tum is said to have been given it on account of its un- | Demetrius Poliorcetes; but, on the young prince's healthy atmosphere. The more auspicious appellation having come from Macedonia to Cyrene, she became of Beneventum was substituted when the Romans sent attached to him herself. Demetrius, conducting hima colony thither (A.U.C. 483). Tradition ascribed self insolently, was slain in a conspiracy, at the head the foundation of this city to Diomede (Solinus, c. 8. of which was Berenice. The latter thereupon mar-Steph. Byz., s. v.), but other accounts would lead ried her brother Ptolemy (Euergetes) III. A short us to believe that it was first possessed by the Auso-time after the nuptials, Ptolemy was obliged to go on nes. (Festus, s. v. Auson.) It remained in the pos- an expedition into Syria, and Berenice made a vow session of the Romans during the whole of the second that she would consecrate her beautiful head of hair Punic war, and obtained the thanks of the senate for to Venus if her husband returned safe to Egypt. its firm attachment to the republic at that critical pe- Upon his return she fulfilled her vow in the temple of riod. (Liv., 27, 10.) We subsequently hear of its Venus Zephyrites. On the following day, however, being a second time colonized by the veteran soldiers of the hair was not to be found. As both the monarch Augustus, and also a third time under Nero. (Front. and his queen were greatly disquieted at the loss, de Col.-Compare Tacitus, Ann., 15, 34.-Ptol., p. Conon the Samaritan, an eminent astronomer of the 66.) The account which Horace gives of the fare he day, in order to conciliate the royal favour, declared there met with in his journey to Brundisium, will oc- that the locks of Berenice had been removed by divine cur to every reader. Beneventum was situated near interposition, and translated to the skies in the form the junction of the Sabatus and Calor, now Sabbato of a constellation. Hence the cluster of stars near and Calore. Its position was a very important one, the tail of the Lion is called Coma Berenices ("Bersince here the main roads intersected each other from enice's hair"). Callimachus wrote a piece on this Latium into Southern Italy, and from Samnium into subject, now lost, but a translation of which into Latin Campania. Under the Lombards Beneventum became verse by Catullus has reached our time. (Catull., the capital of a powerful dukedom. It abounds in re- Carm., 66.-Compare Hygin., Poet. Astron., 2, 24. mains of ancient sculpture above any other town in-Doering, ad Catull., I. c.-Heyne, de genio saculi Italy. The most beautiful relic of former days, at Ptolemæorum, Opusc., vol. 1, p. 177.) Berenice was this place, is the arch of Trajan, which forms one of put to death B.C. 216, by the orders of Ptolemy Phithe entrances into the city. Near Beneventum Pyr- lopator, her son.-III. A daughter of Ptolemy Philarhus was defeated by Dentatus, A.U.C. 479. It is delphus, given by him in marriage to Antiochus Theos, now Benevento. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. king of Syria, in order to cement a peace between the 246.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 791, seqq.) two countries. After the death of her father, AntioBERECYNTIA, a surname of Cybele, from Mount chus put her aside and recalled his former wife LaodBerecyntus in Phrygia, where she was particularly wor-ice. This last, having taken off Antiochus by poison, shipped. (Stat., Theb., 4, 782.-Virg., En., 9, 82.) sought to destroy Berenice also as well as her son. BERECYNTII, a Phrygian tribe, celebrated by the This son was surprised and carried off by an emissapoets in connexion with Cybele, so often styled "Ber-ry of Laodice's, and shortly after put to death; and ecyntia Mater." Pliny places the Berecyntian district on the borders of Caria, about the Glaucus and Mæander. (Plin., 5, 29.) BERECYNTUS, a mountain in Phrygia Major, on the banks of the river Sangarius. It was sacred to Cybele, who is hence styled Berecyntia Mater, "The Berecynthian mother." (Serv., ad En., 9, 82.) His Berenice, in searching for him, was entrapped and slain, B.C. 246.-IV. Called by some authors Cleopatra, was the only legitimate child of Ptolemy Lathurus, and ascended the throne after the death of her father, B.C. 81. Sylla, who was at that time dictator, compelled her to marry, and share her throne with, her cousin, who took the name of Ptolemy Alexander. BERENICE (less correctly BERONICE), a name com- She was poisoned by the latter only nineteen days mon to several females of antiquity. It is of Greek after the marriage.