quent attendance on the dissolute festivals so common among the Egyptians.-Diodorus Siculus gives Chembes (Xéμbnc) as the name of the monarch who succeeded Rhampsinitus. The true reading, no doubt, is Chemmis (Xéuuuc), as we find it written in some MSS. (Diod. Sic., 1, 63.)

CHEPHREN, a king of Egypt, brother and successor to Cheops. According to Herodotus (2, 127), he both imitated his brother in other things, and particularly in building a pyramid. He reigned fifty-six years. The historian adds, that the Egyptians, in consequence of the oppressive reigns of these two monarchs, Cheops and Chephren, would never thereafter mention their names, but always attributed their pyramids to "one Philitis, a shepherd, who kept his cattle at that time in these same parts." Who this Philitis was it is impossible to say. Zoega (de Obelisc., p. 389, not. 20) thinks, that Osiris of Philæ is meant (Osiris Philensis), a deity to whom these abodes of the dead (the pyramids namely) were consecrated, and who, as he supposes, was called "a shepherd," in the same sense in which kings are called by Homer "the shepherds of their people" (Toquéves hawv). This opinion, however, is utterly erroneous, since the word "shepherd," as employed on this occasion by the priests of Egypt, is indicative of contempt. (Compare Genesis, 46, 34.—Manetho, ap. Joseph. adv. Apion., 1, 14, p. 1039.-Heeren, Ideen, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 148.) Besides, neither the genitive hiriwvoç, as employed by Herodotus, nor the corrupt reading irios, recalled by Zoega, could come from Dial, as the root of their nominative: the form in that event would be tátov, or Φιλίτου, from a nominative Φιλάτης or Φιλίτης. (Compare Steph. Byz., p. 739, ed Berk.)-We come now to another opinion, which makes the pyramids of Cheops and Chephren to have been erected by kings of the Shepherd-race. It will be sufficient, however, in rejecting this supposition, to remark, that the build

Thebaïc nome, near Neapolis. There was in it, according to the historian, a temple dedicated to Perseus, the son of Danaë. This city is considered by many to be the same with Panopolis, but incorrectly, as will appear on the least examination of the case. Herodotus says not a word of Pan's being worshipped in this place, he only speaks of the hero Perseus. He places, moreover, his Chemmis, not in the Thebaid, but in the Thebaïc nome, the distance of which from Panopolis forms another strong objection to this latter place being the same with Chemmis. Still farther, he mentions the city of Neapolis as standing near his Chemmis, when no traces of this city, nor, indeed, of any city at all, are to be found near Panopolis. For these reasons Mannert appears to be perfectly correct in making the Chemmis of Herodotus identical with Coptos. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 374.) Creuzer and Bähr, on the other hand, are in favour of the opposite opinion stated above, but adduce very feeble arguments in its support. (Bähr, ad Herod., 2, 91.)-III. An island in Egypt, situate in a broad and deep lake, near the temple of Latona, in the city of Butus. The Egyptians, according to Herodotus (2, 156), affirmed, that it was a floating island; but the historian, with great candour, adds, that for his own part he could neither see it float nor move. The island contained a spacious temple dedicated to Apollo, and three altars; with great numbers of palms, and other trees, as well of such as produce fruit as of those that do not. The Egyptians had the following legend respecting this island: they stated, that Latona, one of the eight primary deities, residing in Butus, received Apollo from the hands of Isis, and preserved his life by concealing him in this island, when Typhon, arriving in these parts, used all possible diligence to find out the son of Osiris.-It is thought that the Greeks invented from this story their fable respecting Delos. (Compare Larcher, ad Herod., 1. c.) As regards the name Chemmis, consult the re-ing of such structures is entirely at variance with the marks of Champollion, Système Hierogl., p. 112. Mannert makes the Egyptian legend arise from the wish, on the part of the Egyptian priests, to explain the Grecian mythology by a reference to their own as its parent source. (Compare the remarks at the close of the article Charon. - Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 559.)

known habits of a nomadic people.-Jablonski (Voc. Egypt, p. 346) thinks, that in the word "Philitis" there lurks the form "Philistæan," i. e., a native of Palæstine, which he considered to be equivalent here to "one of the Jewish nation," and to have reference to Moses.-Heeren, however, appears to be nearest the truth, when he makes the pyramids of Cheops and Chephren to have been the work of Ethiopian conquerors, and the term " shepherd" to have been, as above remarked, merely expressive of the contempt and hatred borne by the conquered towards those who had subdued them. (Heeren, Ideen, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 118, not.—Bähr, ad Herod., 2, 128.)

