portant additions from them, that Ammianus Marcel- | wards the interior to what is now the Besestan, or linus, in a later age, calls it an Attic colony (22, 8). great market. The new city, called Constantinopolis, The city, however, was a Doric one, in language, or "City of Constantine," was three times as large, customs, and laws, and remained so even after the and covered four hills, together with part of a fifth, Athenians had the control of it. The maintenance of having a circuit of somewhat less than fourteeen this military post became of great importance to the geographical miles. Every effort was made to embelGreeks during their warfare with the Persians in sub-lish this new capital of the Roman world; the most sequent years, and this circumstance, together with the advantages of a lucrative and now continually increasing commerce, gave Byzantium a high rank among Grecian cities. After Athens and Sparta had weakened the power of each other by national rivalry, and neither could lay claim to the empire of the sea, Byzantium became an independent city, and turned its whole attention to commerce. Its strong situation enabled it, at a subsequent period, to resist successfully the arms of Philip of Macedon; nor did Alexander, in his eagerness to march into Asia, make any attempt upon the place. It preserved also a neutral character under his successors. The great evil to which the city of Byzantium was exposed came from the inland country, the Thracian tribes continually making incursions into the fertile territory around the place, and carrying off more or less of the produce of the fields. The city suffered severely also from the Gauls; being compelled to pay a yearly tribute, amounting at least to eighty talents. After the departure of the Gauls it again became a flourishing place, but its most prosperous period was during the Roman sway. It had thrown itself into the arms of the Romans as early as the war against the younger Philip of Macedon, and enjoyed from this people not only complete protection, | out also many valuable commercial privileges. It was allowed, moreover, to lay a toll on all vessels passing through the straits, a thing which had been attempted before without success, and this toll it shared with the Romans. (Strabo, 320.-Herodian, 3, 1.) But the day of misfortune at length came. In the contest for the empire between Severus and Niger, Byzantium declared for the latter, and stood a siege in consequence, which continued long after Niger's overthrow | and death. After three years of almost incredible exertions, the place surrendered to Severus. The few remaining inhabitants whom famine had spared were sold as slaves, the city was razed to the ground, its territory given to Perinthus, and a small village took the place of the great commercial emporium. Repenting soon after of what he had done, Severus rebuilt Byzantium, and adorned it with numerous and splendid buildings, which in a later age still bore his but it never recovered its former rank until the days of Constantine. (Herodian, 3, 6.-Dio Cass., 74, 10-Spartian., Caracall., c. 1.-Zosimus, 2, 30. -Suidas, s. v. Zεbñpoç.-Treb. Pollio, Gallien., c. 6.-Claud., c. 9.)-Constantine had no great affection for Rome as a city, nor had the inhabitants any great regard for him. He felt the necessity, moreover, of having the capital of the empire in some more central quarter, from which the movements of the German tribes on the one hand, and those of the Persians on the other, might be observed. He long sought for such a locality, and believed at one time that he had found it in the neighbourhood of the Sigaan promontory, on the coast of Troas. He had even commenced building here, when the superior advantages of Byzantium as a centre of empire attracted his attention, and he finally resolved to make this the capital of the Roman world. For a monarchy possessing the western portion of Asia, and the largest part of Europe, together with the whole coast of the Mediterranean Sea, nature herself seemed to have destined Byzantium as a capital. Constantine's plan was carried into rapid execution. The ancient city had possessed a circuit of forty stadia, and covered merely two hills, one close to the water, on which the Seraglio at present stands, and another adjoining it, and extending to

splendid edifices were erected, an imperial palace, numerous residences for the chief officers of the court, churches, baths, a hippodrome; and inhabitants were procured from every quarter. Its rapid increase called, from time to time, for a corresponding enlargement of the city, until, in the reign of Theodosius II., when the new walls were erected (the previous ones having been thrown down by an earthquake), Constantinople attained to the size which it at present has. (Zonaras, 13, 23.) Chalcondylas supposes the walls of the city to be 111 stadia in circumference; Gyllius, about thirteen Italian miles; but, according to the best modern plans of Constantinople, it is not less than 19,700 yards. The number of gates is twenty-eight; fourteen on the side of the port, seven towards the land, and as many on the Propontis. The city is built on a triangular promontory, and the number of hills which it covers is seven. Besides the name of Constantinopolis, or Constantinou polis (Kwvotavtívou móλ), this city had also the more imposing one of New Rome (Néa Púun), which, however, gradually fell into disuse. At the present day, the peasants in the neighbourhood, while they repair to Constantinople, say in vulgar Greek that they are going es tan bolin (i. e., èç тàv πó), "to the city," whence has arisen the Turkish name of the place, namely, Stamboul. The more polished or less barbarous inhabitants, however, frequently call it Constantinia. It is easy to recognise in the vulgar Greek of the peasantry, as just given, the remains of the ancient Doric. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 154, seqq.) For an account of the Byzantine empire consult the succeeding article, at the end of which also will be found some remarks on the Byzantine historians, as they have been denominated. -Constantinople was taken by Mohammed II., on the 29th May, A.D. 1453.

