aries on Scripture; epistles on a great variety of sub- | soldiers made him, of assisting him to revenge his jects, doctrinal, moral, and personal; sermons and homilies; treatises on various points of discipline; and elaborate arguments against heretics. With the exception of those of Aristotle, no writings contributed more than Augustine's to encourage the spirit of subtle disputation which distinguished the scholastic ages. They exhibit much facility of invention and strength of reasoning, with more argument than eloquence, and more wit than learning. Erasmus calls Augustine a writer of obscure subtlety, who requires in the reader acute penetration, close attention, and quick recollection, and by no means repays him for the application of all these requisites. His works are now almost wholly neglected. (Encyclop. Americ., vol. 1, p. 468.)-Among the sources of information in modern times respecting the life and productions of St. Au-vided the state, that of the republicans, who had made gustine, the following may be mentioned: Ceillier, Hist. General. des Aut. Eccles. (Paris, 1744, 4to), vols. 11 and 12.-Tillemont, Memoires, &c., vol. 13. -Vit. August. Vaillant, et Du Frische: ed. Op. Benedict., vol. 11.-Act. Sanct. Mens. Aug., vol. 6, p. 213, seqq.-L. Berti, de rebus gestis S. August.ited the capital, and the consul Antony exercised an (Venet., 1746, 4to).-Rösler, Bibl. der Kirchenvät., vol. 9, p. 257-Fabric., Bibl. Lat., vol. 3, p. 519, seqq. Schröckh, Kircheng., vol. 15, p. 219, seqq.Biogr. Univ., vol. 3, p. 54, seqq.-Wiggers, Versuch. einer pragmat. Darstellung des August, und Pelagianismus (Hamburg, 1822, 8vo), vol. 1., p. 7, seqq. AUGUSTULUS (Romulus Momyllus, surnamed Augustus, or, in derision, Augustulus), the last Roman emperor of the West. He was the son of Orestes, a patrician and commander of the Roman forces in Gaul. Augustulus was crowned by his father A.D. 475; but was dethroned the next year by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who put Orestes to death, and banished the young monarch to Campania, allowing him at the same time a revenue for his support. The true name of this emperor was Augustus, but the Romansered in time, but it threw Antony into the utmost perof his time gave him, in derision, the appellation of Augustulus (The Little Augustus), which has become the historical name of this feeble sovereign. His father Orestes was the actual emperor, and the son a mere puppet in his hands. (Cassiod. et Marcell. in Chron-Jornandes.-Procopius.) AUGUSTUS (CAIUS OCTAVIUS CESAR AUGUSTUS), originally called Caius Octavius, was the son of Caius Octavius, and of Attia daughter of Julia the sister of Julius Cæsar. The family of the Octavii were originally from Velitræ, a city of the Volsci. The branch from which Augustus sprung was rich, and of equestrian rank. His father was the first of the name that obtained the title of senator, but died when his son was only four years old. The mother of the young Octavius soon after married L. Philip pus, under whose care he was brought up, until his great uncle Julius Cæsar, having no children, began to regard him as his heir (Vell. Paterc., 2, 85), and, when he was between sixteen and seventeen years of age, bestowed upon him some military rewards at the celebration of his triumph for his victories in Africa. (Suet., Aug., 8.) In the following year he accompanied his uncle into Spain, where he is said to have given indications of talent and activity; and in the winter of that same year he was sent to Apollonia in Epirus, there to employ himself in completing his education, till Cæsar should be ready to take him with him on his expedition against the Parthians. He was accordingly living quietly at Apollonia when the news of his uncle's death called him forth, though he was then hardly more than eighteen years of age, to act a principal part in the contentions of the times. On Cæsar's death being known, M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Q. Sabidienus Rufus, who are here first spoken of as his friends (Vell. Paterc., 2, 85), advised him to embrace the offers which many of the centurions and uncle's murder. But, as he was not yet aware of the had been carried on between the chiefs of the two this act, was one in which Antony desired that his armies before they were advanced very near to one body might, after death, be carried to Alexandrea, and another; and it was determined that all differences there buried by the side of Cleopatra. This proof of should finally be settled, and the future measures which his romantic attachment for a foreigner seemed, in the they were to take in common should be arranged at eyes of the Romans, to attest his utter degeneracy, and a personal interview. This interview resulted in the induced the populace, at least, to credit the inventions formation of a Triumvirate, or High Commission of of his enemies, who asserted that it was his intention, three, for settling the affairs of the Commonwealth if victorious in the contest that now appeared inevitaduring five years. (Liv., Epit., lib. 120.