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ACHAICUM BELLUM. Vid ACHAIA, III., towards the close, and also Ætolia and Corinth.

The origin of the Ægialii appears to connect them | tus was defeated by the Lacedæmonian monarch Clewith the great Ionic race. Ion, son of Xuthus, came omenes. The Achæan commander, in an evil hour, from Attica, according to the received accounts, set- called in the aid of Macedon; for though he succeeded tled in this quarter (Paus. 7, 1.—Strabo,383), obtain- by these means in driving Cleomenes from Sparta, yet ed in marriage the daughter of King Selinus, and from the Macedonians from this time remained at the head this period the inhabitants were denominated Agia- of the league, and masters of the Peloponnesus. lean fonians. Pausanias, however, probably from other Aratus himself fell a victim to the jealous policy of sources of information, makes Xuthus, not Ion, to Philip. The troubles that ensued gave the Romans have settled here. The Pelasgi appear also to have an opportunity of interfering in the affairs of Greece, spread over this region, and to have gradually blended and at last Corinth was destroyed, and the Achæan with the primitive inhabitants into one community, league annihilated by these new invaders. (Vid. Ætounder the name of Pelasgic Ægialeans (Herod. 7, 94). lia and Corinth.) Mummius, the Roman general, Twelve cities now arose, the capital being Helice, caused the walls of all the confederate cities to be defounded by Ion. At the period of the Trojan war, molished, and the inhabitants to be deprived of every these cities were subject to the Achæans, and ac- warlike weapon. The land was also converted into a knowledged the sway of Agamemnon as the head of Roman province, under the name of Achaia, embrathat race. Matters continued in this state until the cing, besides Achaia proper, all the rest of the PeloDorian invasion of the Peloponnesus. The Achæans, ponnesus, together with all the country north of the driven by the Dorians from Argos and Lacedæmon, isthmus, excepting Thessaly, Epirus, and Macedonia. took refuge in Egialea, under the guidance of Tisa-(Vid. Epirus and Macedonia.) The dismantled cities menos, son of Orestes. The Ionians gave their new soon became deserted, with the exception of a few, visiters an unwelcome reception; a battle ensued, the and in what had been Achaia proper only three remainIonians were defeated, and shut up in Helice; and at ed in later times, Ægium, Ægira, and Patræ. In our last were allowed by treaty to leave this city unmolest- own days, the last alone survives, under the name of ed, on condition of removing entirely from their former Patras. The entire coast from Corinth to Patras settlements. They migrated, therefore, into Attica shows only one place that deserves the name of a city, (Paus. 7, 1), but soon after left this latter country for or, rather, a large village; this is Vostitza, near the Asia Minor (vid. Iones and Ionia). The Achæans now ruins of the ancient Egium. (Mannert, 8, 392.) took possession of the vacated territory, and changed its name to Achaia. Tisamenos having fallen in the war with the Ionians, his sons and the other leaders divided the land among themselves by lot, and hence the old division of twelve cantons or districts, as well as the regal form of government, continued until the time of Ogygus or Gygus. (Strabo, 384.-Paus. 7, 6.—Polyb. 2, 41.) After this monarch's decease, each city assumed a republican government. The Dorians, from the very first, had made several attempts to drive the Achæans from their newly-acquired possessions, and had so far succeeded as to wrest from them Sicyon, with its territory, which was ever after regarded as a Dorian state. All farther attempts at conquest were unsuccessful, from the defence made by the Achæans, and the aid afforded to them by their Pelasgic neighbours in Arcadia. The result of this was an aversion on the part of the Achæans to everything Dorian. Hence they took no part with the rest of the Greeks against Xerxes; hence, too, we find them, even before the Peloponnesian war, in alliance with the Athenians; though, in the course of that war, they were forced to remain neutral, or else at times, from a consciousness of their weakness, to admit the Dorian fleets into their harbours. (Thucyd. 1, 111 ACHELOUS, I. a river of Epirus, now the Aspro and 115.-Id. 2, 9.-Id. 8, 3.-Id. 2, 84.) The Potamo, or "White River," which rises in Mount PinAchæans preserved their neutrality also in the wars dus, and, after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia (Strab. raised by the ambition of Macedon; but the result 450), falls into the Sinus Corinthiacus. It was a large proved most unfortunate. The successors of Alex- and rapid stream, probably the largest in all Greece, ander seemed to consider the cities of Achaia as and formed at its mouth, by depositions of mud and fair booty, and what they spared became the prey of sand, a number of small islands called Echinades. domestic tyrants. Even after the Peloponnesus had The god of this river was the son of Oceanus and ceased to be the theatre of war, and a Macedonian Tethys, or of the Sun and Terra. Fable speaks of a garrison was merely kept at the Isthmus, the public contest between Hercules and the river god for the troubles seemed only on the increase. The whole hand of Deianira. The deity of the Achelous assucountry, too, began to be infested by predatory bands, med the form of a bull, but Hercules was victorious whose numbers were daily augmented by the starving and tore off one of his horns. His opponent, upon cultivators of the soil. At length, four of the princi- this, having received a horn from Amalthea, the daughpal cities of Achaia, viz., Patræ, Dyme, Tritaa, and ter of Oceanus, gave it to the victor, and obtained his Pharæ, formed a mutual league for their common safe-own in return. Another account (Ovid, Met. 9, 63) ty. (Polyb. 2, 41.) The plan succeeded, and soon ten cities were numbered in the alliance. About twenty-five years after, Sicyon was induced to join the league by the exertions of Aratus, and he himself was chosen commander-in-chief of the confederacy. All the more important cities of the Peloponnesus gradually joined the coalition. Sparta alone kept aloof, and, in endeavouring to enforce her compliance, Ara

