of

nished by Thucydides, that they must have extended considerably beyond the present line of wall, especially towards the north. Col. Leake is of opinion, that on this side the extremity of the city reached to the foot of Mount Anchesmus, and that to the westward its walls followed the same brook which terminates in the marshy ground of the Academy, until they met the point where some of the ancient foundations are still to be seen near the gate Dipylum; while to the eastward they approached close to the Ilissus, a little be

sors. The same antiquary estimates the space comprehended within the walls of Athens, the longomural enclosure and the peribolus of the ports, to be more than sixteen English miles, without reckoning the sinuosities of the coast and the ramparts; but if these are taken into account, it could not have been less than nineteen miles. (Topography of Athens, p. 362, seqq.) We know from ancient writers that the extent of Athens was nearly equal to that of Rome within the walls of Servius. (Dion. Hal., 4, p. 670.) Plutarch (Vit. Nic.) compares it also with that of Syracuse, which Strabo estimates at 180 stadia, or upward of twenty-two miles. The number of gates belonging to ancient Athens is uncertain; but the existence of nine has been ascertained by classical wri

Cecropia, from Cecrops; and finally Athenæ by Erec- | circumference, it is evident, from the measurement furthonius, from its being under the protection of Minerva or Athēnē ('A0ývn). A distinction was also made between the ancient city on the rock and the part subsequently added in the plain. The former, the primitive Cecropia, was called, from its situation, ý vo óhis, or 'Akpóños, "the upper city," where afterward stood the Parthenon, and other splendid edifices; the buildings in the plain, where eventually Athens itself stood, were termed ʼn kár óhis, "the lower city." (Compare, as regards the various names given to this city, Steph. Byz., s. v. Kpaván.—low the present church of the Mologitades, or confesPlin., 7, 56.-Kruse, Hellas, vol. 2, p. 77.)-The Acropolis was sixty stadia in circumference. We have little or no information respecting the size of Athens under its earliest kings; it is generally supposed, however, that, even as late as the time of Theseus, the town was almost entirely confined to the Acropolis and the adjoining Hill of Mars. Subsequent ly to the Trojan war, it appears to have been increased considerably, both in population and extent, since Homer applies to it the epithets of evкTíμEvoc and evpuayvos. The improvements continued, probably, during the reign of Pisistratus, and, as it was able to stand a siege against the Lacedæmonians under his son Hippias, it must evidently have possessed walls and fortifications of sufficient height and strength to ensure its safety. The invasion of Xerxes, and the subse-ters. The names of these are Dipylum (also called quent irruption of Mardonius, effected the entire de- Thriasia, Sacræ, and perhaps Ceramica), Diomeiæ, struction of the ancient city, and reduced it to a heap Diocharis, Melitides, Piraica, Acharnice, Itoniæ, Hipruins, with the exception only of such temples and pades, Heriæ. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 312, buildings as were enabled, from the solidity of materi- seqq.) The early history of Athens and its kings is als, to resist the action of fire and the work of demoli- blended with more or less of fable. A brief sketch of tion. When, however, the battles of Salamis, Plataa, the affairs of Attica, from the first glimpses of tradition and Mycale had averted all danger of invasion, Athens, down to the period when Greece fell beneath the restored to peace and security, soon rose from its state Roman arms, will be found under the article Cecrops. of ruin and desolation; and, having been furnished by The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their the prudent foresight and energetic conduct of The- love of liberty, and for the great men that were born mistocles with the military works requisite for its de- among them; but favour there was attended with danfence, it attained, under the subsequent administrations ger; and there are very few instances in the history of Cimon and Pericles, to the highest pitch of beauty, of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and ficklemagnificence, and strength. The former is known to ness of the people did not persecute the man who have erected the temple of Theseus, the Dionysiac had fought their battles and exposed his life in the detheatre, the Store or porticoes, and Gymnasium, and fence of his country. Perhaps not one single city in also to have embellished the Academy, the Agora, and the world can boast, in the same space of time, of other parts of the city at his own expense. (Plut., Vit. so large a number of illustrious citizens, as regarded Cimon) Pericles completed the fortifications which either warlike operations or the walks of civil life.had been left in an unfinished state by Themistocles The Athenians claimed to be of indigenous origin, or, and Cimon; he likewise built several edifices destroy-in other words, sprung from the earth itself. Hence ed by the Persians, and to him his country was indebted for the temple of Eleusis, the Parthenon, and the Propylæa, the most magnificent buildings, not of Attica only, but of the world. It was in the time of Pericles that Athens attained the summit of its beauty and prosperity, both with respect to the power of the republic and the extent and magnificence of the architectural decorations with which the capital was adorned. At this period, the whole of Athens, with its three ports of Piræus, Munychia, and Phalerus, connected by means of the celebrated long walls, formed one great city, enclosed within a vast peribolus of massive fortifications. The whole of this circumference, as we collect from Thucydides, was not less than 124 stadia. Of these, forty-three must be allotted to the circuit of the city itself; the long walls, taken together, supply twenty-five, and the remaining fifty-six are furnished by the peribolus of the three harbours. Xenophon reports that Athens contained more than 10,000 houses, which, at the rate of twelve persons to a house, would give 120,000 for the population of the city. (Xen., Mem., 3, 6, 14.-Id., Econ., 8, 22.-Compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, Append., p. 395.)-From the researches of Col. Leake and Mr. Hawkins, it appears that the former city considerably exceeded in extent the modern Athens; and though little now remains of the ancient works to afford certain evidence of their