name,

BYZANTINUM IMPERIUM. The Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire, comprehended at first, in Asia, the country on this side of the Euphrates, the coasts of the Black Sea, and Asia Minor; in Africa, Egypt; and in Europe, all the countries from the Hellespont to the Adriatic and Danube. This survived the Western Empire 1000 years, and was even increased by the addition of Italy and the coasts of the Mediterranean. It commenced in 395, when Theodosius divided the Roman empire between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. The Eastern Empire fell to the elder, Arcadius, through whose weakness it suffered many misfortunes. During his minority Rufinus was his guardian and minister, between whom and Stilicho, the minister of the Western Empire, a fierce rivalry existed. The Goths laid waste Greece. Eutropius, the successor, and Gainas, the murderer, of Rufinus, were ruined by their own crimes. The latter lost his life in a civil war excited by him (A.D. 400). Arcadius and his empire were now ruled by his proud and covetous wife Eudoxia, till her death (A.D. 404). The Isaurians and the Huns wasted the provinces of Asia, and the country along the Danube. Theodosius, the younger, succeeded his father (A.D. 408), under the guardianship of his sister Pulcheria. Naturally of an inferior mind, his education had made him entirely imbecile, and unfit for self-command. Pulcheria, who bore the title of Augusta, administered the kingdom ably. Of the Western Empire, which had been ceded to Valentinian, Theodosius retained Western Illyria. The Greeks fought with success against the King of the Persians, Varanes. The kingdom of Armenia, thrown into confusion by internal dissensions, and claimed at

