field, but forward and noisy son-in-law of Leonidas II., king of Sparta, who usurp-in the assembly, corrupt in practice as in principle, but ed the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch, boastful of integrity, and supported by a coarse but but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-ready eloquence, he gained such consideration by flatishment. (Plut., Vit. Ag. et Cleom.)

CLEOMEDES, a Greek writer, supposed to have been the author of the work which has reached us, entitled "Cyclic Theory of Meteors," i. e., Circular Theory of the Stars. He is thought to have lived some years before the Christian era. (Delambre, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 9, p. 54.)

tering the lower orders and railing at the higher, that he stood in the situation of head of a party. By an extraordinary train of circumstances he came off victorious in the affair of Sphacteria, the Athenian populace having chosen him one of their generals. Elated upon this with the idea that he possessed military tal-. ents, he caused himself to be appointed commander of an expedition into Thrace. He was slain in a battle at Amphipolis against Brasidas, the Spartan general, 422 B.C. (Consult the remarks of Mitchell, in his edition of the Acharnenses of Aristophanes, Appendix, note A, and compare Thucyd., 4, 28, seqq.—Id., 5, 2.— Id., 5, 8, seqq.)

CLEONE, I. a town of Argolis, northeast of Nemea. According to Strabo, it was 120 stadia from Argos and eighty from Corinth; he adds, that it was situated on a rock, and surrounded by walls, which justified the epithet applied to it by Homer (Il., 2, 570). Hercules was said to have defeated and slain the Elean chief called Moliones, near Cleonæ. (Pindar, Olymp., 10, 36.-Compare Apollodorus, 2, 5, 1.) We learn from Pindar that games were there solemnized. (Nem., 4, 26.-Ibid., 10, 78.) Dodwell states, that the ruins of Cleone are to be seen on the site now called Courtese. They occupy a circular hill, which seems to have been completely covered with buildings. On the side of the hill are six ancient terrace-walls, rising one above another, on which the houses and streets were situated. (Tour, vol. 2, p. 206.-Chandler, vol. 2, p. 288.-Gell's Itin. of the Morea, p. 157.)II. A town of Macedonia, in the peninsula of Athos, said to have been founded by a colony from Chalcis. (Herod., 7, 22.-Thucyd., 4, 109.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 260.)