-V. Daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. origin, and means "victory-bringing," or "bearer of The people of Alexandrea having revolted against this victory," the initial ẞ being written, according to Ma- prince, B.C. 58, drove him out, and placed upon the cedonian usage, for the letter ø, or, in other words, throne his two daughters, Tryphena and Berenice. The Bepɛvíkη being put for depɛvíkn, just as the Macedo- former died soon after, and Berenice was given in nians said Biños for díλiñños. (Maittaire, Dial., marriage to Seleucus, surnamed Cybiosactes. p. 184, ed. Sturz.)-The most remarkable of this personal deformity, however, and vicious character, name were the following: I. the granddaughter of soon rendered him so odious to the queen, that she Cassander, brother of Antipater. She married Philip, caused him to be strangled. Berenice then married a Macedonian, probably one of the officers of Alexan- Archelaus; but, Ptolemy Auletes having been reder, and became by him the mother of many children, stored by Gabinius, the Roman commander, she was among whom were Magas, king of Cyrene, and Anti-put to death by her own father, B.C. 55.-VI. A nagone, whom she married to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. She followed into Egypt Eurydice, daughter of Antipater, who returned to that country to rejoin her husband Ptolemy I. Berenice inspired this prince with so strong a passion that he put away Eurydice, although he had children by her, and married the former. He also gave the preference, in the succession to the throne, to her son Ptolemy, notwithstanding the better claims of his offspring by Eurydice. Berenice was remarkable for her beauty, and her portrait often appears on the medals of Ptolemy I., along with that of the latter. II. Daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoë. She followed her mother into exile, and retired with her to the court of Magas, at Cyrene, who married Arsinoë, and adopted Berenice. This will serve to explain why Polybius and Justin make Berenice to have been the daughter of Magas, while Callimachus gives Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoe as her parents. After the death of Magas, Arsinoë engaged her daughter in marriage to Demetrius, son of tive of Chios, and one of the wives of Mithradates of Pontus. On the overthrow of this monarch's power by Lucullus, Berenice, in obedience to an order from her husband, took poison along with his other wives; but this not proving effectual, she was strangled by the eunuch Bacchus, B.C. 71.-VII. Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Judæa, and born A.D. 28. She was at first affianced to Marcus, son of Alexander; but this young man having died, Agrippa gave her in marriage to his brother Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she became the mother of two sons, Berenicianus and Hyrcanus. Having lost her husband when she was at the age of twenty, she went to live with her brother Agrippa, a circumstance which gave rise to reports injurious to her character. To put an end to these rumours, she made proposals to Polemo, king of Cilicia, and offered to become his wife if he would embrace Judaism. Polemo consented, but she soon left him, and returned, in all probability, to her brother, for she was with the latter when St. Paul was arrested antiquity, and is often mentioned by the early writers. Its situation, as is generally agreed, answers to that of the present Kara Veria. Some interesting circumstances respecting Beroa are to be found in the Acts of the Apostles (17, 11.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 232). at Jerusalem, A.D. 63. The commerce between the guilty pair became now so public, that the rumour even reached Rome, and we find Juvenal alluding to the affair in one of his satires (6, 155). She followed Agrippa when he went to join Vespasian, whom Nero had charged to reduce the Jews to obedience. A new scene now opened for her; she won the affec- BEROSUS, a Babylonian historian, rendered much tions of Titus, and, at a subsequent period, when Ves- more famous by the mention of others than from anypasian was established on the throne, and Titus re-thing which is known of his own performances. He was turned home after terminating the Jewish war, she priest of the temple of Belus in the time of Alexander, accompanied him to Rome along with her brother and, having learned the Greek language from the MaAgrippa. At Rome she lived openly with Titus, and cedonians, he removed to Greece, and opened a school took up her abode in the imperial palace, as we learn of astronomy and astrology in the island of Cos, where from Dio Cassius, who states also that she was then in his productions acquired him great fame with the Athethe flower of her age. Titus, it is said, intended even nians. The ancients mention three books of his, relto acknowledge her as his wife; but he was compelled ative to the history of the Chaldeans, of