ACHARNE, 'Axapvaí (or, as Stephanus Byzantinus writes the name, 'Axápva), one of the most important boroughs of Attica, lying northwest of Athens and north of Eleusis. It furnished 3000 heavy-armed men as its quota of troops, which, on the supposition that slaves are not included, will make the entire population about 15,000. (Thucyd. 2, 20.-Mannert,8, 330.) This large number, however, did not all dwell in villages, but were scattered over the borough, which contained some of the finest and most productive land in Attica. From a sarcasm of Aristophanes (Acharn. 213.-Id. ibid. 332, seqq.) we learn, that many of the Acharnenses ('Axapveis) followed the business of charcoal-burning. This borough belonged to the tribe Eneis (Oivnts), and was distant 60 stadia from Athens. (Thucyd. 2, 21.)

ACHATES, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary, that Fidus Achates became a proverb. |(Virg. Æn. 1, 312.)

ACHELOIDES, a patronymic given to the Syrens as daughters of Achelous. (Ovid, Met. 5, fab. 15.— Gierig, ad loc.)

makes him to have first assumed the form of a serpent, and afterward that of a bull, and to have retired in disgrace into the bed of the river Thoas, which thenceforward was denominated Achelous. A third version of the fable states, that the Naiads took the horn of the conquered deity, and, after filling it with the various productions of the seasons, gave it to the goddess of plenty, whence the origin of the cornu copiæ. They

who pretend to see in history an explanation of this le- ter; and it was the stream over which the souls of the gend, make the river Achelous to have laid waste, by dead were first conveyed. The Acheron is representits frequent inundations, the plains of Calydon. This, ed under the form of an old man arrayed in a humid introducing confusion among the landmarks, became vestment. He reclines upon an urn of a dark colour, the occasion of continual wars between the Etolians out of which flow waters full of foam. Sometimes and Acarnanians, whose territories the river divided also an owl is placed near him.-II. A river of Brutas above stated, until Hercules, by means of dikes, re- tium, flowing into the Mare Tyrrhenum a short distance strained its ravages, and made the course of the stream below Pandosia. Alexander, king of Epirus, who had uniform. Hence, according to this explanation, the come to the aid of the Tarentines, lost his life in passserpent denoted the windings of the stream, and the ing this river, being slain by a Lucanian exile. He had bull its swellings and impetuosity, while the tearing off been warned by an oracle to beware of the Acherusian of the horn refers to the turning away of a part of the waters and the city Pandosia, but supposed that it rewaters of the river, by means of a canal, the result of ferred to Epirus and not to Italy. (Justin, 12, 2.— which draining was shown in the fertility that succeed- Liv. 8, 24.)-III. A river of Elis, which falls into the ed. (Diod. Sic. 4, 35.) The Achelous must have Alpheus. On its banks were temples dedicated to been considered a river of great antiquity as well as Ceres, Proserpina, and Hades, which were held in high celebrity, since it is often introduced as a general rep-veneration. (Strab. 344.)-IV. A river of Bithynia, resentative of rivers, and is likewise frequently used near the cavern Acherusia, and in the vicinity of He for the element of water. (Eustath, ad Il. 21, 194.- raclea. (Apollon. Rhod. 2, 745.) Eurip. Bacch. 625.-Id. Androm. 167.-Aristoph. ACHERONTIA, I. a town of Bruttium, placed by Pliny Lysistr. 381-Heyne, ad Il. 21, 194.) The reason on the river Acheron (Plin. 3, 5.)-II. A city of of this peculiar use of the term will be found in the Lucania, now Acerenza, on the confines of Apulia. remarks of the scholiast. The Achelous was the lar-It was situated high up on the side of a mountain, and gest river in Epirus and Ætolia, in which quarter were the early settlements of the Pelasgic race, from whom the Greeks derived so much of their religion and mythology. Hence the frequent directions of the Oracle | at Dodona, "to sacrifice to the Acheloüs," and hence the name of the stream became associated with some of their oldest religious rites, and was eventually used in the language of poetry as an appellation, kar' ¿§óxv, for the element of water and for rivers, as stated above (Axehov пāv япуałοv vоwp).—II. There was another river of the same name, of which nothing farther is known, than that, according to Pausanias (8, 38), it flowed from Mount Sipylus. Homer, in relating the story of Niobe (Il. 24, 615), speaks of the desert mountains in Sipylus, where are the beds of the goddess-nymphs, who dance around the Achelous.-III. A river of Thessaly, flowing near Lamia. (Strab. 434.) ACHERDUS, a borough of the tribe Hippothoontis, in Attica. (Steph. B.-Aristoph. Eccles. 360.)