they called themselves avróx0oves (Autochthones), i. e., Aborigines; and, as a proof of their indigenous origin, the early Athenians are said by Thucydides (1, 6) to have worn in the hair of the head golden ornaments, formed like cicada, a species of insect believed to spring from the earth. The custom only went entirely out of use a short time previous to the age of the historian. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character, of the inhabitants.-Modern Athens, in Livadia, a few years ago contained 1300 houses and 12,000 inhabitants, 2000 of whom were Turks. The Greeks here experienced from the Turks a milder government than elsewhere. They also retained some remains of their ancient customs, and annually chose four archons. The Greek archbishop residing here had a considerable income. In 1822, the Acropolis, after a long siege, fell into the hands of the free Greeks. In 1825, a Greek school, under the care of the patriot professor, George Gennadios, was in a flourishing condition. The most thorough investigation of the places among the ruins of Athens worthy of attention, is contained in Leake's Topography of Athens (London, 1821, with an atlas in folio). The splendid work of Stuart and Revett (Antiquities of Athens) must also be consulted. Leake

makes it appear probable, that, in the time of Pausa- | such devastation. The city was surrendered to them nias, many monuments were extant which belonged September 29th. They wished to send the chariot of to the period before the Persian war; because so tran- Victory, which stood on the west pediment of the sitory a possession as Xerxes had of the city scarcely Parthenon, to Venice, as a trophy of their conquest; gave him time to finish the destruction of the walls but, in removing it, it fell and was dashed to pieces. and principal public edifices. In the restoration of the In April, 1688, Athens was agam surrendered to the city to its former state, Themistocles looked more to Turks, in spite of the remonstrances of the inhabitants, the useful, Cimon to magnificence and splendour; who, with good reason, feared the revenge of their and Pericles far surpassed them both in his buildings. returning masters. Learned travellers have, since that The great supply of money which he had from the time, often visted Athens; and we may thank their tribute of the other states belonged to no succeeding relations and drawings for the knowledge which we ruler. Athens, at length, saw much of her ancient have of the monuments of the place. How little the splendour restored; but, unluckily, Attica was not an Greeks of modern times have understood the imporisland; and, after the sources of power, which be- tance of these buildings, is proved by Crusius's Turkolonged to the fruitful and extensive country of Mace- Gracia. From them originated the names Temple of donia, were developed by an able and enlightened the unknown God, Lantern of Demosthenes, &c. It prince, the opposing interests of many free states is doing injustice to the Turks to attribute to them could not long withstand the disciplined army of a exclusively the crime of destroying these remains of warlike people, led by an active, able, and ambitious antiquity. From these ruins the Greeks have supmonarch. When Sylla destroyed the works of the plied themselves with all their materials for buildings Piræus, the power of Athens by sea was at an end, for hundreds of years. The ruins in the neighbour. and with that fell the whole city. Flattered by the hood of inhabited places and in the seaport towns triumvirate, favoured by Hadrian's love of the arts, are particularly exposed, because ease of transportation Athens was at no time so splendid as under the Anto- is added to the daily want of materials. In the mean nines, when the magnificent works of from eight to time, the most accessible part of Athens has rich ten centuries stood in view, and the edifices of Peri- treasures to reward well-directed searches; and each cles were in equal preservation with the new build- fragment which comes to light in Athens proves the ings. Plutarch himself wonders how the structures all pervading art and taste of the ancient race. It is of Ictinus, of Menesicles and Phidias, which were fortunate that many of the remains of Grecian art have built with such surprising rapidity, could retain such a been covered by barbarous structures until a brighter perpetual freshness. The most correct criticism on day