-Appian, ble, to give up Rome to the dominion of Cleopatra, Bell. Civ., 4, 3.) They divided among themselves and transfer the seat of empire from the banks of the those provinces of the empire which were subject to Tiber to those of the Nile. It is clear, from the lantheir power, and the triumvirate was cemented by the guage of those poets who wrote under the patronage most dreadful scenes of proscription and murder, of Augustus, that this was the light in which the war during which fell the celebrated Cicero, a victim to was industriously represented; that every effort was the vengeance of Antony, and basely left to his fate made to give it the character of a contest with a forby the heartless Octavius. After the hopes of the eign enemy; and to array on the side of Octavius the republican party had been crushed at Philippi, Anto- national pride and jealousy of the people of Rome. ny, in an evil hour for himself, turned his back upon (Hor., Od., 1, 37, 5, seqq.-Virg., En., 8, 678, 685, Italy, and left the immediate government of the cap- 698.) Availing himself of this feeling, Octavius deital in the hands of his associate. On returning to clared war against the Queen of Egypt, and led a conRome, Octavius satisfied the cupidity of his soldiers siderable force by both sea and land to the Ambracian by the division of the finest lands in the Italian penin- Gulf, where Agrippa gained the naval victory of Acsula. This division gave rise to the most violent dis- tium, which made Octavius master of the Roman turbance. In the midst of the stormy scenes that now world. He pursued his rival to Egypt, and ended the convulsed Italy, Octavius was obliged to contend with war after he had rejected the proposal of Antony to Fulvia, whose daughter Clodia he had rejected, and decide their differences by a personal combat. Cleowith Lucius, the brother-in-law of Antony. After patra and Antony killed themselves. Octavius caused several battles, Lucius threw himself into the city of them to be splendidly buried. A son of Antony and Perusia, where he was soon after obliged to surrender. Cleopatra was sacrificed to ensure the safety of the The city was given up to be plundered, and 300 sen- conqueror; and Cæsarion, a son of Cæsar and Cleopaators were condemned to death, as a propitiatory sac-tra, shared the same fate. All the other relations of rifice to the manes of the deified Cæsar. After the Antony remained uninjured, and Octavius, on the return of Antony an end was put to the proscriptions, whole, used his power with moderation. After havand such of the proscribed persons as had escaped ing spent two years in the East, in order to arrange death by flight, and whom Octavius no longer feared, the affairs of Egypt, Greece, Syria, Asia Minor, and were allowed to return. There were still some dis- the islands, he celebrated, on his return to Rome, a turbances in Gaul, and the naval war with Sextus triumph for three days in succession. Freed from his Pompeius continued for several years. After his re- rivals and enemies, and master of the world, he was turn from Gaul, Octavius married the famous Livia, undecided concerning the way in which he should exthe wife of Claudius Nero, whom he compelled to ercise his power for the future. Agrippa, whose vicresign her, after he himself had divorced his third wife tory had given him universal dominion, counselled him Scribonia. Lepidus, who had hitherto retained an ap- to renounce his authority. Mæcenas opposed this; pearance of power, was now deprived of his authority, and Octavius followed his advice, or, rather, his own and died as a private man B.C. 13. Antony and Oc- inclinations. In order to make the people willing to tavius then divided the empire. But while the for- look upon him as an unlimited monarch, he abolished mer, in the East, gave himself up to a life of luxury, the laws of the triumvirate, beautified the city, and the young Octavius pursued his plan of making him- exerted himself in correcting the abuses which had self sole master of the Roman world. He especially prevailed during the civil war. At the end of his strove to obtain the affections of the people. A seventh consulship, he entered the senate-house, and firm government was established; the system of auda- declared his resolution to lay down his power. The cious robbery, which the distresses of the times had senate besought him to retain it; and the farce ended long fostered at Rome and throughout Italy, was by his yielding to their pressing entreaties, and conspeedily and effectually suppressed. He showed senting to continue to govern through them. He now mildness and a degree of magnanimity, if it could be obtained the surname of Augustus, which marked the so called, without the appearance of striving after the dignity of his person and rank, and by degrees he highest power, and even declared himself ready to lay united in himself the offices of imperator, or commanddown