sea.

ACHERON, I. a river of Epirus, rising in the mountains to the west of the chain of Pindus, and falling into the Ionian sea near Glykys Limen (г2vкvs Ayun). In the early part of its course, it forms the Palus Acherusia (Axepovoía Aiμvn), and, after emerging from this sheet of water, disappears under ground, from which it again rises and pursues its course to the Strabo (324) makes mention of this stream only after its leaving the Palus Acherusia, and appears to have been unacquainted with the previous part of its course. Thucydides, on the other hand (1, 46), would seem to have misunderstood the information which he had received respecting it. His account is certainly a confused one, and has given rise to an inaccuracy in D'Anville's map. The error of D'Anville and others consists in placing the Palus Acherusia directly on the coast, and the city of Ephyre at its northeastern extremity; in the position of the latter contradicting the very words of the writer on whom they rely. No other ancient authority places the Palus Acherusia on the coast. Pausanias (1, 17) makes the marsh, the river, and, the city, to have been situated in the interior of Thesprotis; and he mentions also the stream Cocytus (which he styles vðшp áтεрñéστаTоv), as being in the same quarter. He likewise states it as his opinion, that Homer, having visited these rivers in the course of his wanderings, assigned them, on account of their peculiar nature and properties, a place among the rivers of the lower world. The poets make Acheron to have been the son of Sol and Terra, and to have been precipitated into the infernal regions and there changed into a river, for having supplied the Titans with water during the war which they waged with Jupiter. Hence its waters were muddy and bit

from its lofty position is called by Horace nidus Acherontia, "the nest of Acherontia." Procopius speaks of it as a strong fortress in his days. (Horat. Ód. 3, 4, 14, et schol. ad loc.-Procop. 3, 23.)

ACHERUSIA, I. a lake in Epirus, into which the Acheron flows. (Vid. Acheron.)-II. According to some modern expounders of fable, a lake in Egypt, near Memphis, over which the bodies of the dead were conveyed, previous to their being judged for the actions of their past lives. The authority cited in support of this is Diodorus Siculus (1, 92). A proper examination of the passage, however, will lead to the following conclusions: 1st, that no name whatever is given by Diodorus for any particular lake of this kind; and, 2d, that each district of Egypt had its lake for the purpose mentioned above, and that there was not merely one for the whole of Egypt. (Diod. Sic. 1, 92, et Wesseling, ad loc.)-III. A cavern in Bithynia, near the city of Heraclea and the river Oxinas, probably on the very spot which Arrian (Peripl. Mar. Eux., p. 125, ed. Blancard) calls Tyndarida. Xenophon (Anab. 6, 2) names the whole peninsula, in which it lies, the Acherusian Promontory. This cavern was two stadia in depth, and was regarded by the adjacent inhabitants as one of the entrances into the lower world. Through it Hercules is said to have dragged Cerberus up to the light of day; a fable which probably owed its origin to the inhabitants of Heraclea. (Diod. Sic. 14, 31.-Dionys. Perieg. 790, et Eustath. ad loc.) Apollonius Rhodius (2, 730) places a river, with the name of Acheron, in this quarter. This stream was afterward called, by the people of Heraclea, Soonautes (Lowvaúrns), on account of their fleet having been saved near it from a storm. (Apollon. Rhod. 2, 746, et schol. ad loc.) Are the Acheron and the Oxinas the same river?

