of their ancestors in its primeval purity and beauty; | ody and fulness of his style, unite to throw a charm and while he was raising a monument to all future around these productions which has been felt in every ages of what Rome had been, to inculcate upon his age.-Cicero's Epistles, about 1000 in all, are comown times what it ought still to be. We know it to prised in thirty-six books, sixteen of which are adhave been his original purpose to make it a very volu- dressed to Atticus, three to his brother Quintus, one minous work; for he expressly tells his brother (Ep. to Brutus, and sixteen to his different friends; and ad Q. Frat., 3, 5) that it was to be extended to nine they form a history of his life from his fortieth year. books. Ernesti thinks that they were all given to the Among those addressed to his friends, some occur world (Ep. ad Att., 6, 1, in notis), although Cicero, from Brutus, Metellus, Plancus, Cælius, and others. in a letter to Atticus, on which that learned and accu- For the preservation of this most valuable department rate scholar makes this very remark, speaks of them as of Cicero's writings, we are indebted to Tyro, the auhis six pledges or sureties for his good behaviour. thor's freedman, though we possess at the present day -Cicero, as a philosopher, belongs, upon the whole, only a part of those originally published. The most to the New Academy. It has been disputed whether interesting by far are the letters to Atticus, for they he was really attached to this system, or had merely not only throw great light on the history of the times, resorted to it as being the best adapted for furnishing but also give us a full insight into the private character him with oratorical arguments suited to all occasions. of Cicero himself, who was accustomed at all times to At first its adoption was subsidiary to his other plans.unbosom his thoughts most freely to this friend of his. But, towards the conclusion of his life, when he no The authenticity of the correspondence with Brutus has longer maintained the place he was wont to hold in been much disputed by modern scholars, and the genthe Senate or the Forum, and when philosophy formed eral opinion is adverse to these letters being genuine.the occupation" with which," to quote his own words, His poetical and historical works have suffered a heavy "life was just tolerable, and without which it would fate. The latter class, consisting of his commentary have been intolerable," he doubtless became convinced on his consulship, and his history of his own times, that the principles of the New Academy, illustrated as are altogether lost. Of the former, which comprised they had been by Carneades and Philo, formed the the heroic poems Alcyones, Limon, Marius, his own soundest system which had descended to mankind consulate, the elegy of Tamelastis, translations of from the schools of Athens. The attachment, howev- Homer and Aratus, Epigrams, &c., but little remains er, of Cicero to the Academic philosophy was free except some fragments of the Phænomena and Diosefrom the exclusive spirit of sectarianism, and hence it meia of Aratus. It may, however, be questioned, did not prevent his extracting from other systems what whether literature has suffered much by these losses. he found in them conformable to virtue and reason. We are far, indeed, from speaking contemptuously of His ethical principles, in particular, appear eclectic, the poetic powers of one who possessed so much having been in a great measure formed from the opin- fancy, so much taste, and so fine an ear. But his ions of the Stoics. Of most of the Greek sects he poems were principally composed in his youth; and speaks with respect and esteem. For the Epicureans afterward, when his powers were more mature, his ocalone he seems (notwithstanding his friendship for cupations did not allow even his active mind the time Atticus) to have entertained a decided aversion and necessary for polishing a language still more rugged contempt. The general purpose of Cicero's philosoph-in metre than it was in prose. His contemporary hisical works was rather to give a history of the ancient philosophy, than dogmatically to inculcate opinions of his own. It was his great aim to explain to his fellow-citizens, in their own language, whatever the sages of Greece had taught on the most important subjects, in order to enlarge their minds and reform their morals. In theoretic investigation, in the development of abstract ideas, in the analysis of qualities and perceptions, Cicero cannot be regarded as an inventor or profound original thinker, and cannot be ranked with Plato and Aristotle. His peculiar merit, as a philosophical writer, lay in his luminous and popular exposition of the leading principles and disputes of the ancient schools; and no works transmitted from antiquity present so concise and comprehensive a view of the opinions of the Greek philosophers. The most obvious peculiarity of Cicero's philosophical writings is their form of dialogue. The idea was borrowed from Plato and Xenophon; but the nature of Cicero's dialogue is as different from that of the two Athenians, as was his object in writing. With them, the Socratic mode of argument could hardly be displayed in any other shape; whereas Cicero's aim was to excite interest, and he availed himself of this mode of composition for the life and variety, the ease, perspicuity, and vigour which it gave to his discussions. Nor does Cicero discover less skill in the execution of these dialogues, than address in their design. In the dignity of his speakers, their high tone of mutual courtesy, the harmony of his groups, and the delicate relief of his contrasts, he is inimitable. The majesty and splendour of his introductions, the eloquence with which both sides of a question are successively displayed, the clearness and terseness of his statements on abstract points, his exquisite allusions to the scene or time of the supposed conversation, his digressions in praise of philosophy, and, lastly, the mel