which Joseby the murmurs of his subjects to abandon this idea, phus and Eusebius have preserved fragments. As a and he sent her away from the city soon after his ac- priest of Belus, he possessed every advantage which cession to the throne. Such, at least, is the account the records of the temple, and the learning and tradigiven by Suetonius (Tit., 7), who appears more enti- tions of the Chaldæans, could afford, and seems to tled to belief than Dio Cassius, according to whom have composed his work with a serious regard for Titus sent Berenice away before his accession to the truth. Annius of Viterbo published a work under the throne, and refused to receive her again, when she name of Berosus, which was soon discovered to be a had returned to Rome a short time after the com- forgery. (Cory's Ancient Fragments, p. viii., Præf.) mencement of his reign. (Dio Cass., 66, 15 et 18.) -There is a great difficulty attending the history of this Berenice as regards her intimacy with Titus. She must, at least, have been forty-two years of age when she first became acquainted with the Roman prince, and fifty-one years old at the period of the celebrated scene which forms the subject of Racine's tragedy. Many are inclined to believe, therefore, that the Berenice to whom Titus was attached was the daughter of Mariamne and Archelaus, and, consequently, the niece of the Berenice of whom we have been speaking: she would be twenty-five years old when Titus came into Judæa. (Clavier, in Biogr. Univ., vol. 4, p. 241, seqq.)—VIII. A city of Egypt, on the coast of the Sinus Arabicus, from which a road was made across the intervening desert to Coptos on the Nile, by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 258 miles in length. From this harbour the vessels of Egypt took their departure for Arabia Felix and India. It was through the medium of Berenice also, and the caravan route to Coptos, that the principal trade of the Romans with India was conducted. By this line of communication, it is said that a sum not less than what would be now £400,000, was remitted by the Roman traders to their correspondents in the East, in payment of merchandise which ultimately sold for a hundred times as much. (Plin., 6, 23.—Id., 6, 29.—Strab., 560.-Agathemer, 2, 5.) The ruins of the ancient Berenice are found at the modern port of Habest. (Murray, Hist. Account, &c., vol. 2, p. 187.)-IX. A city of Cyrenaica, called also Hesperis. In its vicinity the ancients placed the gardens of the Hesperides. It is now Bengazi, a poor and filthy town. Few traces of the ancient city remain above ground, although much might be brought to light by excavation. "When we reflect," remarks Capt. Beechy," that Berenice flourished under Justinian, and that its walls underwent a thorough repair in the reign of that emperor, it will be thought somewhat singular, that both the town and its walls should have disappeared so completely as they have done." Of the latter, scarcely a vestige remains above the surface of the plain. (Modern Traveller, part 49, p. 98.) BEROE, I. an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to BESSUS, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the Semele. Juno assumed her shape, when she persuaded battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sovereign, with Semele not to receive the visits of Jupiter if he did not the intention of carrying him off prisoner to his saappear in the majesty of a god. (Ovid, Met., 3, 278.) trapy; but, being hotly pursued by the Macedonians, -II. The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed he left the monarch wounded and dying in the way, by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised and effected his own escape. Being subsequently dethe Trojan women to burn the fleet of Eneas in Si-livered into the hands of Alexander, that monarch, accily. (Virg., En., 5, 620.) BERCEA OF BERRHOEA, a large and populous city of Macedonia, south of Edessa. It was a place of great BERYTUS (Berotha, Ezek., 47, 16.-Bnpwon, Joseph., Ant. Jud., 5, 1.-Berothai, 2 Sam., 8, 8), an ancient town of Phoenicia, about twenty-four miles south of Byblus, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law, and styled by the emperor "the mother and nurse of the laws." The civil law was taught there in Greek, as it was at Rome in Latin. It had also the name of Colonia Felix Julia, from Augustus Cæsar, who made it a Roman colony, and named it in honour of his daughter. (Plin., 5, 20.) The modern appellation is Beirout. The adjacent plain is renowned as the place where St. George, the patron saint of England, slew the dragon; in memory of which, a small chapel was built upon the spot, dedicated at first to that Christian hero, but now changed to a mosque. It was frequently captured and recaptured during the crusades. It is now the seat of one of the most interesting missionary stations in the world, and possesses many important advantages for such a purpose. It is situated on the Mediterranean, at the foot of Mount Lebanon, within three days of Damascus, two days' sail of Cyprus, two from Tyre, and three from Tripoli. Its present population is about 10,000. (For interesting notices of this place, consult Jewett's Researches, vols. 1 and 2.