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Atria. In Strabo alone the reading is doubtful. Manutius and Cellarius, on the authority of inscriptions and coins, give the preference to the form Hadria. Berkel (ad Steph. Byzant., v. 'Adpía) is also in favour of it. It must be observed, however, that Adria is found on coins as well as the aspirated form. (Rasche, Lex Rei Num., vol. 4, col. 9.-Cellarius, Geogr. Ant. 1, 509.)—II. A town of Picenum, capital of the Prætutii, on the coast of the Adriatic. Here the family of the Emperor Adrian, according to his own account, took its rise. The modern name of the place is Adri or Atri.

of them, however, considered it very probably a name for the Adriatic. Strabo (123,) certainly uses it in this sense ('0''lovios Kóλπоs μÉρos ¿σTì TOŪ vuv 'Adpíov heyouévov). More careful writers, however, and especially Polybius, give merely ó 'Adpíar, without any mention of its referring to the Adriatic. The latter author, although acquainted with the form Adriaticus (тòv 'Adpiatikòv μvxóv, 2, 16), yet, when he wishes to designate the entire gulf, has either & κατὰ τὸν ̓Αδρίαν κόλπος (2, 14), or ἢ κατὰ τὸν ̓Αδρίav vaharra (2, 16). So, in speaking of the mouths of the Po, he uses the expression οἱ κατὰ τὸν ̓Αδρίαν Kóλo (2, 14). Hence both Casaubon and Schweighæuser, in their respective editions of Polybius, are wrong, in translating ó 'Adpías by Mare Adriaticum and Sinus Adriaticus.

ADRIANOPOLIS, OF HADRIANOPOLIS, I. one of the most important cities of Thrace, founded by and named after the Emperor Adrian or Hadrian. Being of comparatively recent date, it is consequently not mentioned by the old geographical writers. Even Ptolemy is ADRIATICUM (or HADRIATICUM) MARE, called also silent respecting it, since his notices are not later than Sinus Adriaticus (or Hadriaticus), the arm of the sea the reign of Trajan. The site of this city, however, between Italy and the opposite shores of Illyricum, was previously occupied by a small Thracian settle- Epirus, and Greece, comprehending, in its greatest exment named Uskudama; and its very advantageous tent, not only the present Gulf of Venice, but also situation determined the emperor in favour of erecting the Ionian Sea. Herodotus, in one passage (7, 20), a large city on the spot. (Ammian. Marcell. 14, 11. calls the whole extent of sea along the coast of Illyri-Eutrop. 6, 8.) Adrianopolis stood on the right bank cum and Western Greece, as far as the Corinthian of the Hebrus, now Maritza, which forms a junction in Gulf, by the name of the Ionian Sea ('lúvioS MÓVTOS). this quarter with the Arda, or Ardiscus, now Arda, In another passage he styles the part in the vicinity of and the Tonzus, now Tundscha. (Compare Zosimus, Epidamnus, the Ionian Gulf (6, 127). Scylax makes 2, 22.-Lamprid. Elagab. 7.) This city became fa- the Ionian Gulf the same with what he calls Adrias mous in a later age for its manufactories of arms, and (τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ ̓Αδρίας ἐστὶ, καὶ Ἰώνιος, p. 11), and places in the fourth century succeeded in withstanding the the termination of both at Hydruntum (Ay Ydpovs Goths, who laid siege to it after their victory over the ἐπὶ τῷ τοῦ ̓Αδρίου ἢ τῷ τοῦ Ἰωνίου κόλπου στόματι, Emperor Valens. (Ammian. Marcell. 31, 15.) Hier- p. 5). He is silent, however, respecting the Ionian ocles (p. 635) makes it the chief city of the Thracian Sea, as named by Herodotus. Thucydides, like Heprovince of Hæmimontius. The inhabitants were prob-rodotus, distinguishes between the Ionian Gulf and ably ashamed of their Thracian origin, and borrowed Ionian Sea. The former he makes a part of the latter, therefore a primitive name for their city from the my- which reaches to the shores of Western Greece. Thus thology of the Greeks. (Vid. Orestias.) Mannert he observes, in relation to the site of Epidamnus, (7, 263) thinks that the true appellation was Odrysos, Επίδαμνός ἐστι πόλις ἐν δεξιᾷ ἐσπλέοντι τὸν Ἰώνιον which they thus purposely altered. The modern name кóλπоv (1, 24). These ideas, however, became changed of the place is Adrianople, or rather Edrinch. It was at a later period. The limits of what Seylax had styled taken by the Turks in 1360 or 1363, and the Em-'Adpías, and made synonymous with 'lovio кóπоs, peror Amurath made it his residence. It continued were extended to the shores of Italy and the western to be the imperial city until the fall of Constantinople; coast of Greece, so that now the Ionic Gulf was rebut, though the court has been removed to the latter garded only as a part of 'Adpíaç, or the Adriatic. place, Adrianople is still the second city in the empire, Eustathius informs us, that the more accurate writers and very important, in case of invasion by a foreign always observed this distinction (oi de ȧkpibéoтEPOL power, as a central point for collecting the Turkish ròv 'Iúviov μépoç тov 'Adpíov paoí. Eustath. ad Distrength. Its present population is not less than onys. Perieg. v. 92). Hence we obtain a solution of 100,000 souls.-II. A city of Bithynia in Asia Minor, Ptolemy's meaning, when he makes the Adriatic exfounded by the Emperor Adrian. D'Anville places it tend along the entire coast of Western Greece to the in the southern part of the territory of the Mariandyni, southern extremity of the Peloponnesus. The Mare and makes it correspond to the modern Boli.-III. Superum of the Roman writers is represented on clasAnother city of Bithynia, called more properly Adriani sical charts as coinciding with the Sinus Hadriaticus, or Hadriani ('Adptávot). It is frequently mentioned which last is made to terminate near Hydruntum, the in ecclesiastical writers, and by Hierocles (p. 693), and modern Otranto. By Mare Superum, however, in the there are medals existing of it, on which it is styled strictest acceptation of the phrase, appears to have Adriani near Olympus. Hence D'Anville, on his been meant not only the present Adriatic, but also the map, places it to the southwest of Mount Olympus, in sea along the southern coast of Italy, as far as the Sithe district of Olympena, and makes it the same with cilian straits, which would make it correspond, therethe modern Edrenos. Mannert opposes this, and places fore, very nearly, if not exactly, to the ó 'Adpías of the it in the immediate vicinity of the river Rhyndacus.—later Greek writers. IV. A city of Epirus, in the district of Thesprotia, situate to the southeast of Antigonea, on the river Celydnus. Its ruins are still found upon a spot named Drinopolis, an evident corruption of its earlier name. (Hughes' Travels, 2, 236.)-V. A name given to a part of Athens, in which the Emperor Adrian or Hadrian had erected many new and beautiful structures. (Gruter, Inscrip., p. 177.—Leake's Topogr. of Athens, p. 135.)