tory, on the other hand, can hardly have conveyed more explicit, and certainly would have contained less faithful, information than his private correspondence; while, with all the penetration he assuredly possessed, it may be doubted, if his diffuse and graceful style of thought and composition was adapted for the depth of reflection and condensation of meaning, which are the chief excellences of historical composition.-The editions of the separate works of Cicero are too numerous to be mentioned here. The best editions of the entire works are: that of Ernesti, Hal., 1774, 8 vols. 8vo; that of Olivet, Paris, 1740, 9 vols. 4to; that of Schütz, Lips., 1814-20, 19 vols. (in 27) 12mo; and that of Nobbe, Lips., 1827, 1 vol. 4to, or 10 vols. 12mo. (Plut., in Vit.-Enc. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 279, seqq.-Biog. Univ., vol. 8, p. 530, seqq.-Encyclop. Am., vol. 3, p. 190, seqq.-Dunlop, Rom. Lit., vol. 2, p. 275, seqq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 487, seqq.)-II. Marcus, only son of the orator, and to whom the latter addressed his work De Officis. He took part in the civil contest at an early age, and served under both Pompey and Brutus. After the battle of Philippi he retired to Sicily and joined the younger Pompey. Subsequently, however, he took advantage of the act of amnesty that was passed, and returned to Italy, where he lived some time in a private situation. Augustus, on attaining to sovereign power, made him his colleague in the consulship, and it was to Marcus Cicero, in his quality of consul, that he wrote an account of the victory at Actium and the conquest of Egypt. Marcus had the satisfaction of executing the decree which ordered all the statues and monuments that had been erected to Antony to be thrown down. After his consulship he was appointed governor of Syria, from which period history is silent respecting him. He died at an advanced age, and was notorious for dissipated and intemperate habits

He

appears to have inherited little, if anything, of his fa- | numerous fleets to the Persian monarchs, as well as ther's virtue, patriotism, and talent. (Cic., Ep. ad to the Syrian and Egyptian successors of Alexander. Att., 1, 2.—Id., Ep. ad Fam., 13, 11.-Plut., Vit. But it was more especially from the formidable charCic. extr.—Id., Vit. Brut., &c.)—III. Quintus, broth-acter of her piratical navy that Cilicia has obtained a er of the orator, and brother-in-law of Atticus. After having been prætor A.U.C. 692, he obtained the government of Asia. He was subsequently a lieutenant of Cæsar's in Britain, and only left that commander to accompany his brother Marcus Tullius, as lieutenant, into Cilicia. After the battle of Pharsalia, in which he took part on the side of Pompey, he was proscribed by the triumvirate, and put to death by the emissaries of Antony. He had a marked talent for poetry, and had planned a poem on the invasion of Britain by Casar. He also composed several tragedies, imitated or else translated from the Greek, but which have not reached us. Eighteen lines of his are preserved in the Corpus Poëtarum of Maittaire. He was the author of the piece entitled "de Petitione Consulatus," usually printed along with Cicero's letters to him. It is addressed by Quintus to his brother when the latter was a candidate for the consulship, and gives advice with regard to the measures he should pursue to attain his object, particularly inculcating the best means to gain private friends and acquire general popularity. (Corrad. Quæst., p. 278, ed. Lips.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 8, p. 550.-Dunlop, Roman Literature, vol. 2, p. 495.)

name in the seafaring annals of antiquity. Some idea of the alarm inspired by these daring rovers can be formed from the language of Cicero, however exaggerated we may suppose it to be for a political purpose. (Or. pro Leg. Manil., 11.) The selection, too, which the Roman people made of Pompey, and the unusual powers confided to him, prove the importance of the contest. In less than 50 days, however, Pompey reduced the whole province either by force or the terror of his arms. More than 20,000 pirates are said to have fallen into his hands: these he settled in the interior, or removed to some distant countries, and thus entirely purged the shores of Asia of these nests of robbers. In the course of this war the Romans are said to have captured 378 ships, and burned 1300, conquered 120 towns and castles, and to have slain 10,000 of the enemy.-Cilicia was divided into Campestris and Trachea. The former was the larger and more easterly portion, and derived its name from its champaign character. Trachea, on the other hand, was so called from its rugged aspect (7paxɛĩa, “rough”). It was nearly all occupied by the broad ridge of Taurus, which leaves scarcely any room for level land towards the sea. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 315, seqq.)