ACHILLAS, one of the officers of Ptolemy Dionysius, to whom the assassination of Pompey was committed. He was executed by order of Cæsar, against whose life he had plotted. (Plutarch, vit. Pomp.-Id. vit. Cas.)

ACHILLEA, an island near the mouth of the Borysthenes, or, more properly, the western part of the Dromus Achillis insulated by a small arm of the sea. (Vid. Dromus Achillis and Leuce.)

ACHILLEIS, a poem of Statius, turning on the story of Achilles. (Vid. Statius.)

ACHILLES, I. a son of the Earth (ynyévns), unto whom Juno fled for refuge from the pursuits of Jupiter, and who persuaded her to return and marry that deity. Jupiter, grateful for this service, promised him that all who bore this name for the time to come should be illustrious personages. (Ptol. Hephast.

apud Photium, Biblioth., vol. i., p. 152, ed. Bekker.) | Phoenix as his first instructer (N. 9, 481, seqq.), while II. The preceptor of Chiron (Id.).-III. The invent- from another passage (Il. 11, 831) it would appear, or of the ostracism (Id.).-IV. A son of Jupiter and that the young chieftain merely learned from the cenLamia. His beauty was so perfect, that, in the judg-taur the principles of the healing art. Those, howment of Pan, he bore away the prize from every com- ever, who pay more regard in this case to the statepetitor. Venus was so offended at this decision, that ments of other writers, make Chiron to have had she inspired Pan with a fruitless passion for the nymph charge of Achilles first, and to have fed him on the Echo, and also wrought a hideous change in his own marrow of wild animals; according to Libanius, on person (Id.).—V. A son of Galatus, remarkable for that of lions, but according to the compiler of the his light coloured, or, rather, whitish hair (Id.).-VI. Etymol. Mag., on that of stags. (Compare Bayle, The son of Peleus, king of Phthiotis in Thessaly. Dict. Hist. 1, 53.) Chiron is said to have given him His mother's name appears to have been a matter of the name of Achilles ('Axıλλæús), from the circumsome dispute among the ancient expounders of my-stance of his food being unlike that of the rest of men thology (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 1, 558), although the (à priv., and xian, "fructus quibus vescuntur homimore numerous authorities are in favour of Thetis, nes"). Other etymologies are also given; but most one of the sea-deities. According to Lycophron (v. likely none are true. (Compare, on this part of our 178), Thetis became the mother of seven male chil- subject, the Etymol. Mag.-Ptol. Hephæst. apud dren by Peleus, six of whom she threw into the fire, Photium, Biblioth., vol. i., p. 152, ed Bekker.-Heyne, because, as Tzetzes informs us in his scholia, they ad I. 1, 1.—Wassenberg, ad schol. in Il. 1, p. 130.) were not of the same nature with herself, and the Calchas having predicted, when Achilles had attained treatment she had received was unworthy of her rank the age of nine years, that Troy could not be taken as a goddess. The scholiast on Homer, however (Il. without him, Thetis, well aware that her son, if he 16, 37), states, that Thetis threw her children into the joined that expedition, was destined to perish, sent fire in order to ascertain whether they were mortal or him, disguised in female attire, to the court of Lycomnot, the goddess supposing that the fire would consume edes, king of the island of Scyros, for the purpose what was mortal in their natures, while she would of being concealed there. A difficulty, however, arises preserve what was immortal. The scholiast adds, in this part of the narrative, on account of the early that six of her children perished by this harsh experi-age of Achilles when he was sent to Scyros, which ment, and that she had, in like manner, thrown the can only be obviated by supposing, that he remained seventh, afterward named Achilles, into the flames, several years concealed in the island, and that the when Peleus, having beheld the deed, rescued his off- Trojan war occupied many years in preparation. (Comspring from this perilous situation. Tzetzes (ubi su- pare the remarks of Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c., p. 316, pra) assigns a different motive to Thetis in the case and Gruber, Wörterbuch der altclassischen Mythologie of Achilles. He makes her to have been desirous of und Religion, vol. i., p. 32.) At the court of Lycomconferring