CHERSONESUS, a Greek geographical term, equiva

CHEOPS, a king of Egypt, the successor, according to Herodotus (2, 124), of Rhampsinitus. According to Larcher (Chronol. d'Herod., vol. 7, p. 90), Cheops began to reign 1178 B.C. Herodotus makes him to have ruled over Egypt for the space of fifty years, and to have been a most oppressive monarch. He shut up all the temples, forbade public sacrifices, and compelled the people to undergo the severest labour.lent in meaning to the Latin "peninsula." The earTen years were occupied in constructing a causeway, lier form is Cherronesus, the word being derived from along which to draw the stones intended for a large xéppos (later form xépoos), "a continent" or "mainpyramid, and twenty years were then spent in erect- land," and vooç, "an island," since a peninsula ing the pyramid itself. On this structure was an in- partakes, as it were, of the properties of both continen scription, in Egyptian characters, stating how much and island.-The most noted Chersonesi in ancient had been expended in radishes, onions, and garlic for times were the following: I. CHERSONESUS Aurea, the workmen. The interpreter informed Herodotus, or Golden Chersonese, a peninsula of farther India, that this sum amounted to no less than 1600 talents corresponding, according to D'Anville, Rennell, Manof silver. Taking the Attic talent at a valuation of nert, and others, to the modern Malacca, but, as Gos$1055,60, the sum expended will be nearly $1,700,000 sellin maintains, to the southern part of Pegu. of our currency. The mode to which Cheops had re-positive knowledge of the ancient geographers can course in order to replenish his exhausted treasury, hardly be said to have extended much beyond this, although gravely related by Herodotus (2, 126), is ut- their account of the regions farther to the east being terly incredible, and must have been a falsehood of principally derived from the natives of India. Even the Egyptian priests. Indeed, the whole account given the position of the Golden Chersonese itself is given of Cheops bears this same impress of mendacity. He differently by different writers. (Consult Gossellin, was, in all probability, a monarch who broke loose Recherches, &c., vol. 3, p. 49.-vol. 2, p. 262, &c.) from the restraints of the sarcedotal order, and not The name given to this region by the ancients has only curbed the power of the latter, but likewise em- reference to the popular belief of its abounding in ployed on public works a larger part of the population gold; and here, too, some inquirers into early geogra of Egypt, who were living in idleness, and whose mor-phy have placed the Ophir of Solomon, an opinion als were becoming more and more corrupted by a fre- maintained also by Josephus. (Ant. Jud., 8, 6, 4.)

The

CHERSONESUS CIMBRICA, a peninsula in the northern of Lycia; but Strabo seems rather to place the site in part of Germany, answering to the modern Jutland, Mount Cragus (Strab., 665), while Pliny, on the auSchlesswig, and Holstein. (Ptol., 2, 11.)-III. CHER- thority of Ctesias, whose words have been preserved SONESUS TAURICA, a peninsula between the Pontus by Photius (Cod., 72), fixes it near Phaselis, beyond Euxinus and Palus Mæotis, answering to the modern Olympus. (Plin., 2, 106.) Seneca, in his account Crimea. The name was derived from the Tauri, a of this natural phænomenon, says (Ep., 79): “ In barbarous race who inhabited it. It was sometimes Lycia regio notissima est, Hephaestion incolæ vocant; called Chersonesus Scythica and Chersonesus Magna. perforatum pluribus locis solum, quod sine ullo nas(Ovid, Trist., 4, 4, 63.—ld., Pont., 3, 2, 5.)-IV. centium damno ignis innoxius circuit. Læta itaque CHERSONESUS THRACICA, often called simply the Cher-regio et herbida, nil flammis adurentibus, sed tantum sonesus, and the most important of all. It was a peninsula of Thrace, between the Sinus Melas and the Hellespont. The fertility of its soil, and its proximity to the coast of Asia Minor, early attracted an influx of Grecian settlers, and its shores soon became crowded with flourishing and populous cities. From this quarter the Athenians drew their chief supply of grain. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 322, seqq.) CHERUSCI, a people of Germany, between the Weser and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under the conduct of Arminius, they defeated and slew three Roman legions commanded by Varus, A.D. 10, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Paderborn. They were afterward defeated by Germanicus, and never recovered their former eminence. (Tacit., Ann., 1, 56 and 59.-Id. ibid., 2, 17, 26, 41, 45, and 64.-Id., Germ., 36.—Cæs., B. G., 6, 10.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 105.)