CILIX, a son of Agenor, who gave his name to Cilicia, according to Herodotus. (Consult remarks under the article Cilicia.-Herodot., 7, 91.)

CICONES, a people on the coast of Thrace, near the spot where Maronea stood in a later age. Homer has placed here the scene of Ulysses' first disaster. Ismarus was the name of their city, which the poet sup- CILLA, a town of Troas, in the immediate vicinity poses that chieftain to have taken and plundered; but of Adramyttium. (Hom., Il., 1, 37.—Strab., 612.) the natives coming down from the interior in great CIMBER, L. Tillius, one of the conspirators against force, he was driven off with severe loss of both men and Cæsar. He was a man notorious for his drunkenness ships. (Od., 1, 40, seqq.) Ismarus is known to later and low violence (Seneca, Ep. 83-Id., de Ira, 3, writers only as a mountain celebrated for its wine, 30), and he had been throughout the civil war a violent which indeed Homer himself alludes to in another pas-partisan of Cæsar's, who appointed him a short time sage. (Od., 1, 197.) before his assassination to the province of Bithynia.

CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, on the seacoast, (Appian, Bell. Civ., 3, 2.—Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 12, south of Cappadocia and Lycaonia, and to the east of 13.) Cimber was the one who gave the signal agreed Pisidia and Pamphilia. Herodotus says (7, 91), that upon with his associates for commencing the attack, the people of this country were anciently called Hyp-by taking hold of Cæsar's robe, and pulling it down achæi, and that the appellation of Cilicians was sub-from his shoulders. (Plut., Vit. Cæs.) sequently derived from Cilix, son of Agenor, a Phoni- CIMBRI, a people of Germany, who invaded the cian. This passage seems to point to a Phoenician or Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered Syrian origin for the race, a supposition strengthened by Marius and Catulus. (For an account of the war, by the fact of the early commercial habits of the people consult the article Teutones.) The Cimbri are generof Cilicia. This country, though tributary to the Per-ally thought to have had for their original seat the sian king, was nominally under the government of its Cimbric Chersonese, or modern Jutland. It would native princes, with whom Syennesis appears to have seem, however, that there is some curious connexion been a common name. (Consult Herod., 1, 74.-Id., between their name and that of the ancient Cimmerii, 5, 118-Xen., Anab., 1, 2.) Cilicia, more especially a point which may have some bearing on the question that part which consisted of plains, was a wealthy respecting the origin of the Germanic race. (Consult country; since we are informed by Herodotus (3, 90) remarks under the article Cimmerii, and compare that it yielded to Darius a revenue of 500 talents, Mannert, Geschichte der alten Deutschen, p. 11, and equal to that of Mysia and Lydia together, besides Pfister, Gesch. der Teutschen, vol. 1, p. 40.) Ade360 white horses. Xenophon also (Anab., 1, 2) de- lung, however, opposes this idea. (Mithradates, vol. scribes it as a broad and beautiful plain, well watered, 2, p. 143.) and abounding in wine and all kinds of trees, and yielding barley, millet, and other grain. In a military point of view, the importance of Cilicia was also very great, since it was surrounded by lofty mountains, presenting only one or two passes, and these easily secured by a small force against the largest armies. Had the Persians known how to defend these, the younger Cyrus would never have reached the Euphra-9, 36.-Front. Strat., 1, 2.-Plin., 2, 96.) tes, nor would Alexander have been able to penetrate to the plains of Issus, which witnessed the overthrow of Darius. (Arrian. Exp. Al., 2, 4.) At a later period we learn from Cicero, during his command there, what importance the Romans attached to the province of Cilicia, when it became necessary to cover Asia against the growing power of the Parthians. (Ep. ad Att., 5, 20.) As a maritime country, too, Cilicia makes a considerable figure in history, since it furnished