should dawn on Greece. (Encyclop. Americ., the accounts of Greece by Pausanias and Strabo is vol. 1, p. 445, seqq.) For an accurate and interestin Leake. Probably Pausanias saw Greece yet un-ing account of the various works that have been pubplundered. The Romans, from a reverence towards lished in modern times, illustrative of the remains of a religion approaching so nearly to their own, and Grecian art, as well as of the numerous travellers that wishing to conciliate a people more cultivated than have visited these classic regions, consult Kruse's Helthemselves, were ashamed to rob temples where the las, vol. 1, p. 65-156. In this work also will be found master-pieces of art were kept as sacred, and were sat- an account of Lord Elgin's operations. For remarks isfied with a tribute in money, although in Sicily they on the coinage and commerce of Athens, vid. Mina and did not abstain from the plunder of the temples, on Piræus, and for some account of its public structures, account of the prevalence of the Carthaginian and consult the separate articles throughout the volume, Phoenician influence in the island. Pictures, even in such as Parthenon, Erechtheum, &c.-II. A town of the time of Pausanias, may have been left in their Euboea, in the northwestern corner of the island, and places. The wholesale robberies of collectors; the near the promontory of Ceneum. It was founded, removal of great quantities of the works of art to Con- according to Strabo, by an Athenian colony, but, acstantinople, when the creation of new specimens was cording to Ephorus, by Dias, a son of Abas. (Steph. no longer possible; Christian zeal, and the attacks of Byz., s. v. 'Añvai-Eustath., ad Il., 2, 537.) The barbarians, destroyed, after a time, in Athens, what modern name is Port Calos.-III. An ancient city, the emperors had spared. We have reason to think, which, according to tradition, stood at an early period, that the colossal statue of Minerva Promachos was along with another named Eleusis, near the spot standing in the time of Alaric. About 420 A.D. pa- where the town of Cope was erected at a later day. ganism was totally annihilated at Athens; and, when Athena was situate on the river Triton, which, if it is Justinian closed even the schools of the philosophers, the torrent noticed by Pausanias, was near Alalcothe recollections of the mythology were lost. menæ. (Strab., 407.-Pausan., 9, 24) Stephanus Parthenon was turned into a church of the Virgin of Byzantium reports that, when Crates drained the Mary, and St. George stepped into the place of The- waters which had overspread the plains, the ruins of seus. The manufacture of silk, which had hitherto Athenæ became visible (s. v. 'Ava). Some wriremained, was destroyed by the transportation of a ters asserted, that it occupied the site of the ancient colony of weavers, by Roger of Sicily; and in 1456 Orchomenus. (Strab., l. c.-Steph Byz., 1. c.) The the place fell into the hands of Omar. To complete existence of such a city, at so remote a date, might its degradation, the city of Minerva obtained the privi- form the basis of no uninteresting theory respecting lege (an enviable one in the East) of being governed the early migrations of the people of Attica from the by a black eunuch as an appendage to the harem. north. (Compare Müller, Orchomenus, p. 58.) The Parthenon became a mosque, and, at the west end of the Acropolis, those alterations were commenced which the new discovery of artillery then made necessary. In 1687, at the siege of Athens by the Venetians under Morosini, it appears that the tem- ATHENAEUM, a building at Athens, sacred to Miner ple of Victory was destroyed, the beautiful remains of va, whence its name ('Anvalov, from 'Ann). Here which are to be seen in the British Museum. On the poets, philosophers, and literary men in general were 28th September of this year, a bomb fired the powder- accustomed to assemble and recite their compositions, magazine kept by the Turks in the Parthenon, and, or engage in the discussion of literary subjects, as the with this building, destroyed the ever-memorable re- Roman poets and others were wont to do in the tem mains of the genius of Phidias. Probably the Vene-ple of Apollo at Rome. The Emperor Hadrian buik tians knew not what they destroyed; they could not an Athenæum at Rome in imitation of that at Athens, have intended that their artillery should accomplish The ancient Athenæa were generally in the form of