-Life of Rev. Pliny Fisk.—Missionary Herald, &c.) BESIPPO, a seaport town of Hispania Bætica, east of Junonis Promontorium, where Mela was born. Its ruins lie in the neighbourhood of the modern Porto Barbato. (Philos. Transact., vol. 30, p. 922.) The town of Vejer de la Frontera, which many think represents the ancient Besippo (Hardouin, ad Plin., 3, 3), lies too far from the sea. (Ukert, Geog., vol. 2, p. 343.) BESSI, a people of Thrace, occupying a district called Bessica, between Mons Rhodope and the northern part of the Hebrus. The Bessi belonged to the powerful nation of the Satræ, the only Thracian tribe which had never been subjugated. (Herod., 7, 110.) According to Strabo (318), they were a very lawless and predatory race, and were not conquered finally till the reign of Augustus. (Dio Cass., 54.-Flor., 4, 12.) cording to one account (Justin, 12, 5), gave him up for punishment to the brother of Darius. (Compare Curt., 5, 12, seqq.-Id., 7, 5.) Plutarch, however, states, that Alexander himself punished the offender in the following manner: he caused two straight trees to be bent, and one of his legs to be made fast to each; then suffering the trees to return to their former posture, his body was torn asunder by the violence of the recoil. (Plut., Vit. Alex.) Arrian makes Alexander to have caused his nostrils to be slit, the tips of his ears to be cut off, and the offender, after this, to have been sent to Ecbatana, and put to death in the sight of all the inhabitants of the capital of Media. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 4, 7.) BIANOR, a son of the river-god Tiber, and of Manto daughter of Tiresias. Servius makes him the founder of Mantua, and identical with Ocnus. (Serv. ad Virg., Eclog., 9, 60.-Id. ad En., 10, 198.) The allusion in Virgil's ninth Eclogue is thought to be to this same Bianor, but consult the remarks of Heyne, ad loc. BIAS, I. son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. (Vid. Melampus.)-II. One of the seven wise men of Greece. He was son of Teutamus, and was born at Priene, in Ionia, about 570 B.C. Bias was a practical philosopher, studied the laws of his country, and employed his knowledge in the service of his friends, defending them in the courts of justice, settling their disputes. He made a noble use of his wealth. His advice, that the Ionians should fly before the victorious Cyrus to Sardinia, was not followed, and the victory of the army of Cyrus confirmed the correctness of his opinion. The inhabitants of Priene, when besieged by Mazares, resolved to abandon the city with their property. On this occasion Bias replied to one of his fellow-citizens, who expressed his astonishment that he made no preparations for his departure, "I carry everything with me." He remained in his native country, where he died at a very advanced age. His countrymen buried him with splendour, and honoured his memory. Some of his apophthegms are still preserved. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 4, p. 455.-Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 89, seq.) measures of the former, he retired from public affairs BIFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with two faces. (Vid. Janus.) BILBILIS, I. a city of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, southeast of Numantia, and southwest of Nertobriga. It lay on the western bank of the river Bilbilis, and was a Roman municipium. The poet Martial was born here. Bilbilis was famed for the temper of the weapons manufactured in it. The ruins of the ancient city lie not far from the modern Calatayud, at a place called Bambola. (Plin., 34, 14.Mart., 10, 103.-Id., 4, 55.)-II. A river of Hispania Tarraconensis, running by Bilbilis, in the country of the Celtiberi, and falling into the Iberus. It is now the Xalon. Its waters were famous for tempering iron. (Hieron., Paul. de Flum. Hisp.-Martial, 10, 103, et ult.-Justin, 44, 8.) BIMATER, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had two mothers, because, when taken from his mother's womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. (Ovid, Met., 4, 12.) BINGIUM, a town of Gaul, in Germania Prima, west of Moguntiacum. It lay upon the Rhine, and is now Bingen. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 70.) BION, I. a native of Borysthenes, of low extraction. When young he was sold as a slave to an orator, who afterward gave him his freedom, and left him large possessions. Upon this he went to Athens, and apBIBACULUS (M. Furius), a Latin poet, born at Cre- plied himself to the study of philosophy. He had sev mona about 103 B.C. He appears to have composed eral preceptors; but chiefly attached himself to the a turgid poem entitled Ethiopis, on the legend, very doctrine of Theodorus, of the Cyrenaic sect, of which probably, of the Ethiopian Memnon; and also another he was a professed advocate. He flourished about the on the mouths of the Rhine. This last is thought to 120th Olympiad. (Diog. Laert., 4, 46, seqq.)——II. have formed part of an epic poem on Caesar's wars in An Athenian tragic poet, a son of Eschylus.-III. A Gaul. (Burmann, Anthol. Lat., lib. 2, ep. 238.) Greek poet, born near Smyrna, in the district of PhlosBoth works are lost, and we have only a couple of sa. He appears to have lived in Sicily, and to have fragments remaining. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. died there of poison, as his pupil Moschus informs us 1, p. 124.) Horace (Serm., 2, 5, 40) ridicules a in an elegy on his death. Some make him contempo laughable verse of his, in which Jupiter is represented rary with Theocritus, while others suppose that he as spitting snow upon the Alps, "Jupiter hibernas flourished a century later, about 187 B.C. He is cana nive conspuet Alpes." This line occurred in the ranked, along with Moschus, among the bucolic poets, beginning of a poem which he had composed on the less on account of the subjects of his pieces, which Gallic war. Quintilian (10, 1, 96) enumerates Bi- are for the most part of a lyric or philosophical charbaculus among the Roman Iambic poets, and, in an-acter, than by reason of the manner in which he treats other part of his work (8, 6, 18), gives this same line, them. He is far inferior to Theocritus in simplicity citing it as an instance of harsh metaphor. It is sur- and naïveté. His productions are in general too la prising that the critic did not carry his censure farther boured; but in description he succeeds perfectly, and than this, and therefore Spalding well remarks of the his writings are not wanting in elegance, and in coromission, "Debebat autem noster sordium quoque in-rect and pleasing imagery. There are many good cusare hanc metaphoram." To render his parody editions of this poet's works, generally printed with more severe, Horace substitutes Furius himself for the those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Valckemonarch of the skies, and, to prevent all mistake, ap-naer, Lugd. Bat., 1810, 8vo, reprinted at Oxford in plies to the former a laughable species of designation, 1816, by Gaisford, in the Poeta Minores Graci. drawn directly from his personal appearance, "pingui BISALTE, a people of Macedonia, situate between tentus omaso," "distended with his fat paunch." (Horat., l. c.) BIBRACTE, a large town of the Edui in Gaul, upon the Arroux, one of the branches of the Ligeris or Loire. It was afterward called Augustodunum, and is now Autun. (Cas., B. G., 7, 55, &c.) BIBULUS, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus, by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Cæsar's colleague in the consulship, but, finding it impossible to thwart the the lake Bolbe and the Strymon. They were of Thracian origin. (Herodotus, 7, 115.) Theopompus, who is cited by Steph. Byz. (s. v. Bioaλria), affirmed, that almost all the hares in the country occupied by this people were found to have two livers. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 266.) BISANTHE, a town on the Propontis, northwest of Perinthus. It was called also Rædestus, and is now Rodosto. (Herod., 7, 137.) BISTÕNIS, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. It derived its name from the Bistones, who inhabited its shores, and held dominion over the surrounding district. (Herod., 7, 110.-Scymn., Ch., 673.) on the Euxine and around the Bosporus they call Kodjaili. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 167, seqq.) BITON. Vid. Cleobis. BITURICUM. Vid. Avaricum. BITURIGES, a people of Gaul. There were two tribes of this name, the Bituriges Cubi and the Bituriges Vivisci. The former were in Gallia Celtica, to the west of the Edui. Their capital was Avaricum, now Bourges. The Vivisci were in Aquitania, on the Atlantic coast, below the mouth of the Garumna. Their chief city was Burdigala, now Bordeaux. (Cæs., B. G., 8, 5, &c.-Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cas., s. v., p. 210, seq.) BITHYNIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Galatia, on the east by Paphlagonia, and on the west by the Propontis and Mysia. One of the earlier names of this region, more particularly along the shores of the Propontis and Euxine, was Bebrycia, derived from the Bebryces, who are said to have been the primitive settlers in the land. Homer nowhere mentions the people of this country by the appellation of Bithynians, but invariably designates them as Mysians and Phrygi- BIZYA, a city in Thrace, on the shores of the Euxans. (Il., 2, 862.-lb., 13, 792.-Strab., 565.) Stra- ine, above Halmydessus, and northwest of Byzantium. bo has also proved, that the Mysians not only occupied It is now Vyzia. The poets fabled that it was shunthe shores of the Lake Ascanius and the plains of Ni-ned by swallows, on account of the crimes of Tereus. cæa, but that they extended as far as Chalcedon and (Plin., 4, 11.-Solin., c. 10.—Ovid, Met., 6, 424, the Thracian Bosporus. (Strab., 566.) Though we seqq.) cannot precisely fix the period at which the Bithyni settled in the fertile district to which they communicated their name, we can have no doubt as to the country whence they came, since the testimony of antiquity is unanimous in ascribing to them a Thracian | origin. Herodotus, in particular, asserts that, according to their own traditions, they came from the banks of the Strymon, and, having been driven from their country by the Teucri and Mysi, crossed over into Asia. (Herod., 7, 75.) Thucydides also and Xenophon expressly style them Bithynian Thracians. (Thucyd., 4, 75.—Xen., Hist. Gr., 1, 3, 2.-Id. ib., 3,2,2.) Some geographers have noticed a distinction to be observed in regard to this people, namely, that the appellation of Bithyni was properly applicable to the inland population, while that of the coast took the name of Thyni. (Apollod. Rhod., 2, 462.-Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., 793.-Plin., 5, 32.) But, historically speaking, it is of little value.-The Bithynians, as Herodotus informs us (1, 28), were first subjected by Croesus. On the dissolution of the Lydian empire they passed under that of Persia, and their country became the seat of a satrapy sometimes known in history by the title of Dascylium, sometimes of the Hellespont, but more commonly of Bithynia. BOAGRIUS, a river of the Locri Epicnemidii, waterThe people lived principally in villages; the only con- ing the town of Thronium. Strabo asserts that it was siderable towns being situate on the coast, and inhab-known likewise by the name of Manes, and was noited by Greek colonists. This state of things lasted till the death of Alexander, who had taken military possession of the country after the defeat and expulsion of the Persians from the peninsula. On the decease of the King of Macedon, we find Botirus, the son of Dydalsus, a Thracian chief, seizing upon Astacus, a Greek town on the seacoast, and, after defeating Calantus, the officer who commanded the Grecian forces in that country, establishing an independent principality, which he transmitted, through his lineal descendants Bas and Xipotes, to Nicomedes, son of the latter, who, after the death of Lysimachus, first assumed the title of King of Bithynia. He gave his name to the city of Astacus, which from henceforth was called Nicomedia, and became the capital of the new kingdom. (Memn. excerpt. ap. Phot., p. 720, seq.-Pausan., 5, 12.) An account of the succession in this family will be found under the articles Nicomedes and Prusias.-Like other Asiatic sovereigns, the kings of Bithynia are said to have been sensual and effeminate. (Polyb., 37, 2.-Cic., Verr., 5, 11.) The interior of the country was mountainous and woody (Xen., Anab., 6, 15.-Nicet., Chon., p. 128), but near the sea it was covered with rich and fertile plains, thickly spread with towns and villages. The produce consisted in grain of every sort; in wine, cheese, figs, and various kinds of wood. (Xen., Anab., 6, 4, 4.-Strab., 565.-Plin., 11, 42.) The western portion of Bithynia has received from the Turks the name of Khodavendkhiar; and that situated BLANDUSIA, or, more properly, Bandusia, a fountain in the immediate vicinity of Horace's Sabine farm. It is supposed to be the modern Fonte Bello. (Compare the remarks of the commentators on Horace, Ode 3, 13, 1.) BLASTOPHŒNICEs, a people of Lusitania. (Appian, de reb. Hisp., 6, 56.) Ukert maintains the identity of this people with the Bastuli Poni. (Geogr., vol. 2, p. 309.) BLEMMYES, a people of Ethiopia supra Egyptum, dwelling, according to Strabo and Ptolemy, to the southeast of the Astaboras, towards the Sinus Avalites. They were fabled to be without heads, and to have the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. This fable is supposed to owe its origin to a custom prevailing among this people, of depressing their heads between their shoulders, which they forced upward, so that their necks became very short, and their heads were concealed partly by their shoulders, and partly by their long and thick hair. (Strab., 563.