immortality upon him, and states that with edes, he received the name of Pyrrha (Пvppá, "Ruthis view she anointed him (Expiev) with ambrosia fa"), from his golden locks, and became the father of during the day, and threw him into fire at evening. Neoptolemus by Deidamia, one of the monarch's Peleus, having discovered the goddess in the act of daughters. (Apollod. l. c.) In this state of concealconsigning his child to the flames, cried out with ment Achilles remained, until discovered by Ulysses, alarm, whereupon Thetis, abandoning the object she who came to the island in the disguise of a travelling had in view, left the court of Peleus and rejoined the merchant. The chieftain of Ithaca offered, it seems, nymphs of the ocean. Dictys Cretensis makes Peleus various articles of female attire for sale, and mingled to have rescued Achilles from the fire before any part with them some pieces of armour. On a sudden blast of his body had been injured but the heel. Tzetzes, being given with a trumpet, Achilles discovered himfollowing the authority of Apollodorus, gives his first self by seizing upon the arms. (Apollod. l. c.-Staname as Ligyron (Atyúpwv), but the account of Aga- tius, Achill. 2, 201.) The young warrior then joined mestor, cited by the same scholiast, is more in ac- the army against Troy. This account, however, of cordance with the current tradition mentioned above. the concealment of Achilles is contradicted by the exAgamestor says, that the first name given to Achilles press authority of Homer, who represents him as prowas Pyrisous (Ivpíσooç), i. e., “saved from the fire." ceeding directly to the Trojan war from the court of What has thus far been stated in relation to Achilles, his father. (I. 9, 439.) As regards the forces which with the single exception of the names of his parents, he brought with him, the poet makes them to have Peleus and Thetis, is directly at variance with the au- come from the Pelasgian Argos, from Alus, Alope, and thority of Homer, and must therefore be regarded as Trachis, and speaks of them as those who possessed a mere posthomeric fable. The poet makes Achilles Phthia and Hellas, and who were called Myrmidones, say, that Thetis had no other child but himself; and Hellenes, and Achæi. (Il. 2, 681, seqq.) Hence, though a daughter of Peleus, named Polydora, is men- according to Heyne, the sway of Achilles extended tioned in a part of the Iliad (16, 175), she must have from Trachis, at the foot of Mount Eta, as far as the been, according to the best commentators, only a half river Enipeus, where Pharsalus was situated, and sister of the hero. (Compare Heyne, ad loc.) Equally thence to the Peneus.-The Greeks, having made at variance with the account given by the bard, is the good their landing on the shores of Troas, proved so more popular fiction, that Thetis plunged her son into superior to the enemy as to compel them to seek shelthe waters of the Styx, and by that immersion render- ter within their walls. (Thucyd. 1, 11.) No sooner ed the whole of his body invulnerable, except the heel was this done than the Greeks were forced to turn by which she held him. On this subject Homer is al- their principal attention to the means of supporting together silent; and, indeed, such a protection from their numerous forces. A part of the army was theredanger would have derogated too much from the char- fore sent to cultivate the rich vales of the Thracian acter of his favourite hero. There are several passa- Chersonese, then abandoned by their inhabitants on ges in the Iliad which plainly show, that the poet does account of the incursions of the barbarians from the not ascribe to Achilles the possession of any peculiar interior. (Thucyd. ubi supra.) But the Grecian arphysical defence against the chances of battle. (Com-my, being weakened by this separation of its force, pare П. 20, 262: id. 288: and especially, 21, 166, could no longer deter the Trojans from again taking where Achilles is actually wounded by Asteropeus.) the field, nor prevent succours and supplies from being The care of his education was intrusted, according to sent into the city. Thus the siege was protracted to the common authorities, to the centaur Chiron, and to the length of ten years. During a great part of this Phoenix, son of Amyntor. Homer, however, mentions | time, Achilles was employed in lessening the resources