CLEOMENES I., king of Sparta, ascended the throne B.C. 519. At the beginning of his reign he undertook an expedition against the Argives, defeated them, and destroyed a large number who had taken refuge in a sacred grove. He afterward drove out the Pisistratidæ from Athens. This is the same Cleomenes whom Aristagoras endeavoured, but in vain, to involve in a war with the Persians. He afterward managed, by undue influence, to procure an oracular response from Delphi, pronouncing his colleague Demaratus illegitimate, and thus obtained his deposition. Becoming alarmed, subsequently, lest the fraud should be discovered, Cleomenes fled secretly to Thessaly, and from thence passing into Arcadia, he began to stir up the people of this latter country against Sparta. The Lacedæmonians, fearing his intrigues, recalled him, but he died soon after his return, in a fit of insanity, by his own hand. (Herod., 5, 64.—Id., 5, 49, seqq.-Id., 5, 65, &c.)-II. Cleomenes II., succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 371. The power of his country was then on the decline, and he possessed not the requisite talents to restore it to its former state. He reigned sixty years and ten months without having done anything worthy the notice of posterity. (Paus., 3, 6.) III. Cleomenes III., son of Leonidas II., ascended the Spartan throne B.C. 230. Dissatisfied at the prevailing manners of Sparta, he resolved to bring about a CLEOPATRA, I. a daughter of Idas and Marpessa, reform, and to restore the institutions of Lycurgus, and the wife of Meleager. (Hom., Il., 9, 557.)—II. after the example of Agis, who had lost his life in a The wife of Philip of Macedon, whom that monarch similar attempt. Thinking that war would furnish married after he had repudiated Olympias. (Justin, the best opportunity for the execution of his design, he 9, 5.) After the death of Philip, Olympias compelled led his forces against the Achæans, who were com- her to destroy herself. (Justin, 9, 7.)—III. A daughmanded by Aratus, and greatly distinguished himself. ter of Philip and Olympias, and sister to Alexander Returning after this to Sparta, with a portion of his the Great. She married Alexander of Epirus, who army, he put to death the Ephori, made a new division fell in Italy. (Justin, 9, 6, 1.) After the death of of the lands, and introduced again the old Spartan Alexander of Macedon, her hand was sought by Persystem of education. He also took his brother Eucli- diccas and others of his generals, but she was put to das as his colleague on the throne, and thus for the death by Antigonus. (Diod. Sic., 20, 37.-Compare first and only time the Spartans had two kings of the Diod. Sic., 18, 23, and Wesseling, ad loc.)—IV. A same family. After a long, and in many respects suc-daughter of Mithradates, and the wife of Tigranes. cessful, series of operations against the Achæans and (Justin, 38, 3.)—V. A daughter of Antiochus III. of Macedonians, the latter of whom had been called in Syria. She married Ptolemy V., king of Egypt, and by Aratus as allies, Cleomenes was defeated by Anti-was left guardian of her infant son Ptolemy VI., but gonus in the battle of Sellasia, and immediately after she died soon after her husband, to the great regret of fled to Ptolemy Euergetes in Egypt. This monarch her subjects.-VI. A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, treated him with some degree of generosity, but his was the wife of three kings of Syria, and the mother of successor Ptolemy Philopator, a weak and suspicious four; namely, of Antiochus Dionysius, by her first husprince, soon began to look upon him with an evil eye, band Alexander Balas; of Seleucus V. and Antiochus and at last kept him in confinement. The Spartan VIII., by Demetrius Nicator; and, lastly, of Antiochus monarch, in a fit of despair, and taking advantage of IX., surnamed Cyzicenus, by Antiochus Euergetes or the temporary absence of Ptolemy from his capital, Sidetes. She was compelled by her son, Antiochus broke forth from the place where he had been kept in VIII., to drink the poison which she had prepared custody, along with thirteen of his friends, and en- for him, B.C. 120. VII. The most famous of the deavoured to arouse the inhabitants in the cause of name was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and refreedom. But, finding their efforts fruitless, they fell markable for her beauty and personal accomplishments. by their own hands. Cleomenes had been sixteen | According to the usage of the Alexandrean court, she

er.

ease.

