because he was not to be depended upon as an historian. Caligula's morals were, from his youth upward, abominably corrupt. After he had married and repudiated several wives, Cæsonia retained a permanent hold on his affections. A number of conspirators, at the head of whom were Chærea and Cornelius Sabinus, both tribunes of the prætorian cohorts, murdered him in the 29th year of his age, and the fourth of his tyrannical reign, A.D. 41. (Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 2, p. 1, seqq.-Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 405, seqq.-Encyclop. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 434, seqq.) CALLAICI OF CALLECI, a people of Spain, in the northwestern part of the country. They inhabited what is now Gallicia, together with the Portuguese provinces of Entre-Douro-y-Minho and Tras-los-Montes. (Eutrop., 4, 19.-Sil. Ital., 3, 352.—Plin., 3, 3.— Inscript., ap. Gruter.) CALLE OF CALE, a seaport town of the Callaïci, at the mouth of the Durius. It is now Oporto. From Portus Calles comes, by a corruption, the name of modern Portugal. (Sil. Ital., 12, 525.-Vell. Paterc., 1, 14.-Cic., Agrar., 2, 31.) prisoners, recalled the banished, and forbade all prose- | (Dagger). He became reconciled to the senate again cutions for treason. He conferred on the magistrates when he found it worthy of him. He supported pubfree and independent power. Although the will of lic brothels and gaming-houses, and received himself Tiberius had been declared, by the senate, to be null the entrance-money of the visiters. His horse, named and void, he fulfilled every article of it, with the ex- Incitatus, was his favourite. This horse he made one ception only of that above mentioned. When he was of his priests, and, by way of insult to the repubchosen consul, he took his uncle Claudius as his col- lic, declared it also consul. It was kept in an league. Thus he distinguished the first eight months ivory stable, and fed from a golden manger; and, when of his reign by many actions dictated by the pro- it was invited to feast at the emperor's table, gilt corn foundest hypocrisy, but, which appeared magnanimous was served up in a golden basin of exquisite workand noble to the eyes of the world, when he fell, on a manship. He had even the intention of destroying the sudden, dangerously ill, in consequence, as has been poems of Homer, and was on the point of removing imagined, of a love-potion given him by his mistress the works and images of Virgil and Livy from all libraMilonia Cæsonia (whom he afterward married), with a ries: those of the former, because, as he said, he was view to secure his unconstant affections. On recov-destitute of genius and learning; those of the latter, ering from this malady, whether weary by this time of the restraints of hypocrisy, or actually deranged in his intellect by the inflammatory effects of the potion which he had taken (Juv., Sat., 6, 614), the emperor threw off all appearance of virtue and moderation, as well as all prudential considerations, and acted on every occasion with the mischievous violence of unbridled passions and wanton power, so that the tyranny of Tiberius was forgotten in the enormities of Caligula. (Senec., Consol. ad Helv., 9, c. 779.) The most ex- | quisite tortures served him for enjoyments. During his meals he caused criminals, and even innocent persons, to be stretched on the rack and beheaded the most respectable persons were daily executed. In the madness of his arrogance he even considered himself a god, and caused the honours to be paid to him which were paid to Apollo, to Mars, and even to Jupiter. He built a temple to his own divinity. At one time he wished that the whole Roman people had but one head, that he might be able to cut it off at a single blow. He frequently repeated the words of an old poet, Oderint dum metuant. One of his greatest follies was the building of a bridge of vessels between Baie and Puteoli, in imitation of that of Xerxes over CALLIAS, a rich Athenian, who offered to release the Hellespont. He himself consecrated this grand Cimon, son of Miltiades, from prison, into which he structure with great splendour; and, after he had had been thrown through inability to pay his father's passed the night following in a revel with his friends, fine, if he would give him the hand of Elpinice, Ciin order to do something extraordinary before his de- mon's sister and wife. Cimon consented, but with parture, he caused a crowd of persons, without dis- great reluctance. He was afterward charged with tinction of age, rank, or character, to be seized, and having violated the terms of his agreement with Calthrown into the sea. On his return he entered Rome lias, which was looked upon by the Athenians as adulin triumph, because, as he said, he had conquered