his power when Antony should return from his er-in-chief by sea and land, with power to make war war against the Parthians. He appeared rather to per- and peace; of proconsul over all the provinces; of mit than to wish himself to be appointed perpetual perpetual tribune of the people, which rendered his tribune, an office which virtually invested him with person inviolable, and gave him the power of interruptsovereign authority. The more he advanced in the ing public proceedings; and, in fine, of censor (magisaffections of the people, the more openly did he de- ter morum) and pontifex maximus, or controller of all clare himself against Antony. Meanwhile the latter things appertaining to public morals and religion. had excited a strong feeling of disgust not only among The laws themselves were subject to him, and the obthe Romans at home, but even among his own offi- servance of them depended on his will. To these cers, by his shameful abandonment to the celebrated dignities we must add the title of "Father of his Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. His divorcing him- Country" (Pater Patria). Great as was the power self from Octavia, the sister of his colleague in the thus given him, he nevertheless exercised it with modtriumvirate, seemed like dishonouring a noble Roman eration. It was the spirit of his policy to retain old lady in order to gratify the jealousy of a barbarian names and forms, and he steadfastly refused to assume paramour; and an act of baseness on the part of Oc- the title of Dictator, which Sylla and Cæsar had rentavius himself completed the blow. Having got pos- dered odious.-Augustus carried on many wars in session of Antony's will, he broke open the seals, and Africa, Asia, and particularly in Spain, where he triread the contents of it publicly, first to the senate, and umphed over the Cantabri after a severe struggle. afterward to the assembly of the people. The clause His arms subjected Aquitania, Pannonia, Dalmatia, in it which especially induced Octavius to commit and Illyria, and held the Dacians, Numidians, and Ethiopians in check. He concluded a treaty with the | 63, seqq.) His speeches on any public occasion were Parthians, by which they gave up Armenia, and restored the eagles taken from Crassus and Antony. At the foot of the Alps he erected monuments of his triumphs over the mountaineers, the proud remains of which are yet to be seen at Susa and Aosta. After he had established peace throughout the empire, he closed (for the third time since the foundation of Rome) the temple of Janus (B.C. 10). This universal repose, however, was interrupted, A.D. 9, by the defeat of Varus, who lost three legions in an engagement with the Germans under Arminius, and killed himself in despair. The intelligence of this misfortune greatly agitated Augustus. He let his beard and hair grow, and often cried out, as if in the deepest sorrow, "Oh Varus, give me back my legions! Meanwhile the Germans were held in check by Tiberius. During the peace, to which we have just referred, Augustus had issued many useful decrees, and abolished many abuses in the government. He gave a new form to the senate, employed himself in improving the manners of the people, promoted marriage, suppressed luxury, introduced discipline into the armies, and, in a word, did everything in his power to subserve the best interests of the state. He adorned Rome in such a manner, that it was truly said by him, "he found it of brick, and left it of marble." (Sueton., Aug., 29-Dio Cass., 56, 30.) He also made journeys everywhere, to increase the blessings of peace; he went to Sicily and Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Gaul, and other quarters in several places he founded cities and established colonies. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 92.) The people erected altars to him, and by a decree of the senate, the month Sextilis was called by the new appellation of Augustus (August). Two conspiracies, which threatened his life, miscarried. Cæpio, Muræna, and Egnatius were punished with death: Cinna was more fortunate, receiving pardon from the emperor. This forbearance increased the love of the Romans, and diminished the number of the disaffected; so that the master of Rome would have had nothing to wish for, if his family had been as obedient as the world. The debauchery of his daughter Julia gave him the greatest pain, and he showed himself more severe towards those who destroyed the honour of his family than towards those who had threatened his life. History says, that in his old age he was ruled by Livia, the only person perhaps whom he truly loved. He had no sons, and lost by death his sister's son Marcellus, and his daughter's sons Caius and Lucius, whom he had appointed his successors. Drusus, also, his son-in-law, whom he loved, died early; and Tiberius, the brother of the latter, whom he hated on account of his bad qualities, alone survived. These numerous calainities, together with his continually increasing infirmities, gave him a strong desire for repose. He undertook a journey to Campania, from whose purer air he hoped for relief; but disease fixed upon him, and he died at Nola (August 19, A.D. 14), in the seventy-sixth year of his age, and forty-fifth of his reign.