vi remissa ac languida refulgentibus." From this description it is plain that the fire in question had little of the usual volcanic character, being perfectly harmless. Instances of this sort of flame are, however by no means uncommon; that of Pietra mala, in the Apennines, is well known, and there are others in Epirus and the Greek islands. We are indebted to Capt. Beaufort for an accurate account of the Chimara flame, which, after the lapse of so many centuries, is still unsubdued. This able navigator and antiquary, being at the time to the east of Olympus, says: "We had seen from the ship, the preceding night, a small but steady light among the hills; on mentioning the circumstance to the inhabitants, we learned that it was a yanar or volcanic flame; and they offered to supply us with horses and guides to examine it. We rode about two miles through a fertile plain, partly cultivated, and then, winding up a rocky CHILO, a Spartan, ranked, on account of his wis- and thickly-wooded glen, we arrived at the place. In dom and experience, among the seven sages of the inner corner of a ruined building the wall is underGreece. He directed his attention to public affairs, mined, so as to leave an aperture of about three feet and became one of the ephori, B.C. 556. (Diog. La- diameter, and shaped like the mouth of an oven; from ert., 1, 68.-Menag., ad loc.) Many of his maxims thence the flame issues, giving out an intense heat, are quoted by the ancient writers, which justify the yet producing no smoke on the wall; and though from high reputation connected with his name. He died the neck of the opening we detached some small of joy at an advanced age, while embracing one of lumps of caked soot, the walls were hardly discolourhis sons who had gained a prize at the Olympic games. ed. Trees, brushwood, and weeds grow close around The story told by Herodotus (1, 59) respecting Chilo this little crater, a small stream trickles down the hill and the father of Pisistratus cannot be true, since hard by, and the ground does not appear to feel the Pisistratus usurped the government of Athens B.C. effect of its heat beyond the distance of a few yards. 561, only five years after Chilo became ephorus, and No volcanic productions whatever were perceived in there could not have been any very great difference the neighbourhood. The guide declared that, in the between their respective ages. Chilo appears to have memory of man, there had been but one hole, and travelled much abroad, and it is probable that he vis- that it never had changed its size or appearance. It ited Sardis, the capital of Croesus, a monarch who had was never accompanied, he said, by earthquakes or sought an alliance with Sparta. (Herod., 1, 69.) It noises, and it ejected neither stones, smoke, nor noxwas at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all proba-ious vapours; nothing but a brilliant and perpetual bility, that he saw Esop, since Diogenes Laertius flame, which no quantity of water could quench.' speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 47, seqq.. fabulist. (Diog. Laert., 1, 68, seqq.)

Compare Clarke's Travels, vol. 5, p. 427.-Cramer's Asia Mi

CHIMERIUM, a promontory on the coast of Epirus, opposite the island of Paxos. It is mentioned by Thucydides (1, 30) as the place where the Corinthians formed a camp to protect their allies against the Corcyreans. (Compare Strabo, 324.-Pausan., 8, 7.) It seems to answer to Cape Saracinico, above Parga. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 111.)

CHIMERA, a fabulous monster, the offspring of Ty-nor, vol. 2, p. 258, seqq.) phon and Echidna (Hesiod, Theog., 319), which ravaged the country of Lycia until slain by Bellerophon. It had the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat (xquaipa), and the tail of a serpent, and vomited forth fire. (Hom., I., 6, 181.) Hesiod's account is somewhat different from that of Homer's, since he gives the Chimæra three heads, one that of a lion, another a goat's, and a third a serpent's. (Theog., 321.) CHION, a native of Heraclea Pontica, and disciple There is strong reason to believe, however, that this of Plato. Animated by the political fanaticism to passage in Hesiod is an interpolation. (Heyne, in which the young and inexperienced so easily abandon Comment. Soc. Gott., vol. 2, p. 144.) The Latin themselves, he left Athens, where he had resided for poets, in their description of this monster, have imita- the space of five years, attending the instructions of ted, as usual, their Grecian masters. (Consult Lu- Plato, and returned home with the determination of cret., 5, 903.-Ovid, Met., 9, 646.-Virgil, En., 6, freeing his native city from the yoke of tyranny. 288.) The various explanations given to this fabu- Clearchus, who ruled at Heraclea, was not, it is true, lous legend by the Greeks may be seen in Eustathius a good prince; but, in slaying him, Chion was the (ad Il., 6, 181, p. 634, 40). Servius, the great com- cause of this city's falling under a worse tyrant, Satymentator on Virgil, gives a curious one: This, in rus, the brother of Clearchus. Chion himself perishtruth," says he, speaking of the Chimera, "is a ed as the victim of the latter's elevation to power. mountain of Lycia, the top of which is on fire at the We have seventeen letters said to have been written present day near it are lions: but the middle region by this young philosopher. They are principally adis occupied by pastures which abound in goats. The dressed to his father Matris; but their authenticity lower parts of the mountain swarm with serpents." has been called into question; and the real author is (Serv. ad Virg., En., l. c.)-The geographers agree supposed to have been a Platonist of the fourth cenin adapting this fable to the mountains on the coast tury. The style is clear, simple, and animated.