tery on his part, Elpinice having become the property nature herself. After this he made preparations for an of another. This custom of marrying sisters at expedition against the Germans, passed with more than Athens extended, according to Philo Judæus, only to 200,000 men over the Rhine, but returned after he had sisters by the same father, and was forbidden in the travelled a few miles, and that without having seen an case of sisters by the same mother. Elpinice was enemy. Such was his terror, that, when he came to the taken in marriage by Cimon, because, in consequence river, and found the bridge obstructed by the crowd of his extreme poverty, he was unable to provide a upon it, he caused himself to be passed over the heads suitable match for her. The Lacedæmonians were of the soldiers. He then went to Gaul, which he plun- forbidden to marry any of their kindred, whether in the dered with unexampled rapacity. Not content with the direct degrees of ascent or descent; but in the case considerable booty thus obtained, he sold all the prop- of a collateral it was allowed. Several of the barbaerty of his sisters Agrippina and Livilla, whom he ban-rous nations seem to have been less scrupulous on ished. He also sold the furniture of the old court, the clothes of Augustus, Agrippina, &c. Before he left Gaul he declared his intention of going to Britain. He collected his army on the coast, embarked in a magnificent galley, but returned when he had hardly left the land, drew up his forces, ordered the signal of battle to be sounded, and commanded the soldiers to fill their helmets with shells, while he cried out, "This booty, ravished from the sea, is fit for my palace and the capitol." When he returned to Rome he was desirous of a triumph on account of his achievements, but contented himself with an ovation. Discontented with the senate, he resolved to destroy the greater part of the members, and the most distinguished men of Rome. This is proved by two books which were found after his death, wherein the names of the proscribed were noted down, and of which one was entitled Gladius (Sword), and the other Pugillus this head; the Persians especially were remarkable for such unnatural unions. (C. Nep. et Plut. in Cim.) CALLICOLONE, a hill in the district of Troas, deriving its name (kaλǹ koλúvŋ) from the pleasing regularity of its form, and the groves by which it seems for ages to have been adorned. It is mentioned by Homer in the 20th book of the Iliad (v. 53 and 151). Strabo informs us, from Demetrius of Scepsis, that it was ten stadia from the village of the Ilians ('Iv kun), which would make it forty stadia from Troy itself. It was situate to the northwest of this city, near the banks of the Simois. (Compare Le Chevalier's Map of the Plain of Troy, and the note of Heyne to the 262d page of the German translation of Le Chevalier's works on this subject. Consult also Clarke's Travels, vol. 3, p. 119, Lond., 8vo ed.) CALLICRATES, I. an Athenian, who caused Dion to be assassinated. (Vid. Dion I.)-II. An officer in trusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alex- not reached us. The Ibis is a bird, whose habits taught ander. (Curt., 5, 2.)-III. An architect, who, in con- man, it is said, the use of clysters. We know not the junction with Ictinus, built the Parthenon at Athens, reason why Callimachus gave this appellation to his enand who undertook also to complete the long walls emy: it was done in ridicule, probably, of some pertermed oxéλn. (Plut., Vit. Pericl., c. 13.) He ap-sonal deformity, or else from some resemblance which pears to have flourished about Olymp. 80 or 85. (Sillig, Apollonius bore to this bird in the eyes of his irritated Dict. Art., s. v.)-IV. A sculptor, distinguished prin- master. It is in imitation of Callimachus that Ovid cipally by the minuteness of his performances. He is mentioned as a Lacedæmonian, and is associated with | Myrmecides by Ælian. (V. H., 1, 17.—Compare Galen, Adhort. ad Art., c. 9.) In connexion with this artist he is said to have made some chariots which could be covered with the wings of a fly, and to have inscribed on a grain of the plant sesamum some verses of Homer. (Plin., 7, 21.) Galen, therefore, well applies to him the epithet uaraιórexvos. Athenæus, however, relates that he engraved only large vases (11, p. 782). The age in which he lived is uncertain. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) has given the title of Ibis to one of his poems. 5, Hymns. Of these we have six remaining; five in the Ionic dialect, and the sixth in Doric. The subject of this last is the bathing of the statue of Minerva. According to the commentators, the Doric dialect was preferred for this poem, because Callimachus composed it at Argos, where, during a certain festival, the statue of Pallas was bathed in the Inachus. Of the six hymns which we have from Callimachus, that addressed to Ceres is the best. The one in honour of Delos is in the epic style, like the hymns of the Homerida. 