ADRIANUS. Vid. Hadrianus.

ADRIAS, the name properly of the territory in which the city of Adria in Cisalpine Gaul was situated. Herodotus (5, 9) first speaks of it under this appellation (ó 'Adpías), which is given also by many subsequent Greek writers. (Compare Scylax, p. 5.) Most

Adrumétum. Vid. Hadrumetum.

ADUATUCUM, a city of Gaul, in the territory of the Tungri, who appear to have been the same with the Aduatuci or Aduatici of Cæsar (B. G. 2, 29), unless the former appellation is to be regarded as a general one for the united German tribes, of whom the Aduatuci formed a part. (Compare Tacitus, de mor. Germ. c. 2.) This city is called 'Arovákovrov by Ptolemy, and Aduaca Tongrorum in the Itinerarium Anton. and Tab. Peuting. At a later period it took the name of Tongri from the people themselves. Mannert makes it the same with the modern Tongres, and D'Anville with Falais on the Mehaigne. The former of these geographers, however, thinks that it must have been distinct from the Aduatuca Castellum mentioned by Ca

sar (B. G. 6, 32), which he places nearer the Rhine. | of their father. (Dorotheus, apud Plut. Parall. 25, (Mannert, 2, 200.)

ADUATUCI OF ADUATICI, a German nation, who originally formed a part of the great invading army of the Teutones and Cimbri. They were left behind in Gaul, to guard a part of the baggage, and finally settled there. Their territory extended from the Scaldis, or Scheid, eastward as far as Mosæ Pons, or Mastricht. (Mannert, 2, 199.)

277, W.-Heyne, ad Apollod. 12, 6, 6.) Telamon took refuge at the court of Cychreus of Salamis, Peleus retired to Phthia in Thessaly. (Apollod. 1. c.— Pherecyd. apud Tzetz. in Lycophr. v. 175.) From Peleus came Achilles, from Telamon Ajax. Achilles was the father of Pyrrhus, from whom came the line of the kings of Epirus. From Teucer, the brother of Ajax, were descended the princes of Cyprus; while from Ajax himself came some of the most illustrious Athenian families. (Müller, Æginet., p. 23.)