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The best edition of these letters is that of Hoffmann, I death from his misery. According to another account, which is joined to the edition of the fragments of Memnon, by Orelli, Lips., 1816.-Consult, in relation to Chion, and the authenticity of these letters, the prolegomena of Hoffmann, p. 131, seqq. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 281.)

CHIONIDES, said to have been the earliest writer of the old Athenian comedy. (Compare Aristot., Poet., 3, 5.-Suidas, s. v. Xuwv.) His representations date from Olymp. 73, 2, or 487 B.C. The names of three of his comedies are recorded, "Hpwεs, IIɛpoaì ǹ 'Aoovploi, and IIrxoí. To judge from these titles, we should conclude that his comedies had a political reference, and were full of personal satire; and from an allusion in Vitruvius (Præf. in lib., 6) we may infer, that they were gnomic, like those of Epicharmus. (Theatre of the Greeks, p. 99, 4th ed.)

CHIOS, now Scio, an island in the Ægean Sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor. It is about 900 leagues in circuit, and was probably once connected with the main land, from which it is separated only by a strait three leagues wide. (Strabo, 645.) It was known by the names of Æthalia, Macris, and Pityusa, but its most prevalent name was Chios, derived, according to some, from χιών, snow, because its mountains were often covered with it. Isidorus, however, deduces the name from a Syriac term signifying mastich, with which the island abounds. (Compare Dioscorides, 1, 90.-Plin., 12, 16.) It was well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour which could contain eighty ships. (Herodot., 6, 8, and 31.-Thucyd., 8, 15.) The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in esteem. The Chians are said to have first known the art of cultivating the vine, taught them by Enopion, the son of Bacchus, and by them communicated to the rest of mankind. The first red wine was made here. The marble of Chios was also in repute. It was one of the places which contended for the honour of having given birth to Homer, and his school was shown in the island. Modern Scio, until the dreadful ravages of the Turks, contained 115,000 inhabitants, nearly all Greeks, and was the best cultivated and most flourishing island in the Archipelago. (Compare MalteBrun, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 86, Am. ed.)

he was, on his prayer to Jove for relief, raised to the sky and made the constellation of Sagittarius. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 379, seqq.-Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 38.Keightley's Mythology, p. 69, 317, 356.)

CHLOE, I. a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festival, called Chloeia, was celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing on the 6th of the month Thargelion (a month corresponding to the middle of our May and June), and a ram, together with young garden plants, was offered to her. She had a temple near the citadel. (Pausan., 1, 22. Schol. ad Soph., Ed. Col., 1600.) The name Chloë (x2ón) embraces the double idea of "green" or "verdant," as referring to the young blade of corn coming forth and gradually increasing, and also "golden-coloured" or yellow," as applicable to the ripened harvest. In this latter sense it bears a direct relation to the Homeric Favon Anun77p, and the Roman " Flava Ceres." (Consult Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 314, not.)—II. A female name of frequent occurrence, and denoting "the blooming one," the fresh in youthful beauty," &c. It comes from xhóŋ, "the young blade of grass, corn," &c.

66

CHLORIS, I. the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. The name is derived from the Greek xλwpós, “verdant," and, according to Ovid, she is the same as Flora. (Ovid, Fast., 5, 195.)—II. A daughter of Amphion son of Jason and Persephone, who married Neleus, king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and twelve sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. (Pausan., 2, 21, 9, 36.) CHLORUS. Vid. Constantius Chlorus.

CHOASPES, I. an Indian river. (Vid. Suastus.)-II. A river of Susiana. (Vid. Eulæus.)