CIMINUS, I. a range of hills in Etruria, lying to the south of Salpinum.-II. A lake at the foot of Mons Ciminus, now Lago di Vico, or Ronciglione. (Strabo, 225.) The Ciminian forest, whose almost impene trable shades served for a time as a barrier to Etruria against the attacks of Rome, is described as covering the adjacent country to a considerable extent. (Liv.,

CIMMERII, a nomadic race of Upper Asia, who ap pear to have originally inhabited a part of what is now called Tartary. According to Herodotus (1, 15), they were driven from their primitive seats by the Scythians, and moved down, in consequence, upon Asia Minor. which they invaded and ravaged during the reign of Ardys, king of Lydia, the successor of Gyges. Strabo, however, places the incursion of the Cimmerians in the time of Homer, or a little before the birth of the

in this supposition, and in this way, too, we may, without having recourse to Bochart's derivation, account for the existence of Cimmerii, or Celts, in the remote west. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 26, not.)

CIMMERIUM, a town in the interior of the Tauric Chersonese, northwest of Theodosia. It is now EskiKrim (Old Krim), on the river Tschuruck. (Mela, 1, 19.)

and unctuous to the touch. The substance, according to Sir John Hill (ad Theophr., l. c.), which comes nearest to the Cimolian earth of antiquity, is the Steatite of the Soap-rock of Cornwall, which is the common matter of a great part of the cliff near the Lizard Point. Cimolus is now Kimoli, though more generally known by the name of Argentiera. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 405.)

CIMON, I. Son of Miltiades, and of Hegesipyle the daughter of Olorus, a Thracian prince. His education, according to Plutarch, was very much neglected, and he himself indulged, at first, in every species of excess. At his father's death he seems to have succeeded to a very scanty fortune, and he would perhaps have found it difficult to raise the penalty of fifty talents, which had been imposed upon his parent, and which the son was bound to pay to the public treasury, had not Callias, one of the wealthiest men of Athens, struck by the charms of his half-sister Elpinice, undertaken to discharge the sum as the price of her hand. (Vid. Callias, Elpinice.) Cimon, how