Inter

After

the same time by the Romans and the Persians, be- | their officers, emperor. Mauritius was taken in his came now an apple of contention between the two flight and put to death (A.D. 602). The vices of Phonations (A.D. 440.) Attila laid waste the dominions cas, and his incapacity for government, produced the of Theodosius, and obliged him to pay tribute. After greatest disorders in the empire. Heraclius, son of the death of her brother, Pulcheria was acknowledged the governor of Africa, took up arms, conquered Conempress (A.D. 450). She was the first female who at- stantinople, and caused Phocas to be executed (A.D. tained this dignity. She gave her hand to the senator 610). He distinguished himself only in the short peMarcian, and raised him to the throne. His wisdom riod of the Persian war. During the first twelve and valour averted the attacks of the Huns from the years of his reign, the Avari, and other nations of the frontiers, but he did not support the Western Empire Danube, plundered the European provinces, and the in its wars against the Huns and Vandals with suffi- Persians conquered the coasts of Syria and Egypt. cient energy. He afforded shelter to a part of the Having finally succeeded in pacifying the Avari, be Germans and Sarmatians, who were driven to the Ro- marched against the Persians (A.D. 622), and defeatman frontiers by the incursions of the Huns. Pulche-ed them; but, during this time, the Avari, who had ria died before him in 453. Leo I. (A.D. 457), a renewed the war, made an unsuccessful attack on prince praised by contemporary authors, was chosen Constantinople in 626. Taking advantage of an insuccessor of Marcian. His expeditions against the surrection of the subjects of Chosroes, he penetrated Vandals (A.D. 467) were unsuccessful. His grand- into the centre of Persia. By the peace concluded son Leo would have succeeded him, but died a minor with Siroes (A.D. 628), he recovered the lost provinces shortly after him, having named his father Zeno his and the holy cross. But the Arabians, who, meancolleague (A.D. 474). The government of this weak while, had become powerful under Mohammed and emperor, who was hated by his subjects, was disturbed the califs, conquered Phoenicia, the countries on the by rebellions and internal disorders of the empire. Euphrates, Judea, Syria, and all Egypt (A.D. 631– The Goths depopulated their provinces till their king, 641). Among his descendants there was not one able Theodoric, turned his arms against Italy (A.D. 489). prince. He was succeeded by his son Constantine Ariadne, widow of Zeno, raised the minister Anasta- III., probably in conjunction with his step-brother sius, whom she married, to the throne (A.D. 491). Heracleonas. The former soon died, and the latter The nation, once excited to discontents and tumults, lost his crown and was mutilated. After him, Concould not be entirely appeased by the alleviation of stans, son of Constantine, obtained the throne (A.D. their burdens and by wise decrees. The forces of the 642). His sanguinary spirit of persecution, and the empire, being thus weakened, could not offer an ef- murder of his brother Theodosius, made him odious fectual resistance to the Persians and the barbarians to the nation. The Arabians, pursuing their conalong the Danube. To prevent their incursions into quests, took from him part of Africa, Cyprus, and the peninsula of Constantinople, Anastasius built the Rhodes, and defeated him at sea (A.D. 653). long wall, as it is called. After the death of Anasta- nal disturbances obliged him to make peace. sius, the soldiers proclaimed Justin emperor (A.D. this he left Constantinople (A.D. 659), and, in the 518). Notwithstanding his low birth, he maintained following year, carried on an unsuccessful war against possession of the throne. Religious persecutions, the Lombards in Italy, in which he lost his life at Syrwhich he undertook at the instigation of the clergy, acuse (A.D. 660). Constantine IV., Pogonatus, son and various crimes into which he was seduced by his of Constans, vanquished his Syracusan competitor Menephew Justinian, disgrace his reign. After his early zizius, and, in the beginning of his reign, shared the death, in 521, he was succeeded by the same Justin- government with his brothers Tiberius and Heraclius. ian, to whom, though he deserves not the name of The Arabians inundated all Africa and Sicily, penethe Great, many virtues of a ruler cannot be denied. trated through Asia Minor into Thrace, and attacked He was renowned as a legislator, and his reign was Constantinople for several successive years by sea distinguished by the victories of his general Belisa-|(A.D. 669). Nevertheless, he made peace with them rius; but how unable he was to revive the strength on favourable terms. But, on the other hand, the of his empire was proved by its rapid decay after his Bulgarians obliged him to pay a tribute (A.D. 680). death. Justin II., his successor (A.D. 565), was an Justinian II., his son and successor, weakened the avaricious, cruel, weak prince, governed by his wife. power of the Maronites, but fought without success The Lombards tore from him part of Italy (A.D. against the Bulgarians and Arabians. Leonitius de568). His war with Persia, for the possession of Ar- throned this cruel prince, had him mutilated, and sent menia, was unsuccessful; the Avari plundered the to the Tauric Chersonese (A.D. 695). Leonitius was provinces on the Danube, and the violence of his grief dethroned by Apsimar, or Tiberius III. (A.D. 698), at these misfortunes deprived him of reason. Tibe- who was himself dethroned by Trebelius, king of the rius, his minister, a man of merit, was declared Cæ- Bulgarians, who restored Justinian to the throne (A.D. sar, and the general Justinian conducted the war 705); but Philippicus Bardanes rebelled anew against against Persia with success. The Greeks now al- him. With Justinian II. the race of Heraclius was lied themselves, for the first time, with the Turks. extinguished. The only care of Philippicus was the Against his successor, Tiberius II. (A.D. 578), the spreading of Monotheism, while the Arabians wasted Empress Sophia and the general Justinian conspired in Asia Minor and Thrace. In opposition to this prince, vain. From the Avari the emperor purchased peace; who was universally hated, the different armies profrom the Persians it was extorted by his general Mau- claimed their leaders emperors, among whom Leo ritius or Maurice (A.D. 582). This commander Ti- the Isaurian obtained the superiority (A.D. 713-714). berius declared Cæsar in the same year. Mauritius, Leo repelled the Arabians from Constantinople, which under other circumstances, would have made an ex- they had attacked for almost two years, and suppresscellent monarch, but for the times he wanted prudence ed the rebellion excited by Basilius and the former and resolution. He was indebted for the tranquillity emperor Anastasius. From 726 the abolition of the of the eastern frontiers to the gratitude of King Chos- worship of images absorbed his attention, and the roes II., whom, in 591, he restored to the throne Italian provinces were allowed to become a prey to the from which he had been deposed by his subjects. Lombards, while the Arabians plundered the eastern Nevertheless, the war against the Avari was unsuc- provinces. After his death (A.D. 741) his son Concessful, through the errors of Commentiolus. The stantine V. ascended the throne, a courageous, active, army was discontented, and was irritated, now by un- and noble prince. He vanquished his rebellious timely severity and parsimony, and now by timid in- brother-in-law Artabasdus, wrested from the Arabians dulgence. They finally proclaimed Phocas, one of part of Syria and Armenia, and overcame at last the