CHOBUS, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine, north of the mouth of the Phasis. (Arrian, Peripl., Pont. Eux., p. 122, ed. Blancard.) Mannert supposes it to be the same with the modern Schijani. (Geogr., vol. 4, p. 394.)

CHEERADES, islands in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Iapygia. (Thucyd., 7, 33.) D'Anville follows Cluverius in placing them near the harbour of Tarentum. (Compare Haack, ad Thucyd., l. c.)

CHORE, islands off the coast of Euboea, near Styra. They coincide with the Cavalleri of modern maps. (Herodot., 6, 101.)

CHIRON, the most celebrated of the Centaurs (vid. Centauri), and son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra. CHERILUS, I. an Athenian tragic poet, the contem Dreading the jealousy of his wife Rhea, the god is said porary of Phrynichus, and, like him, the competitor of to have transformed Philyra into a mare, and himself Æschylus. With Pratinas and the last-mentioned into a steed: the offspring of this union was Chiron, dramatist he contended Olymp. 70, 2, or B.C. 499, half man and half horse. This legend first appeared the time when Eschylus first exhibited. It is stated in the poem of the Gigantomachia. (Schol. ad Apoll. that he contended with Sophocles also, but the differRh., 3, 554.) It is also noticed by Pindar. (Pyth., ence in their ages renders this extremely improbable; 3, 1, seqq.) Probably the praise of Chiron, by Homer and the mistake may easily have arisen from the way (I., 11, 832), for his love of justice, led to the making in which Suidas mentions the book on the chorus him the offspring of the god who ruled over the gold- which Sophocles wrote against him and Thespis. en race of men; and if, as it would appear, he was (Charilus, ed. Näke, p. 7.) It would seem that traskilled in music, a more suitable mother could not have gedy had not altogether departed from its original form been assigned him than the nymph "Lyre-loving." (in his time, and that the chorus was still satyric. Aúpa, quasi Pihihupa.- Welcker, Nachtrag zur Tril., p. 53, not.) Unto Chiron was intrusted the rearing and educating of Jason and his son Medeus, Hercules, Esculapius, and Achilles. Besides his knowledge of the musical art, which he imparted to his heroic pupils, he was also skilled in surgery, which he taught to the last two of the number. In the contest between Hercules and the Centaurs, Chiron was accidentally wounded in the knee by one of the arrows of the hero. Grieved at this unhappy event, Hercules ran up, drew out the arrow, and applied to the wound a remedy given by Chiron himself; but in vain; the venom of the hydra was not to be overcome. Chiron retired into his cave longing to die, but unable on account of his immortality, till, on his expressing his willingness to die for Prometheus, he was released by

Chorilus is said to have written 150 pieces, but no fragments have come down to us. The disparaging remarks of Hermeas and Proclus do not refer to him, but to his Samian namesake (Charilus, ed. Näke, p. 92), and he is mentioned by Alexis in such goodly company (Athenaus, 4, p. 164, c.) that we cannot believe his poetry to have been altogether contemptible. One of his plays was called the Alope, and appears to have been of a strictly mythical character. (Pausan., 1, 14.) Some improvements in theatrical costume are ascribed to him by Suidas and Eudocia. (Theatre of the Greeks, p. 59, 4th ed.)-II. A native of Samos, born in a state of slavery, from which condition he subsequently found means to extricate himself. Suidas, from whom we obtain this fact, makes him to have been the pupil and favourite of Herodotus; but