poet. (Strab., 20.) Wesseling thinks the authority | merians, therefore, who overran Asia Minor, will be a of Strabo inferior to that of Herodotus; but Larcher Celtic race. There is something extremely plausible inclines to the opinion that two different incursions are spoken of, an earlier and a later one. He makes the former of these anterior even to the time assigned by Strabo, and thinks it preceded by a short period the siege of Troy. He supposes this, moreover, to be the one alluded to by Euripides. (Iph. in Taur., 1115, seqq.-Larcher, ad Herod., 1, 6.) According to this view of the subject, Herodotus speaks merely of the latter of these two inroads. Volney maintains, in like CIMOLUS, one of the Cyclades, northeast of Melos. manner, that there were two incursions of the Cim- Its more ancient name was Echinusa, or Viper's Islmerians, but he places the first of these in the reign of and, from the number of vipers which infested it beArdys (699 B.C.), to which he thinks Herodotus al-fore it was inhabited. It produced what was called ludes in the fifteenth chapter of his first book; and the the Cimolia terra, a species of earth resembling, in second one in the time of Alyattes and Cyaxares, some of its properties, fuller's earth, though not the which he supposes to be the inroad alluded to by He- same with it. (Theophrast., de Lapid., 2, 107.— rodotus in the one hundred and third chapter of the Strabo, 484.) The ancients used it for cleaning their same book. (Volney, Suppl. à l'Herod., de Larcher, clothes. It was white, dense, of a loose texture, p. 75, seqq.) It appears much more reasonable, how-mixed with sand or small pebbles, insipid to the taste, ever, to refer all to but one invasion on the part of the Cimmerian race, commencing in the time of Ardys, and continued until the reign of Alyattes (616, B.C.), when these barbarians were expelled from the Asiatic peninsula. (Bähr, ad Herod., 1, 6.)-The account given by Herodotus is, that the Cimmerians, when they came into Asia Minor, took Sardis, with the exception of the citadel, and that they were finally expelled by Alyattes, the contemporary of Cyaxares. (Herod., 1, 15, seq.) The same historian makes the Cimmerians to have dwelt originally in the neighbourhood of the Palus Mæotis and Cimmerian Bosporus, and when driven out "from Europe," as he expresses himself (EK The Evрórns), by the Scythians, to have fled along the upper shore of the Euxine to Colchis, and thence to have passed into Asia Minor. (Herod., 1, 103.) Niebuhr, with very good reason, insists that Herodotus has here fallen into an error, and that all the wandering races which have in succession occupied the regions of Scythia, have, when driven out by other tribes from the east, moved forth in a western direction towards the country around the Danube. The Cim-ever, had attracted notice, and gained reputation, by merians, therefore, must have come into Asia Minor the spirit which he displayed on the occasion of leavfrom the east. As regards the name of the Cimmerian ing the city on the approach of the Persians, when he Bosporus, the same acute critic supposes it to have was the foremost to hang up a bridle in the Acropolis, arisen from the circumstance of a part of the Cimme- as a sign that he placed all his hopes in the fleet; and rian horde having been left in this quarter, and having also by the valour with which he fought at Salamis. continued to occupy the Tauric Chersonese as late as Aristides, in particular, saw in him a fit coadjutor the settlement of the Greek colonies in these parts. to himself and antagonist to Themistocles, and ex(Niebuhr, Kleine Schriften, p. 365, seqq.)-The an-erted himself in his favour; and the readiness with cients differed in opinion as regarded the orthography of which the allied Greeks, when disgusted by the arrothe name Cimmerii, some being in favour of Kepbepioi, gance of Pausanias, united themselves with Athens, others of Χειμέριοι. (Hesych., s. v. Eustath., ad was owing in a great measure to Cimon's mild temOd., 10, 14.-Schol., ad loc.-Aristoph., Ran., 189. per, and to his frank and gentle manners. Etymol. Mag., p. 513.- Voss, Weltk., p. 14.) larity of Themistocles was already declining, while Modern scholars are in like manner divided as to the Cimon, by a series of successful enterprises, was rapderivation of the term "Cimmerian" itself. It is main-idly rising in public favour. He defeated the Pertained by some of these that the Greeks obtained their sians in Thrace, on the banks of the Strymon, took first knowledge of this race from the Phoenicians, and Eion, and made himself master of the whole country. that hence, in all probability, the stories told of the He conquered the island of Scyros, the inhabitants of gloom which enshrouded the Cimmerian land, and of which were addicted to piracy; and,brought thence to the other appalling circumstances connected with this Athens what were deemed the bones of the national people, were mere Phoenician inventions to deter the hero Theseus. He next subdued all the cities on the Grecian traders from visiting them. In accordance coast of Asia Minor, and went against the Persian with this idea, Bochart derives the word "Cimmerian" fleet which lay at the mouth of the Eurymedon. The from the Phoenician kamar, or kimmer, “tenebrosum." | Persians, although superior in number, did not dare to (Geogr. Sacr., col. 591.-Compare Job, 3, 5.) Hence abide an engagement, but sailed up the river to place we read of Cimmerians, not only in Lower Asia, but themselves under the protection of their land forces. also in the remotest west and north. "The Cimme-Cimon, however, provoked them to a battle, and, havrians," says Eustathius, "are a people in the west, on ing defeated and sunk or taken two hundred ships, the Oceanus: they dwell not far from Hades." (Com- landed his men, flushed with victory, and completepare Tzetz., ad Lycophr., 695, and consult the article ly routed the Persian army. Returning to Athens Avernus.) Another class of etymologists, however, after these two victories thus achieved in a single deduce the word in question from the Celtic, and make day, he employed the perquisites of his command, and the Cimmerii identical with the Kimri, whence the later the resources which he had acquired from his sucCimbri. (Volney, Suppl., &c., p. 75.) The Cim-cesses over the barbarians, in the embellishment of

The popu

mosthenes, Diodorus, and Plutarch speak, never took place. The silence of Thucydides is conclusive on the subject, to say nothing of the vague and contradictory statements of the very authors who do mention it. The fable seems to have sprung up, or to have acquired a distinct shape, in the rhetorical school of Isocrates, and to have been transmitted through the orators to the historians. (Plut., Vit. Cim.-Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 3, p. 2, seqq.)