-Augustus was in his stature something below the middle size, but extremely well proportioned. (Sueton., Aug., 79.) His hair was a little inclined to curl, and of a yellowish brown; his eyes were bright and lively; but the general expression of his countenance was remarkably calm and mild. composed beforehand, and recited from memory; nay, so careful was he not to commit himself by any inconsiderate expression, that, even when discussing any important subject with his own wife, he wrote down what he had to say, and read it before her. Like his uncle, he was strongly tinged with superstition. He was very deficient in military talent; but in every species of artful policy, in clearly seeing, and steadily and dispassionately following his own interest, and in turning to his own advantage all the weaknesses of others, his ability, if so it may be called, has been rarely equalled. His deliberate cruelty, his repeated treachery, and his sacrifice of every duty and every feeling to the purposes of his ambition, speak for themselves; and yet it would be unjust to ascribe to a politic_premeditation all the popular actions of his reign. Good is in itself so much more delightful than evil, that he was doubtless not insensible to the pleasure of kind and beneficent actions, and perhaps sincerely rejoiced that they were no longer incompatible with his interests.— Among the various arts to which Augustus resorted to beguile the hearts of his people, and perhaps to render them forgetful of their former freedom, one of the most remarkable was the encouragement which he extended to learning, and the patronage he so liberally bestowed on all by whom it was cultivated. To this noble protection of literature he was prompted not less by taste and inclination than sound policy; and in his patronage of the learned, his usual artifice had probably a smaller share than in those other parts of his conduct by which he acquired the favourable opinion of the world. Augustus was, besides, an excellent judge of composition, and a true critic in poetry; so that his patronage was never misplaced, or lavished on those whose writings might rather have tended to corrupt than improve the taste and learning of the age. No writer could hope for patronage except by cultivating a style both chaste and simple, which, if ornamental, was not luxurious, or, if severe, was not rugged or antiquated. The court of Augustus thus became a school of urbanity, where men of genius acquired that delicacy of taste, that elevation of sentiment, and that purity of expression, which characterize the writers of the age. To Mæcenas, the favourite minister of the emperor, the honour is due of having most successfully followed out the views of his master for promoting the interests of literature; but it is wrong to give Mecenas the credit, as some have done, of first having turned the attention of Augustus to the patronage of literature. On the contrary, he appears merely to have acted from the orders, or to have followed the example, of his imperial master. (Encyclop. Metrop, Div. 3, vol. 2, p. 294, seqq.-Encyclop. Amer., vol. 1, p. 469.—Biogr. Univ., vol. 3, p. 37, seqq.-Dunlop's Rom. Lit., vol. 3, p. 10, seqq.)-II. A title which descended from Octavius to his successors. It was purely honorary, and carried with it the idea of respect and veneration rather than of any authority. The feminine form Augusta was often given to the mothers, wives, or sisters of the Roman emperors. Under Dioclesian, when the new constitution was given to the empire, the title of Augustus became more definite, and then began to be applied to the two princes who held sway conjointly, while the appellation of Casar was given to each of His health was throughout his life delicate, yet the presumptive heirs of the empire. The term Authe constant attention which he paid to it, and his strict gustus is derived, not from augeo, but from augur. temperance in eating and drinking, enabled him to reach (Gronov., Thes. Antiq. Gr., vol. 7, p. 462.) Places the full age of man. As a seducer and adulterer, and or buildings consecrated by auguries were originally a man of low sensuality, his character was as profligate called augusta; and the name was afterward applied as that of his uncle. (Sueton., Aug., 69, 71.) In his to other things similarly circumstanced. Thus Ennius, literary qualifications, without at all rivalling the at- as cited by Suetonius (Aug., 7), uses the expression tainments of Cæsar, he was on a level with most Ro-" augusto augurio." (Compare Fest., p. 43.