6. Epigrams. Of these we possess seventyfour, which may be regarded among the best of antiquity. The grammarian Archibius, the father, or, according to others, the son of Apollonius, wrote a commentary or exegesis (nynous) on these epigrams; and Marianus, who lived under the Emperor Anastasius, made a paraphrase of them in iambic verse. 7. Iambics and choliambics. Strabo refers to them, and some fragments remain.-Such are some of the principal poetic works of Callimachus. We have to regret the loss of several prose works, which would, no doubt, have thrown great light on various subjects connected with the antiquities of Greece. Such are his Commentaries, or Memoirs ("Troμvýμаra); his CALLIDROMUS, according to Livy (36, 15), the high- work entitled Kríoeis vńowv kaì nóλewv, “The setest summit of Mount Eta. It was occupied by Cato, tling of islands and founding of cities;" his "Wonwith a body of troops, in the battle fought at the pass ders of the World,” Oavμácia, or, Oavμátwv tāv eis of Thermopyla, between the Romans, under Acilius naσaν Thν Yпν Kai Tóπоvs Övтwv ovvaywyń, &c. Glabrio, and the army of Antiochus; and, owing to Callimachus did not want detractors, who occasioned this manœuvre, the latter was entirely routed. (Com-him that species of torment to which the vanity of aupare Pliny, H. N., 4, 7.) CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. He was one of the last that preserved the true Spartan character, which had become greatly altered for the worse during the Peloponnesian war, by the habit which the Lacedæmonians had contracted of fighting beyond the limits of their country. The enervating climate of Ionia had also contributed very much towards producing this result. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 1, 6, 1, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 13, 76.-Id. ib., 13, 99.) thors exposes them, and, at the same time, renders them CALLIMACHUS, I. a native of Cyrene, descended so sensitive. A certain grammarian, named Aristofrom an illustrious family. He first gave instruction phon, wrote against one of his productions; and there in grammar, or belles-lettres, at Alexandrea, and num- exists, in the Anthology, a distich against Callimabered among his auditors Apollonius Rhodius, Eratos-chus, by Apollonius the grammarian, which is often thenes, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. Ptolemy erroneously ascribed to the author of the Argonautics. Philadelphus subsequently placed him in the Muse--Among the editions of Callimachus may be menum, and from this period he turned his principal attention to poetic composition. He lived, loaded with honours, at the court of this prince, where his abilities were greatly admired. The small number of pieces, however, that remain to us, out of eight hundred composed by him, present him to us in the light of a cold poet, wanting in energy and enthusiasm, and making vain efforts to replace by erudition the genius which nature had denied him. These productions compel us to subscribe to Ovid's opinion in relation to him, Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet." (Amor., 1, 15.) The principal works of Callimachus were as follows: 1. Elegies. These were regarded as his principal title to renown. The Romans, especially in the Augustan age, held them in high estimation; they were imitated by Ovid and Propertius. Among the Elegies of Callimachus two in particular were celebrated, one on the tresses of Berenice, queen of Ptolemy III., which Catullus has either translated or imitated; and the other, entitled Cydippe, to which Ovid alludes (Rem. Am., 1, 380), and which he has imitated in his 20th Heroid. We have only some fragments remaining of the elegies. 2. Airiai, "Causes," i. e., a poem, in four cantos, on the origin or causes of various fables, customs, &c. Some fragments remain. 3. 'Exáλn, Hecale, an heroic poem, the subject of which was the hospitable reception given to Theseus, by an old female, when he was proceeding to combat the Marathonian bull. Some fragments remain. 4. '16, "the Ibis," poem directed against one of his pupils, accused by him of ingratitude, named Apollonius Rhodius. It has tioned that of Ernesti, Lugd. Bat., 1761, 2 vols. 8vo, and that of Blomfield, Lond., 1815, 8vo. Brunck gave also a revised text in his Poeta Gnomici. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 107, seqq.)-II. A celebrated artist, whose attention was directed not only to statuary, but to engraving on gold and to painting. (Plin., 34, 8.) On account of the elegant finish of his works in marble, he was styled by the Athenians Karúтexvos. (Vitruv., 4, 1, 10.