CINCIA LEX, was proposed by M. Cincius, a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. It enacted, that no one should take money or a present for pleading a cause. (Liv., 34, 4.-Tac., Ann., 11, 5.)

his native city, and in relieving the wants of the indigent. He laid a part of the foundations of the long walls with magnificent solidity at his own charge, and the southern wall of the citadel was built with the treasures which he brought from Asia into the coffers of the state. He also set the example of adorning the public places of the city with trees, and, by introducing a stream of water, converted the Academy, a spot about two miles north of the city, from an arid waste into a delightful grove. (Vid. Academus.) He threw down the fences of his fields and orchards, that all who wished might enter and partake of their produce: he not only gave the usual entertainments expected from the rich to the members of his own borough, but kept CINCINNATUS, L. Quintius, a Roman patrician, a table constantly open for them. He never appeared whose name belongs to the earlier history of the rein public without a number of persons attending him public, and has a well-known and spirit-stirring legend in good apparel, who, when they met with any elderly connected with it. His son, Kæso Quintius, had been citizen scantily clothed, would insist on exchanging banished on account of his violent language towards their warm mantles for his threadbare covering. It the tribunes, and the father had retired to his own patwas the office of the same agents, respectfully to ap- rimony, aloof from popular tumults. The successes proach any of the poorer citizens of good character, of the Equi and Volsci, however, rendered the apwhom they might see standing in the market-place, pointment of a dictator necessary, and Cincinnatus and silently to put some small pieces of money into was chosen to that high office. The delegates who their hands. This latter kind of expenditure was cer- were sent to announce this unto him, found the Rotainly of a mischievous tendency; and was not the man noble ploughing his own fields; and from the less that of a demagogue, because Cimon sought popu- plough he was transferred to the highest magistracy of larity, not merely for his own sake, but for that of his his native state. The dictator laid aside his rural order and his party-About 466 B.C., Cimon was habiliments, assumed the ensigns of absolute power, sent to the Thracian Chersonese, of which the Per-levied a new army, marched all night to bring the nesians still kept possession, and having driven them out, cessary succour to the consul Minucius, who was next reduced the island of Thasus, and took posses- surrounded by the enemy and blockaded in his camp, sion of the Thasian gold-mines on the neighbouring and before morning surrounded the enemy's army, and continent. Scarcely, however, had he returned to At- reduced it to a condition exactly similar to that in tica, when an accusation was preferred against him of which the Romans had been placed. The baffled having been corrupted by the King of Macedonia, be- Equi were glad to submit to the victor's terms; and cause he had refrained, not, according to the common Cincinnatus, thereupon returning in triumph to Rome, account, from attacking the Macedonians then at laid down his dictatorial power, after having held it peace with Athens, but from striking a blow at the only fourteen days, and returned to his farm. At an Thracian tribes on the frontier of that kingdom, who advanced age he was again appointed dictator, to rehad recently cut off the Athenian settlers on the banks strain the power of Spurius Melius (vid. Melius), and of the Strymon. (Vid. Amphipolis.) From this ac- again proved himself the deliverer of his country. cusation Cimon had a very narrow escape. Having (Val. Max., 4, 4, 7.-Liv., 3, 26.) been sent, however, after this, with a body of troops to aid the Spartans before Ithome, and the latter having, after some interval, sent back their Athenian allies, whom they suspected of not lending them any effectual assistance, the irritation produced by this national insult fell principally upon Cimon, who was known to be an admirer of the Spartan character and constitution, and he was accordingly driven into exile. Subsequent events, however, made the Athenians feel the want of this able commander, and he was recalled and sent on an expedition against Egypt and Cyprus; but he was carried off by illness, or the consequences of a wound, in the harbour of Citium, to which place he was laying siege. His spirit, however, still animated his countrymen; for the feet, when sailing home with his remains, gained a naval victory over a large squadron of Phoenician and Cilician galleys near the Cyprian Salamis, and followed up this victory by another which they gained on shore, either over the troops which had landed from the enemy's ships, or over a land force by which they were supported.-Cimon was, beyond dispute, the ablest and most successful general of his day; and his victories shed a lustre on the arms of Athens, which almost dimmed the glories of Marathon and Salamis. In after times, Cimon's military renown was enhanced by the report of a peace which his victories had compelled the Persian king to conclude on terms most humiliating to the monarchy. These were, that the Persians had agreed to abandon at least the military occupation of Asia Minor, to the distance of three days' journey on foot, or one on horseback, from the coast, and to abstain from passing the mouth of the Bosporus and the Chelidonian islands into the western sea. This peace, of which Isocrates, De

CINEAS, a Thessalian, a minister and friend of Pyrrhus, and employed by the latter on many embassies. He had been a pupil of Demosthenes, and possessed considerable talents as an orator. Having been sent by Pyrrhus to Rome with proposals of peace, he compared the senate, on his return, to an assembly of kings, and a war with the Romans to a contest with another Lernæan hydra. (Plut., Vit. Pyrrh.)