of Priam by the reduction of the tributary cities of slain (in accordance with Hector's prophecy, Il. 21, Asia Minor. With a fleet of eleven vessels he rav-452), in the Scaan gate, while rushing into the city. aged the coasts of Mysia, made frequent disembarca- Hyginus states that Achilles went round the walls of tions of his forces, and succeeded eventually in de- Troy, boasting of his exploit in having slain Hector, stroying eleven cities, among which, according to until Apollo, in anger, assumed the form of Paris, and Strabo (584), were Hypoplacian Thebe, Lyrnessus, slew him with an arrow (Hygin. fab. 107), but, with and Pedasus, and in laying waste the island of Lesbos. surprising inconsistency, he mentions in another place (Compare Homer, Il. 9, 328.) Among the spoils of (fab. 110), that he was slain by Deiphobus and AlexLyrnessus, Achilles obtained the beautiful Briseis, ander or Paris. The scholiast on Lycophron, cited while, at the taking of Thebe, Chryseis the daughter above, says that the Trojans would not give up the of Chryses, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa, became the corpse of Achilles until the Greeks had restored the prize of Agamemnon. A pestilence shortly after ap- various presents with which Priam had redeemed the peared in the Grecian camp, and Calchas, encouraged dead body of Hector. The ashes of the hero were by the proffered protection of Achilles, ventured to mingled in a golden urn with those of Patroclus, and attribute it to Agamemnon's detention of the daughter the promontory of Sigæum is said to mark the place of Chryses, whom her father had endeavoured to ran- where both repose. A tomb was here erected to his som, but in vain. The monarch, although deeply of memory, and near it Thetis caused funeral games to fended, was compelled at last to surrender his captive, be celebrated in honour of her son, which were afterbut, as an act of retaliation, and to testify his resent- ward annually observed by a decree of the oracle of ment, he deprived Achilles of Briseis. Hence arose Dodona (vid. Sigæum). It is said, that, after the ta"the anger of the son of Peleus," on which is based king of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared to the the action of the Iliad. Achilles on his part withdrew Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who was his forces from the contest, and neither prayers, nor accordingly sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptoentreaties, nor direct offers of reconciliation, couched lemus, or Pyrrhus. (Eurip. Hec. 35, seqq.-Senec. in the most tempting and flattering terms (Il. 9, 119, Troad. 191.-Ovid, Met. 13, 441, seqq.-Q. Calab. seqq.), could induce him to return to the field. Among 14.) Another account makes the Trojan princess to other things the monarch promised him, if he would have killed herself through grief at his loss. (Tzetzes, forget the injurious treatment which he had received, ad Lycophr. 323.-Philostratus, Heroica., p. 714, ed. the hand of one of his daughters, and the sovereignty Morellus.) The Thessalians, in accordance with the of seven cities of the Peloponnesus. (Il. 9, 142 and oracle just mentioned, erected a temple to his memory 149.) The death of his friend Patroclus, however, at Sigæum, and rendered him divine honours. Every by the hand of Hector (Il. 16, 821, seqq.), roused him year they brought thither two bulls, one white and the at length to action and revenge, and a reconciliation other black, crowned with garlands, and along with having thereupon taken place between the two Grecian them some of the water of the Sperchius. (Gruber, leaders, Briseis was restored. (Il. 19, 78, seqq.—Id. Wörterbuch der altclassischen Mythologie, vol. i., p. 48.) 246, seqq.) As the arms of Achilles, having been Another and still stranger tradition informs us, that wom by Patroclus, had become the prize of Hector, Achilles survived the fall of Troy and married Helen; Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, fabricated a suit of but others maintain that this union took place after his impenetrable armour for her son. (I. 18, 468, seqq.) death, in the island of Leuce, where many of the anArrayed in this, Achilles took the field, and after a cient heroes lived in a separate elysium (vid. Leuce). great slaughter of the Trojans, and a contest with the When Achilles was young, his mother asked him god of the Scamander, by whose waters he was nearly whether he preferred a long life spent in obscurity, or overwhelmed, met Hector, chased him thrice around a brief existence of military glory. He decided in the walls of Troy, and finally slew him by the aid of favour of the latter. (Compare I. 9, 410, seqq.) Minerva. (II. 22, 136, seqq.) According to Homer Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander, in the (Il. 24, 14, seqq.), Achilles dragged the corpse of Hec- course of his march into the East, offered sacrifices on tor, at his chariot-wheels, thrice round the tomb of the tomb of Achilles, and expressed his admiration as Patroclus, and from the language of the poet, he well of the hero, as of the bard whom he had found to would appear to have done this for several days in immortalize his name. (Plutarch, Vit. Alexand. 15.) succession. Virgil, however, makes Achilles to have-VII. Tatius, a native of Alexandrea, commonly asdragged the body of Hector thrice round the walls of signed to the second or third century of the Christian Troy. In this it is probable that the Roman poet fol- era. The best critics, however, such as Huet, Charlowed one of the Cyclic, or else Tragic, writers. (Heyne, don la Rochette, Coray, and Jacobs, make him to have Excurs. 18, ad En. 1.) The corpse of the Trojan flourished after the time of Heliodorus, since they have hero was at last yielded up to the tears and supplica- discovered in him what they consider manifest imitations of Priam, who had come for that purpose to the tions of the latter writer. Nay, if it be true that Mutent of Achilles, and a truce was granted the Trojans sæus, whom he has also imitated, composed his poem for the performance of the funeral obsequres. (I. 24, of Hero and Leander before 430 or 450 of our era, 599.-Id. 669.) Achilles did not long survive his il- we must then place Achilles Tatius even as low as the lustrious opponent. Some accounts make him to have middle of the 5th century. (Schoell, Hist. Litt. Gr. died the day after Hector was slain. The common 6, 231.) According to Suidas, he became, towards the authorities, however, interpose the combats with Pen- end of his life, a Christian and bishop. But as the thesilea and Memnon previous to his death. (Com-lexicographer makes no mention of his episcopal see, pare Heyne, Excurs. 19, ad En. 1.-Quint. Smyrn. 1,21, seqq.) According to the more received account, as it is given by the scholiast on Lycophron (v. 269), and also by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, Achilles, having become enamoured of Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, signified to the monarch that he would become his ally on condition of receiving her hand in marriage. Priam consented, and the parties having come for that purpose to the temple of the Thymbræan Apollo, Achilles was treacherously slain by Paris, who had concealed himself there, being wounded by him with an arrow in the heel. Another tradition, related by Arctinus, makes him to have been