-Orid, mans of distinction of his time; and it is said, that both in speaking and writing, his style was eminent for its perfect plainness and propriety. (Sueton., Aug., Fast., 1, 607, seqq.) Consequently, when the title Augustus is applied to a person, it is equivalent in meaning to sanctus, sacratus, or sacrosanctus. (Com AUL pare Dio Cass., 53, 16.) And hence, as Gronovius correctly remarks, the term in question contains delov TE, something of a divine nature." The Greeks, moreover, rendered Augustus into their language by Zebaotos, which Dio Cassius (l. c.) explains by oenтós. (Creuzer, Röm. Antiq., p. 292, seqq.) AUR nations of Gaul. I. The Aulerci Brannovices, contiguous to the Edui, and subject to them, answering to what is now le Briennois. (Cas., B. G., 7, 75.)II. The Aulerci Cenomani, situate between the Sarta or Sarthe, and the Lædus, two of the northern branches de la Sarthe. (Cas., B. G., 7, 75.)-III. The Auof the Liger. Their country is now the Department lerci Eburovices, on the left bank of the Sequana or Seine, below Lutetia or Paris, answering now to the Department de l'Eure. (Cas., B. G., 3, 17.) AVIANUS, Flavius, a Latin versifier of Esopic fables, forty-two in number. The measure adopted by him is the elegiac. According to Cannegieter, one of his editors, Avianus flourished about 160 A.D. (Henric. Canneg, de atate, &c., Flav. Aviani Dissertatio, p. 231, segg.) This opinion, however, is rendered alto- father of Cleopatra. The appellation is a Greek one, AULETES, the surname of one of the Ptolemies, gether untenable by the inferior character of the Latin- meaning "flute-player" (Avλnrns), and was given him ity, which Cannegieter endeavours, though unsuccess-on account of his excellence in playing upon the flute, fully, to defend. Avianus would seem to have lived in or, more correctly speaking, pipe. the reign of Theodosius, long after the date assigned by the scholar just mentioned. His work is dedicated to a certain Theodosius, supposed to have been the grammarian Macrobius Theodosius. The fables of Avianus are sometimes erroneously ascribed to Avienus. The best editions of Avianus are, that of Cannegieter, Amstelod., 1731, 8vo, and that of Nodell, Amstelod., 1787, 8vo. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 317.) ripus, and nearly opposite to Chalcis. It is celebrated AULIS, a town of Boeotia, on the shores of the Euas being the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet when about to sail for Troy, and as the place where they were so long detained by adverse winds. (Vid. Iphigenia.) Strabo (403) remarks, that, as the harbour of Aulis could not contain more than fifty ships, the Greport of Bathys, which was much more extensive. cian fleet must have assembled in the neighbouring From Xenophon we learn, that, when Agesilaus was on the point of setting out for Asia Minor, to carry on the war against Persia, he had intended to offer up sacrifice at Aulis, but was opposed in this design by the Bootarchs, who appeared in the midst of the ceremony with an armed force. (Hist. Gr., 3, 4, 4.) Livy says the distance between Aulis and Chalcis was three miles. (Liv., 45, 27.) Pausanias (9, 19) reports, that the temple of Diana still existed when he visited Aulis, but that the inhabitants of the place were few, and those chiefly potters. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 262, seqq.) in Southern Italy, the wine of which equalled the Fa- mans.-II. Gellius. (Vid. Gellius.) AVIENUS, Rufus Festus, a Roman poet, whose age and country have both been disputed. St. Jerome speaks of him as of a recent writer (in Epist. ad Titum, v. 12), and we can scarcely, therefore, with Crinitus, place him in the reign of Dioclesian. (Crinit., de poet. Lat., c. 80.) The death of Jerome happened A.D. 420, in his ninety-first year: on the supposition, therefore, that Avienus flourished about the middle of that father's protracted life, we may assign him to about A.D. 370, or the period of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. Tradition or conjecture has made him a Spaniard by birth; but this opinion is unsupported by written testimony, and even contradicted, if the inscription found in the Cesarian Villa refer to this poet, which there seems small reason to doubt. From this we learn that he was the son of Musonius Avienus, or the son of Avienus and descendant of Musonius, accordingly as we punctuate the first line ("Festus Musont soboles prolesque Avieni"); that he was born at Vulsinii in Etruria; that he resided at Rome; that he was twice proconsul, and the author of many poetical pieces. The same inscription contradicts the notion, too precipitately grounded on some vague expressions in his writings, that he was a Christian; for it is nothing else than a religious address to the goddess Nortia, the Fortune of the Etrurians. The extant and acknowledged works of this poet are versions of the Pacóueva of Aratus, and the Ilepinynois of Dionysius; and a portion of a poem " De Ora Maritima," which includes, with some digressions, the coast between Cadiz and Marseilles. The other poems generally believed to be the work of Avienus are, an Epistle to Flavianus Myrmecius, an elegiac