in what this same lexicographer adds, that Chcrilus | only a dialect (Γλώσσαν μὲν Φοίνισσαν ἀπὸ στομάτων
was a young man when Xerxes invaded Greece, there apiévres). It is probable, therefore, that Chorilus
is a contradiction to the previous assertion, since He- knew the inhabitants of these countries had in general
rodotus was at this time but just born. Plutarch the custom of cutting the hair of the head in this way,
states, that Lysander of Sparta was very fond of the and that his means of information had not put him in
poet's society this would fix the period when he possession of the fact, that one community of Syria
flourished between the peace of Cimon and the com- deviated from this custom. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr.,
mencement of the Peloponnesian war, or between 460 vol. 2, p. 125, seqq.)-III. A poet of Iassus in Asia
and 431 B.C. (Charilus, ed. Näke, p. 21, seqq.) In Minor, of whom Horace (Epist., 2, 1, 233.-Epist.
his old age Chœrilus was invited to the court of Ma- ad Pis., 357), Quintus Curtius (8, 5, 8), and Auso-
cedonia by King Archelaus, who allowed him, it is said, nius (Ep. 16), as well as Acron and Porphyrion, the
three mine daily. At the court of this prince he died. scholiasts on Horace, make mention. It was to this
Charilus perceived that a poet could no longer please poet that Alexander the Great is said to have prom-
by following the footsteps of Homer, since a people ised a piece of gold for every good verse which he
arrived at the degree of civilization in which the should compose in his praise. The commentator,
Greeks then were, seemed no longer capable of rel-known under the name of the scholiast of Cruqui-
ishing, in a modern work, the simplicity which pos-
sesses so many charms in the earlier national poetry.
Chorilus selected, in consequence, an historical sub-
ject, the victory of his countrymen over the arms of
Xerxes. In this, however, he was unfortunate, since
so recent an event was incompatible with the employ-
ment of fiction, and fiction is an important part of the
machinery of every epic poem. According to Sto-
bæus, he entitled his poem IIɛponts, "the Perseïd."
We have so few fragments remaining of this poem
of his, that we are unable to ascertain whether he
ended it with the battle of Salamis, or carried it on to
the close of the war with Xerxes. This poem was a
monument raised to the glory of the Athenians. An
ancient law of Solon's relative to Homer, was revived
in honour of Charilus, and the people decreed that
the poem should be publicly read, every year, at
the festival of the Panathenæa. Suidas, it is true,
merely states, that "it was decreed that this poem
should be read with those of Homer." But such a
resolve could only proceed from the Athenians, and
could only have reference to the great celebration
just mentioned, which periodically reunited the tribes
of Attica. Suidas adds, that the author received a
piece of gold for every verse; a recompense but little
in unison with the spirit of a republic, and still less.
probable in the case of a long epic poem. It would CHOSROES, I. (more correctly Khosrou), king of Per-
seem, in fact, that Suidas is here mistaken, and re- sia, surnamed the Great, was the twenty-first monarch
lates of the Samian Chœrilus what happened to an- of the line of the Sassanides, and succeeded his father
other poet of the same name, who composed an effu- Kobad, A.D. 531. The Orientals, even after the lapse
sion in honour of Alexander the Great. (Charilus, of twelve centuries, are accustomed to cite him as a
ed. Näke, p. 78, seqq.) Whatever the reputation of model for kings, and the glorious surname of the "Just"
Chorilus may have been, one thing at least is certain, is one which he frequently bears in history. Chos-
that the Alexandrean critics excluded him from their roes manifested even in early life the germes of those
canon, in which they assigned the fifth and last place virtues which were afterward so brilliantly developed
to his rival Antimachus. A certain want of elegance by him on coming to the throne. At the period of his
with which the style of Chœrilus was reproached, as accession Persia was involved in a war with Justinian,
well as the predilection of Plato for Antimachus, may but Chosroes succeeded in negotiating a favourable
have been the primary causes of this disgraceful ex- peace, by the terms of which the Roman emperor had
clusion of the Athenian poet.-Among the fragments to pay 11,000 pounds of gold, and forego various ad-
of the Perseid which have come down to us, there are vantages. Not long after (A.D. 540), having become
some verses that have given rise to a curious discus-powerful by reason of various Asiatic conquests, and
sion. The lines in question are preserved for us regarding the Romans as usurpers of many of the an-
by Josephus (contra Apion., 1, p. 454.-vol. 2, ed. cient provinces of Persia, he invaded Syria, laid An-
Havercamp), as the most ancient profane document tioch in ashes, and only drew off his forces from the
in which mention is made of the Jews. In the enu- territories of the empire on the payment of a consider-
meration of the forces composing the army of Xerxes, able sum. After several other victorious expeditions,
Chorilus speaks of the inhabitants of the mountains he renewed the war with Justin, the successor of Jus-
of Solymi, in the vicinity of a large lake. ("Nikɛov & tinian, whom he compelled to solicit a truce, but was
ἐν Σολύμοις ὄρεσιν, πλατέῃ ἐπὶ λίμνῃ.) Josephus is soon after driven back across the Euphrates by Tibe-
convinced that the poet means Jerusalem, but some rius, the new emperor, and the Romans took up their
critics of modern days insist that the Solymi in Lycia winter-quarters in the Persian provinces. Chosroes
are meant, because Cheerilus speaks of these troops died A.D. 579, after a glorious reign of forty-eight
as Tрoxoxovpádεs, i. e., having the hair cut in a cir- years. He encouraged the arts, founded schools, and
cular form; a usage which the Levitical law (Levit., is said to have made considerable proficiency in philos-
19, 27) forbade, with the express view of distinguish-ophy himself. (Saint-Martin, in Biogr. Univ., vol.
ing the Jews from the neighbouring nations. All 22, p. 380, seqq.-Encycl. Am., vol. 3, p. 162.)—II.
doubt, however, is removed with regard to the poet's The second of the name, grandson of the preceding,
meaning, by his adding, that the troops in question ascended the Persian throne A.D. 590. The earlier
spoke the Phoenician tongue, of which the Hebrew is part of his career was marked by great reverses of for-