and as Photius, who speaks in three different places of him, is silent on this head, it may be permitted us to doubt the accuracy of Suidas's statement. (Photii Bibliothec., vol. i., p. 33, ed. Bekker.-Id. ibid., p. 50.Id. ibid., p. 66.) Equally unworthy of reliance would appear to be another remark of the same lexicographer, that Achilles Tatius wrote a treatise on the sphere. If this were correct, we ought to put him one or two centuries earlier, inasmuch as Firmicus, a Latin writer of the middle of the fourth century, cites the "Sphere of Achilles." (Astron. 4, 10.) Suidas, however, who is not accustomed to discriminate very nicely between persons bearing the same name, here confounds

ACHILLEUM, a town on the Cimmerian Bosporus,
where anciently was a temple of Achilles. It lay near
the modern Buschuk. (Mannert, 4, 326.)

ACHILLIUS, I. a relation of Zenobia, invested with
the purple by the people of Palmyra, when they revolt-
ed from Aurelian. (Vopisc.) Zosimus calls him An-
tiochus (1, 60).—II. A Roman commander, in the
reign of Dioclesian, who assumed the purple in Egypt.
The emperor marched against him, shut him up in
Alexandrea, and took the place after a siege of eight
months. Achilleus was put to death, having been ex-
posed to lions, and Alexandrea was given up to pil-
lage. (Oros. 7, 25.-Aurel. Vict. de Cas. c. 39.)

ACHIVI, properly speaking, the name of the Achæan
race ('Axaloi) Latinized. Its derivation through the
Eolic dialect is marked by the digammated sound of
the letter v ('AxaFoí). This appellation was gener-
ally applied by the Roman poets, especially Virgil, as
a name for the whole Greek nation, in imitation of the
Homeric usage. In legal strictness it should have
been confined by the Romans to the inhabitants of the
province of Achaia. Homer uses the appellation
'Axaloi frequently, to designate the united Greek for-
ces in the Trojan war, since at this period the Achæan
tribe stood at the head of Greece.

ACICHORIUS, a general with Brennus in the expedi-
tion which the Gauls undertook against Pannonia.
(Paus. 10, 19.) He was chosen by Brennus as his
lieutenant, or, rather, as a kind of colleague, which of-
fice the name itself, in the original language of the
Gauls, is said to designate. Thus the true Gallic ap-
pellation was Kikhouïaour, or Akikhouiaour, which
the Greeks softened into Kixópios (Diod. Sic. frag. lib.
22-vol. ix., p. 301, ed. Bip.) and 'Akixúptos (Paus.
10, 19), and which they mistook for a proper name.
(Compare Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, vol. i., p. 145,
and Owen's Welsh Dictionary, s. v. Cycuïawr.) Dio-
dorus Siculus (l. c.) makes Cichorius to have succeed-