CINGULUM, a town of Picenum, southwest of Ancona. It surrendered to Cæsar, though Labienus, then a great partisan of Pompey, had raised and constructed its fortifications at his own expense. The modern name is Cingolo. (Cæs., Bell. Civ., 1, 15.--Cic., Ep. ad Att., 7, 11.—Sil. Ital., 10, 34.)

CINNA, L. Cornelius, an adherent of Marius, who played a conspicuous part in the civil war between that leader and Sylla. Having attained to the consulship, after the proscription of Marius by his opponent, he began to exert himself for the recall of the former, and accused Sylla, who was just going as proconsul to Asia, of maladministration. That commander, however, took no notice of the complaint. After the departure of Sylla, he brought forward once more the law of Sulpicius, which admitted the Italians into all the thirty-five tribes without distinction. A violent riot ensued, numbers were slain, and Cinna, with his chief partisans, was driven from the city by his colleague Octavius. The Italian towns, regarding the cause of Cinna as their own, received him with the utmost cordiality. He collected thirty legions, called the proscribed to his support, and with Marius, Sertorius, and Carbo, marched upon and took possession of Rome. A scene of bloodshed and lawless rapine now ensued, which has perhaps no parallel in

CIRCEI, I. a promontory of Latium, below Antium, now Monte Circello. It was the fabled residence of Circe; the adjacent country being very low, and giving this promontory at a distance the appearance of an island. It would seem, that Hesiod's making the kings of the Tyrrheni to have been descended from Circe and Ulysses, led to the opinion that the island of that goddess was to be found on the Italian coast. An accidental resemblance in name also may have induced many to select this promontory as the place of her abode. Homer's account, however, of the isle of Circe does not at all suit this spot. The island was a low one, whereas this is a lofty promontory. The adjacent sea also is represented by the poet as boundless to the view, which is not the case as regards Circeii. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 621.) But, in truth, it requires too great a stretch of the imagination to believe that Homer, and the other poets who have sung of the charms of Circe, were describing places which had an actual existence. It is more than probable, that the fiction relative to the abode of Circe, received its application to the Italian coast subsequently to the period in which Homer wrote, when,