Bulgarians, against whom he had been long unsuccess-1143, was also not unfortunate. His son, Alexius ful. He died (A.D. 775), and was succeeded by his II., succeeded (A.D. 1180), and was dethroned by his son Leo III., who fought successfully against the guardian Andronicus, as was the latter by Isaac (A.D. Arabians; and this latter, by his son Constantine VI., 1185). After a reign disturbed from without and whose imperious mother Irene, his guardian and asso- within, Isaac was dethroned by his brother, Alexius ciate in the government, raised a powerful party by III. (A.D. 1195). The crusaders restored him and the restoration of the worship of images. He en- his son Alexius IV.; but the seditious Constantinodeavoured in vain to free himself from dependance on politans proclaimed Alexius V., Ducas Murzuphlus, ber and her favourite Stauratius, and died in 796, after emperor, who put Alexius IV. to death. At the same having had his eyes put out. The war against the Ara- time Isaac II. died. During the last reigns, the kings bians and Bulgarians was long continued; against the of Sicily had made many conquests on the coasts of former it was unsuccessful. The design of the em- the Adriatic. The Latins now forced their way to press to marry Charlemagne excited the discontent of Constantinople (A.D. 1204), conquered the city, and the patricians, who placed one of their own order, Ni- retained it, together with most of the European terricephorus, upon the throne (A.D. 802). Irene died in tories of the empire. Baldwin, count of Flanders, a monastery. Nicephorus became tributary to the was made emperor; Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, Arabians, and fell in the war against the Bulgarians obtained Thessalonica as a kingdom, and the Vene(A.D. 811). Stauratius, his son, was deprived of the tians acquired a large extent of territory. In Rhodes, crown by Michael I., and he in turn by Leo IV. (A.D. Philadelphia, Corinth, and Epirus, independent sover813). Leo was dethroned and put to death by Michael eigns arose. Theodore Lascaris seized on the Asiatic II. (A.D. 826). During the reign of the latter, the provinces, bore the title of emperor at Nice, and was, Arabians conquered Sicily, Lower Italy, Crete, and at first, more powerful than Baldwin. A descendant other countries. Michael prohibited the worship of of the Comneni, named Alexius, established a princiimages; as did also his son Theophilus. Theodora, pality at Trebisond, in which his great-grandson John guardian of his son Michael III., put a stop to the dis- took the title of emperor. Neither Baldwin nor his pute about images (A.D. 841). During a cruel per- successors were able to secure the tottering throne. secution of the Manichæans, the Arabians devastated He himself died in captivity among the Bulgarians the Asiatic provinces. The dissolute and extravagant (1206). To him succeeded Henry, his brother, with Michael confined his mother in a monastery. The Peter, brother-in-law of Henry, and his son Robert government was administered in his name by Bardas, (A.D. 1221). With the exception of Constantinople, his uncle, and after the death of Bardas by Basil, who all the remaining Byzantine territory, including Theswas put to death by Michael (A.D. 867). Basil I., salonica, was conquered by John, emperor of Nice. who came to the throne in 867, was not altogether a Baldwin II., brother of Robert, under the guardianship contemptible monarch. He died A.D. 886. The of his colleague, John Brienne, king of Jerusalem, died reign of his learned son, Leo V., was not very happy. in 1237. Michael Palæologus, king of Nice, conHe died A.D. 911. His son, Constantine VIII., Por-quered Constantinople in 1261, and Baldwin died in phyrogenitus, a minor when he succeeded his father, the West a private person. The sovereigns of Nice, was placed under the guardianship of his colleague up to this period, were Theodore Lascaris (A.D. Alexander, and after Alexander's death in 912, under 1204); John Ducas Patatzes, a good monarch and that of his mother Zoe. Romanus Lakopenus, his successful warrior (A.D. 1222); Theodore II., his general, obliged him, in 919, to share the throne with son (A.D. 1259), who was deprived of the crown by him and his children. Constantine subsequently took Michael Palæologus (A.D. 1260). In 1261 Michael sole possession of it again, and reigned mildly but took Constantinople from the Latins. He laboured to weakly. His son Romanus II. succeeded him in 959, unite himself with the Latin church, but his son Anand fought successfully against the Arabians. To dronicus renounced the connexion. Internal disturbhim succeeded, in 963, his general Nicephorus, who ances and foreign wars, particularly with the Turks, was put to death by his own general, John Zimisces threw the exhausted empire into confusion. Andron(A.D. 970), who carried on a successful war against icus III., his grandson, obliged him to divide the the Russians. Basil II., son of Romanus, succeeded throne (A.D. 1322), and, at length, wrested it entirely this good prince. He vanquished the Bulgarians and from him. Andronicus died a monk (A.D. 1328). the Arabians. His brother, Constantine IX. (A.D. Andronicus IV., who ascended the throne in the same 1025), was not equal to him. Romanus III. became year, waged war unsuccessfully against the Turks, and emperor (A.D. 1028) by a marriage with Zoe, daugh- died A.D. 1341. His son John was obliged to share ter of Constantine. This dissolute but able princess the throne with his guardian, John Cantacuzenus, ducaused her husband to be executed, and successively ring ten years. The son of the latter, Matthew, was raised to the throne Michael IV. (A.D. 1034), Mi- also made emperor, but John Cantacuzenus resigned chael V. (A.D. 1041), and Constantine X. (A.D. the crown, and Matthew was compelled to abdicate 1042). Russians and Arabians meanwhile devastated (A.D. 1355.) Under the reign of John, the Turks the empire. Her sister Theodora succeeded her on first obtained a firm footing in Europe, and conquered the throne (A.D. 1053). Her successor, Michael VI. Gallipolis (A.D. 1357). The family of Palæologus, (A.D. 1056), was dethroned by Isaac Comnenus in from this time, were gradually deprived of their Euro1057, who became a monk (A.D. 1059). His suc- pean territories, partly by revolt, and partly by the cessor, Constantine XI., Ducas, fought successfully Turks. The sultan Amurath took Adrianople A.D. against the Uzes. Eudocia, his wife, guardian of his 1361. Bajazet conquered almost all the European sons Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine, was in- provinces except Constantinople, and obliged John to trusted with the administration (A.D. 1067), married pay him tribute. The latter was, some time after, Romanus IV., and brought him the crown. He car-driven out by his own son Manuel (A.D. 1391). ried on an unsuccessful war against the Turks, who Bajazet besieged Constantinople, defeated an army of kept him for some time prisoner. Michael VII., son of western warriors under Sigismund, near Nicopolis, and Constantine, deprived him of the throne (A.D. 1071). | Michael was dethroned by Nicephorus III. (A.D. 1078), and the latter by Alexius I., Comnenus (A.D. 1081). Under his reign the crusades commenced. His son, John II., came to the throne in 1118, and fought with great success against the Turks and other barbarians. The reign of his son Manuel I., who succeeded him in