married her eldest brother Ptolemy XII., and began | pire of the world. After a fruitless attack upon the to reign with him in her seventeenth year. Both she territory of Palmyra, he hastened to forget his disgrace and her husband, being minors, were placed by the in the society of the Egyptian queen, passing several will of their father under the guardianship of Rome, months at Alexandrea in the most foolish and puerile an office which the senate transferred to Pompey. An dissipation. The death of his wife, and his subsequent insurrection breaking out in the Egyptian capital soon marriage with Octavia, delayed for a time the crisis after the commencement of this reign, Cleopatra was which his ungoverned passions were preparing for compelled to yield to the tide of popular fury, and to him. But, though he had thus extricated himself from flee into Syria, where she sought protection in tempo- the snares of Alexandrea, his inclinations too soon rerary exile. The flight of this princess, though mainly turned to that unhappy city; for we find that when arising from the tumult just mentioned, was unques- he left Rome to proceed against the Parthians, he detionably accelerated by the designs of the young king spatched in advance his friend Fonteius Capito, to and his ambitious ministers. Their object became conduct Cleopatra into Syria. On his return from manifest when Cleopatra, after a few months' residence this disgraceful campaign, he encountered still deeper in Syria, returned towards her native country to resume disgrace by once more willingly submitting to that her seat on the throne. Ptolemy prepared to oppose bondage which had rendered him contemptible in the her by force of arms, and a civil war would inevitably eyes of most of his followers.-Passing over events .have ensued, had not Cæsar at that very juncture which have been alluded to elsewhere (Vid. Augustus), sailed to the coast of Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. A we come to the period that followed the battle of Acsecret interview soon took place between Cleopatra tium. When Octavius advanced against Egypt, and and the Roman general. She placed herself on board Antony had been a second time defeated under the a small skiff, under the protection of Apollodorus, a walls of Alexandrea, Cleopatra shut herself up with a Sicilian Greek, set sail from the coast of Syria, reach- few attendants, and the most valuable part of her ed the harbour of Alexandrea in safety, and had herself treasures, in a strong building which appears to have conveyed into the chamber of the Roman commander been intended for a royal sepulchre. To prevent inin the form of a large package of goods. The strata- trusion by friend or enemy, she caused a report to be gem proved completely successful. Cleopatra was circulated that she had retired into the monument to now in her twentieth year, distinguished by extraordi- put herself to death. Antony resolved to follow her nary personal charms, and surrounded with all the example, and threw himself upon his sword; but being graces which give to those charms their greatest pow-informed, before he expired, that Cleopatra was still Her voice sounded like the sweetest music; and living, he caused himself to be carried into her presshe spoke a variety of languages with propriety and ence, and breathed his last in her arms. Octavius, She could, it is said, assume all characters at after this, succeeded in getting Cleopatra into his powwill, which all alike became her, and the impression er, and the queen at first hoped to subdue him by her that was made by her beauty was confirmed by the fas- attractions; but finding at last that her efforts were cinating brilliancy of her conversation. The day after unavailing, and suspecting that her life was spared this singular meeting, Cæsar summoned before him the only that she might grace the conqueror's triumph, she king, as well as the citizens of Alexandrea, and made ended her days, if the common account is to be credarrangements for the restoration of peace, procuring ited, by the bite of an asp. A small puncture in the Cleopatra, at the same time, her share of the throne. arm was the only mark of violence which could be dePothinus, however, one of Ptolemy's ministers, in tected on the body of Cleopatra; and it was therefore whose intriguing spirit all the dissensions of the court believed that she had procured death either by the had originated, soon stirred up a second revolt, upon bite of a venomous reptile, or by the scratch of a poiwhich the Alexandrean war commenced, in which soned bodkin. She was in her thirty-ninth year, havPtolemy was defeated, and lost his life by drowning.ing reigned twenty-two years from the death of her Cæsar now proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt; but father. Octavius, it is said, though deprived by this she was compelled to take her brother, the younger Ptol- act of suicide of the greatest ornament of his approachemy, who was only eleven years old, as her husband and ing triumph, gave orders that she should have a magcolleague on the throne. The Roman general contin-nificent funeral, and that her body, as she desired, ued for some time at her court, and she bore him a son, should be laid by that of Antony.-In the grave of Clecalled, from the name of his father, Cæsarion. During opatra was deposited the last of the royal race of the the six years which immediately followed these events, Ptolemies, a family which had swayed the sceptre of the reign of Cleopatra seems not to have been dis- Egypt for two hundred and ninety-four years. Of the turbed by insurrection, nor to have been assailed by real character of this celebrated queen herself, it is not foreign war. When her brother, at the age of fourteen, possible to speak, at this distance of time, with any demanded his share in the government, Cleopatra poi- degree of confidence. That she had beauty and talsoned him, and remained sole possessor of the regal ents of the highest order, is admitted by every histoauthority. The dissensions among the rival leaders rian who has undertaken to give the annals of her who divided the power of Cæsar, had no doubt nearly reign; and that she was accomplished in no ordinary involved her in a contest with both parties; but the degree, is established by the fact of her being a great decisive issue of the battle of Philippi relieved her proficient in music, and mistress of nearly all the lanfrom the hesitation under which some of her measures guages which were cultivated in her age. She was appear to have been adopted, and determined her in- well skilled, for example, in Greek and Latin, and she clinations, as well as her interests, in favour of the could converse with Ethiopians, Jews, Arabians, Syrconquerors. To afford her an opportunity of explain-ians, Medes, and Persians, without an interpreter. If ing her conduct, Antony summoned her to attend him in Cilicia, and the meeting which she gave him on the river Cydnus has employed the pen, not only of the historian, but of the prince of English dramatists. (Shakspeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act 1, scene 1.) The artifices of this fascinating princess, now in her twenty-fifth year, so far gained upon Antony, as not only to divert his thoughts from his original purpose of subjecting her kingdom to the payment of tribute, but entirely to lull his ambition to sleep, and make him sacrifice his great stake as a candidate for the em