Excus, a son of Jupiter and Egina, and monarch of Enone the name of which island he changed to that of his mother. (Vid. Ægina.) Eacus ruled with the greatest wisdom and justice, and was eminent for his piety. Hence, on one occasion, when Greece was suffering from a famine, his prayers, offered up in accordance with the advice of an oracle, caused the calamity to cease. At another time, a pestilence having swept off nearly all the inhabitants of the island,

ADULIS, called by Pliny (6, 29) Oppidum Adulitarum, the principal commercial city along the coast of Ethiopia. It was founded by fugitive slaves from Egypt, but fell subsequently under the power of the neighbouring kingdom of Auxume. Ptolemy writes the name 'Adovan, Strabo 'Adovei, and Stephanus Byzantinus "Adovλtç. Adulis has become remarkable on account of the two Greek inscriptions found in it. Cosmas Indicopleustes, as he is commonly called, was the first who gave an account of them (l. 2, p. 140, apud Montfauc.). One is on a kind of throne, or rather armchair, of white marble, the other on a tablet of acus prayed to Jupiter to repeople his kingdom, touchstone (anò ßagavírov Xílov), erected behind the and the god changed a large number of ants that were throne. Cosmas gives copies of both, and his MS. moving up the stem of an oak, into human beings. has also a drawing of the throne or chair itself. The This new race were called Myrmidons, as having inscription on the tablet relates to Ptolemy Euergetes, sprung from ants (μúpμŋkɛs). Eacus, on account of and his conquests in Asia Minor, Thrace, and Upper his justice and piety, was made, after death, one of the Asia. It is imperfect, however, towards the end; al-judges of the lower world. He was the father of Telthough, if the account of Cosmas be correct, the part of the stone which was broken off was not large, and, consequently, but a small part of the inscription was lost. Cosmas and his coadjutor Menas believed that the other inscription, which was to be found on the throne or chair, would be the continuation of the former, and therefore give it as such. It was reserved for Salt and Buttmann to prove, that the inscription on the tablet alone related to Ptolemy, and that the one on the throne or chair was of much more recent origin, probably as late as the second or third century, and made by some native prince in imitation of the former. One of the principal arguments by which they arrive at this conclusion is, that the inscription on the throne speaks of conquests in Ethiopia which none of the Ptolemies ever made. (Museum der Alterthums- Wissenschaft, vol. 2, p. 105, seqq.)

amon and Peleus, by his first wife Endeis; and afterward of Phocus, by a second wife Psamathe, one of the Nereids. (Ov. Met. 7, 600, seqq.—Apollod. 3, 12, 6, &c.)

EEA, a name given to Circe, because born at Æa. (Virg. Æn. 3, 386.)

ANTEUM, a small settlement on the coast of Troas, near the promontory of Rhateum. It was founded by the Rhodians, and was remarkable for containing the tomb of Ajax, and a temple dedicated to his memory. The old statue of the hero was carried away by Antony to Egypt, but was restored by Augustus. (Strabo,595.) In Pliny's time this place had ceased to exist, as may be inferred from his expression, "Fuit et Eanteum" (5, 30). Mannert asserts, that Lechevalier is wrong, in placing the mound of Ajax on the summit of the hill by Intepe.

ADYRMACHIDÆ, a maritime people of Africa, near ANTIDES, one of the Tragic Pleiades. The poets Egypt. Ptolemy (lib. 4, c. 5) calls them Adyrmach-ranked with him were Alexander the Ætolian, Philisites, but Herodotus (4, 168), Pliny (5, 6), and Silius cus of Corcyra, Sositheus, Homer the younger, SosiphItalicus (3, 279), make the name to be Adyrmachida anes, and Lycophron. (Vid. Alexandrina Schola.) ('Advppaxidai). Hence, as Larcher observes (Histoire d'Herodote, vol. 8, p. 10, Table Geogr.), the text of Ptolemy ought to be corrected by these authorities. The Adyrmachida were driven into the interior of the country when the Greeks began to settle along the coast.

EA, the city of king Æetes, said to have been situate on the river Phasis in Colchis. The most probable opinion is, that it existed only in the imaginations of the poets. (Mannert, 4, 397.)

EACEA, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus. EACIDAS, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He was the father of the celebrated Pyrrhus. (Justin, 17, 3, 16.)