Manuel was obliged to place John, son of Andronicus, on his throne. Timour's invasion of the Turkish provinces saved Constantinople for this time (A.D. 1402). Manuel then recovered his throne, and regained some of the lost provinces from the contending sons of Bajazet. To him succeeded his son John (A.D. 1425), whom Amurath II. stripped of all his

(dpaλérns) erected by him, probably for the use of the mines which were in this vicinity. (Strab., 556.) It was here that Mithradates posted himself with his army, in the campaign which followed the disastrous retreat from Cyzicus, in order that he might afford succours to the neighbouring cities of Amisus and Eupac. 78.) On his second defeat, however, it fell into the hands of that general, with several other cities. Pompey afterward enlarged the place, and changed its name to Diopolis. Pythodorus subsequently made farther improvements in this city, and, having finally fixed his residence there, bestowed on it the appellation of Sebaste. (Strab., l. c.) The modern Sirvas appears to some to indicate the site of the ancient Sebaste, but belongs rather to Sebastia, at least 120 miles from Magnopolis, whereas Cabira was only 150 stadia from the latter place. We must look rather for the remains of the city of Cabira or Sebaste (Sebastopolis) on the right bank of the Lycus, between Niksar and Tchenikeh, or Magnopolis. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 311, seqq.)

territories except Constantinople, and extorted from him a tribute (A.D. 1444). To the emperor John succeeded his brother Constantine. With the assistance of his general, the Genoese Justinian, he withstood the superior forces of the enemy with fruitless courage, and fell in the defence of Constantinople, by the conquest of which, May 29, A.D. 1453, Moham-toria, besieged by Lucullus. (Appian, Bell. Mithrad., med II. put an end to the Greek or Byzantine empire. (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 359, seqq.)-The events which have just been detailed are recorded by a series of Greek authors, known by the general name of Byzantine historians. Their works relate to the history of the lower empire, from the fourth century to the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks, and to the Turkish history for some period later. They display in their writings the faults of a degenerate age, but are valuable for the information which they furnish, being the principal source from which we obtain the history of the decay of the Eastern empire. The most valuable of the number are Zonaras, Nicetas, Nicephorus, and Chalcondylas. These four form a continued history of the Byzantine empire to the year 1470. Of the remaining authors, who give us histories of detached portions of this same period, the following deserve particular mention, and are given in chronologi cal order: 1. Procopus; 2. Agathias; 3. Theophylactus; 4. Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople; 5. Johannes Scylitzes; 6. Anna Comnena; 7. Georgius Acropolita; 8. Georgius Pachymeres; 9. Johannes Cantacuzenus; 10. Georgius Codinus; 11. Constantinus Porphyrogenitus; 12. Ducas; 13. Anselmus Bandurius; 14. Petrus Gyllius; 15. Zosimus; 16. Georgius Phranza.-Besides editions of individual works or of entire authors, we have the united works of these writers in what is called the Corpus Byzantinum, in 27 (counted sometimes as 23) volumes folio. A much more correct edition, however, is that which was published at Paris, under the title of Corpus Scriptorum Historie Byzantine (from the royal press, 23 vols. fol.) This was reprinted at Venice, with a different arrangement of the works, in 1729-1733. These collections, however, are rarely to be found complete. The best edition will undoubtedly be that, now in a course of publication, from the press of Weber, at Bonn in Germany. It was commenced under the editorial care of the celebrated Niebuhr, aided by other eminent scholars, in 1828, and has been continued since his death. It is of the octavo form. (Pierer, Lex. Univ., vol. 4, p. 582.) BYZAS, a Thracian prince. (Consult remarks at the commencement of the article Byzantium.) BYZIA. Vid. Bizya.

CABIRI, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes and Lemnos, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. Their number was not fixed, but was commonly given as four, and the names of these four were Axierus, Axiokersus, Axiokersa, and Casmillus. Their mysteries were celebrated with great solemnity, and, according to some, with much impurity. They were supposed, among other things, to preside over metals, and were represented as small of size, with a hammer on the shoulder, and a half eggshell on the head. They were still farther deformed by projecting bellies and phallic appendages. Creuzer traces the worship of the Cabiri, in the first instance, to the Phoenicians, and makes these deities identical with the Pataeci, or Patæci, of this people. (Herodot., 3, 37.) He then proceeds to find vestiges of these same Cabiri in Upper Asia, in the name of the Pontic city Cabira; in the Mesopota mian Carræ, the medals of which place seem to associate the worship of the Cabiri with that of the god Lunus, and also in the Chaldean river Chobar or Chaboras. He discovers also in Malta, among the remains of Punic preserved in the vulgar dialect of the island, some traces of the name Cabiri in the word Qbir or Kibir, which seems to designate an ancient pagan divinity, and is now taken to denote "the devil." (Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 286. -Münter, Religion der Carthager, ed. 2, p. 87.) Other writers believe, that they discover traces of the Cabiri in Persia, and refer to the Gabarini, or “strong men," whom the essential ideas of metallurgy and of arms would seem naturally to assimilate, either to the robust forge-men of Vulcan at Lemnos, or to the armed priests of Phrygia, Crete, and different parts of Greece. (Foucher, sur la Religion des Perses.—Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript., &c., vol. 29.) Others, again, have recourse to the mythology of India, and find the root of the name Cabiri in the Hindu Cuvera. (Wilford, Asiatic Researches, vol. 5, p. 297, seqq.—Polier, MyCABALLINUM, a town of the Ædui, in Gallia Lugdu-thol. des Indous, vol. 2, p. 312, seqq.) The best etynensis, southeast of Bibracte, now Châlons-sur-Saône.mology, no doubt, is that which makes the appellation Ptolemy gives Caballinum (Kabá22vov), as here writCæsar (B. G., 7, 42, et 90) has Cabillonum; the Itin. Ant., Cabillio; and Ammianus Marcellinus, Cabillo (14, 31).