The

ATHENEA, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called Panathenæa, and the other Chalcea; for an account of which, see those words.

amphitheatres. (Lamprid., in Alex. Sev., c. 35.Aurel. Vict., de Cas., c. 14.-Forcellini, Lex. Tot. Lat., s. v.)

66

the Archbishop of Thessalonica appears never to have seen the entire work, but to have made use of the Epitome, the stores of his erudition would be miserably ATHENEUS, I. a native of Naucratis in Egypt, and reduced if he were compelled to make restitution of the author of a very interesting compilation, entitled the property of our author which he has converted to Deipnosophista (Seinvocopioraí, “the learned men his own benefit. By the same fortunate accident at supper"), from which the moderns have derived a which has preserved a few of the writings of the anlarge portion of their knowledge respecting the private cients, a single copy of Athenæus appears to have eslife of the ancient Greeks. He declares himself to caped from the ravages of time, ignorance, and fanathave been a little later than the poet Oppian; and, as icism. That MS. still exists. After the death of Carthat writer dedicates his Halieutics to the Emperor dinal Bessarion, who probably brought it from Greece, Caracalla, the age of Athenæus may be fixed at the it passed into the library of St. Mark at Venice. In beginning of the third century of the Christian era. this sepulchre of books it would certainly have continThe professed object of Athenæus was to detail to his ued for many ages, unknown to the learned, if the contemporaries the convivial antiquities of their an- French successes had not caused it to be included in cestors, and he has chosen to convey his information the valuable spoils of Italy, which, until lately, enriched in the form of a dialogue as the most convenient and the national collection of Paris. Many transcripts of amusing. The plan of the work is as follows: A con- this manuscript exist in different parts of Europe, siderable number of learned men, among whom we find which were probably made while it was in the possesthe celebrated Galen, assemble at the table of La- sion of Cardinal Bessarion. All of them betray their rensius, a liberal and wealthy Roman, where they be- origin, as, besides their coincidence in orthographical" stow as large a portion of erudition on every part of errors, the same parts are wanting in all of them. The their entertainment as the memory or commonplace- two first books, the beginning of the third, a few leaves book of the author could supply. So much of the in the eleventh, and part of two leaves in the fifteenth, business of human life is connected, mediately or im- are wanting in the Venetian manuscript, and the defimediately, with eating and drinking, that it does not ciency appears evidently to have proceeded from accirequire any great share of ingenuity to introduce into dent. The same lacunæ occur in every other manua work of so miscellaneous a nature much useful and script, but are exhibited in a manner which shows the curious information, which, at first sight, does not ap- cause to have existed in the copy from which they pear to be very closely connected with the science were transcribed. Fortunately for Athenæus, the inof cookery. Accordingly," says the author of the tegrity of his work is in some measure preserved by Epitome, "we find disquisitions on fish of every sort, an epitome of the whole, which has been transmitted together with potherbs and poultry; not to mention to us without defalcation. This abridgment, if it may historians, poets, and philosophers; likewise a great be called so, is nearly as bulky as the original work. variety of musical instruments, witty sayings, and The age of it is uncertain. It is executed in a careless drinking vessels; royal magnificence, ships of prodi- manner; and the copy which the writer had before his gious magnitude, and many other articles too tedious eyes appears to have suffered so much from time or to mention." Although this kind of conversation accident, that he frequently breaks off in the middle of bears no very strong resemblance to the dying specu- an extract, and declares his inability to decipher the lations of Socrates on the immortality of the soul, our remainder. From these sources our editions are deauthor has selected the Phædo of Plato for his proto-rived; and it will easily be seen that, where the oritype, and has borrowed the beginning of that dialogue, ginal copies are so few and so faulty, conjectural with no alteration, except the substitution of the emendation will find ample scope to display its powers. names of Timocrates and Athenæus for those of Ech--The best editions of Athenæus are those of Casauecrates and Phado. A strong objection to the dra- bon, Schweighaeuser, and Dindorff. Of the edition of matic form which the work assumes, arises from the Casaubon there are three different impressions, in the impossibility of collecting the productions of all the years 1597, 1612, and 1664, which do not differ condifferent seasons at one banquet. The author seems siderably from each other. To these editions is anto suppose, that an astonished fishmonger might ex-nexed the Latin translation of James Dalechamp of claim, in the words of Theocritus, 'A22à rà μev vép- Caen, which was first printed by itself in 1583. The 805, Tà dè yíyverai ev xetuūvi. The loss of the two Greek text is much more perfect and accurate than first books renders us unable to judge how far he was in the preceding editions; as in the long interval which able to palliate this palpable absurdity. The most had elapsed between the edition published at Basle valuable part of the work is the large quantity of quo- and the first of Casaubon's, many new transcripts tations which it presents from authors whose writings had been discovered, and much labour had been beno longer exist. The Athenian comic poets af- stowed on Athenæus by some of the most celebrated forded an ample store of inaterials, and Athenæus scholars of that age. The most valuable part of the seems to have been by no means sparing in the use edition of Casaubon is his celebrated commentary of them. Many of the extracts from their works, which constitutes a folio of no inconsiderable magniwhich he has inserted in his own, are highly inter- tude. The edition of Athenæus by Schweighaeuser esting; and the mass is so considerable, as far to was published at Strasburg (Argentorati) in 1801exceed in bulk all that can be collected from every 1807, and consists of 14 vols. 8vo. The text occupies other Greek or Latin writer. The number of theatri-5 vols., and the remaining nine contain the commentcal pieces which he appears to have consulted, was probably not less than two thousand. The middle comedy furnished him with eight hundred.-The compilation of Athenæus immediately became the prey of other compilers less diligent than himself. Elian, who was nearly his contemporary, has made use very liberally of the Deipnosophists in his Various History. In a later age we find our author again pillaged by Macrobins, who seems to have taken from him not only many of the materials, but even the form and idea, of his Saturnalia. But of all writers, ancient or modern, there is none who is so highly indebted to Athenæus as the industrious Eustathius. Although