-Čompare the remarks of Sillig, Dict. Art., 8. v.) a CALLIOPE, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over epic poetry and eloquence, and was represented holding a close-rolled parchment, and sometimes a trumpet. She derived her name from her beautiful (silver-toned) voice, áñò Tnç Kaλnç оTÓс. Calliope bore to Eagrus a son named Linus, who was killed by his pupil Hercules. (Apollod., 1, 3, 2.) She had also by the same sire the celebrated Orpheus. Others, however, made Apollo the sire of Linus and Orpheus. Hesiod (frag. 97) says, that Urania was the mother of Linus. (Vid. Musæ, and consult Müller, Archæol. der Kunst, p. 594, seqq.) CALLIPATIRA, daughter of Diagoras, and wife of Callianax the athlete. According to the common account, she went with her son, after the death of her husband, to the Olympic games, having disguised herself in the attire of a teacher of gymnastics. When her son was declared victor, she discovered her sex in the joy of the moment, and was immediately arrested, as women were not allowed to appear on such occa sions. The punishment to which she was liable was to be cast down from a precipitous and rocky height, but she was pardoned in consequence of the peculiar circumstances of her case. A law, however, was immediately passed, ordaining that the teachers of gymnastic exercises should also appear naked at the games. (Pausanias, 5, 6, 5.)—From an examination of authorities, it would appear that the story just told relates rather to Berenice (Pepevikη), the sister of Callipatira. (Consult Bayle, Dict., s. v. Berenice, and Siebelis, ad Pausan., l. c.) CALLIPHON, a painter, a native of Samos, who decorated with pictures the temple of Diana at Ephesus. The subjects of his pieces were taken from the Iliad. (Pausan., 5, 19.) not deserve the name of a philosopher, which some have bestowed upon him; he appears, on the contrary, to have been little better than a mere sophist. He wrote a history of Alexander's movements which has not come down to us, but which, from the remarks of ancient writers, does not appear to have possessed even the merit of exactness in ordinary details. (Plut., Vit. Alex.-Polyb., 12, 23.-Sainte-Croix, Examen, &c., p. 34, seqq.-Id. ib., p. 163, seqq.) CALLISTO and CALISTO, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter saw her, and assuming the form of Diana, accompanied the maiden to the chase, and surprised her virtue. She long concealed her shame; but at length, as she was one day bathing with her divine mistress, the discovery was made, and Diana, in her anger, turned her into a bear. While in this form she brought forth her son Arcas, who lived with her in the woods, till the herdsmen caught both her and him, and brought them to Lycaon. (Vid. Arcas.) Some time afterward she went into the temenus, or sacred enclosure of the Lycæan Jove, which it was unlawful to enter. A number of Arcadians, among whom was her own son, followed to kill her, but Jove snatched her out of their hands, and placed her as a constellation in the sky. (Apollod., 3,8.—Ovid, Met., 2, 401, seq.-Id., Fast., 2, 155, seq.-Hygin., fab., 177.) It was also fabled, that at the request of Juno, Tethys forbade the constellation of the bear to descend into her waves. This legend is related with great variety in the circumstances. According to one of these versions, Arcas, having been separated from his mother and reared among men, met her one day in the woods, and was on the point of slaying her, when Jupiter transferred the mother and son to the skies. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 425, seq.) CALLIPOLIS, I. a city of Thrace, about five miles from Ægospotamos. Its origin is uncertain: a Byzantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to Callias, an Athenian general (Jo. Cinnamus, 5, 3), while another derives its appellation from the beauty o. the site. (Agathias, 5, p. 155.) It is certain that we do not hear of Callipolis before the Macedonian war, when Livy mentions its having been taken by Philip, the last king of that name (31, 16.-Compare Plin., 4, 11). From the Itineraries we learn, that Callipolis was the point whence it was usual to cross the Hellespont to Lampsacus or Abydos. The modern name is Gallipoli, and it is from this that the Chersonese now takes its name as a Turkish province. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 330.)—II. A town of Sicily, north of Catana, now Gallipoli.-III. A city of Calabria, on the Sinus Tarentinus, now Callipoli. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (17, 4), it owed its foundation to Leucippus, a Lacedæmonian, who erected a town here with the consent of the Tarentines, who expected to be put in possession of it shortly after; but in this hope they were deceived; CALLISTRATUS, I. a celebrated orator of Athens. and on finding that the Spartan colony was already Demosthenes, having heard him plead on one occastrong enough to resist an attack, they suffered Leu- sion, was so charmed by his eloquence that he abancippus to prosecute his undertaking without molesta-doned all his other studies, and betook himself to oration. (Dion. Hal., frag. ed. Angelo Maio, Mediol., tory. He was employed on several occasions as an 1816.) Mela styles it "urbs Graia Callipolis" (2, ambassador, but eventually met with the common fate 4). The passage in which Pliny names this town is of popular leaders, and was exiled. Retiring upon corrupt. (Plin., 3, 11.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. this to Thrace, he founded Datum in that country. 2, p. 317.) (Plut., Vit. Demosth., c. 3.-Scylax, Peripl., p. 27.)II. A sophist, who lived, as Heyne thinks, a little before the elder Philostratus, towards the close of the second century of our era. We have from him a description of fourteen statues, written, it is true, in the style of a rhetorician, but still containing many details of a curious nature as regards the history of ancient art. (Heyne, Opusc., vol. 5, p. 196, seqq.) The work accompanies the writings of Philostratus, and is found in all our editions of the latter.-III. A Roman lawyer, who lived during the time of Severus and Caracalla. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 6, p. 555.) CALLIRHOE, I. a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus. (I., 20, 231.)—II. A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Geryon, Echidna, Cerberus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hesiod, Theog., 287, seqq.) CALLISTE, an island of the Ægean Sea, called also Thera. (Vid. Thera.) CALOR, a river of Italy, which rose in the mountains of the Hirpini, passed Beneventum, and joined the Vulturnus. (Liv., 24, 14.) CALLISTEIA, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to the fairest. (Athenæus, 13, p. 610, a.) There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one CALPE, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a of Spain, opposite to Mount Abyla on the African complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner- coast. These two mountains were called the Pillars va. (Athenæus, l. c.-Casaub. et Schweigh., ad loc.) of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar, from the CALLISTHENES, a native of Olynthus, the son of Arabic Gibel Tarik (i. e., “the mountain of Tarik." Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Sta-This Tarik was a Moorish general, who first led the girite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of instructer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and accompanied the monarch into the East. He gave offence, however, by the rudeness of his manners and his boldness of speech, and was eventually charged with being implicated in a conspiracy against Alexander. According to the common account, he was mutilated, and then carried along with the army in an iron cage, until he ended his days by poison. Ptolemy, however, wrote in his history of Alexander, that he was first tortured and then hanged. Callisthenes does Moors into Spain, A.D. 710).-For some remarks on the etymology of the name Calpe, vid. Abyla. CALPURNIA, I. a daughter of L. Piso, and Julius Cæsar's fourth wife. The night previous to her husband's murder, she dreamed that he had been stabbed in her arms. According to others, she dreamed that the pinnacle had fallen, which the senate, by way of ornament and distinction, had caused to be erected on Cæsar's house. (Plut., Vit. Cæs., c.) After Cæsar's death she intrusted Antony with his private treasure, which amounted to four thousand talents, and also with the private papers of the dictator. (Plut., Vit. Ant., | 217.) Its territory, however, was ample and produc (Il., 9, 577, seqq.) Some time after the Peloponnesian war, we find Calydon in the possession of the Achæans. It is probable that the Calydonians themselves invited over the Achæans, to defend them against the Acarnanians. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 6, 1.— Pausan., 3, 10.) Their city was, in consequence, oc. cupied by an Achæan garrison, until Epaminondas, after the battle of Leuctra, compelled them to evacuate the place. (Diod. Sic., 15, 57.) It was still a town of importance during the Social war (Polyb., 4, 65.-Id., 5, 95), and as late as the time of Cæsar. (B. Civ., 3, 35.) But Augustus accomplished its downfall by removing the inhabitants to Nicopolis. According to Dodwell, there are yet to be seen here the remains of a city, and its acropolis, composed of magnificent walls, constructed nearly in a regular manner. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 78, seqq.) CALYDONIS, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. (Ovid, Met., 9, 112.) CALYMNA, an island of the Egean, southeast of Leros. (Vid. Calydnæ, II.) CALPURNIUS, I. a writer of mimes, not to be confounded with the pastoral poet of the same name. (Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 118.)-II. A Christian in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining. (Bähr, ib., p. 557.)-III. A Latin poet, a native of Sicily, and contemporary of Nemesianus, lived during the third century of our era. In the earliest editions of his works, and in all but one of the MSS., eleven eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at a later period, guided by this single MS., undertook to assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was the opinion of Ulitius (Præf. ad Nemesian., Eclog., p. 459.-Id. ad Nemesian., Cyneg., v. 1, p. 314), with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lat. Min., Præf., CALYPSO, a daughter of Atlas, according to Homer. p. ***4), and which Wernsdorff at last has fully estab- (Od., 1, 52.-Ib., 7, 245.) Hesiod, however, makes lished. (Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 2, p. 15, seqq.) The her an ocean-nymph (Theog., 359), and Apollodorus Eclogues of Calpurnius are not without merit, though a Nereid (1, 2). Like Circe, she was a human-speakgreatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's. ing goddess, and dwelt in solitary state with her attendThey are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and ant nymphs on an island named Ogygia, in the midst patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of of the ocean. Her isle presented such a scene of sylCharlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of van beauty as charmed even Mercury, one of the young scholars. The best editions are found in the dwellers of Olympus. (Od., 5, 72.) Calypso received Poeta Latini Minores of Burmann, Lugd. Bat., 1731, and kindly entertained Ulysses, when, in the course of 2 vols. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb., 1780-1799, 10 his wanderings, that hero was thrown upon her domains vols. 8vo. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 301.) after his shipwreck. She detained him there for eight CALVUS CORN. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-years, designing to make him immortal, and to keep guished as an orator and a poet. In the former capacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut., 81.-Ep. ad Fam., 7, 24.-Ibid., 15, 51). He was also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that author's are addressed to him, in which he is commemorated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-lypso means "the Concealer," the poet, after his usual ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat., Serm., 1, 10, 19.-Dunlop's Rom. Lit., vol. 1, p. 540.) CALYCADNUS, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Trachea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and, after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into the sea between the promontories of Zephyrium and Sarpedon. It is now the Giuk-sou. (Plin., 5, 27.Liv., 38, 38-Amm. Marcell., 14, 25.) CALYDNÆ, I. small islands, placed by Strabo (603) between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigæum.II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to the southeast of Leros. One of the number was called Calymna. (Hom., Il., 2, 676.) Herodotus informs us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Artemisia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is called Calimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi and Carabaghlar. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 218.) him with her for ever; but Mercury arriving with a command from Jupiter, she was obliged to consent to his departure. She gave the hero tools to build a raft or light vessel, supplied him with provisions, and reluctantly took a final leave of him.-The name Ca manner, giving her a significant appellation. As regards her island, Homer seems to have conceived Ogygia to lie in the northwestern parts of the West sea, far remote from all other isles and coasts; and he thus brought his hero into all parts of that sea, and informed his auditors of all its wonders. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 274, seq.) CAMALODUNUM, the first Roman colony in Britain, established under Claudius. Its situation agrees with that of the modern Malden, according to Cluver and Cellarius. (Tacit., Ann., 12, 32.