EACIDES, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Pyrrhus, &c. (Virg. En. 1, 99, &c.) The line of the acida is given as follows: Eacus became the father of Telamon and Peleus by his wife Endeis. (Tzetzes, ad Lycophr. v. 175, calls her Deis, Aniç.) From the Nereid Psamathe was born to him Phocus (Hesiod. Theog. 1003, seqq.), whom he preferred to his other sons, and who became more conspicuous in gymnastic and naval exercises than either Telamon or Peleus. (Müller, Eginet., p. 22.) Phocus was, in consequence, slain by his brothers, who thereupon fled from the vengeance

As, a river of Epirus, thought to be the modern Vajussa, falling into the Ionian Sea. Isaac Vossius, in his commentary on Pomponius Mela (2, 3, extr.), charges Ovid with an error in geography, in making this river fall into the Peneus (Met. 1, 577). But Vossius was wrong himself in making the verb conveniunt, as used by Ovid, in the passage in question, equivalent to ingrediuntur. Ovid only means that the deities of the river mentioned by him met together in the cave of the Peneus.

DEPSUS, a town of Euboea in the district Histiaotis, famed for its hot baths, which even at the present day are the most celebrated in Greece. The modern name of the place is Dipso. But, according to Sibthorpe (Walpole's Coll., vol. 2, p. 71), Lipso. In Plutarch (Sympos. 4, 4), this place is called Galepsus (Tános), which many regard as an error of the copyists. If the modern name as given by Sibthorpe be correct, it appears more likely that Lipso is a corruption of Galepsus, and that the latter was only another name for the place, and no error.

EDESSA. Vid. Edessa.

EDILES, Roman magistrates of three kinds, Ediles Plebeii, Curules, and Cereales. The Ediles Plebeii were first created A.U.C. 260, in the Comitia Curiata, at the same time with the tribunes of the commons, to be, as it were, their assistants, and to determine certain minor causes which the tribunes commit

cording to Homer (Il. 1, 403), he was called by men Egeon, by the gods Briareus; the meaning of which is, that the latter appellation was the more ancient one of the two, the former the more recent and usual one. (Heyne, ad II. I. c.)

EGEUS, a surname of Neptune, given him as an appellation to denote the god of the waves. Compare Müller, Geschichte, &c. (Die Dorier), vol. 2, p. 238,

ted to them. They were afterward created, as the other inferior magistrates, at the Comitia Tributa. The Ediles Curules were created from the patricians, wore the toga prætexta, had the right of images, and used the sella curulis, whence their name. They were first created A.U.C. 387, to perform certain EGEUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean lying public games. The office of the ædiles generally was between Greece and Asia Minor. It is now called the to take care of the buildings (hence their name, a | Archipelago, which modern appellation appears to be cura ædium), streets, markets, weights, measures, &c. a corruption of Egio Pelago, itself a modern Greek The Ediles Cereales were two in number, added by form for Alyalov néhaуoç. Various etymologies are Julius Cæsar to inspect the public stores of corn and given for the ancient name. The most common other provisions. (Dionys. Hal. 6, 90.-Liv. 6, 42; is that which deduces it from Egens, father of 7. 1.-Sueton. Vit. Jul. 41.-Cic. de Legg. 3, 3.) Theseus; the most plausible is that which derives it ÆDoi, a powerful nation of Gaul. Their confeder- from Ægæ in Eubœa. (Strab. 386.) In all probaation embraced all the tract of country comprehended bility, however, neither is correct. The Egean was between the Allier, the middle Loire, and the Saône, accounted particularly stormy and dangerous to naviand extending a little beyond this river towards the gators, whence the proverb ròv Alyaïov nhei (scil. south. The proper capital was Bibracte, and the sec- Kóλπov). (Erasm. Chil. Col. 632.) ond city in importance Noviodunum. The political influence of the Edui extended over the Mandubes or Mandubii, whose chief city Alesia traced its origin to the most ancient periods of Gaul, and passed for a work of the Tyrian Hercules. (Diod. Sic. 4, 19.) This same influence reached also the Ambarri, the Insubres, and the Segusiani. The Bituriges themselves, who had been previously one of the most flourishing nations of Gaul, were held by the Ædui in a condition approaching that of subjects. (Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, 2, 31.) When Cæsar came into Gaul, he found that the Ædui, after having long contended with the Arverni and Sequani for the supremacy in Gaul, EGATES, or Æguse, three islands off the western had been (vercome by the two latter, who called extremity of Sicily, between Drepana and Lilybæum. in Ariovistus and the Germans to their aid. The The name Egusa (Alyovoa) properly belonged to but arrival of the Roman commander soon changed the one of the number. As this, however, was the prin- . aspect of affairs, and the Adui were restored by the cipal and most fertile one (now Favignana), the apRoman arms to the chief power in the country. They pellation became a common one for all three. The became, of course, valuable allies for Cæsar in his Gal-Romans corrupted the name into Ægades. (Mela, lic conquests. Eventually, however, they embraced the party of Vercingetorix against Rome; but, when the insurrection was quelled, they were still favourably treated on account of their former services. (Cas. B. G. 1, 31, seqq.)