her conduct was not at all times strictly pure, we must seek for an apology in the religion and manners of her country, and must ascribe the most glaring of her frailties to the absurd institutions which regulated the matrimonial connexions of the Græco-Egyptian princes, and which paid no respect to the age, affections, or temper of the parties. (Plut., Vit. Cæs.-Id., Vit. Ant.-Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 345.)

CLEOPATRIS, a city of Egypt, at the head of the Sinus Arabicus, and in the immediate vicinity of Arsinoë. (Vid. Arsinoë, VI.)

CLIMAX, a narrow passage on the coast of Lycia, | to Eustace, white herds are still seen wandering over near Phaselis. (Vid. Phaselis.) the rich plain watered by this river. (Classical Tour, vol. 1, p. 322.)

CLIO, one of the Muses. She presided over history, and was generally represented as holding a half-into the Tiber. (Liv., 1, 38.) But the draining was opened roll. The invention of the cithara was ascribed to her. Having drawn on herself the anger of Venus, by taunting her with her passion for Adonis, Clio was inspired by the goddess with love for Pierus, the son of Magnes, and bore him a son named Hyacinthus. (Apollod., 1, 3, 2, seqq.) Her name (Kλɛtú) is derived from Kheios (lonic for Khéoç), glory, renown, &c., because she celebrates the glorious actions of the good and brave.

did he become even to his own party, that, in order to keep him in check, Pompey procured the recall of Cicero from exile, which he could not effect, however, without the strenuous aid of the tribune Milo; and not long after Clodius was slain in a conflict that took place between his followers and those of Milo. (Cic., Or. pro Mil.-Plut., Vit. Cic.)

contrary, he expressly says, "that Tarquin made the great subterranean cloaca to carry off the filth of the city, a work so vast that even the magnificence of the present age has not been able to equal it." (Liv., 1, 56.) Pliny also, who records its repair in the reign of Augustus, expressly says, that, after 800 years, this opus omnium maximum continued as strong as when first built by Tarquin. It may, indeed, seem incredible, that the Romans, in that rude age, should have been capable of executing so noble a piece of architecture; but Livy tells us, "that Tarquin sent for artists from every part of Etruria," for this and his other public works. Nothing can be clearer than this evidence of the Cloaca Maxima being the work of the Tarquins; and its denial only affords one of the many proofs, that antiquaries will pervert or overlook facts when they interfere with their favourite theories. This cloaca, therefore, is doubly interesting, not only from its ex-sued them, they all rushed into the water and swam in traordinary grandeur and antiquity, but from being, perhaps, the sole, and certainly the finest, remains of Etruscan architecture that have come down to our times. (Rome in the 19th Century, vol. 1, p. 249, not-Compare Burgess, Antiquities of Rome, vol. p. 223.)

CLOANTHUS, one of the companions of Eneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome claimed descent. (Virg., En., 5, 122.)

CLODIA, I. a sister of Clodius the tribune, and a female of the most abandoned character. She married Q. Metellus Celer, and was suspected of having poisoned him.-II. The younger sister of the preceding, and equally infamous in character. She married Lucullus, but was repudiated by him for her scandalous conduct. (Plut., Vit. Lucull.)

CLODIA LEX, I. de Cypro, was brought forward by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, that Cyprus should be taken from Ptolemy and made a Roman province. This was done in order to punish that monarch for having refused Clodius money to pay his ransom when taken by the pirates, and to remove Cato out of the way by appointing him to see the law executed.-II. Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by the same. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both of them.-III. Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribuion of corn among the people gratis, as had been given .hem before at six asses and a triens the modius.-IV. Another, A.U.C. 695, by the same, de Judicis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial. Cicero was aimed at by this law, and soon after, by means of a hired mob, was actually banished.