C.

CABALICA, a town of Albania, on the southeastern declivity of Caucasus, near the Caspian Sea (Plin., 4, 10). Ptolemy calls it Chabala (Xábaλa). · It is thought to correspond to the modern Cablasvar, in Georgia. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 217.)

ten.

of these deities a Phoenician one, denoting "powerful," "strong;" and hence the titles, Ocoì μéyahoı, övva Toí, which the Cabiri frequently received among the Greeks. With the Cabiri, viewed in this light, may CABIRA, I. a wife of Vulcan. She was one of the be compared the Dii Potes of the augural books of Oceanides. Her offspring, according to the Ionian the Romans. (Varro, L. L., 4, 10, p. 16, ed. Scalig.) school, were the deities called Cabiri. (Vid. Cabiri.)-Schelling, however (über die Gottheiten von SamoII. A city of Pontus, in Asia Minor, south of Mag-thrace, p. 107, seqq.), gives a new etymology (the nopolis, and at the foot of Mount Paryadres. It Hebrew Chaberim), by which the name Cabiri is made was at one time the favourite residence of Mithrada- to signify "the associate deities," and he compares tes. His palace, park, and preserves were still in ex- these deities with the Dii Consentes or Dii Complices, istence when Strabo wrote, as well as a water-mill | whose worship the Romans borrowed from the Etruri