piece "de Cantu Sirenum," and some verses addressed to the Rome, distinguished for his military abilities and stern AURELIANUS, I. (Lucius Domitius) an emperor of author's friends from the country. A poem "de ur- severity of character, was the son of a peasant in the bibus Hispania Mediterraneis," is cited by some territory of Sirmium, in Illyria. His father occupied Spanish writers as the production of Avienus (Nicolaus a small farm, the property of Aurelius, a rich senator. Antonius, Bibl. Vet. Hisp., 2, 9), but it is generally The son enlisted in the troops as a common soldier, supposed to be the forgery of a Jesuit of Toledo. Ser- successively rose to the rank of centurion, tribune, previus (ad Virg., En., 10, 272-388) ascribes to Avie- fect of a legion, inspector of the camp, general, or, as nus iambic versions of the narrative of Virgil and the it was then called, duke of a frontier; and at length, history of Livy; which observation of the grammarian, during the Gothic war, exercised the important office together with a consideration of the genius and habits of commander-in-chief of the cavalry. In every station of this poet, renders it not altogether improbable that he distinguished himself by matchless valour, rigid dishe is the author of a very curious and spirited Latin cipline, and successful conduct. Theoclius, as quoted Epitome of the Iliad, which has reached us, and which in the Augustan history (p. 211), affirms, that in one throws some light on the poetical history of the time. day he killed forty-eight Sarmatians, and in several The best edition of Avienus is that of Wernsdorff, subsequent engagements nine hundred and fifty. This in the Poeta Latini Manores, vol. 5, pt. 2, Helmstad., heroic valour was admired by the soldiers, and cele1791, 12mo. (Encyclop. Metropol., Div. 3, vol. 2, p. brated in their rude songs, the burden of which was 575, seq.-Bahr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 185," Mille, mille, mille, occidit." At length Valerian II. Begg.) AULERCI. Under this name are reckoned three farther favoured by a wealthy and noble marriage. raised him to the consulship, and his good fortune was He He condemns the use of hellebore, which is a mode of treatment approved of by every ancient authority except himself. Neither, also, does he make mention of the application of the actual cautery to the wound, which practice is recommended by the best authorities, both ancient and modern. (Sprengel, Hist. de la Med., vol. 2, p. 37, seqq.) AURELIUS, I. Marcus, a Roman emperor. (Vid. Antoninus II.)-II. Victor, a Roman historian. (Vid. Victor.) AURINIA, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. (Tacit., Germ., 8.) Some imagine the true form of the name to have been, when Latinized, Alurinia; and trace an analogy between it and the Alruna of northern mythology. (Consult Oberlinus, ad Tacit., l. c.) His next elevation was to the throne, Claudius II., on | likewise by that of wolves, bears, leopards, horses, and his deathbed, having recommended Aurelian to the asses. He also mentions an instance of its being troops of Illyricum, who readily acceded to his wishes. brought on by a wound inflicted by the spurs of a cock. The reign of this monarch lasted only four years and Nay, he says that he knew a case of the disease being about nine months; but every instant of that short brought on by the breath of a dog, without a wound at period was filled by some memorable achievement. all. Sometimes too, he says, the complaint comes on He put an end to the Gothic war, chastised the Ger- without any apparent cause. His description, if commans who invaded Italy, recovered Gaul, Spain, and pared with modern descriptions (for example, with Britain out of the hands of Tetricus, and destroyed the that given in Hufeland's Journal for 1816, by Dr. proud monarchy which Zenobia had erected in the East Goden), will be found in every respect very complete. on the ruins of the afflicted empire. Owing to the un- He considers the affection as a general one, but that generous excuse of the queen, that she had waged war the nerves of the stomach are more particularly interby the advice of her ministers, her secretary, the cel- ested in the disease; and Dr. Goden likewise is of ebrated Longinus, was put to death by the victor; but, opinion, that the splanchnic nerves are more especially after having graced his triumphal entry into Rome, affected. In short, his theory is, that the complaint Zenobia herself was presented with a villa near Tibur, consists of an incendium nervorum, or increased heat and allowed to spend the remainder of her days as a of the nerves. He treats the disease upon much the Roman matron. (Vid. Zenobia, Longinus, Palmyra.) same plan as tetanus, to which he appears to have Aurelian followed up his victories by the reformation considered it allied, by frictions with tepid oil, oily of abuses, and the restoration throughout the empire clysters, and other remedies of a relaxing nature. of order and