ÆETA, or ÆETES, king of Colchis, son of Sol, and Perseis, the daughter of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idyia, one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus, son of Athamas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. (Vid. Jason, Medea, and Phryxus.) He was afterward, according to Apollodorus, deprived of his kingdom by his brother Perses, but was restored to it by Medea, who had returned from Greece to Colchis. (Apollod. 1, 9, 28-Heyne, ad Apollod. l. c.—Ov. Met. 7. 11, seqq., &c.)

EETIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Eetes. (Ovid, Met. 7, 9.)

EGA, an island of the Egean Sea, between Chios and Tenedos, now Isola della Capre.

in notis.

ÆGALEOS, a mountain of Attica, from the summit of which Xerxes beheld the battle of Salamis. (Herod. 8, 90.) According to Thucydides (2, 19), it was situate to the left of the road from Athens to Eleusis. Mount Egaleos seems indeed to be a continuation of Corydallus, stretching northward into the interior of Attica. The modern name is Skuramanga. (Cramer's Greece, 2, 355.)

2, 7.-Florus, 2, 2.) Livy, however (21, 10, &c.),
uses the form gates. The northernmost of these
islands is called by Ptolemy Phorbantia (Poplavría),
i. e., the pasture-island, which the Latin writers trans-
late by Bucina, i. e., Oxen-island, it being probably
uninhabited, and used only for pasturing cattle. This
island is very rocky, and bears in modern times the
name of Levanzo. The third and westernmost island
was called Hiera ('Iɛpú), which Pliny converts into
Hieronesus, i. e., Sacred island. At a later period,
however, the Romans changed the name into Mariti
ma, as it lay the farthest out to sea.
Under this ap-
pellation the Itin. Marit. (p. 492) makes mention of
it, but errs in giving the distance from Lilybæum as
300 stadia, a computation which is much too large.
The modern name is Maretimo. Off these islands the
Roman fleet, under Lutatius Catulus, obtained a de-
cisive victory over that of the Carthaginians, and which
put an end to the first Punic war. (Liv. 21, 10.-Id.
ibid. 41.-Id. 22, 54.)

ÆGESTA, an ancient city of Sicily, in the western extremity of the island, near Mount Eryx. The Greek writers name it, at one time Ægesta (Alyɛora), at another Egesta ("Eyɛora). The cause of this slight vaEGE, I. a small town on the western coast of riation would seem to have been, that the city was one Euboea, southeast of Edepsus. It contained a tem- not of Greek origin, and that the name was written ple sacred to Neptune, and was supposed to have giv- from hearing it pronounced. In a later age, when the en name to the Egean. (Strab. 386.)-II. A city inhabitants attached themselves to the Roman power, of Macedonia, the same with Edessa.-III. A town they called their city Segesta, and themselves Segesof Achaia, near the mouth of the Crathis. It appears tani, according to Festus (s. v. Segesta), who states, to have been abandoned eventually by its inhabitants, that the alteration was made to obviate an improper who retired to Egira. The cause of their removal is ambiguity in the term. (Præposita est ei S. litera ne not known. (Strabo, 386.)-IV. A town and sea-obsceno nomine appellaretur.) It is more probable, port of Cilicia Campestris, at the mouth of the Pyramus, and on the upper shore of the Sinus Issicus. The modern village of Ayas occupies its site. (Strab. 676.-Plin. 5, 27.-Lucan, 3, 225.)

ÆGEON, I. one of the fifty sons of Lycaon. lod. 3, 8.)—II. A giant, the same as Briareus.

however, that the Romans caused it to be done on account of the ill-omened analogy in sound between Ægesta or Egesta, and the Latin term egestas, "want." Thucydides (6, 2) states, that after the destruction (Apol- of Troy, a body of the fugitives found their way to Ac-] this quarter, and, uniting with the Sicani, whom they

already mentioned, accompanied them to Sicily, and there became united to the object of his affection. The offspring of this union was Egestes. (Dion. Hal. 1, 52.) Both accounts, of course, are purely fabulous. In accordance, however, with the popular legend respecting him, Virgil makes gestes, whom he calls, as already stated, Acestes, to have given Eneas a hospitable reception, when the latter, as the poet fables, visited Sicily in the course of his wanderings. (Vid. Ægesta.)