aries and indexes. This commentary is made up of a large portion of the notes of Casaubon, together with others by Schweighaeuser himself. The greatest advantage which this editor enjoyed was the collation of the Venetian manuscript. This was performed by his son. The least commendable part of the work is the critical observations, in which Schweighaeuser's little acquaintance with Greek metre exposes him to many mistakes. The edition, however, is extremely valuable. Dindorff's edition is in 5 vols. 8vo, Lips, 1827. (Elmsley, in Edinburgh Review, vol. 3, p. 181, seqq.)-II. A contemporary of Archimedes. His native country is not known. He has left a trea

cuse.

ATHERBAL. Vid. Adherbal.

tise on Machines of War (epi Mnxavnμútwv), ad- | pupils of Polycletus, and as having made, with great dressed to Marcellus. This Marcellus is generally success, the statues of some distinguished females. supposed to be the same with the conqueror of Syra- (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-IV. A sculptor, who, Schweighaeuser, however, is of a different opin- in connexion with Agesander and Polydorus, made ion (ad Athen., vol. 1, p. 637). His work is con- the celebrated Laocoon group. (Sillig, Dict. Art., tained in the collection of Thevenot. (Schöll, Hist. s. v.) Lit. Gr., vol. 3, p. 367.)-III. A celebrated physician, born at Attalia in Pamphylia, and who flourished at Rome 50 AD. He separated the Materia Medica from Therapeutics. He treated also,with great care,of Dietetics. Of his numerous writings only a few chapters remain in the collection of Oribasus. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 343.)

ATHESIS, a river of Venetia, in Gallia Cisalpina, rising in the mountains of the Tyrol (Rhætian Alps), and, after a course of nearly two hundred miles, discharging its waters into the Adriatic. It is now the Adige, and, next to the Po, must be looked upon as the most considerable stream of Italy. (Virg., En., 9, 679, seqq.)