us, informs us, that Chorilus could only produce
seven lines that were deemed worthy of the price
offered by the monarch. Porphyrion, however, re-
marks in more general terms, "Hujus omnino septem
versus laudabantur." Now Strabo (672), and also
Athenæus (8, 356), have preserved for us a transla-
tion, by Chœrilus, into seven hexameters, of the As-
syrian inscription on the tomb of Sardanapalus; and
hence it has been supposed that these are the seven
verses to which the scholiasts refer.—It is also stated
of Chorilus that he consented to receive a blow for
every verse of his encomiums on Alexander which
should be rejected by the judges, and that he paid
dearly, in consequence, for his foolish presumption. It
is probable that he was the author of the poem on the
Lamiac war (Aaμaká), which Suidas erroneously as-
cribes to the Samian Chorilus. (Charilus, ed. Näke,
p. 101, seqq.—Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 75.)
CHORASMII, a people of Asia, between Sogdiana
and the northeastern shore of the Caspian, whose cap-
ital was Gorgo, now Urgheng. Their country is now
Kharasm. Ritter has some curious speculations on
the name Khorasan, as indicating a country in which
the worship of the sun anciently prevailed (Khor-
Asan. Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 90.)
CHOREBUS. Vid. Corbus.

tune, he having been dethroned and driven from his kingdom by a formidable rival, and compelled to take refuge with the Emperor Maurice. He owed his restoration to the generous aid of the same potentate. Not long after, upon the death of Maurice, he carried his victorious arms against his former allies, to the very walls of Constantinople and Alexandrea; and subsequently he beheld the very Romans, whom he had so often defeated, penetrating, under Heraclius, into the heart of the Persian empire, and pillaging and burning his palace itself. He was at last dethroned by his own son and cast into prison, where he died A.D. 628. (Saint-Martin, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 22, p. 391.)

sea."

CHRONIUM MARE, a name applied by the ancients to the Frozen Ocean. The Cimbri, according to Pliny (4, 13), called it Morimarusa, i. e., "the dead In the Welsh tongue, mor is the " sea," and marv "dead;" in the Irish, muir-croinn denotes a thick, coagulated, frozen sea. (Compare Classical Journal, vol. 6, p. 297.)

CHRYSA, I. a town of Troas, on the coast, near the city of Hamaxitus, where lived Chryses, the father of the beautiful Chryseïs. (Homer, Iliad, 1, 37. -Id. ibid., 430, &c.) Strabo (604), however, places it in the innermost part of the Adramyttian Gulf, and hence some are in favour of making two places of this name, an old and a new Chrysa. (Compare Heyne's note to the German transl. of Le Chevalier, p. 7, seqq.) This place was famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus (vid. Smintheus), whence it was also called Sminthium. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 463.)—II. A small island in the immediate vicinity of Lemnos, in which Philoctetes took up his abode when suffering from the wound inflicted by one of the arrows of Hercules. (Pausan., 8, 33.) It was afterward submerged by the sea, in accordance with an ancient prediction. (Herodot., 7, 6.) Choiseul-Gouffier (Voyage pittoresque de la Greece, vol. 2, p. 129) thinks he saw traces of it still remaining. That the change here referred to has been occasioned by volcanic action no one can doubt. (Vid. Mosyehlus.) The whole island of Lemnos is said to bear the strongest marks of the effects of volcanic fire; the rocks in many parts are like the burned and vitrified scoria of furnaces. (Hunt's Journal, in Walpole's Collection, vol. 2, p. 59.)

CHRYSANTHIUS, an eclectic philosopher of Sardis, made highpriest of Lydia by the Emperor Julian, and supposed to possess a power of conversing with the gods and of predicting future events. (Eunap., p. 144, seqq.-Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 2, p. 71.)