fun with the author of the "Introduction to the Pha-
nomena of Aratus" (vid. No. VIII.). Achilles Tatius
is the author of a romance, entitled, Tà κarà Aev-
κίππην καὶ Κλιτοφῶντα, "The loves of Leucippe and
Clitophon," as it is commonly translated. Some crit-
ics, such as Huet and Saumaise, have preferred it to
the work of Heliodorus; but Villoison, Coray, Wyt-
tenbach, Passow, Villemain, and Schoell, restore the
pre-eminence to the latter. (Schoell, Hist. Litt. Gr.,
vol. vi., p. 233.—Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p.
131.) "The book," says Villemain, "is written under
an influence altogether pagan, and in constant allusion
to the voluptuous fables of mythology." The remark
is perfectly correct. Pictures of the utmost licen-
tiousness, and traces of everything that is infamous in
ancient manners, are seen throughout. Unchaste in
imagination, and coarse in sentiment, the author has
made his hero despise at once the laws of morality
and those of love. Clitophon is a human body, unin-
formed by a human soul, but delivered up to all the
instincts of nature and the senses. He neither com-
mands respect by his courage nor affection by his
constancy. Struggling, however, in the writer's mind,
some finer ideas may be seen wandering through the
gloom, and some pure and lofty aspirations contrasting
strangely with the chaos of animal instincts and de-
sires. His Leucippe glides like a spirit among actors
of mere flesh and blood. Patient, high-minded, re-
signed, and firm, she endures adversity with grace;
preserving, throughout the helplessness and temptations
of captivity, irreproachable purity, and constancy un-
changeable. The critics, while visiting with proper
severity the sins both of the author and the man, do
not refuse to render full justice to the merits of the
work. It possesses interest, variety, probability, and
simplicity. "The Romance of Achilles Tatius," says
Viliemain, "purified as it should be, will appear one
of the most agreeable in the collection of the Greek
Romances. The adventures it relates present a preg-ed Brennus.
nant variety; the succession of incidents is rapid; its
wonders are natural; and its style, although some-
what affected, is not wanting in spirit and effect."
Photius also, as rigorous in morals as a bishop should
be, praises warmly the elegance of the style, observ-
ing that the author's periods are precise, clear, and eu-
phonous. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p. 131.)
Saumaise was of opinion, that Achilles Tatius had
given to the world two several editions of his romance,
and that some of the manuscripts which remain be-
long to the first publication of the work, while others
supply us with the production in its revised state. Ja-
cobs, however, in the prolegomena to his edition, has
shown that the variations in the manuscripts, which
gave rise to this opinion, are to be ascribed solely to
the negligence of copyists, as they occur only in those
words which have some resemblance to others, and in
which it was easy to err. Few works, moreover, were
as often copied as this of Achilles Tatius. The best
edition is that of Jacobs, 2 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1821, in
which may be seen a very just, though unfavourable,
critique on the editions of Saumaise and Boden, the
former of which appeared in 1640, 12mo, Lugd. Bat.,
and the latter in 1776, 8vo, Lips. A French version
of the work is given in the "Collection des Romans
Grecs, traduits en Français; avec des notes, par MM.
Courier, Larcher, et autres Hellénistes," 14 vols.
16mo, Paris, 1822-1828.-VIII. Tatius, an astro-
nomical writer, supposed to have lived in the first half
of the fourth century, since he is quoted by Firmicus
(Astron. 4, 10), who wrote about the middle of the
same century. Suidas confounds him with the indi-
vidual mentioned in No. VII. We possess, under the
title of Eloaywyn eiç tà 'Apátov Þaivóμeva, "Intro-
duction to the Phænomena of Aratus," a fragment of
his work on the sphere. This fragment is given in the
Uranologia of Petavius (Petau), Paris, 1630, fol.

ACIDALIA, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of
the same name at Orchomenus, in Baotia, sacred to
her. The Graces bathed in this fountain. (Virg.
Æn. 1, v. 720, and Servius, ad loc.)

ACILIA, I. gens, a plebeian family of Rome, of whom
many medals are extant. (Rasche, Lex. Rei Num.,
vol. i., col. 47.) The name of this old and distinguish-
ed line occurs five times in the consular fasti, during
the time of the republic, and twelve times in those of
the empire, down to the reign of Constantine. (Sigon.
Fast. Cons.) The two most celebrated branches of
the house were those of Acilius Glabrio and Acilius
Balbus.-II. Lex, a law introduced by Acilius the
tribune, A.U.C. 556, for the planting of five colonies
along the coast of Italy, two at the mouths of the Vul-
turnus and Liternus, one at Puteoli, one at Salernum,
and one at Buxentum. (Liv. 32, 29.)—III. Calpur
nia Lex (introduced A.U.C. 686), excluded from the
senate, and from all public employments, those who
had been guilty of bribery at elections. Cicero calls
it merely Calpurnia Lex, but others Acilia Calpurnia
Lex. (Ernesti, Ind. Leg.)-IV. Lex, a law introdu-
ced A.U.C. 683, by the consul Manius Acilius Gia-
brio, relative to actions de pecuniis repetundis. It
determined the forms of proceeding, and the penalties
to be inflicted. (Compare Ernesti, Ind. Leg.)

ACILIUS, I. a Roman, who wrote a work in Greek
on the history of his country, and commentaries on
the twelve tables. He lived B.C. 210, and was a con-
temporary of Cato's. His history was translated into
Latin by an individual named Claudius, and was enti-
tled, in this latter language, Annales Acilienses. (Voss.
Hist. Gr. 1, 10.)-II. Quintus, appointed a commis-
sioner, about 200 B.C., for distributing among the new
colonists the conquered lands along the Po.-III. A
tribune, author of the law respecting the maritime col-
onies. (Vid. Acilia II.)-IV. Glabrio M., a consul

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