AтноS, a mountain in the district Chalcidice of Macedonia. It is situate on a peninsula between the Sinus Strymonicus, or Gulf of Contessa, and the Sinus Singiticus, or Gulf of Monte Santo. It is so high that, according to Plutarch and Pliny, it projected its shadow at the summer solstice on the market-place of Myrina, the capital city of the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87 miles. On this account a brazen cow was erected at the termination of the shadow, with this inscription,

ATHENAGORAS, a Platonising father of the church, the author of an 66 Apology for Christians," and of a treatise "On the Resurrection of the Body." It appears from his writings that he was a native of Athens, and that he passed his youth among the philosophers of his time. He flourished towards the close of the second century. After he became a convert to Christianity, he still retained the name and habit of a philosopher, probably in expectation of gaining greater credit to the Christian doctrine among the unconverted heathen. In his Apology he judiciously explains the notions of the Stoics and Peripatetics concerning God and divine *Αθως καλύπτει πλευρὰ Λημνίας βοός. things, and exposes with great accuracy and strength of reasoning their respective errors. He frequently Strabo reports that the inhabitants of the mountain supports his arguments by the authority of Plato, and saw the sun rise three hours before those who lived on discovers much partiality for his system. In what he the shore at its base. (Epit., 7, p. 331.) Pliny, advances concerning God, and the Logos or Divine however, greatly exaggerates, when he affirms that Reason, he evidently mixes the dogmas of paganism Athos extends into the sea for seventy-five miles, and with the doctrines of Christianity. His two works are that its base occupies a circumference of one hundred contained in the editions of the Greek fathers by and fifty miles (4, 10). Strabo says the circumnavigation Oberthür (Würceb., 1777, vol. 3) and Gallaud (vol. of the whole peninsula was four hundred stadia, or fifty 2, p. 3). There are also separate editions of each, miles. (Epit., 7, p. 331.) When Xerxes invaded and Latin, French, Italian, and English translations, Greece, he cut a canal through the peninsula of Athos, to say nothing of numerous works illustrating his wri- in order to avoid the danger of doubling the promontings. (Consult Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl., vol. 1, p. 427, tory, the fleet of Mardonius having previously sustained seqq.) The romance of Theagenes and Charis is er- a severe loss in passing around it. This canal was roneously ascribed to him. This romance was the made in the vicinity of the cities Acanthus and Sana. production of a Frenchman named Martin Fumée. It (Vid. Acanthus.)-The architect Dinocrates offered was published in 1599 and 1612, in French, and pur-unto Alexander the Great to cut Mount Athos into a ported to be a translation from a Greek manuscript statue of the king, holding in its left hand a city, and brought from the East. No such manuscript ever ex-in its right a basin to receive all the waters that flowed isted. (Fabric., Bibl. Gr., vol. 6, p. 800, segg.)

ATHENION, I. a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C. -II. A painter, born at Maronea, and who flourished about 300 B C. Pliny enumerates several of his productions, and adds, that, had he not died young, he would have stood at the head of his profession (35, 11). ATHENODORUS, I. a philosopher, born at Cana, near Tarsus in Cilicia. He lived at Rome, in the reign of Augustus, and, on account of his learning, wisdom, and moderation, was highly esteemed by that emperor. His opinion and advice had great weight with the monarch, and are said to have led him into a milder plan of government than he had at first adopted. Athenodorus obtained, for the inhabitants of Tarsus, relief from a part of the burden of taxes which had been imposed upon them, and was on this account honoured with an annual festival. He was intrusted by Augustus with the education of the young prince Claudius; and, that he might the more successfully execute his charge, his illustrious pupil became for a while a resident at his house. This philosopher retired in his old age to Tarsus, where he died in his 82d year. (Fabric., Bibl. Gr., vol. 7, p. 391.-Zosim, 1, 6. Suet., Vit. Claud., c. 4.-Enfield's Hist. Philos., vol. 2, p. 109.) -II. A stoic philosopher, a native of Pergamus according to some, but, more correctly, of Tarsus. He was surnamed Cordylion (Kopdvhíwv), and was intimate with Cato the younger (Uticensis). Cato made a voyage to Pergamus expressly to see him, and brought him back with him to Rome. He died at Cato's house. (Strabo, 673.)-III. An Arcadian statuary, mentioned by Pliny (34, 8) as one of the

from the mountain. The monarch, however, declined the offer, on the ground of their being no fields around to furnish supplies, which would have to come entirely by sea. (Vitruv., Præf., lib. 2.)