ans. The same learned writer compares the names | they lost this triple origin: three of them remained hidKabelpot, Kábapor, Kóbaλot (which, according to him, den powers, sons of the cosmogonical Jove, and of are identical), with the German Kobold, "goblin," and Proserpina, the passive principle of fecundity as well finds in them all a common idea. His theory respect- as of destruction: the two others took the Greek names ing the worship of the Cabiri, which he refers exclu- of Castor and Pollux, and had Leda for a mother, the sively to Phoenician, Hebrew, and Semitic sources, dif- mistress of Olympian Jove. (Cic.,_ N. D., 3, 21.3 fers in several important points from that of Creuzer, For, in Egypt, their mother was not Leda, but Nemeand has excited a great deal of attention on the conti- sis, one of the appellations of Athyr, or the primitive nent of Europe. It is in following the footsteps of night. The amour of Jupiter also has here a fantastic Schelling that Pictet thinks he has found, in the my-character, which is sensibly weakened in the Grecian thology of the ancient Irish, the worship, and even the fable. Not only does Jupiter change himself into a very names, of the Cabiri of Samothrace. (Du Culte swan, but he likewise directs Venus to pursue him undes Cabires chez les anciens Irlandais, Geneve, 1824. der the form of an eagle, and he takes refuge in the -Compare Bibliotheque Universelle, vol. 24.) On the bosom of Nemesis, whom slumber seizes, and who other hand, C. O. Müller, in a very remarkable disserta- offers an easy conquest to her divine lover. Hermes tion appended to his work on Orchomenus (Orchomenos thereupon conveys the egg to Sparta, and Leda incuund die Minyer, Beilage 2, p. 450, seqq.-Gesch. der bates it. The Greeks, rejecting altogether the cosHellenischer Stämme, &c., vol. 1), and Welcker (Tri- mogonical personage Nemesis, made Leda the real logie der Prometheus, Darmstadt, 1824, 8vo), reject mother, and the ancient Cabiri became thus a compothe Phoenician, or, more properly speaking, Oriental nent part of the national mythology. The Ionian origin of the Cabiri. The first of these writers sees school, however, faithful to the principles of a sacerin them a worship purely Pelasgic, and, up to a certain dotal philosophy, continued to call them the offspring point, the primitive religion of the Greeks entire, with of the eternal fire, Vulcan, and of the nymph Cabira, a distant relation, at the same time, to the Theogonies one of the Oceanides, which recalls the generation by of India; the second discovers a mixture of various fire and water. When astronomy was introduced into elements, successively amalgamated, and the most an- the religion of Greece, they became the star of the cient of which would be the Dardan or Trojan Penates, morning and the star of evening. It is possible to see becoming, in process of time, the Dioscuri, or else con- an allusion to this idea in Homer. (Il., 3, 243.-Od., founded with them, and at an early period transported 11, 302.) At a later period they became the Twins. to Rome. According to Constant (de la Religion, (Constant, de la Relig., vol. 2, p. 433, seqq., in notis.)— vol. 2, p. 430), the Cabiri designated the two grand As regards the names of the individual Cabiri, it may opposing powers in each department of nature, and be remarked, that they all appear decidedly Oriental. represented by turns the earth and the heavens, moist- The etymologies given to them are as follows: Axieros ure and dryness, the body and soul, inert matter and is said to have signified, in Egyptian, "the all-powervivifying intelligence. Their number was not fixed, ful one," and he is supposed by some to be identical but varied according to the necessity under which the with Phtha or Vulcan. Axiokersus is made to denote priests found themselves of expressing the cosmogon- "the great fecundator," and is thought to have been the ical powers. Their figures were at first excessively same with Mars, the planet named in Egyptian Ertosi, deformed; they were represented under the guise of a word which presents the same idea. Axiokersa is distorted dwarfs, and under these forms were brought consequently "the great fecundatrix," Aphrodite or to Samothrace. Their worship consisted in orgies Venus, the companion of Mars. (Zoega, de Obelisc., closely resembling those of the Phrygian Cybele. The p. 220.