—Mela, 1, 4, 8.Plin., 5, 8.-Amm. Marcell., 14, 4.-Vopisc. in Prob., c. 17.-Procop., Bell. Pers., c. 19.-Claudian, Carm. de Nil., v. 19.-Nonn. Dionys., 17, extr.) BOADICEA Vid. Boudicea. thing more than a torrent, which was sometimes entirely dry, though occasionally it was swollen so as to be two plethra in breadth. (Compare Lycophron, v. 1145.) BоCCHUS, a king of Getulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Many of the old editions of Sallust read Jugurtha filia Boccho nupserat (Jug. Bell., 80), instead of Bocchi, &c., thereby making Bocchus to have been Jugurtha's son-in-law. The Abbé Brotier, relying upon this reading and some of Sylla's medals, proposes to substitute in Plutarch's life of Marius, where mention is made of Bocchus, the term "son-in-law" for "father-in-law;" but M. Vauvilliers more judiciously contends, from six MSS. of Sallust, and in conformity with Florus (3, 1), for the expression "father-in-law" of Jugurtha. Bocchus obtained, as the reward of his treachery, the western part of Numidia, which was afterward, in the reign of Claudius, named Mauritania Cæsariensis, now Fez. (Sallust, Jug.-Paterc., 2, 12.) BODUAGNATUS, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. (Cas., B. G., 2, 23.) BOEDROMIA, an Athenian festival, sacred to Apollo Patrous, and instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion, son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus, son of Neptune. It was celebrated in the month Boedromion, which took its name from this circumstance. The appellation given to the festival is derived úñò roû ßon- | Bootarchs, who presided over the military as well as dpouɛiv, from coming to help. (Etymol. Mag., s. v.— Suid., s. v.- -Callim., H. in Apoll., v. 69.-Plut., Thes., c. 27.-Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alt., vol. 4, p. 143.) BOEDROMION, the name of one of the Attic months. It was the third in the order of the Attic year, and corresponded nearly to our September. It derived its name from the festival called Boedromia being celebrated during it. (Vid. Boedromia.). BOOTARCH, the chief magistrates in Boeotia. They presided in the national councils, and commanded the forces. They were, in later times at least, elected annually, and rigidly restricted to their term of office. Their number is supposed to have been originally fourteen, the primitive number of the confederate Bootian states. It was afterward reduced, and underwent many variations. Thebes appears to have had the privilege of appointing two, one of whom was superior in authority to the rest, and probably acted as president of the board. (Thucyd., 2, 2.-Id., 4, 91. —Arnold, ad Thucyd., l. c.— -Thirlwall's Hist. Gr., vol. 1, p. 434.-Liv., 42, 43.) civil departments (Thucyd., 2, 2-Id., 4, 92.—Id., 5, 37); the latter in the establishment of four councils, which were possessed, in fact, of the sovereign authority, since all measures of importance were to be submitted to their deliberation. The general assembly of the Baotian republic was held in the temple of the Itonian Minerva. (Pausan., 9, 34.) From the extent and population of their territory, the Baotians might have played the first part in Greece, if they had not been prevented by the bad government of the cities, by the jealousy of Thebes, and the consequent want of union. And yet the example of Epaminondas and Pelopidas afterward showed that the genius of two men could outweigh all these defects.-The Boeotians were regarded by their neighbours, the Athenians, as naturally a stupid race. Much of this, however, was wilful exaggeration, and must be ascribed to the national enmity, which seems to have existed from the earliest times between these two nations. Besides, this country produced, in fact, many illustrious men, such as Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epaminondas, Pelopidas, &c. BOTIA, a country of Greece Proper, lying to the In Boeotia, too, Mount Helicon was sacred to the northwest of Attica, and shut in by the chains of Hel-Muses, to whom also many of the fountains and rivers icon, Citharon, Parnassus, and, towards the sea, of the country were consecrated.-The modern name Ptous; which mountains enclosed a large plain, con- of Baotia is Stramulipa, in Livadia, which last stituting the chief part of the country. Numerous comprehends within its limits the ancient Boeotia, as rivers, of which the Cephissus was the most important, one of its component parts.