ATIA LEX, a law enacted A.U.C. 690, by T. Atius Labienus, a tribune of the commons. It repealed the Cornelian law, and restored the Domitian, which gave the election of priests to the people, not to the colleges. (Dio Cass., 37, 37.)

ATILIA LEX, I. gave the prætor and a majority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to orphans and women. It was enacted A.U.C. 443.-II. Another, which ordained that sixteen military tribunes should be created by the people for four legions; that is, two thirds of the whole number. (Adams, Rom. Ant., s. v.)

ATINA, I. one of the most ancient cities of the Volsci. It was situate to the southeast of Arpinum, and near the source of the river Melfa. If we are to credit Virgil (En., 7, 629), it was a considerable town as early as the Trojan war. We learn from Cicero (pro Planc.), that Atina was in his time a præfectura, and one of the most populous and distinguished in Italy. Frontinus says it was colonized during the reign of Nero. The modern name is Atino.-II. A town of Lucania, not far from the Tanager. Several inscriptions and many remains of walls and buildings, prove that it was no inconsiderable place. (Romanelli, vol. 1, p. 438.) The modern name is Atena. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 378.)

ATINIA LEX, was enacted by the tribune Atinius, A.U.C. 623. It gave a tribune of the people the priv

ileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in the sen- | Américaines, French transl., vol. 2, p. 180, seqq.) ate. (Aul. Gel., 14, 8.)