-Compare Münter, Antiquar. Abhandl., p. 190, Grecian mythology at length received them, and the seqq.) As to the fourth personage, Casmillus, the poets, in examining their attributes, sought to ascer- name is said to import "the all-wise" by those who tain which of them were susceptible of the necessary trace it to the Egyptian. (Zoega, l. c.) Bochart, transformation. The statues of the Cabiri were placed however, with more probability, compares it with the in the port of Samothrace. They presided over the Hebrew Cosmiel, which signifies "a servant," "a minwinds. Hence, with the Greeks, they became gods ister of the deity." (Geogr. Sacr., 1, p. 396.) Bofavourable to navigators and terrible to pirates. (Ni- chart gives Hebrew derivations also for the other names gid., ap. Schol. Germ. in imag. Gemin.) They ap- of the Cabiri. Schelling, more recently, proceeding peared also, according to the Grecian belief, on the on the same principle, arrives at a similar result with tops of masts, under the form of brilliant flames, to an- | Bochart, but in a quite different way. (Samothrac. nounce the end of tempests. (Diod. Sic., 4, 43.) Gottheiten, p. 16, 17, 63, 67, seqq.) His new etyExpressing, as they did, among other things, the op-mologies, however, as those of Zoega, are not regardposition between light and darkness, they became with ed very favourably by De Sacy, in the note to Saintethe Greeks two deities, one of whom was hidden be- Croix's work, Mystéres du Paganisme, vol. 1, p. 43. neath the earth, while the other shone in the skies. Münter defends the explanations of Zoega, and mainThe Cabiri proceeded from the cosmogonical egg: tains, in general, with Creuzer, the Egyptian origin of and hence, with the Greeks, the new deities came the Cabiri. He inclines, however, to consider the forth from an egg, the fruit of the amour of Jupiter last of the four, Casmillus, as of Phoenician origin, and with Leda. In order, however, to nationalize them explains it with Schelling, in a more simple manner still more, they were made the tutelary heroes of than Bochart, by the term Cadmiel, "he who stands Sparta, and to preside over the Olympic games. before the deity," or "who beholds the face of the dei(Pind., Olymp., 3, 63, seqq.) They became identi- ty." (Religion der Carthager, 2d ed., p. 89, seqq.) fied, through Helen, with the family of the Atride. Warlike adventures were ascribed to them. (Pausan., 3, 13.) Winged coursers were given them by the gods. (Stesich. ap. Tertull. in Spectac., p. 9, seqq.) They received the names of Castor and Pollux; and thus the hideous Cabiri became the beauteous Tyndaridæ. -The whole fable of the Cabiri is singularly obscure. In Egypt they were at first five in number, in allusion to the five intercalary days necessary for completing the year. Under this astronomical point of view they had three fathers, the Sun, Hermes, and Saturn. (Plut., de Is. et Os.) In the transition from Egypt to Greece

Müller, Welcker, Schwenk, and Völcker have explored the Greek language alone for an elucidation of these mysterious names. And yet the first of these learned writers, in spite of his purely Hellenic system, cannot prevent himself from being struck by the remarkable coincidence, as well real as verbal, between Cama, the Hindu god of love, and Casmillus (Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 293, seqq., in notis.)

CABIRIA, I. a surname of Ceres.-II. The festivals of the Cabiri. (Vid. Cabiri.)

CACA, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Ca