-In Boeotia are several descending from the heights, had probably stagnated celebrated ancient battle-fields, the former glory of for a long time, and formed lakes, of which the Copaïs which has been increased by late events; namely, was the largest. These same rivers appear to have Platea (now the village Kokla), where Pausanias and formed the soil of Baotia, which is among the most Aristides established the liberty of Greece by their fruitful in Greece. Boeotia was also perhaps the most victory over Mardonius; Leuctra (now the village thickly settled part of Greece; for no other could Parapogia), where Epaminondas triumphed over the show an equal number of important cities. This Spartans; Coronea, where the Spartan Agesilaus decountry, as we learn from the concurrent testimony of feated the Thebans; and Chæronea, where Philip Strabo, Pausanias, and other ancient writers, was first founded the Macedonian greatness on the ruins of Greoccupied by several barbarous clans, under the various cian freedom.-Near Tanagra, the birthplace of Conames of Aones, Ectenes, Temmices, and Hyantes. rinna, the best wine was produced: here also cocks (Strabo, 401.-Pausan., 9, 5.) To these succeeded, were bred, of remarkable size, beauty, and courage, according to the common account, Cadmus and his with which the Grecian cities, passionately fond of followers, who, after expelling some of the indigenous cock-fighting, were supplied.-The Boeotians were tribes above mentioned, and conciliating others, found- particularly fond of music, and excelled in it. (Craed a city, which became afterward so celebrated under mer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 189, seqq.-Heeren's the name of Thebes, and to which he gave the name Politics of Anc. Greece, p. 32, Bancroft's transl.— of Cadmea. The descendants of Cadmus were com- Encyclop. Americ., vol. 2, p. 151, seqq.) pelled, subsequently, to evacuate Boeotia, after the BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus, a capture of Thebes by the Epigoni, and to seek ref- man celebrated for his virtues, services, honours, and uge in the country of the Illyrian Enchelees. (Herod- tragical end. He was born about A.D. 470, in Rome otus, 5, 61.-Pausanias, 9, 5.) They regained, how- or Milan, of a rich, ancient, and respectable family; ever, possession of their former territory, but were once was educated in Rome, in a manner well calculated more expelled, as we learn from Strabo, by a numer- to develop his extraordinary abilities; afterward went ous horde of Thracians and others. On this occasion, to Athens, which was still the centre of taste and scihaving withdrawn into Thessaly, they united them-ence, and studied_philosophy under Proclus and othselves with the people of Arne, a district of that prov-ers. Returning to Rome, he was graciously received by ince, and for the first time assumed the name of Bao-Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, then master of Italy, tians. (Strabo, 401.) After a lapse of some years, loaded with marks of favour and esteem, and soon they were compelled to abandon Thessaly, when they raised to the first offices of the empire. He exerted once more succeeded in re-establishing themselves in the best influence on the administration of this montheir original abode, to which they now communicated arch, so that the dominion of the Goths promoted the the name of Boeotia. This event, according to Thu-welfare and happiness of the people who were subject cydides, occurred about sixty years after the capture to them. He was long the oracle of his sovereign of Troy; but, in order to reconcile this account with and the idol of the people. The highest honours were the statement of Homer, who distinctly names the thought inadequate to reward his virtue and his serBaotians among the Grecian forces assembled at that vices. But Theodoric, as he grew old, became irrimemorable siege, the historian admits that a Baotian | division (árodaoμós) had already settled in this province prior to the migration of the great body of the nation (1, 12). The government of Boeotia remained under the monarchical form till the death of Xanthus, who fell in single combat with Melanthus the Messenian, when it was determined to adopt a republican constitution. This, though imperfectly known to us, appears to have been a compound of aristocratic and democratic principles; the former being apparent in the appointment of eleven annual magistrates named table, jealous, and distrustful of those around him. The Goths now indulged in all sorts of oppression and extortion, while Boethius exerted himself in vain to restrain them. He had already made many enemies by his strict integrity and vigilant justice. These at last succeeded in prejudicing the king against him, and rendering him suspicious of Boëthius. The opposition of Boëthius to their unjust measures was construed into a rebellious temper, and he was even accused of a treasonable correspondence with the court of Constantinople. He was arrested, imprisoned, and |