regularity, but he tarnished his good in-approves of venesection, but not to a great extent. tentions by the general severity of his measures, and the sacrifice of the senatorian order to his slightest suspicions. He had planned a great expedition against Persia, and was waiting in Thrace for an opportunity to cross the straits, when he lost his life, A.D. 125, by assassination, the result of a conspiracy excited by a secretary whom he intended to call to account for peculation. Aurelian was a wise, able, and active prince, and very useful in the declining state of the empire; but the austerity of his character caused him to be very little regretted. It is said that he meditated a severe persecution on the Christians, when he was so suddenly cut off. (Hist. August., p. 211, seqq. — Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 11.-Biogr. Univ., vol. 3, p. 72.-Encyclop. Am., vol. 1, p. 474.)-II. Cælius, a native of Sicca, in Numidia, who is supposed to have lived between 180 and 240 A.D. He was a member of the medical profession, and has left behind him two works the one entitled, : "Libri Quinque tardarum sive chronicarum passionum," and the other, "Libri tres celerum sive acutarum passionum." Both are drawn from Greek authors; from Themison, Thessalus, and, above all, Soranus. Cælius Aurelianus being the only author of the sect called Methodists who has come down to us (if we except Octavius Horatianus, who lived in the days of the Emperor Valentinian, and is little known), his work is particularly valuable, as preserving to us an account of many theories and views of practice which would otherwise have been lost; but even of itself it is deserving of much attention for the practical information which it contains. Cælius is remarkable for learning, understanding, and scrupulous accuracy; but his style is much loaded with technical terms, and by no means elegant. He has treated of the most important diseases which come under the care of the physician in the following manner. In the first place, he gives a very circumstantial account of the symptoms, which he does, however, more like a systematic writer and a compiler, than as an original observer of nature. Next, he is at great pains to point out the distinction between the disease he is treating of and those which very nearly resemble it. He afterward endeavours to determine the nature and seat of the disease; and this part frequently contains valuable references to the works of Erasistratus, the celebrated Alexandrean anatomist. Then comes his account of the treatment, which is, in general, sensible and scientific, but somewhat too formal, timid, and fettered by the rules of the sect. He is ingenious, however, in often delivering a free statement of modes of practice, essentially different from his own. His account of Hydrophobia is particularly valuable, as being the most complete treatise upon that fatal malady which antiquity has furnished us with. He states, that the disease is occasioned not only by the bite of a dog, but AURORA, the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion and Theia. Her Greek name was Eôs, ('Húc). Other genealogics represent her as the daughter of Titan and Terra, or of Pallas, the son of Crius and husband of Styx, whence she is sometimes styled Pallantias. In Homer and Hesiod she is simply the goddess of the dawn, but in the works of succeeding poets she is identified with Hemera, or the Day. (Eschyl., Pers., 384.-Eurip., Troad., 844.-Bion, Idyll., 6, 18.-Quint., Smyrn, 1, 119.-Nonnus, 7, 286, 294.-Id., 25, 567.-Musaus, 110, &c.) Aurora became, by Astræus, the mother of the winds Boreas, Zephyrus, and Notus, and also of the stars of heaven. (Hes., Theog., 378.) She was more than once, moreover, deeply smitten with the love of mortal man. She carried off Orion, and kept him in the isle of Ortygia till he was slain there by the darts of Diana. (Od., 5, 121.) Clitus, the son of Mantius, was for his exceeding beauty snatched away by her, "that he might be among the gods." (Od., 15, 250.) She also carried off Cephalus, and had by him a son named Phaethon. (Hes., Theog., 986.- Eurip., Hippol., 457.) But her strongest affection was for Tithonus, son of Laomedon, king of Troy. (Vid. Tithonus.) The children whom she bore to Tithonus were Memnon and mathion-The most probable derivation of the name Eôs ('Hós, Doric 'Ac) seems to be that from aw, to blow, regarding it as the cool morning air, whose gentle breathing precedes the rising of the sun. The Latin term Aurora is similarly related to Aura. (Hermann, über das Wesen, &c., p. 98.—Keightley's Mythology, p. 63, seqq.) Aurora is sometimes represented in a saffron-coloured robe, with a wand or torch in her hand, coming out of a golden palace, and ascending a chariot of the same metal. Homer describes her as wearing a flowing veil, which she throws back to denote the dispersion of night, and as opening with her rosy fingers the gates of day. Others represent her as a nymph crowned with flowers, with a |