CHRYSAOR, a son of Medusa by Neptune, born immediately after the decapitation of his mother by Perseus. (Apollod., 2, 4, 2-Heyne, ad loc.) He was of gigantic stature, and received his name, according to Hesiod (Theog., 283), from his wielding in his hands a "golden sword" (xpúσεlov åop). Chrysaor became by Callirhoë, one of the ocean-nymphs, the father of Geryon and Echidna. (Hesiod, Theog., 287, seqq.Compare Ctesias Ephes. ap. Plut. de flum., p. 1034, ed. Wytt.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., v. 17.)-The legend of Chrysaor, like that of Perseus itself, has a blended religious and astronomical reference. It is based on the idea of purification by blood, and also of the reappearance of fertility, after the darker period of the year, the months of winter, have passed away, (Compare remarks under the article Perseus.)

CHRYSAORIUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice in Caria. There was a political union of certain Carian states, which held their meetings here, under the name of Chrysaorium. These states had votes in proportion to the number of towns they possessed. (Strab., 660,— Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 204.)

CHRYSEIS, the patronymic of Astynome, daughter of Chryses. (Vid. Chryses.)

CHRYSES, a priest of Apollo Smintheus at Chrysa. He was the father of Astynome, who was called from him Chryseïs. In the division of the spoils of Hypoplacian Thebe, when that city was taken by the Greeks, Chryseïs, as one of the captives, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon hearing of his daughter's fate, repaired to the Grecian camp, attired in his sacerdotal insignia, to solicit her restitution; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a pestilence, and obliged them to restore Chryseïs. (Hom., Il., 1, 11, seqq.-Id. ib., 366, seqq.) It has been asked how Chryseïs, a native of Chrysa, could have been taken prisoner at Thebe? Eustathius solves the difficulty, giving us our choice of one of two explanations. According to one account, as he informs us, she had been sent to Thebe as to a place of more safety than Chrysa, while another made her to have gone thither to attend a festival of Diana. (Eustath. ad Il., 1. 366.)

CHRYSIPPUS, I. a son of Pelops, carried off by Laius. (Apollod., 3, 5, 6.) This circumstance became a theme with many ancient writers, and hence the story assumed different shapes, according to the fancy of those who handled it. The death of Chrysippus was also related in different ways. According to the common account, he was slain by Atreus, at the instigation of bs stepmother Hippodamia. (Consult Heyne, ad lor.)-II. A stoic philosopher of Soli in Cilicia Campestris. He fixed his residence at Athens, and became a disciple of Cleanthes, the successor of Zeno. He was equally distinguished for natural abilities and industry, seldom suffering a day to elapse without writing 500 lines. He wrote several hundred volumes, of which three hundred were on logical subjects, but in all he borrowed largely from others. He maintained, with the Stoics in general, that the world was God, or a universal effusion of his spirit, and that the superior part of this spirit, which consisted in mind and reason, was the common nature of things, containing the whole and every part. Sometimes he speaks of God as the power of fate and the necessary chain of events; sometimes he calls him fire; and sometimes he deifies the fluid parts of nature, as water and air; and again, the earth, sun, moon, and stars, and the universe in which these are comprehended, and even those men who have obtained immortality. He was very fond of the figure Sorites in arguing, which is hence called by Persius the heap of Chrysippus. His discourses abounded more in curious subtleties and nice distinctions than in solid arguments. In disputation, in which he spent the greatest part or his life, he discovered a degree of promptitude and confidence which approached towards audacity. He often said to his preceptor, "Give me doctrines, and I will find arguments to support them." It was a singular proof of his haughty spirit, that when a certain person asked him what preceptor he would advise him to choose for his son, he said, "Me; for if I thought any philosopher excelled me, I would myself become his pupil." With so much contempt did he look down upon the distinctions of rank, that he would never, as other philosophers did, pay his court to princes or great men, by dedicating to them any of his writings. The vehemence and arrogance with which he supported his tenets, created him many adversaries, particularly in the Academic and Epicurean sects. Even his friends of the Stoic school complained, that, in the warmth of dispute, while he was attempting to load his adversary with the reproach of obscurity and absurdity, his own ingenuity often failed him, and he adopted such unusual and illogical modes of reasoning, as gave his opponents great advantages over him. (Cic., Ac. Quæst., 4, 27.) It was also