-I. ib., 14, 31.) CAMARACUM, a city of the Nervii, in Belgic Gaul, east of Nemetacum, now Cambray (Cammerik). CAMARINA, a city of Sicily, near the southern coast, on the river Hipparis. (Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 5, 19.) It was originally founded by a colony from Syracuse, but, proving subsequently disobedient, it was destroyed by the parent state, and the ground on which it stood was sold to Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, as a ransom for some Syracusan captives. Hippocrates rebuilt the city; but his successor, Gelon, after having obtained the sovereignty of Syracuse, transferred the inhabitants of Camarina to the former city, and thus CALYDON, a city of Etolia, below the river Eve- again was Camarina destroyed. (Herodot., 7, 156.) nus, and between that stream and the sea. It was Dissensions in Syracuse enabled the Geloans to rebuild famed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt Camarina; according to Timæus, in the 82d Olympiad, in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of but according to Diodorus at the end of the 79th. This poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my-city, however, seemed destined to be still unfortunate. thologists that Eneus, the father of Meleager and It again suffered from the elder Dionysius, and the inTydeus, reigned at Calydon, while his brother Agrius settled in Pleuron. Frequent wars, however, arose between them on the subject of contiguous lands; a circumstance to which Homer alludes. (Il., 9, 525, seqq.) From the same poet we collect, that Calydon was situate on a rocky height. (I., 2, 640; 13, habitants were once more obliged to become wanderers. When Timoleon, after the overthrow of tyranny, gave peace to the whole island, Camarina again revived. (Diod. Sic., 16, 82.) It suffered once more, however, in the contest between Carthage and Agatho cles; and finally, in the first Punic war, was severely punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha- | up to the greatest acts of outrage and cruelty. On ginian troops within its walls. From this time it re-entering Memphis he found the inhabitants engaged in mained an inconsiderable city. In the neighbourhood celebrating the festival of the re-appearance of Apis, of the place the river formed a low island, covered at and, imagining that these rejoicings were made on achigh water, but when the tide fell converted into a count of his ill success, he caused the sacred bull to marsh. This marsh yielded exhalations which pro-be brought before him, stabbed him with his dagger, duced a pestilence, and the inhabitants consulted an of which wound the animal afterward died, and caused oracle whether they should drain it. Although the or- the priests to be scourged. (Herod., 3, 27, segg.) acle dissuaded them, they drained it, and opened a way Cambyses is said to have been subject to epilepsy from to their enemies to come and plunder their city. his earliest years; and the habit of drinking, in which Hence arose the proverb, from the words of the oracle, he now indulged to excess, rendered him at times comun kiveι Kauapivav, "move not Camarina," applied pletely furious. No relation was held sacred by him to those who, by removing one evil, will bring on a when intoxicated. Having dreamed that his brother greater. Nothing now remains of this city but some Smerdis was seated on the royal throne, he sent one ruins, and the name Camarana, given by the natives to of his principal confidants to Persia, with orders to put a town and a neighbouring marsh. (Virg., En., 3, him to death, a mandate which was actually accom701.-Herod., 7, 154.) plished. His sister and wife Atossa, who lamented CAMBUNII MONTES, a chain of mountains forming the the death of Smerdis, he struck with a blow of his foot, southern boundary of Macedonia, and separating that which brought on abortion. (Herod., 3, 30, segg.) country from Thessaly. (Liv., 42, 53.-ld., 44, 2.) These and many other actions, alike indicative of alCAMBYSES, I. an early monarch of the line of the most complete insanity, aroused against him the feelAchæmenides, the successor of Teïspes, who was him-ings of his subjects. A member of the sacerdotal orself the successor of Achæmenes. He must not be con- der called the Magi availed himself of this discontent, founded with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, who was, in and, aided by the strong resemblance which he bore to fact, the second of the name in the line of Persian the murdered Smerdis, as well as by the exertions of kings. (Herod., 7, 11.—Consult Bähr and Larcher, a brother who was also a Magian, seized upon the ad loc.)-II. A Persian of good family, but peaceful throne of Persia, and sent heralds in every direction, disposition, to whom Astyages, king of Media, gave commanding all to obey, for the time to come, Smerdis, his daughter Mandane in marriage. (Vid. Astyages.) son of Cyrus, and not Cambyses. The news of this The issue of this union was Cyrus the Great. (He usurpation reached Cambyses at a place in Syria callrod., 1, 46.