found settled here, formed with them one people, under the name of Elymi. In the course of time their numbers were still farther increased by the junction of some wandering Achæi. This seems to have been the generally-received idea among the Greeks, respecting the origin of the Elymi and Ægestai. Its improbability, however, is apparent even at first view. When the Romans became masters of these parts, after the first Punic war, they readily adopted the current tradition respecting the people of gesta, as well as the idea of an affinity, through the line of Æneas, between themselves and the latter, and the legend is interwoven also with the subject of the Æneid (5, 36, seqq.-Vid. Egestes). From the circumstance of the Romans having recognised the affinity of the Egesteans to themselves, we find them styled, in the Duilian inscription," the kinsmen of the Roman people." COCNATI P. R. (Ciacconius, de Col. Rostr. Duil., Lugd. Bat. 1597.) Cicero, too (in Verrem. 4, 33), adopts the current tradition of the day. Whatever our opinion may be relative to the various details of these legends, one thing at least very clearly appears, which is, that gesta was not of Grecian origin. Thucyd-tune, not Ægeus, his father. Egeus, however, reides (7, 58), in enumerating the allies of Syracuse, speaks of the people of Himera as forming the only Grecian settlement on the northern coast of Sicily; and in another part (7, 57), expressly classes the Egesteans among Barbarians (Bapbúpwv 'Eyeσrało). The origin of gesta, therefore, may fairly be as cribed to a branch of the Pelasgic race, the Trojans themselves being of the same stock. (Vid. Æneas.) Previous to the arrival of the Romans in Sicily, the Egestæans were engaged in a long contest with the inhabitants of Selinus. Finding themselves, however, the weaker party, they solicited and obtained the aid of Athens. The unfortunate issue of the Athenian expedition against Syracuse, compelled the Ægestaans to look for new allies in the Carthaginians. These came to their aid, and Selinus fell; but gesta also shared its fate, and the city remained under this new control, until, for the purpose of regaining its freedom, it espoused the cause of Agathocles. The change, however, was for the worse; and the tyrant, offended at their unwillingness to contribute supplies, murdered a part of the inhabitants, drove the rest into exile, and changed the name of the city to Dicæopolis, settling in it at the same time a body of deserters that had come over to him. (Polyb. 20, 71.) The death of Agathocles very probably restored the old name, and brought back the surviving part of the former inhabitants, since we find the appellation gesta reappearing in the first Punic war (Polyb. 1, 24), and since the Egestæans, during that same conflict, after slaughtering a Carthaginian garrison which had been placed within their walls, were able to declare themselves the kinsmen of the Roman people. (Zonaras, 8, 4.) It was this pretended affinity between the two communities that preserved Egesta from oblivion after it had fallen beneath the Roman sway, and we find Pliny (3, 8) naming the inhabitants among the number of those who enjoyed the jus Latinum. The ruins of the place are found, at the present day, near the modern Alcamo. (Mannert, 9, 2, 393, seqq.-Hoare's Classical Tour, 2, 61.)

EGEUS, a king of Athens, son of Pandion. His legitimacy, however, was disputed; and when, after the death of Pandion, he entered Attica at the head of an army, and recovered his patrimony, he was still the object of jealousy to his three brothers, although he shared his newly-acquired power with them. As he was long childless, they began to cast a wishful eye towards his inheritance. But a mysterious oracle brought him to Trozene, where fate had decreed that the future hero of Athens should be born. Æthra, the daughter of the sage King Pittheus, son of Pelops, was his mother, but the Trozenian legend called Nepturned to Athens, with the hope that, in the course of years, he should be followed by a legitimate heir. At parting he showed thra a huge mass of rock, under which he had hidden a sword and a pair of sandals : when her child, if a boy, should be able to lift the stone, he was to repair to Athens with the tokens it concealed, and to claim Ægeus as his father. From this deposite, Ethra gave her son the name of Theseus (Onocúc, from dew, now, to deposite or place). When Theseus had grown up and been acknowledged by his father (vid. Theseus), he freed the latter from the cruel tribute imposed by Minos (vid. Minotaurus); but, on his return from Crete, forgot to hoist the white sails, the preconcerted signal of success, and Egeus, thinking his son had perished, threw himself from a high rock into the sea. (Apollod. 3, 15, 5, seqq.-Plut. Vit. Thes., &c.) The whole narrative respecting Egeus is a figurative legend. He is the same as Neptune; his name Alyaios, indicating "the god of the waves," from alyes, the waves of the sea, and hence the Trazenian legend makes Neptune at once to have been the father of Theseus. Theseus himself, moreover, appears to be nothing more than a mythic personage. He is merely the type of the establishment of the worship of Neptune (Oŋoɛús, from Déw, dŋow, to place or establish). Even his mother's name, Æthra, would seem to allude figuratively to the pure, clear atmosphere of religious worship connected with the rites of Neptune, when firmly established. (Alopa, i. e., alopa, pure, clear air.) So, also, the contest between Theseus and the Pallantides (vid. Pallantides), would seem to be nothing more than a religious contest between the rival systems of Neptune and Minerva. The worship of Neptune prevailed originally in the Ionian cities (Müller, Dorians, 1, 266), and the legend of Theseus is an Ionian one; whereas the worship of Minerva, at Athens, dates back to the time of Cecrops. In a later age, the rites of Minerva once more gained the ascendency.