ancient or modern times, and has deservedly procured | Greek kivúpa, and also kivvpiča, “to mourn" or "lafor those who were the actors in it the unmitigated ab- ment." (Keightley's Mythology, p. 143.) horrence of all posterity. Cinna and Marius, by their own authority, now declared themselves consuls for the ensuing year; but Marius dying, after having only held that office for seventeen days, Cinna remained in effect the absolute master of Rome. During the space of three years after this victory of his, he continued to hold possession of the government at home, a period during which, as Cicero remarks (De Clar. Orat., 62), the republic was without laws and without dignity. At length, however, Sylla, after terminating the war with Mithradates, prepared to march home with his army and punish his opponents. Cinna, with his colleague Carbo, resolved thereupon to cross the Adriatic, and anticipate Sylla by attacking him in Greece; but a mutiny of their troops ensued, in which Cinna was slain, B.C. 77. Haughty, violent, always eager for vengeance, addicted to debauchery, precipitate in his plans, but always displaying courage in their execution, Cinna attained to a power little less absolute than that afterward held by Sylla or Cæsar: and it is somewhat remarkable, that his usurpation should have been so little noticed by posterity, and that he himself should be so little known, that scarcely a single personal anecdote of him is to be found on record. (Ap-from the celebrity of his poems, it became a matter of pian, Bell. Civ., 1, 64.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 43, seqq. — belief. (Cluver., Ital. Ant., vol. 2, p. 1000-CraAppian, B. C., 1, 74, seqq.--Plut., Vit. Syll., 22.- mer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 91.) Niebuhr, however, Liv., Epit., 83, &c.)-II. One of the conspirators makes the fable indigenous in the neighbourhood of against Cæsar (Plut., Vit. Cæs.)-III. C. Helvius, a the mountain. (Rom. Hist., vol. 1, p. 66, 2d ed., Roman poet, intimate with Cæsar, and tribune of the Cambridge transl.)-The promontory of Circeii was commons at the time when the latter was assassinated. famed for its oysters in the time of both Horace and According to Plutarch, he went to attend the obsequies Juvenal. (Horat., Sat., 2, 4, 33.—Juv, 4, 140. )—IJ. of Cæsar, but, being mistaken by the populace for Cinna A town of Latium, standing rather inland from the the conspirator, was torn in pieces by them. (Plut., promontory just mentioned, probably on the site of the Vit. Cas.) Helvius composed a poem entitled Smyr-village of San Felice, where some ruins are said to be na (or Zmyrna), on which he was employed nine or visible. (Corradini, Vet. Lat., 1, 9, p. 98.-Pratilli, ten years. Four fragments of it have reached us. It Via Appia, 1, 16, p. 113.) We first hear of this place appears to have been characterized by considerable in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus; Dionysius inobscurity of meaning until the grammarian Crassitius forms us that it was colonized by his soldiers, as being wrote an able commentary upon it. (Sueton., Illustr. an important place from its situation near the PometiGram., 18.) Some other fragments have also reached nus Campus and the sea. (4, 63.-Compare Livy, 1, us of other productions of this poet. (Weichert, de C. 56.) It is uncertain, however, whether the town exHelv. Cinn. poet. Comment.—Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit.,isted before this period. Circeii appears to have been vol. 1, p. 164.) still extant in Cicero's time, for he mentions that Circe CINNIANA, a town of Lusitania, in the northern or was worshipped there. (N. D., 3, 19.) It was asnorthwestern section of the country. Its precise sit-signed to Lepidus as the place of his exile by Augustus. uation has given rise to much dispute. According to | (Suet., Aug., 16.) some, it corresponds to Sitania, a deserted spot, six leagues east of Braga. Others, however, make it the same with certain ruins, called at the present day Chalcedonia, and lying near Caldas de Gerez, on the northern confines of Portugal. (Val. Max., 6, 4, ext. 1.--Link, Reisen durch Portugall, vol. 2, p. 3, seqq. -Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 399.)

CIRCE, sister of Eetes king of Colchis, and daughter of the Sun and Perse, one of the ocean-nymphs. (Homer gives the mother's name as Perse, but Hesiod, Apollodorus, and others, Perseïs.) Circe is celebrated for her skill in magic arts, and for her knowledge of subtile poisons. According to Homer (Od.,, 10, 135, seqq.), she dwelt in an island, attended by CINYPS and CINYPHUS (Kivvy, Herod.-Kivvoos, four nymphs, and all persons who approached her Ptol., Strab.-Kivýøioç, Suid.), a small river of Africa, dwelling were first feasted, and then, on tasting the below Tripolis, falling into the sea southwest of the contents of her magic cup, converted into swine. promontory of Cephala. Herodotus (4, 198) speaks When Ulysses had been thrown on her shores, he of the land around this river as being remarkably fer- deputed some of his companions to explore the countile, and equal to any other land in the production of try; these, incautiously partaking of the banquet set The water of this stream was conveyed by an before them, were, by the effect of the enchanted poaqueduct to the city of Leptis Magna. Bochart de- tion, transformed as above. When Ulysses himself, rives the name of the Cinyps or Cinyphus from the on hearing of their misfortune from Eurylochus, set Phoenician Kinphod, "porcupine's river," the porcu-out to release them or share their fate, he was met by pine being found, according to Herodotus (4, 192), in parts of the country watered by this stream. (Bochart, Geogr. Sacr., 1, 24, col. 486.) The modern name of the Cinyps is Wadi Quaham, and travellers describe the soil in its neighbourhood as being still remarkable for its fertility. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. 1, p. 927.Beechy's Travels, p. 71.)

corn.

CINYRAS, a king of Cyprus, father, by Myrrha, of Adonis. (Vid. Adonis and Myrrha.) He bears his part in the myth of the sun-god, and his name appears to come from the Phoenician Kinnor, whence the

Hermes, who gave him a plant named Moly (Mahu), potent against her magic, and directed him how to act. Accordingly, when she reached him the medicated cup, he drank of it freely, and Circe, thinking it had produced its usual effect, striking him with her wand, bade him go join his comrades in their sty. But Ulysses, drawing his sword, threatened to slay her; and the terrified goddess bound herself by a solemn oath to do him no injury. She afterward, at his desire, restored his companions to their pristine form, and they all abode in her dwelling for an entre