—Id., 1, 107.)-III. The son and succes-ed Ecbatana, where he was at that time with his army. sor of Cyrus the Great, ascended the throne of Persia Resolving to return with all speed to Susa, the monB.C. 530. Soon after the commencement of his arch was in the act of mounting his horse, when his reign, he undertook the conquest of Egypt, being ex-sword fell from its sheath and inflicted a mortal blow cited to the step, according to the Persian account as in his thigh. An oracle, it is said, had been given given in Herodotus (3, 1), by the conduct of Amasis, him from Butus, that he would end his life at Ecbathe king of that country. Cambyses, it seems, had de- tana, but he always thought that the Median Ecbatana manded in marriage the daughter of Amasis; but the was meant by it. He died of his wound soon after, latter, knowing that the Persian monarch intended to B.C. 522, leaving no children. (Herod., 3, 61, seqq.) make her, not his wife, but his concubine, endeavour- Ctesias gives a different account. He makes Cambyed to deceive him by sending in her stead the daughter ses to have died at Babylon of a wound he had given of his predecessor Apries. The historian gives also himself on the femoral muscle, while shaving smooth another account besides this; but it is more than prob- a piece of wood with a small knife. (Ctes., Excerpt. able that both are untrue, and that ambitious feelings Pers., 12.) According to Herodotus (3, 66), Camalone on the part of Cambyses prompted him to the byses reigned seven years and five months. Ctesias enterprise. (Compare Dahlmann, Herod., p. 148.- says eighteen years; but there must be some error in Creuzer, ad Herod., l. c.) Amasis died before Cam- this. Clemens of Alexandrea gives ten years. (Clem. byses marched against Egypt, and his son Psammeni- Alex., Strom., 1, p. 395.)—IV. A river of Asia, which tus succeeded to the throne. A bloody battle was rises, according to Pomponius Mela (3, 5), at the base fought near the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and the of Mons Coraxicus, a branch of Caucasus, and in the Egyptians were put to flight, after which Cambyses vicinity of the sources of the Cyrus. After flowing made himself master of the whole country, and receiv- through Iberia and Hyrcania, it joins the Cyrus, and ed tokens of submission also from the Cyrenæans and the united streams empty into the Hyrcanian Sea. La the people of Barca. The kingdom of Egypt was thus Martiniere (Dict. Géog.) remarks, that there is no rivconquered by him in six months. Cambyses now form- er in modern times answering to this description of ed new projects. He wished to send a squadron and the Cambyses. Vossius thinks that Mela intended to subjugate Carthage, to conquer Ethiopia, and to make designate the Araxes, but the sources of this river are himself master of the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon. too far distant. Hardouin, suspecting that Ptolemy The first of these expeditions, however, did not take has spoken of the Cambyses under another name, beplace, because the Phoenicians, who composed his na-lieves it to be the same with the Soana of this geograval force, would not go to attack one of their own col-pher: he goes, however, too high towards the northern onies. The army that was sent against the Ammoni- extremity of Albania. (Hardouin, ad Plin., 6, 13, ans perished in the desert; and the troops at whose not. 7.) head he himself had set out against the Ethiopians CAMERĪNUM, a town of Umbria, on the borders of were compelled by hunger to retreat. How far he Picenum. It was a Roman colony and a city of some advanced into Ethiopia cannot be ascertained from note, and must not be confounded with the Camerte anything that Herodotus says. Diodorus Siculus, how-of Strabo, an error into which Cluverius has fallen. ever (1, 33), makes Cambyses to have penetrated as (Ital. Ant., 1, p. 613.) The modern name is Camfar as the spot where Meroe stood, which city, accord-erino. (Cas,, Bell. Civ., 1, 15.-Cic. ad Attic., 8, ing to this same writer, he founded, and named after his mother. His mother, however, was Cassandana. Josephus (Ant. Jud., 2, 10, 2) makes the previous name to have been merely changed by Cambyses to Meroë, in honour of his sister. (Compare Strabo, 790.) Both accounts are untrue. (Vid. Meroë.)-After his return from Æthiopia, the Persian king gave himself | 12.-Ptol., p. 62.) Appian calls it Cameria. (Bell. Civ., 5, 50.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 262.) CAMERTE, a town of Umbria, between Tuder and Ameria. (Strab., 227, seq.—Consult the remarks of Cramer, Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 274.) CAMILLA, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. Her father, who reigned at Priver |