EGIALEA, I. according to the common account, a daughter of Adrastus, but more probably the daughter EGESTES, Egestus, or, as Virgil writes it, Acestes, of his son Egialeus. (Heyne, ad Apollod. 1, 86.) a son of the river-god Crimisus, by a Trojan mother, She was the wife of Diomede, and is said to have been according to one account, while another makes both guilty of the grossest incontinence during her husband's his parents to have been of Trojan origin. Laomedon, absence in the Trojan war. (Apollod. l. c.-Ov. Ib. it seems, had given the daughters of a distinguished 350, &c.) The beautiful passage in the Iliad, howperson among his subjects to certain Sicilian mariners, ever (5, 412, seqq.), where mention is made of her, to carry away and expose to wild beasts. They were strongly countenances the idea that the story of her brought to Sicily, where the god of the Crimisus uni- improper conduct is a mere posthomeric or cyclic fable. ted himself to one of them, and became father of Eges--II. An island of the Egean, between Cythera tes. This is the first account just alluded to. The and Crete, now Cerigotto. Bondelmonti (Ins. Arch. other one is as follows: A young Trojan, of noble 10, 65) calls it Sichilus or Sequilus, a corruption, birth, being enarnoured of one of the three females probably, from the modern Greek eis Alyvhíav. (De

EGIALEUS, Son of Adrastus, by Amphithea, daughter of Pronax, and a member of the expedition led by the Epigoni against Thebes. He was the only leader slain in this war, as his father had been the only one that survived the previous contest. (Vid. Epigoni.) Compare the scholiast, ad Pind. Pyth. 8, 68.

EGIDES, a patronymic of Theseus. (Homer, Il. 1, 265.)

ÆGILA, a town in Laconia, where Ceres had a temple. Aristomenes, the Messenian leader, endeavoured on one occasion to seize a party of Laconian females who were celebrating here the rites of the goddess. The attempt failed, through the courageous resistance of the women, and Aristomenes himself was taken prisoner. He was released, however, the same night, by Archidamea, the priestess of Ceres, who had before this cherished an affection for him. She pretended that he had burned off his bonds, by moving himself up towards the fire, and remaining near enough to have them consumed. (Paus. 4, 17.)

EGIMIUS, a king of the Dorians, reigning at the time in Thessaly, near the range of Pindus. (Heyne, ad Apollod. 2, 7, 7.) He aided Hercules, according to the Doric legend, in his contest with the Lapithæ, and received, as a reward, the territory from which they were driven. (Apollod. 1. c.) Egimius is a conspicuous name among the founders of the Doric line, and mention is made by the ancient writers of an epic poem, entitled Alyiutos, which is ascribed by some to Hesiod, by others to Cecrops the Milesian. (Heyne, 1. c.) The posterity of Egimius formed part of the expedition against the Peloponnesus, and the Doric institutions of Ægimius are spoken of by Pindar (Pyth. 1, 124), as forming the rule or model of government for the Doric race. (Compare Müller, Dorians, vol. 2, p. 12.)