The advocates of this theory might easily connect with ATLANTES, a people of Africa, the more correct the legend of the lost Atlantis the remains of a very rename of whom was Atarantes. (Vid. Atarantes.) mote civilization that are found at the present day in ATLANTIADES, a patronymic of Mercury, as grand- Spanish America. We have there the ruins of cities, son of Atlas. (Ovid, Met., 1, 639.) the style of whose architecture carries us back to Pe- ́ ATLANTIDES, a name given to the daughters of At-lasgic times, and the religious symbols and ornaments las. They were divided into the Hyades and Plei- connected with which remind us strongly of the phalades. (Vid. Atlas, Hyades, and Pleiades.) lic mysteries of antiquity. Even the lotus flower, the ATLANTIS, a celebrated island, supposed to have sacred emblem of India, may be seen in the sculpexisted at a very early period in the Atlantic Ocean, tures. (Compare the plates given by Del Rio, Deand to have been eventually sunk beneath its waves. scription of the Ruins of an Ancient City discovered Plato is the first that gives an account of it, and he near Palenque, in Guatemala, &c., Lond., 1822, 4to.) obtained his information from the priests of Egypt. These curious remains of former days are long ante(Plat., Timæus, p. 24, seqq., ed. Bip., vol. 9, p. 296, rior to Mexican times, nor have they anything whatseqq.-Id., Critias, p. 108, seqq., ed. Bip., vol. 10, p. ever to do with Phoenician settlements, such settle39, 43.) The statement which he furnishes is as fol- ments on the shores of America being purely imaginary. lows: In the Atlantic Ocean, over against the Pillars In connexion with the view just taken, we may point of Hercules, lay an island larger than Asia and Africa to the peculiar conformation of our continent, along taken together, and in its vicinity were other islands, the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, where everything infrom which there was a passage to a large continent dicates the sinking, at a remote period, of a large lying beyond. The Mediterranean, compared with the tract of land, the place of which is now occupied by ocean in which these lands were situated, resembled the waters of the gulf; a sinking occasioned, in all a mere harbour with a narrow entrance. Nine thou probability, by the sudden rush of a large body of sand years before the time of Plato, this island of At- water down the present valley of the Mississippi. lantis was both thickly settled and very powerful. Its The mountain tops of this sunken land still appear to sway extended over Africa as far as Egypt, and over view as the islands of the West Indian group: and Europe as far as the Tyrrhenian Sea. The farther thus the large continent lying beyond Atlantis and progress of its conquests, however, was checked by the adjacent islands, and to which Plato refers, may the Athenians, who, partly with the other Greeks, have been none other than that of America.-We partly by themselves, succeeded in defeating these proceed a step farther. Admitting that Atlantis was powerful invaders, the natives of Atlantis. After this situate in the ocean which at present bears its name, a violent earthquake, which lasted for the space of a it would require no great stretch of fancy to suppose day and night, and was accompanied with inundations that the Canaries, Madeira Isles, and Azores once of the sea, caused the islands to sink, and, for a long formed portions of it, and that it even extended as far period subsequent to this, the sea in this quarter was as Newfoundland. The Cape de Verd Islands, though impassable, by reason of the slime and shoals.-Thus so much to the south, may also be included. It is cumuch for the narrative of Plato. A dispute aroserious to observe what quantities of seaweed (fucus among the ancient philosophers and naturalists, wheth-natans) are found floating on the surface of the sea, er this statement was based upon reality, or was a not only near the Cape de Verd Islands, but also more mere creation of fancy. Posidonius thought it wor- to the northeast, almost under the meridian of the isles thy of belief. (Strabo, 102.-Epit., 1, p. 11, ed. Cuervo and Flores, among the Azores, between the Huds) Pliny remains undecided (2, 92. Com- parallels of 23° and 35° north latitude. (Humboldt, pare Ammian. Marcell., 17, 7.-Tertull., de Pallio, Tableaux de la Nature, vol. 1, p. 99, French transl.) ed. Op., Antverp, 1584, p. 6.-Id., Apolog., adv. The ancients were acquainted with these collections gentes, p. 82, c. 40-Philo, quod mund, sit. incor- of seaweed, resembling somewhat a vast inundated rupt., p. 963). From other writers we have short no- meadow. "Some Phænician vessels," observes Aristices, which merely show how many various interpre- totle, "impelled by the east winds, reached, after a tations were given to the passage in Plato. (Proclus, navigation of thirty days, a part of the sea where the ad Plat, Tim., p. 24.) A certain Marcellus related surface of the water was covered with rushes and seaa similar tradition with that of Plato (ἐν τοῖς Αἰθιοπι- weed (θρύον καὶ φύκος).” The passage occurs in the Koiç ap. Procl., lib. 1, p. 155). According to this treatise de Mirabilibus, p. 1157, ed. Duval. Many writer there were seven islands in the Atlantic Ocean ascribed this abundance of seaweed to some cause sacred to Proserpina; of these, three were of a very connected with the submerged Atlantis. (Compare large size, and the inhabitants had a tradition among Irving's Columbus, vol. 1, 133.) The quantities them that these were originally one large island, which of seaweed in the neighbourhood of the Cape de Verd had ruled over all the rest.-Nor have modern theo- Islands are also alluded to by Scylax (ed. Gronov., p. rists been inactive on this captivating subject. Rud-126), if we suppose the conjecture of Ideler to be corbeck, with great learning, labours to prove that the rect, that the Cerne of Scylax is the modern Arguin. Atlantis of the ancients was Sweden, and that the Ro- (Humboldt, Tableaux, &c., vol. 1, p. 101.) The exmans, Greeks, English, Danes, and Germans origina- istence of a large island, at a remote period, where ted from Sweden. His work, entitled Atlantica (At- the waves of the Atlantic now roll, has been regarded land eller Manheim), is in Latin and Swedish, and is by modern science as visionary in the extreme. a typographic rarity. The first edition appeared in even science herself can be made to contribute data to1675-79, at Upsal. Several editions of it followed. wards this captivating theory. Immediately below the The last Latin edition is of 1699, and bears a high chalk and green sand of England, a fluviatile formation, price. Written copies of it are in several European called the wealden, occurs, which has been ascertainlibraries.-Bailly, well known by his history of As-ed to extend from west to east about 200 English tronomy, places Atlantis and the cradle of the human miles, and from northwest to southeast about 220 race in the farthest regions of the north, and seeks to miles, the depth or total thickness of the beds, where connect the Atlantides with the far-famed Hyperbo- greatest, being about 2000 feet. (Fitton's Geology of reans. (Lettres sur l'Atlantide de Platon, &c., p. Hastings, p. 58.) These phenomena clearly indicate, 384, seqq.-Compare Lettres sur l'Origine des Sci-that there was a constant supply in that region, for a ences, by the same.)-Carli and others find Amer-long period, of a considerable body of fresh water, ica in the Atlantis of Plato, and adduce many argu- such as might be supposed to have drained a contiments in support of their assertion. (Carli, Lettres nent or a large island, containing within it a lofty chain

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