CLELIA, a Roman virgin, given as a hostage to Porsenna. According to the old Roman legend, when Porsenna and the Romans made a peace after the affair of Mucius Scævola, the latter people gave hostages to the king, ten youths and ten maidens, children of noble parents, as a pledge that they would truly keep the peace which had been made. It happened, as the camp of the Etrurians was near the Tiber, that Clolia, one of the maidens, escaped with her companions, and fled to the brink of the river; and, as the Etrurians pursafety across the stream. But the Romans, jealous of their reputation for good faith, sent them all back to the camp of Porsenna. Not to be outdone in generosity, the monarch gave her and her female compan ions their freedom, and permitted her to take with het half of the youths; whereupon, with the delicacy of a Roman maiden, she selected those only who were of tender years. The Romans raised an equestrian statue in honour of her, on the highest part of the Sacred Way. (Liv., 2, 13.) She was also rewarded with a horse and arms. (Fragm. Dion. Cass., 4.—Bekker, Anecd., 1, p. 133, 8.) There is another story, that Tarquinius fell upon the hostages as they were conducted into the Etrurian camp; and, with the exception of Valeria, who fled back to the city, massacred them all. (Plin., 34, 13.)

CLOTHO, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughters of Jupiter and Themis. (Vid. Parcæ.) She held the distaff, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (Kλ0ɛtv, to spin).

CLUENTIUS, a Roman, who, at his mother's instigation, was accused of having poisoned his stepfather Oppianicus. He was defended with great ability by Cicero, in an oration which is still extant. (Vid. Cicero.)

CLUSIUM, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, on the banks of the Clanis. Its more ancient name was Camers. (Liv., 10, 25.-Compare Müller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 102, where the name Camers or Camars is regarded as a proof of the place's having been originally possessed by the Umbrian race of the Camertes. Consult also Cluver, It. Ant., vol. 2, p. 567.) The Gauls under Brennus besieged it, but marched to Rome without taking it. It was at Clusium that Porsenna held his court; and near this city he erected for himself the splendid mausoleum of which Pliny has transmitted to us a description on the authority of Varro. (Plin., 36, 13.) The whole account seems to bear no small appearance of fiction; for, had such a stupendous work really existed, some traces of it would surely have remained, not merely in Pliny's day, but even in the present age.--Pliny (3, 5) makes a distinction between Clusium Vetus and Novum; and a village, named Chiusi, supposed to represent the latter, is pointed out at the foot of the Apennines, north of Arezzo, in confirmation of this distinction. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 219.)

CLODIUS, Publius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, but notorious as a bold and reckless demagogue, and a man of the most corrupt morals. Besides being guilty of the most revolting turpitude in the case of his nearest female relatives, he introduced himself, in woman's clothing, into the house of Julius Cæsar, with improper designs against Pompeia, the wife of Cæsar, of whom he was enamoured, and who was then celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which no male was allowed to be present. He was tried for the sacrilege, but escaped punishment by bribing the judges. In order to be eligible to the tribuneship, he relinquished his patrician rank, and had himself adopted into a plebeian family. While filling the office of tribune he had numerous laws pass-or ed, favourable to the people and adverse to the patricians. He procured for Cato, whom he detested, the government of Cyprus, in order that he might lose his reputation in this difficult office, and along with it the influence which he enjoyed at Rome. He cherished equal hatred towards Cicero, whom he finally succeeded in driving from the city. So troublesome at last

CLUSIUS, I. or CLESIUS, a river of Gallia Transpadana, rising among the Euganei, and flowing between the Lake Benacus and the river Mela. It is now the Chiese, Chiso, one of the tributaries of the Oglio.-II. The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. (Ovid, Fast., 1, 130.)

CLYMENE, I. a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, who married Iapetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epimetheus. (Hesiod, Theog., 508, seqq.)-II. The mother of Phaethon. (Ovid. Met., 1, 756.)-III. A female servant of Helen, who ac