Sinner, ad loc.)-III. The earliest name for the coun- money for the purposes of commerce, and used regutry along the northern shore of the Peloponnesus.lar measures, a tradition which, though no doubt un(Vid. Achaia, III.) true, still points very clearly to their early commercial habits. (Strabo, 375.—Elian, Var. Hist. 12, 10.Vid. Phidon.) It is more than probable, that their commercial relations caused the people of Ægina to be increased by colonies from abroad, and Strabo expressly mentions Cretans among the foreign inhabitants who had settled there. After the return of the Heraclidæ, this island received a Dorian colony from Epidaurus (Pausan. 2, 29.-Tzetz. ad Lyc. 176), and from this period the Dorians gradually gained the ascendency in it, until at last it became entirely Doric, both in language and form of government. Ægina, for a time, was the maritime rival of Athens, and the competition eventually terminated in open hostilities, in which the Athenians were only able to obtain advantages by the aid of the Corinthians, and by means of intestine divisions among their opponents. (Herod. 8, 46, and 5, 83.) When Darius sent deputies into Greece to demand earth and water, the people of Ægina, partly from hatred towards the Athenians, and partly from a wish to protect their extensive commerce along the coasts of the Persian monarchy, gave these tokens of submission. (Herod. 6, 49.) For this conduct they were punished by the Spartans. In the war with Xerxes, therefore, they sided with their countrymen, and acted so brave a part in the battle of Salamis as to be able to contest the prize of valour with the Athenians themselves, and to bear it off, as well by the universal suffrages of the confederate Greeks (Herod. 8, 93), as by the declaration of the Pythian oracle. (Id. ibid. 122: compare Plut. Vit. Themist.) After the termination of the Persian war, however, the strength of Athens proved too great for them. Their fleet of seventy sail was annihilated in a sea-fight by Pericles, and many of the inhabitants were driven from the island, while the remainder were reduced to the condition of tributaries. The fugitives settled at Thyrea in Cynuria, under the protection of Sparta (Thucyd. 1, 105, and 108.—Id. 2, 27.—Id. 4, 57), and it was not until after the battle of Ægos Potamos, and the fall of Athens, that they were able to regain possession of their native island. (Xen. His!. Gr. 2, 2, 5.-Strabo, 8, p. 376.) They never attained, however, to their former prosperity. The situation of Ægina made it subsequently a prize for each succeeding conqueror, until at last it totally disappeared from history. In modern times the island nearly retains its ancient name, being called Egina, or with a slight corruption Engia, and is represented by travellers as being beautiful, fertile, and well cultivated. As far back as the time of Pausanias, the ancient city would appear to have been in ruins. That writer makes mention of some temples that were standing, and of the large theatre built after the model of that in Epidaurus. The most remarkable remnant of antiquity which this island can boast of at the present day, is the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, situated on a mount of the same name, about four hours' distance from the port, and which is supposed to be one of the most ancient temples in Greece, and one of the oldest specimens of the Doric style of architecture. Mr. Dodwell pronounces it the most picturesque and interesting ruin in Greece. For a full account of the Ægina marbles, consult Quarterly Journal of Sciences, No. 12, p. 327, seqq., and No. 14, p. 229, seqq.

EGIMURUS, a small island in the Gulf of Carthage. There were two rocks near this island, called Aræ Egimuri, which were so named, because the Romans and Carthaginians concluded a treaty on them. The modern Zowamoore or Zimbra is the Egimurus of the ancients. (Plin. 5, 7.—Virg. Æn. 1, 109.)

ÆGINA, I. a daughter of the river Asopus, carried away by Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, from Phlius to the island of Enone. (Compare Spanheim, ad Callim. Hymn. in Del. v. 77.-Heyne, ad Apollod. 3, 12, 6.—Sturz, ad Hellanic., p. 50.-Id. ad Pherecyd., p. 178.) She gave her name to the island. Some authorities make Jupiter to have assumed, on this occasion, the appearance of a flame of fire; but this evidently is corrupted from another part of the same fable, which states that Asopus was struck with thunder by the god for presuming to pursue him. (Apollod. 3, 12, 6.) The Asopus here alluded to, is the Sicyonian stream which flowed by the walls of Phlius. It must not be confounded with the Baotian river of the same name. (Compare Pindar, Nem. 9, 9.—Aristarch. ad N. 3, 1. —Pausan. 2, 5, 2.)-II. An island in the Sinus Saronicus, near the coast of Argolis. The earliest accounts given by the Greeks make it to have been originally uninhabited, and to have been called, while in this state, by the name of Enone; for such is evidently the meaning of the fable, which states, that Jupiter, in order to gratify acus, who was alone there, changed a swarm of ants into men, and thus peopled the island. (Vid. Eacus, Myrmidones, and compare Pausan. 2, 29, and Apollod. 3, 12, 7.) It afterward took the name of Ægina, from the daughter of the Asopus. (Vid. Ægina, I.) But, whoever may have been the earliest settlers on the island, it is evident that its stony and unproductive soil must have driven them at an early period to engage in maritime affairs. Hence they are said to have been the first who coined

EGINETA PAULUS, I. or Paul of Egina, a celebrated Greek physician, born in the island of Ægina. He appears to have lived, not in the fourth century, as René Moreau and Daniel Leclerc (Clericus) have asserted, but in the time of the conquests of the Calif Omar, and, consequently, in the seventh century. We have very few particulars of his life handed down to us. We know merely that he pursued his medical studies at Alexandrea some time before the taking of

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